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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen_van_de_12e_eeuw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen_van_de_12e_eeuw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen van de 12e eeuw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen_van_de_12e_eeuw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belangrijke_personen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belangrijke_personen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Belangrijke personen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belangrijke_personen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">12e eeuw</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 136 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/12de_eeu" title="12de eeu – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="12de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jahrhundert" title="12. Jahrhundert – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="12. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="12ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – Amhaars" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="12ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XII" title="Sieglo XII – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_12" title="القرن 12 – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 12" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن الاتناشر – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن الاتناشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XII" title="Sieglu XII – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XII гӀасру – Avarisch" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XII гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-eafa_decemda" title="12-eafa decemda – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="12-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%C9%99sr" title="XII əsr – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XII əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B2._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۲. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۲. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XII быуат – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XII быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-12" title="Abad ka-12 – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-12" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_om%C5%BEios" title="XII omžios – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XII omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XII стагоддзе – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XII стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XII стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XII стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12 век – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="12 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIvet_kantved" title="XIIvet kantved – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIIvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._vijek" title="12. vijek – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="12. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XII" title="Segle XII – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XII" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="12 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="12 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XII бӀешо – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XII бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A2" title="سەدەی ١٢ – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٢" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stolet%C3%AD" title="12. století – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="12. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XII ĕмĕр – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XII ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12fed_ganrif" title="12fed ganrif – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="12fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="12. århundrede – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="12. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jahrhundert" title="12. Jahrhundert – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="12. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_12ine" title="Seserra 12ine – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 12ine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="12ος αιώνας – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="12ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_s%C3%A9col" title="XII sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XII sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="12th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-a_jarcento" title="12-a jarcento – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="12-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XII" title="Siglo XII – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XII" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sajand" title="12. sajand – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="12. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._mendea" title="XII. mendea – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XII. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XII" title="Sigru XII – Extremeens" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XII" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده دوازدهم میلادی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده دوازدهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-luku" title="1100-luku – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1100-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._aastagasada" title="12. aastagasada – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="12. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%B8ld" title="12. øld – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="12. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIe siècle – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="XIIe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._juarhunert" title="12. juarhunert – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="12. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_iuw" title="12e iuw – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="12e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%C3%BA_haois" title="12ú haois – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="12ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="12世紀 – Ganyu" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="12世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Ganyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/12na_linn" title="12na linn – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="12na linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Século XII – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/12h_eash" title="12h eash – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="12h eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-12" title="המאה ה-12 – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१२वीं शताब्दी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१२वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stolje%C4%87e" title="12. stoljeće – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="12. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._sz%C3%A1zad" title="12. század – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="12. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="12-րդ դար – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="12-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_12" title="Seculo 12 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 12" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-12" title="Abad ke-12 – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/12ma_yarcento" title="12ma yarcento – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="12ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%B6ldin" title="12. öldin – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="12. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="12世紀 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="12世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_12" title="Abad ping 12 – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 12" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XII საუკუნე – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XII საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XII ғасыр – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XII ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A2_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%82.%E1%9E%9F" title="សតវត្សទី ១២ នៃគ.ស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សតវត្សទី ១២ នៃគ.ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="12세기 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="12세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_12an" title="Sedsala 12an – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 12an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/12ves_kansbledhen" title="12ves kansbledhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="12ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_12" title="Saeculum 12 – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 12" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Joerhonnert" title="12. Joerhonnert – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="12. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XII виш йис – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XII виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_12" title="Sentenio 12 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 12" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfde_iew" title="Twelfde iew – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Twelfde iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XII" title="Sécul XII – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XII" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_am%C5%BEius" title="XII amžius – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XII amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._gadsimts" title="12. gadsimts – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="12. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-12" title="Abad kaping-12 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-12" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XII курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XII курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_12" title="Rautau 12 – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 12" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12 век – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="12 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १२ वे शतक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १२ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-12" title="Abad ke-12 – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၂ ရာစုနှစ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XII пинге – Erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XII пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XII" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XII – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XII" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_seculo" title="XII seculo – Napolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XII seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Napolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Johrhunnert" title="12. Johrhunnert – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="12. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_eeuw" title="12e eeuw – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="12e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-talet" title="1100-talet – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1100-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%C3%A5rhundre" title="12. århundre – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="12. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIIe_s." title="XIIe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIIe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_12" title="Ngwagakgolo 12 – Noord-Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 12" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XII" title="Sègle XII – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_wiek" title="XII wiek – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XII wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بارہويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بارہويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XII" title="Século XII – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XII" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="12 ñiqin pachakwata – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="12 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XII-lea" title="Secolul al XII-lea – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XII-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XII век – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XII век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XII. стороча – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XII. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XII үйэ – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XII үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XII" title="Sèculu XII – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XII" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._vijek" title="12. vijek – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="12. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasuta_tiss_XII" title="Tasuta tiss XII – Tashelhiyt" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasuta tiss XII" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tashelhiyt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_12" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 12 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 12" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="12 වන සියවස – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="12 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="12th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._storo%C4%8Die" title="12. storočie – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="12. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._stoletje" title="12. stoletje – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="12. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XII" title="Shekulli XII – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="12. век – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="12. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._Jierhunnert" title="12. Jierhunnert – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="12. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-12" title="Abad ka-12 – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-12" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100-talet" title="1100-talet – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1100-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_12" title="Karne ya 12 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 12" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="12-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="12-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XII" title="Садаи XII – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XII" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_12" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 12" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-nji_asyr" title="12-nji asyr – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="12-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-12_dantaon" title="Ika-12 dantaon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-12 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="12. yüzyıl – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="12. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XII гасыр – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XII гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XII століття – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XII століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="بارہویں صدی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_asr" title="XII asr – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XII asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_secolo" title="XII secolo – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XII secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_12" title="Thế kỷ 12 – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 12" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/12inme_sieke" title="12inme sieke – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="12inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-12_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-12 nga gatostuig – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-12 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="12世纪 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="12世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XII_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XII ოშწანურა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XII ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="12טער י"ה – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="12טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/12e_e%C3%AAuw" title="12e eêuw – Zeeuws" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="12e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/12%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="12世纪 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="12世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="12 sè-kí – Minnanyu" lang="nan" 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox wikitable" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:max-content;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11">Overzicht van de jaren in en rond de <a class="mw-selflink selflink">12e eeuw</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1090-1099" title="1090-1099">Jaren 90</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1090" title="1090">1090</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1091" title="1091">1091</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1092" title="1092">1092</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1093" title="1093">1093</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1094" title="1094">1094</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1095" title="1095">1095</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1096" title="1096">1096</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1097" title="1097">1097</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1098" title="1098">1098</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1099" title="1099">1099</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1100-1109" title="1100-1109">Jaren 00</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1100" title="1100">1100</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1102" title="1102">1102</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1103" title="1103">1103</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1104" title="1104">1104</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1105" title="1105">1105</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1106" title="1106">1106</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1107" title="1107">1107</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1108" title="1108">1108</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1109" title="1109">1109</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1110-1119" title="1110-1119">Jaren 10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1110" title="1110">1110</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1111" title="1111">1111</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1112" title="1112">1112</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1113" title="1113">1113</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1114" title="1114">1114</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1115" title="1115">1115</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1116" title="1116">1116</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1117" title="1117">1117</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1118" title="1118">1118</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1119" title="1119">1119</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1120-1129" title="1120-1129">Jaren 20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1120" title="1120">1120</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1121" title="1121">1121</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1122" title="1122">1122</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1123" title="1123">1123</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1124" title="1124">1124</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1125" title="1125">1125</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1126" title="1126">1126</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1127" title="1127">1127</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1128" title="1128">1128</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1129" title="1129">1129</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1130-1139" title="1130-1139">Jaren 30</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1130" title="1130">1130</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1131" title="1131">1131</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1132" title="1132">1132</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1133" title="1133">1133</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1134" title="1134">1134</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1135" title="1135">1135</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1136" title="1136">1136</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1137" title="1137">1137</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1138" title="1138">1138</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1139" title="1139">1139</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1140-1149" title="1140-1149">Jaren 40</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1140" title="1140">1140</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1141" title="1141">1141</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1142" title="1142">1142</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1143" title="1143">1143</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1144" title="1144">1144</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1145" title="1145">1145</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1146" title="1146">1146</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1147" title="1147">1147</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1148" title="1148">1148</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1149" title="1149">1149</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1150-1159" title="1150-1159">Jaren 50</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1150" title="1150">1150</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1151" title="1151">1151</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1152" title="1152">1152</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1153" title="1153">1153</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1154" title="1154">1154</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1155" title="1155">1155</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1156" title="1156">1156</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1157" title="1157">1157</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1158" title="1158">1158</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1159" title="1159">1159</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1160-1169" title="1160-1169">Jaren 60</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1160" title="1160">1160</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1161" title="1161">1161</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1162" title="1162">1162</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1163" title="1163">1163</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1164" title="1164">1164</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1165" title="1165">1165</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1166" title="1166">1166</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1167" title="1167">1167</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1168" title="1168">1168</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1169" title="1169">1169</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1170-1179" title="1170-1179">Jaren 70</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1170" title="1170">1170</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1171" title="1171">1171</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1173" title="1173">1173</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1174" title="1174">1174</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">1175</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1176" title="1176">1176</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1177" title="1177">1177</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1178" title="1178">1178</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1179" title="1179">1179</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1180-1189" title="1180-1189">Jaren 80</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1180" title="1180">1180</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1181" title="1181">1181</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1182" title="1182">1182</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1183" title="1183">1183</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1184" title="1184">1184</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1185" title="1185">1185</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1186" title="1186">1186</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1188" title="1188">1188</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1189" title="1189">1189</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1190-1199" title="1190-1199">Jaren 90</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1190" title="1190">1190</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1191" title="1191">1191</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1192" title="1192">1192</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1193" title="1193">1193</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1194" title="1194">1194</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1195" title="1195">1195</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1196" title="1196">1196</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1197" title="1197">1197</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1198" title="1198">1198</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a> </td></tr> <tr style="font-style: italic;"> <td><a href="/wiki/1200-1209" title="1200-1209">Jaren 00</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1201" title="1201">1201</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1202" title="1202">1202</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1203" title="1203">1203</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1204" title="1204">1204</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1205" title="1205">1205</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1206" title="1206">1206</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1207" title="1207">1207</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1208" title="1208">1208</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1209" title="1209">1209</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>De <b>12e eeuw</b> (van de <a href="/wiki/Christelijke_jaartelling" title="Christelijke jaartelling">christelijke jaartelling</a>) is de 12e periode van 100 jaar, dus bestaande uit de jaren <a href="/wiki/1101" title="1101">1101</a> tot en met <a href="/wiki/1200" title="1200">1200</a>. De 12e eeuw behoort tot het <a href="/wiki/2e_millennium" title="2e millennium">2e millennium</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langjarige_gebeurtenissen_en_ontwikkelingen_van_de_12e_eeuw">Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen van de 12e eeuw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12e_eeuw&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen van de 12e eeuw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12e_eeuw&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Langjarige gebeurtenissen en ontwikkelingen van de 12e eeuw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hoge_middeleeuwen" title="Hoge middeleeuwen">Hoge middeleeuwen</a> </p> <dl><dt>Verkeer tussen oosten en westen</dt></dl> <ul><li>Opkomst van de <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Veneti%C3%AB" title="Republiek Venetië">republiek Venetië</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Genua" title="Republiek Genua">republiek Genua</a>.</li> <li>Voor het eerst worden <a href="/wiki/Specerijenhandel" title="Specerijenhandel">specerijen</a> geïmporteerd, geleverd door <a href="/wiki/Arabische_wereld" title="Arabische wereld">Arabische</a> handelaren.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Jaarmarkten_van_Champagne" title="Jaarmarkten van Champagne">jaarmarkten van Champagne</a> groeien uit tot de economische draaischijf tussen de twee welvarendste delen van Europa, het noorden van Italië en <a href="/wiki/Graafschap_Vlaanderen" title="Graafschap Vlaanderen">Vlaanderen</a>. De handel bestaat onder meer uit <a href="/wiki/Laken_(textiel)" title="Laken (textiel)">laken</a> uit Vlaanderen, <a href="/wiki/Bont_(huid)" title="Bont (huid)">bont</a> uit Scandinavië, <a href="/wiki/Leer_(stof)" title="Leer (stof)">leer</a> uit Spanje en via Italië specerijen en <a href="/wiki/Zijde_(textiel)" title="Zijde (textiel)">zijde</a> uit het oosten. Het belang van de markten ligt echter vooral in de geld- en kredietmarkt die met name door Italiaanse handelaren wordt beoefend.</li> <li>De Arabische handelaren brengen eeuwenoude werken mee van Perzische en Arabische wetenschappers. Ze worden vertaald in het Latijn en geven een sterke impuls aan de wetenschapsbeoefening in het Westen. Ook via Spanje bereiken ze Europa.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Godsdienst en levensbeschouwing</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bernard_van_Clairvaux.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bernard_van_Clairvaux.PNG/260px-Bernard_van_Clairvaux.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Bernard_van_Clairvaux.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard van Clairvaux">Bernard van Clairvaux</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Opkomst van de <a href="/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnzers" title="Cisterciënzers">cisterciënzers</a>. De bouw van de grote <a href="/wiki/Abdij_van_C%C3%AEteaux" title="Abdij van Cîteaux">abdijkerk van Cîteaux</a> duurt van 1140 tot 1193. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Clairvaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard van Clairvaux">Bernard van Clairvaux</a> stelt de 'eenvoud ter navolging van Christus' tegenover de 'pracht ter ere van God' in de <a href="/wiki/Abdij_van_Cluny" title="Abdij van Cluny">Abdij van Cluny</a>, een benedictijnenabdij. Met zijn <a href="/wiki/Mystiek" title="Mystiek">mystieke</a> geloofsbeleving raakt hij in conflict met <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ab%C3%A9lard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Abélard">Pierre Abélard</a>, die het geloof vanuit de <a href="/wiki/Rede" title="Rede">rede</a> benadert.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Waldo" title="Petrus Waldo">Petrus Waldo</a> geeft zijn bezit aan de armen en gaat prediken. Het <a href="/wiki/Evangelie" title="Evangelie">evangelie</a> laat hij vertalen in het <a href="/wiki/Occitaans" title="Occitaans">Occitaans</a>, de taal van Zuid-Frankrijk, waardoor het ook voor de gewone mensen goed te begrijpen is. Petrus en zijn <a href="/wiki/Waldenzen" title="Waldenzen">volgelingen</a> trekken rond om hun kennis van de Bijbel te verspreiden. Zij brengen daarbij kritiek uit op de levenswijze van de rijke geestelijken.</li> <li>In de twaalfde eeuw komen verscheidene pelgrims onder leiding van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_van_Calabri%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold van Calabrië (de pagina bestaat niet)">Berthold van Calabrië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Albertus_van_Jeruzalem" title="Albertus van Jeruzalem">Albertus van Jeruzalem</a> samen 'nabij de bron van <a href="/wiki/Elia_(profeet)" title="Elia (profeet)">Elia</a>' om als <a href="/wiki/Heremiet_(monnik)" title="Heremiet (monnik)">heremieten</a> te leven. Tussen de kluizenaarscellen wordt een kapel ter ere van <a href="/wiki/Maria_(moeder_Jezus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria (moeder Jezus)">Maria</a> gebouwd. Vanaf dat moment noemen de heremieten zichzelf 'Broeders van de heilige Maria van de Berg Karmel'. Ze worden daarom <a href="/wiki/Karmelieten" title="Karmelieten">Karmelieten</a> genoemd.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Maronieten" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronieten">Maronieten</a> sluiten zich aan bij de <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooms-Katholieke kerk">Rooms-Katholieke kerk</a>.</li> <li>Een belangrijk praktisch gevolg van het <a href="/wiki/Decreet_van_Gratianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreet van Gratianus">decreet van Gratianus</a> (1140) is, dat het <a href="/wiki/Woekeraar" title="Woekeraar">woekerverbod</a> uit de vroege kerk algemeen van kracht wordt. Het <a href="/wiki/Derde_Lateraans_Concilie" title="Derde Lateraans Concilie">Derde Lateraans Concilie</a> (1179) verbiedt het uitlenen van geld tegen rente. Een uitzondering wordt gemaakt voor joden en <a href="/wiki/Lombarden_(bankiers)" title="Lombarden (bankiers)">Lombarden</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Europa</dt></dl> <ul><li>De westkant van <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Frankrijk" title="Koninkrijk Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a> wordt beheerst door het <a href="/wiki/Huis_Anjou" title="Huis Anjou">huis Anjou</a>. Vanaf het midden van de eeuw regeert een tak uit dit geslacht, het <a href="/wiki/Huis_Plantagenet" title="Huis Plantagenet">huis Plantagenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Engeland" title="Koninkrijk Engeland">koninkrijk Engeland</a>.</li> <li>In Italië ontstaat belangstelling voor het <a href="/wiki/Romeins_Recht" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeins Recht">Romeins Recht</a>, dat op de eerste universiteiten wordt bestudeerd. In Engeland stuurt <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_II_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik II van Engeland">koning Hendrik II</a> de leden van zijn Raad het land door om recht te spreken. Zo begint een proces van unificatie van <a href="/wiki/Gewoonterecht" title="Gewoonterecht">gewoonterecht</a> dat de naam <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Common Law</a> zal krijgen.</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Feodale" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodale">feodale</a> recht van <a href="/wiki/Molendwang" class="mw-redirect" title="Molendwang">molendwang</a> ontstaat in West-Europa met het doel een deel - bijvoorbeeld een tiende - van het graan als belasting te kunnen innen.</li> <li>Nederlandse (en Vlaamse) immigranten vestigen zich in een aantal gebieden in Noord- en Centraal-Duitsland, waaronder in de Wezer- en Elbedelta's, in Oost-Holstein en vooral in Brandenburg (<a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%A4ming" title="Fläming">Fläming</a>).</li> <li>Koning <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_van_Hongarije" class="mw-redirect" title="Géza II van Hongarije">Géza II van Hongarije</a> roept kolonisten uit de Duitse landen naar zijn rijk om de <a href="/wiki/Koninkrijk_Hongarije_(1000-1526)" title="Koninkrijk Hongarije (1000-1526)">Hongaarse</a> grenzen te verdedigen. De <a href="/wiki/Zevenburger_Saksen" title="Zevenburger Saksen">Zevenburger Saksen</a> leggen vele tientallen versterkte dorpen en steden aan.</li> <li>Bendes Normandische huurlingen worden naar <a href="/wiki/Ierland_(eiland)" title="Ierland (eiland)">Ierland</a> uitgenodigd als hulp bij interne conflicten, en de Normandiër <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Clare_(2e_graaf_van_Pembroke)" title="Richard de Clare (2e graaf van Pembroke)">'Strongbow'</a> (Sterkeboog) maakt hiervan gebruik om meteen maar Ierland te veroveren. Wat een reactie vanuit Engeland ontlokt (<a href="/wiki/Hendrik_II_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik II van Engeland">Henry II</a>, de opvolger op de troon ziet zo'n concentratie van Normandische edelen buiten zijn controle vlak bij de kusten van zijn rijk niet zitten), en bijgevolg de ontscheping van een Normandisch leger, om uiteindelijk Ierland in te lijven bij Engeland als wingewest, overigens zonder weerstand.</li> <li>Scandinavië gaat na het einde van het Vikingtijdperk over naar een <a href="/wiki/Feodaliteit" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodaliteit">feodale samenleving</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Kruistochten</dt></dl> <ul><li>In de lente van 1147 geeft de paus zijn goedkeuring voor de kruistocht op het <a href="/wiki/Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Iberisch Schiereiland">Iberisch Schiereiland</a>. Tevens geeft hij <a href="/wiki/Alfons_VII_van_Castili%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons VII van Castilië">Alfons VII van Castilië</a> toestemming om zijn campagnes tegen de <a href="/wiki/Moren" title="Moren">Moren</a> als onderdeel van de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Kruistocht" title="Tweede Kruistocht">Tweede Kruistocht</a> te beschouwen.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Beleg_van_Edessa" title="Beleg van Edessa">Val van Edessa</a> in 1144 leidt tot een oproep voor een nieuwe <a href="/wiki/Kruistocht" title="Kruistocht">kruistocht</a> door <a href="/wiki/Paus_Eugenius_III" title="Paus Eugenius III">paus Eugenius III</a> in 1145 en 1146.</li> <li>Er worden geestelijke ridderorden opgericht ter bescherming van de <a href="/wiki/Kruisvaarders" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruisvaarders">Kruisvaarders</a>. De twee grootste zijn die van de <a href="/wiki/Tempeliers" title="Tempeliers">Tempeliers</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_Malta" title="Orde van Malta">Maltezer Ridders</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/1187" title="1187">1187</a> vindt de <a href="/wiki/Slag_bij_Hittin" class="mw-redirect" title="Slag bij Hittin">Slag bij Hittin</a> plaats tegen de <a href="/wiki/Kruisvaardersstaten" title="Kruisvaardersstaten">kruisvaardersstaten</a> en wordt <a href="/wiki/Jeruzalem" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalem</a> door <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> veroverd.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Lage landen</dt></dl> <ul><li>Vooral in de <a href="/wiki/Haspengouw_(gouw)" title="Haspengouw (gouw)">Haspengouw</a> wordt het <a href="/wiki/Drieslagstelsel" title="Drieslagstelsel">drieslagstelsel</a> ingevoerd.</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Graafschap_Leuven" title="Graafschap Leuven">graafschap Leuven</a> overvleugelt de andere graafschappen in de <a href="/wiki/Brabantgouw" title="Brabantgouw">Brabantgouw</a>. De graven van Leuven worden ook <a href="/wiki/Hertogdom_Neder-Lotharingen" title="Hertogdom Neder-Lotharingen">hertog van Neder-Lotharingen</a>, en in 1183 of 84 wordt Brabant zelf een <a href="/wiki/Hertogdom_Brabant" title="Hertogdom Brabant">hertogdom</a>.</li> <li>De Vlaamse graven <a href="/wiki/Diederik_van_de_Elzas" title="Diederik van de Elzas">Diederik van de Elzas</a> en zijn zoon <a href="/wiki/Filips_van_de_Elzas" title="Filips van de Elzas">Filips van de Elzas</a> regeren met de steun van de steden, die ze <a href="/wiki/Stadsrechten" title="Stadsrechten">stadsrechten</a> geven. Vlaanderen komt tot welvaart. Een reeks van havensteden wordt aangelegd: <a href="/wiki/Grevelingen_(stad)" title="Grevelingen (stad)">Grevelingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardijk" title="Mardijk">Mardijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duinkerke" title="Duinkerke">Duinkerke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nieuwpoort_(Belgi%C3%AB)" title="Nieuwpoort (België)">Nieuwpoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damme_(Belgi%C3%AB)" title="Damme (België)">Damme</a> en <a href="/wiki/Biervliet" title="Biervliet">Biervliet</a>.</li> <li>De Gentenaren richten een <a href="/wiki/Hanze" title="Hanze">Hanze</a> op voor de handel op het Rijnland en in <a href="/wiki/Sint-Omaars" title="Sint-Omaars">Sint-Omaars</a> wordt een <a href="/wiki/Hanze" title="Hanze">Hanze</a> opgericht die handel op Engeland en Frankrijk beoogt.</li> <li>Na een hoop strubbelingen en problemen met overstromingen, vooral in Utrecht en Leiden, wordt de Oude Rijn in 1122 bij <a href="/wiki/Wijk_bij_Duurstede" title="Wijk bij Duurstede">Wijk bij Duurstede</a> afgedamd. De aftakking die eerst als <a href="/wiki/Lek_(rivier)" title="Lek (rivier)">Lek</a> begon, wordt de hoofdstroom van de rivier. Sindsdien treedt de <a href="/wiki/Oude_Rijn_(Harmelen-Noordzee)" title="Oude Rijn (Harmelen-Noordzee)">Oude Rijn</a> niet meer buiten zijn oevers.</li></ul> <ul><li>Het afdammen van de <a href="/wiki/Kromme_Rijn" title="Kromme Rijn">Kromme Rijn</a> en het bedijken van de <a href="/wiki/Nederrijn" title="Nederrijn">Nederrijn</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lek_(rivier)" title="Lek (rivier)">Lek</a> maakte veengebieden rondom de stad <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_(stad)" title="Utrecht (stad)">Utrecht</a> geschikt voor landbouw. Het kanaal de <a href="/wiki/Vaartsche_Rijn" title="Vaartsche Rijn">Vaartsche Rijn</a> wordt gegraven om de handelsverbinding van Utrecht met de Rijn te handhaven.</li> <li>Na het dichtslibben van de <a href="/wiki/Rijnmond" title="Rijnmond">Rijnmond</a> bij <a href="/wiki/Katwijk_(Zuid-Holland)" title="Katwijk (Zuid-Holland)">Katwijk</a> wordt gezocht naar alternatieve <a href="/wiki/Afwatering" title="Afwatering">afwateringsmogelijkheden</a>. Deze worden gevonden door afwateringen naar het noorden te graven, waaronder de <a href="/wiki/Heimanswetering" title="Heimanswetering">Heimanswetering</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Does" title="Does">Does</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Zijl_(Zuid-Holland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zijl (Zuid-Holland)">Zijl</a>, zodat het water uit de veengebieden in de omgeving van <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> naar het noorden, via het Leidsche Meer en het Oude <a href="/wiki/Haarlemmermeer" title="Haarlemmermeer">Haarlemmermeer</a> kan worden afgevoerd.</li> <li>Het Flevomeer of Almere ontwikkelt zich tot <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Midden-Oosten en Noord-Afrika</dt></dl> <ul><li>De <a href="/wiki/Assassijnen" title="Assassijnen">Assassijnen</a>, een subversieve, terroristische beweging, verzetten zich niet alleen met geweld en verraad tegen de <a href="/wiki/Kruistocht" title="Kruistocht">kruisvaarders</a> in Palestina maar ook tegen vele islamitische heersers.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/1172" title="1172">1172</a> verslaat Saladin de laatste kalief van de <a href="/wiki/Fatimiden" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimiden">Fatimiden</a>. De Fatimiden zijn <a href="/wiki/Isma%27iliten" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'iliten">isma'iliten</a>, een tak van het <a href="/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme">sjiisme</a>. Saladin bekeert de Egyptenaren om, opnieuw, <a href="/wiki/Soennitisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Soennitisch">soennitisch</a> te worden. In tegenstelling tot de Fatimiden, erkent Saladin de autoriteit van de Abbasidische kalief in Bagdad.</li> <li>Vestiging van de dynastie der <a href="/wiki/Almohaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohaden">Almohaden</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Mahreb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahreb">Mahreb</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Innovatie</dt></dl> <ul><li>Herintroductie van de eerder door de Romeinen toegepaste <a href="/wiki/Baksteen" title="Baksteen">baksteen</a> door de <a href="/wiki/Kloosters_in_Friesland" title="Kloosters in Friesland">Friese kloosterorden</a>, die contact hebben met het verre <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> waar de baksteentechniek bewaard is gebleven. De <a href="/wiki/Zeeklei" title="Zeeklei">zeeklei</a> die in Friesland gebruikt wordt als grondstof vereist echter een ander bakprocedé. Zo ontstaat de <a href="/wiki/Kloostermop" title="Kloostermop">kloostermop</a>.</li> <li>De Chinese kennis van het <a href="/wiki/Aardmagnetisch_veld" title="Aardmagnetisch veld">aardmagnetisch veld</a> komt via de <a href="/wiki/Mongoolse_Rijk" title="Mongoolse Rijk">Mongolen</a> en via de handelsroutes van de Arabieren in Europa terecht, waar de eerste moderne <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">kompassen</a> worden gebouwd.</li> <li>Uitvinding van <a href="/wiki/Rooksignalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooksignalen">rooksignalen</a>.</li> <li>Eerste gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Postduiven" class="mw-redirect" title="Postduiven">postduiven</a>.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Waterrad" title="Waterrad">watermolen</a> verbreidt zich over Midden-Europa</li> <li>Er is sprake van hoptuinen voor het gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Hop_(plant)" title="Hop (plant)">hop</a> in bier in Noord-Duitsland. Bier gebrouwen met hop en de juiste technieken blijft veel langer goed in een land van vele oorlogen en graanschaarste: men heeft veel minder <a href="/wiki/Graan" title="Graan">graan</a> nodig om een drinkbaar en goed houdbaar bier te maken.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Kunsten</dt></dl> <ul><li>Tijdperk van de <a href="/wiki/Gotiek_(bouwkunst)" title="Gotiek (bouwkunst)">vroeggotiek</a> in de kerkbouw. Het koor wordt voorzien van een serie <a href="/wiki/Straalkapel" title="Straalkapel">straalkapellen</a> waarbij de tussenliggende muren kunnen worden weggelaten door de toepassing van <a href="/wiki/Kruisribgewelf" title="Kruisribgewelf">kruisribgewelf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitsboog" title="Spitsboog">spitsboog</a> en pilaren. Hiervoor wordt de <a href="/wiki/Luchtboog" title="Luchtboog">luchtboog</a> verder ontwikkeld. Zo ontstaat een sterke constructie die een grotere verticaliteit toelaat.</li> <li>Bloei van de <a href="/wiki/Maaslandse_kunst" title="Maaslandse kunst">Maaslandse kunst</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_van_Veldeke" title="Hendrik van Veldeke">Hendrik van Veldekes</a> Eneas is de eerste <a href="/wiki/Hoofse_roman" title="Hoofse roman">hoofse roman</a> in een Germaanse taal.</li> <li>De epische verhalen van het <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a> worden door <a href="/wiki/Jongleur_(joculator)" title="Jongleur (joculator)">jongleurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Speelman" title="Speelman">speelmannen</a> voorgedragen, onder begeleiding van muziek en mogelijk ook toneelspel. Terwijl nagenoeg alle elitaire werken nog in het Latijn gesteld zijn, worden de liederen van het <i>chanson de geste</i> in het <a href="/wiki/Oudfrans" title="Oudfrans">Oudfrans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitaans" title="Occitaans">Occitaans</a> en later in andere Europese volkstalen (zoals het <a href="/wiki/Middelnederlands" title="Middelnederlands">Middelnederlands</a>) gezongen.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Wetenschap</dt></dl> <ul><li>De <a href="/wiki/Nestorkroniek" title="Nestorkroniek">Nestorkroniek</a> vertelt in Kerkslavisch en vanuit christelijk gezichtspunt de geschiedenis van het <a href="/wiki/Kievse_Rijk" title="Kievse Rijk">Kievse Rijk</a> en de aangrenzende Russische landen.</li> <li>De Spaans-Marokkaanse denker <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> bestudeert en becommentarieert het werk van <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>.</li> <li>De Indiase wiskundige <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a> levert het bewijs voor de <a href="/wiki/Stelling_van_Pythagoras" title="Stelling van Pythagoras">Stelling van Pythagoras</a>.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/School_van_Chartres" title="School van Chartres">kathedraalschool van Chartres</a> slaagt erin grote geleerden aan te trekken. Hieronder zijn <a href="/wiki/Bernard_van_Chartres" title="Bernard van Chartres">Bernard van Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thierry_van_Chartres" title="Thierry van Chartres">Thierry van Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Conches" title="Willem van Conches">Willem van Conches</a> en de Engelsman <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_Salisbury" title="Johannes van Salisbury">Johannes van Salisbury</a>. Deze mannen vormen de voorhoede van de intense intellectuele heroverweging die culmineert in wat nu bekendstaat als de <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_van_de_12e_eeuw" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance van de 12e eeuw">renaissance van de 12e eeuw</a>.</li> <li>Er worden veel teksten uit het <a href="/wiki/Arabisch" title="Arabisch">Arabisch</a> vertaald naar het Latijn, waardoor veel nieuwe kennis over bijvoorbeeld klassieke auteurs zoals <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologie" title="Astrologie">astrologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie">alchemie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwse_magie" title="Middeleeuwse magie">magie</a> beschikbaar is voor Europa.</li> <li>Een aantal kathedraalscholen worden verzelfstandigd tot <a href="/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit">universiteiten</a>, zoals <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Bologna" title="Universiteit van Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Salamanca" title="Universiteit van Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Oxford" title="Universiteit van Oxford">Oxford</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Parijs" title="Universiteit van Parijs">Sorbonne</a>.</li> <li>Het <a href="/wiki/Ius_commune" title="Ius commune">Romeins burgerlijk recht</a> wordt weer opgepakt door <a href="/wiki/Irnerius" title="Irnerius">Irnerius van Bologna</a> en zijn <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Bologna" title="Universiteit van Bologna">Glossatorenschool</a>.</li> <li>Onder invloed van de Arabische geneeskunde op Sicilië verschijnen in <a href="/wiki/Salerno_(stad)" title="Salerno (stad)">Salerno</a> drie werken over <a href="/wiki/Gynaecologie" title="Gynaecologie">gynaecologische</a> onderwerpen en lichaamsverzorging: de <a href="/wiki/Trotula" title="Trotula">Trotula</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Zeevaart</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republiek_Veneti%C3%AB" title="Republiek Venetië">Venetië</a> maakt door het gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Galei_(schip)" title="Galei (schip)">galeien</a> voor de handel een bloeiperiode door.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Amerika</dt></dl> <ul><li>De <a href="/wiki/Azteken" title="Azteken">Azteken</a> vestigen zich in wat nu <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land)">Mexico</a> heet.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Azië</dt></dl> <ul><li>De <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_(volk)" title="Jurchen (volk)">Jurchen</a> stichten, nadat ze de <a href="/wiki/Noordelijke_Song-dynastie" class="mw-redirect" title="Noordelijke Song-dynastie">Noordelijke Song-dynastie</a> verjaagd hebben, de <a href="/wiki/Jin-dynastie_(1115-1234)" title="Jin-dynastie (1115-1234)">Jin-dynastie (1115-1234)</a>. Nadat ze een groot deel van het noorden van China ingenomen hebben, migreren veel Jurchen naar het gebied en nemen de <a href="/wiki/Confucianisme" title="Confucianisme">Confuciaanse</a> cultuur over.</li> <li>De <a href="/wiki/Hakka_(volk)" title="Hakka (volk)">Hakka (volk)</a> trekken van het midden van China naar het zuiden, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belangrijke_personen">Belangrijke personen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12e_eeuw&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Belangrijke personen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=12e_eeuw&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Belangrijke personen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span 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