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margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #000000; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:White; background-color:#000000"><b><a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit"><font color="white">The divine comedy</font></a></b><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><font size="4" color="White"><b>Creationism</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F2F2F2;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><img alt="Icon creationism.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/100px-Icon_creationism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/150px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/a8/Icon_creationism.svg/200px-Icon_creationism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="195" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b>Running gags</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Creation scientists</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation"><font color="white">Jokes aside</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" title="Bird evolution">Bird evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><font color="white">Blooper reel</font></a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Creationism_(book)" title="Scientific Creationism (book)">Scientific Creationism (book)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Evolution:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_Neo-Darwinism" title="Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism">Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueOrigin" title="TrueOrigin">TrueOrigin</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:White; background-color:#000000; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism"><font color="white">Evolutionism</font></a> <font color="white">debunkers</font></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#F2F2F2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nelson" title="Paul Nelson">Paul Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Langan" title="Christopher Langan">Christopher Langan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crenav" title="Template:Crenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crenav" title="Template talk:Crenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>Several thousand years ago, a small tribe of ignorant near-savages wrote various collections of <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myths</a>, wild tales, <a href="/wiki/Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie">lies</a>, and gibberish. Over the centuries, the stories were embroidered, garbled, mutilated, and torn into small pieces that were then repeatedly shuffled. Finally, this material was badly translated into several languages successively. The resultant <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">text</a>, creationists feel, is the best guide to this complex and technical subject.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Tom Weller<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:65</sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Creationism</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that asserts a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> or gods created <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> and/or its contents) <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">through divine will</a>. This is opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> that the universe arose through (at least apparently) <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" title="Methodological naturalism">purely natural</a> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">processes</a>. As a result, creationism is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-intellectual">anti-intellectual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Practitioners of Creationism are referred to as "creationists" by their fellow cultists, and as "Primate Change Deniers" by anyone with even a modicum of understanding of science. </p><p>"Creationism" is often used as a synonym of <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a>, but the two are not identical. Due to the existence of many and varied religious beliefs <i>and</i> due to varied attempts to make <a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creationism into something "scientific"</a>, creationism takes many forms. The two major strains are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Earth creationist">Old Earth creationists</a>, who accept <a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">deep time</a> for the Universe but may reject <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a>, or deep time specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Earth creationist">Young Earth creationists</a>, who insist that the universe is between 6,000 and 10,000 years old, assert the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">historical truth of the Bible</a> (including <a href="/wiki/The_Fall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall">The Fall</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">global flood</a>), and almost always reject evolution</li></ul> <p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> proponents' (<a href="/wiki/Wedge_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge Document">dishonest</a>) protests, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> in the (often <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">literal</a>) <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">holy texts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis">Genesis</a>, is the foundation of creationism. Literalism is a tenet shared by <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalists</a> and creationists of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and other religions. It also goes without saying that the entity that created everything is <i>always</i> the one of the creationist's faith and not any other. </p><p>Because of the assertion of <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">divine involvement</a>, many people who agree with <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> on deep time and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> but think that a <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">God of the gaps</a> created the Universe or influenced <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> at some crucial instances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">caused</a> the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> or kickstarted <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a>) are most certainly creationists under the broad definition of the term, though they are frequently included under other labels such as believers in <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a> or other toned-down positions. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Categories"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Categories</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Age_of_the_Universe"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Age of the Universe</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Old_Earth_creationism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Old Earth creationism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Young_Earth_creationism"><span class="tocnumber">1.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Young Earth creationism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Religion"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religion</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Buddhism"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Buddhism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Judaism_and_Christianity"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Judaism and Christianity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Islam"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Islam</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Hare_Krishna"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Hare Krishna</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ra.C3.ABlism"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Raëlism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Dreamtime"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Dreamtime</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#None"><span class="tocnumber">1.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">None</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Acceptance_of_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Acceptance of evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Deistic_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Deistic evolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Theistic_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Theistic evolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Intelligent_design"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Intelligent design</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Rapid_speciation"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Rapid speciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Microevolution_only"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Microevolution only</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#No_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.6</span> <span class="toctext">No evolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Church_fathers"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Church fathers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Plutonism_and_Neptunism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Plutonism and Neptunism</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Uniformitarianism_and_Catastrophism"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#The_war_against_evolution"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The war against evolution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Seventh-day_Adventism"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Seventh-day Adventism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Current"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Current</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Demographics"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Demographics</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Developed_nations"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Developed nations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Middle_East"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle East</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Not_all_theists_are_YECs"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Not all theists are YECs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Creationist_arguments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Creationist arguments</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Scientists.2Fphilosophers_were_creationist.21"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scientists/philosophers were creationist!</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Intelligent_design_2"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Intelligent design</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Science_is_flawed"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Science is flawed</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Problems"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Problems</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Specificity_of_deity"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Specificity of deity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Ethical"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ethical</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Falsifiability"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Falsifiability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Supernaturalism"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Supernaturalism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Impacts_of_accepting_creationism_as_science"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Impacts of accepting creationism as science</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Appeal_to_hypocrisy"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Appeal to hypocrisy</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Want_to_read_this_in_another_language.3F"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Want to read this in another language?</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#A_few_critical_books"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">A few critical books</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Categories">Categories</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Categories">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Creationists can be categorized according to the specifics of their belief, including: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="#Religion">Religion</a></b>: Creationists can be of virtually any religious stripe (and <a href="#None">allegedly, none at all</a>).</li> <li><b><a href="#Acceptance_of_evolution">Acceptance of evolution</a>:</b> Some creationists think that no <a href="/wiki/Genetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic">genetic</a> change can happen; others accept evolution wholeheartedly, but with the intervention of a deity. Probably a plurality are in between, <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution#Microevolution.2C_according_to_the_creationists" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">accepting evolution at the small scale but denying it on the large scale</a>, usually drawing the line at <a href="/wiki/Speciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Speciation">speciation</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="#Age_of_the_Universe">Age of the Universe</a> (and its contents)</b>: Creationists hold the age of the Universe to be anywhere from the scientifically-accepted 13.8 billion to the Biblically-obtained 6,000 years.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Age_of_the_Universe">Age of the Universe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Age of the Universe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a></div> <p>From oldest to youngest. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Old_Earth_creationism">Old Earth creationism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Old Earth creationism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a></div> <p>Old Earth creationism (OEC) accepts deep time and the methods used to reach this figure. Nevertheless, OECs believe that life was deliberately created/guided/etc. by a religious deity. OECs generally fall into five categories: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a> asserts that God caused <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">abiogenesis</a> and/or guided the process of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenie_scott-7">[7]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a> is a literal interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis">Genesis</a> concluding that creation took place as claimed in Genesis, but that each of the "days" represents a vast period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenie_scott-7">[7]</a></sup></li> <li>The framework interpretation of Genesis, advanced by biblical scholar Meredith Kline,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> is a literal interpretation of Genesis that posits that the Genesis account is not to be taken as a historical or scientific description of creation, but as an allegorical and theological one. (Leaving it apparently in the rather odd state of being both "literal" and "allegorical".)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive creationism">Progressive creationism</a> is predicated on accepting mainstream scientific findings regarding the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">age of the Earth</a>, but positing that God progressively created new creatures over the course of millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenie_scott-7">[7]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> asserts that God created the Universe and Earth, but then laid waste to Earth and remade it as described in <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Genesis#Genesis_1:2" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Genesis">Genesis 1:2</a> over the course of six, 24-solar-hour days.<sup id="cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eugenie_scott-7">[7]</a></sup></li></ol> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Young_Earth_creationism">Young Earth creationism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Young Earth creationism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></div> <p>Young Earth creationism (YEC) rejects the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">scientific consensus</a> on the age of the Earth and universe in favour of dating creation via the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, using Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a>'s biblical genealogies and accepting <a href="/wiki/Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis">Genesis</a> as history. In order to justify their literalism, YECs must <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science_you_have_to_ignore_to_believe_in_young_Earth_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of science you have to ignore to believe in young Earth creationism">reject numerous branches of science</a> and ignore significant <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">evidence against a recent creation</a>. </p><p>YECs fall into a few categories on the age of creation: </p> <ul><li>The universe and earth were created 6,000-10,000 years ago over 6 days, and show <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> of that age (common, utterly unscientific).</li> <li>The Universe and earth were created 6,000-10,000 years ago over 6 days, <a href="/wiki/Omphalos_hypothesis" title="Omphalos hypothesis">but was designed to look old to test believers' faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> (uncommon, <a href="/wiki/Unfalsifiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfalsifiable">unfalsifiable</a>)</li> <li>The Universe was created 13.5 billion years ago, but the Earth (and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>) was/were specially created 6000 years ago. (uncommon, less unscientific).</li></ul> <p>And on evolution: </p> <ul><li>Some YECs accept <a href="#Theistic_evolution">theistic evolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a>, despite the (contradictory) requisite billions of years. (uncommon)</li> <li><a href="#Rapid_speciation">Animals rapidly speciated after The Flood, from a few original "kinds"</a>. (common)</li> <li><a href="#Microevolution_only">Only "microevolution" (evolution without speciation) occurs</a>. (common)</li> <li><a href="#No_evolution">No evolution (not even heritable mutation) occurs</a>. (uncommon)</li></ul> <p>YECs created "<a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a>" to bolster their biblical claims regarding the age of the Earth and their opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>. When that wasn't "sciency" enough to <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">teach in schools</a>, they produced "<a href="#None">intelligent design</a>". </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Pick a god, any god. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhism">Buddhism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Insofar as it is a religion, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> sees no requirement for any type of deity, creator god or no. So in this respect, Buddhism is <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> when it comes to the creation of the universe, and any beliefs regarding creation are left to the individual Buddhist practitioner's discretion. In some cases, Buddhism is held to teach that the universe has <i>no</i> creator, having existed eternally. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism_and_Christianity">Judaism and Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaism and Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:232px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/c/c5/Creation.jpg/230px-Creation.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="333" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/c/c5/Creation.jpg/345px-Creation.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/c/c5/Creation.jpg/460px-Creation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="1070" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Creation.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>You saw it here first!</div></div></div> <p>Particularly in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the most prevalent YEC belief stems from the Jewish and Christian <a href="/wiki/Mythology" title="Mythology">mythology</a> laid out in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>. This includes interpreting the various stories scattered throughout the book as historically accurate, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">global flood</a>. </p><p>Ordinarily, Creationism does not sit well with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and in fact, a large number of Jews, even <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Judaism"> Orthodox</a>, reject the concept of creationism. This is because Jewish teaching stresses a more compressive and edificatory interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> as opposed to a literal interpretation. This is the case especially with the Book of Genesis, most Jewish scholars affirm that it is in fact a fable or at worst an embellishment of <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudohistorical">pseudohistorical</a> events. This does not, however, preclude the fact that numerous Jews, albeit rather a minority, do indeed subscribe to a creationist ideology. </p><p>Creationism appears most prominently within <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches. While the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> officially states that evolution is compatible with the Bible, many conservative Catholics still reject evolution. Even the Church's acceptance is somewhat half-hearted, insisting that the "spiritual <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a>" (which equates to the human higher mental faculties) was directly created as it could not have evolved (contrary to mainstream evolutionary scientific findings), while <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> literally existed because The Fall could not have occurred otherwise; without it there wouldn't be any <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a> (oh no, how horrible!). </p><p>There are several problems with Christian creationism: </p> <ul><li>Flawed <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_contradictions" title="Biblical contradictions">Biblical contradictions</a> (especially during <a href="/wiki/Creation_Week" title="Creation Week">Creation Week</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_errors" title="Biblical scientific errors">Biblical scientific errors</a> (and lack of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Biblical scientific foreknowledge">Biblical scientific foreknowledge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_Biblical_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Failed Biblical prophecies">Failed Biblical prophecies</a></li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:177px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flat_Earth_Wonders_of_Creation.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/e/e2/Flat_Earth_Wonders_of_Creation.jpeg" decoding="async" width="175" height="312" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="312" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Flat_Earth_Wonders_of_Creation.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The <i>original</i> Islamic creationism. Behold: an angel supporting a fish supporting a goat supporting a <a href="/wiki/Flat_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat earth">flat earth</a>.</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationism</a></div> <p>Although certain culturally blinkered groups may usually associate creationism with fundamentalist Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> world has its own version of creationism.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Unlike the Christian <a href="#Young_Earth_creationism">YEC movements</a>, few Muslim creationists insist that the world was created in a matter of days a few thousand years ago, largely because the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> is less explicit about the subject, making Islamic creationists into <a href="#Old_Earth_creationism">Old Earth creationists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> However, many Muslims reject the idea of evolution,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and the vast majority reject the concept of common descent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:135</sup> </p><p>There are additional issues with Islamic creationism: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_contradictions" title="Qur'anic contradictions">Qur'anic contradictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_errors" title="Qur'anic scientific errors">Qur'anic scientific errors</a> (and the lack of <a href="/wiki/Qur%27anic_scientific_foreknowledge" title="Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge">Qur'anic scientific foreknowledge</a>)</li></ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Hare_Krishna">Hare Krishna</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hare Krishna">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna">Hare Krishna</a> creationism (HKC), based on a literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> (which actually depict the origin of the universe in a manner that lines up frighteningly well with modern science even when taken at face value, but not so much the origin of humanity), has grown with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> and has been embraced by some writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a>. HKC asserts that humanity has existed for one-two <i>billion</i> years, has not evolved, and points to "<a href="/wiki/Out_of_place_artifacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of place artifacts">out of place artifacts</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> reports for evidence. HKC has been dismissed by the scientific community as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. However, Hinduism is not so much a single religion as it is a loose, fuzzy category comprising many distinct, but related (if only barely at times) <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a>. Some denominations of Hinduism are, or rather, <i>were</i>, <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> about the existence of deities and the creation of the universe, such as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" class="extiw" title="wp:Ājīvika" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ājīvika">Ājīvika</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> sect of Hindu philosophy, thereby making Ājīvika more aligned with something like <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> than orthodox Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[note 1]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Raëlism"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Ra.C3.ABlism">Raëlism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Raëlism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></div> <p>Raëlian creationism is a form of creationism practiced by the followers of the Raëlian religion. Raëlian creationism believes that the world and all life on it, including humans, were created by the scientists of a humanoid <a href="/wiki/Alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien">alien</a> race called the Elohim which Raëlians believe early humans mistook for gods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Dreamtime">Dreamtime</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dreamtime">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Michael Connolly, a Kullilla and Muruwari Aboriginal artist and "Indigenous Australian Ambassador",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> claimed in 2007 that the ancestors of Indigenous Australians coexisted with the galloping ancestors of modern-day kangaroos, based on a Dreamtime story from New South Wales, which tells of kangaroos having been cursed to hop on their hind legs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></sup> Never mind that these galloping kangaroos lived 25 million years ago, well before any humans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="None">None</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: None">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></div> <p>Intelligent design (ID) proponents, as part of an attempted "mainstreaming" of creationism, have argued that "design" isn't an inherently religious argument, but instead can operate under the <a href="/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> framework of science. </p><p>ID proponents generally raise two arguments for ID's secularity: </p> <ul><li>The designer need not be the <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup> (and the favored "secular" explanation is <a href="/wiki/Directed_panspermia" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed panspermia">directed panspermia</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> requires a designer, <a href="/wiki/God_of_the_gaps" title="God of the gaps">because science can't explain how something evolved</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>In turn, this nonreligiousness would <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">allow ID into the classroom</a>. Yet ID proponents are almost always Christian fundamentalists, and don't hide it well; consequently, ID proponents often effectively rule out anything but a religious explanation (e.g., rejecting directed panspermia). Mishaps such as <a href="/wiki/Cdesign_proponentsists" title="Cdesign proponentsists">cdesign proponentsists</a> have only made this more apparent. This has led intelligent design to be "politely" referred to as creationism in a cheap suit. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Acceptance_of_evolution">Acceptance of evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Acceptance of evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>From most to least. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Deistic_evolution">Deistic evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Deistic evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Deistic_evolution" title="Deistic evolution">Deistic evolution</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deistic</a> evolution asserts a range of ideas: </p> <ul><li>Natural history is true and God is the non-intervening and disinterested creator of the Universe. (Like someone who accidentally created a universe, didn't know what to do with it, and put it in storage.)</li> <li>Natural history is true and God is the non-intervening but interested creator of the Universe. (Like a scientist observing an experiment they can't or won't control.)</li> <li>Natural history is true and God is the non-intervening creator who nevertheless set up the Universe <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">to work towards a certain end</a>. (Like a watchmaker.)</li></ul> <p>The more 'severe' forms of deistic evolution are often indistinguishable from mild theistic evolution. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Theistic_evolution">Theistic evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theistic evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></div> <p>Theistic evolution (or evolutionary creationism) holds that evolution happened, but God guided it somehow. Many theistic evolutionists hold that God somehow made humans "special", via addition of a soul, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, etc., somewhere along the evolutionary path. Others assert that God ensured the evolution of life, of intelligent life, and/or of humans specifically, either via merely setting up the environments, through ensuring the proper <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> via undetectable manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>, via directly "inserting" mutations, or even via controlling individuals of a species. The most extreme forms of theistic evolution are indistinguishable from intelligent design. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Intelligent_design">Intelligent design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intelligent design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></div> <p>Intelligent design is the same as theistic creationism, but argues that not only did God intervene, but God's intervention was <i>necessary</i> for some aspect(s) of life (e.g. irreducible complexity). Such arguments are almost always based on personal <a href="/wiki/Incredulity" class="mw-redirect" title="Incredulity">incredulity</a>. Interestingly, all "arguments" for ID currently consist of attempting to pick holes in evolution, rather than positive evidence for design. However, principles of <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergence</a> or complexity theory are fundamentally incompatible with ID, as they explain complex structures under <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" title="Methodological naturalism">naturalism</a>, without a designer. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Rapid_speciation">Rapid speciation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rapid speciation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a></div> <p>Some creationists, in order to fit the history of the Earth into 6000 years, and in order to allow a massively smaller number of species/kinds necessary to fit on the Ark, or in order to explain the existence of carnivores and other animals that couldn't be part of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, argue that speciation rapidly occurred after the Fall or after the Flood, allowing the current diversity of life. </p><p>At least they accept evolution <i>happened</i>, even if it would be more of a <b>hyper</b>evolution. Few of them appreciate the irony of that, however. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Microevolution_only">Microevolution only</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Microevolution only">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a></div> <p>Some creationists assert that (macro)evolution is impossible, meaning that no new species/"kinds" can be created. Instead, either (a) only mutations happen, which allows microevolution, meaning in-species evolution happens and stuff like different-colored fur is possible, or (b) mutations can only reduce "information content" of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>, and so all evolution is merely the breaking down of lifeforms. Sometimes this is tied in with the supposed decline of humans since The Fall, as reflected in the ages attained by people in Genesis over time. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="No_evolution">No evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: No evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Lastly, some assert that no mutation or genetic change occurs whatsoever. This type of creationism is mostly dead, but had some followers until the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Creationism as a distinct, important belief did not originate until the development of modern science from the late 1600s onward. Before then, the assumption of a young Earth was almost universal in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East, because of religiosity (whether Christian or Muslim or Jewish) and because of a lack of counter-evidence. As such, many believers believed in a young Earth solely on subjective faith (and no reason to think otherwise), not on objective scientific grounds. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Church_fathers">Church fathers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Church fathers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Even among the church fathers there was doubt regarding the six-day creation. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was one of the first Church leaders to question a literal Genesis creation and Flood.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup> No one was certain of how old the Earth was back then. Their guess about the planet's age and how long a day was when God created the universe (which, in some cases, is based on a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> verse in <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/2_Peter#2_Peter_3:8" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/2 Peter">2 Peter 3:8</a> that refers to the day of the Lord being like a thousand years) is about as good as it can get. However, during the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries, scientists, <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> and non-Christian alike, began to uncover evidence that points to Earth being much, much older than thousands of years. This scientific evidence points to the age of our planet being in the billions of years, thus giving people the true age of the Earth. </p><p>Even historically, there have been many writers within the Christian tradition (historically at least as important as the actual text of the Bible) who did not hold the Genesis account as literal. The oldest commentary, by <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a>, which was written even before the birth of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a>, holds to an allegorical view of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup> There is only one Church father who is known to have held to a view which is even somewhat literal, St. Basel, and there are a plethora who are known to have held to an allegorical interpretation (Augustine of Hippo, St. Ignatius of Antioch, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:33-36</sup> etc.). Also, in <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Galatians#Galatians_4:24" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Galatians">Galatians 4:24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul of Tarsus</a> presents the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, Sarah, and Hagar allegorically for the purpose of instructing the church at Galatia, which means it is possible that he applied this allegorical interpretation to the entire story of Abraham, though the text of <a href="/wiki/Galatians" title="Galatians">Galatians</a> does not state or imply that. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Plutonism_and_Neptunism">Plutonism and Neptunism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Plutonism and Neptunism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>At around the year 1750, a division took form on the view of which forces had shaped the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>. The two camps became known as Plutonism and Neptunism. Plutonists believed that igneous rock soldified from magma, while Neptunists believed that <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> — and in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Flood">Great Flood</a> - was the primary force shaping the world, with rock layers crystallizing out over time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup> </p><p>As one might have guessed, the two groups got their names from two Roman deities: <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, who ruled the underworld, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, who ruled the seas. Interestingly, even the Neptunists were saying that the Earth was older (placing it at about 75,000 years) than <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth#Early_Christian_and_modern_Young_Earth_Creationist_Views" title="Age of the Earth">the 6000 years that had been calculated from the Bible</a> (and even today, the oldest age that <a href="/wiki/YEC" class="mw-redirect" title="YEC">YEC</a> Bible scholars can get is 20,000 years). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Uniformitarianism_and_Catastrophism">Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In both of these groups, there were people who felt that the Earth had changed in the past, as it did in the present, while others held that a series of catastrophes - both small and large - had shaped the Earth (a model that would allow for shorter timespans). By the year 1790, this division solidified into what would later be known as Uniformitarianism and Catastrophism. </p><p>Based on Uniformitarianism, the Earth was turning out to be far older than even the Neptunists had figured - on the order of <i>millions</i> of years older.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a></sup> It was at around this time that Creationism itself schismed into Young Earth Creationism and Old Earth Creationism, though the latter would largely go unnoticed until brought back into the discussion in the late 1960s, thanks to W. Dennis Burrowes. </p><p>Uniformitarianism on its own was creating a host of problems with Young Earth Creationism: </p> <ol><li>Young Earth Creationism did not agree with observations based on Uniformitarianism Geology (1787)</li> <li>Young Earth Creationism could not explain the placement of fossils and rocks in layers (1794)</li> <li>Young Earth Creationism got overly complicated beginning with Cuvier’s double flood theory (1813) and ended up with 6 “Gardens of Eden”</li> <li>Young Earth Creationism could not explain alterations of fresh and sea water animals in stata as had been explained in <i>Principles of Geology</i> (1830–1833)</li> <li>No amount of mathematics could keep Noah’s Ark from sinking even at the Genus level (c1840s) and you had the issue of how the various animals got from the Ark to their various locations around the world.</li></ol> <p>By the time Darwin (and Alfred Russel Wallace) came up with the idea of evolution through natural selection in the late 1860s Young Earth Creationism was already in trouble. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_war_against_evolution">The war against evolution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: The war against evolution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>It had been widely thought by paleontologists of the second half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century that the opening shot against evolution by creationists was cast in 1871 with the destruction of what was to be the first <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a> museum which was to be called "Paleozoic Museum"), located in Central Park in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The museum was to feature life-size models of dinosaurs created by pioneer paleoartist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Waterhouse_Hawkins" class="extiw" title="wp:Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins">Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins</span></a>.<sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> Alas, further research reported in 2023, makes the claim that the destruction was due to creationist ideology unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-kreier_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreier-31">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> Without this anecdote from 1871, the generally accepted view now is that creationist attacks on evolution began in earnest beginning in the 20<sup>th</sup> century.<sup id="cite_ref-kreier_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kreier-31">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Seventh-day_Adventism">Seventh-day Adventism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Seventh-day Adventism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>However, according to Ronald L. Numbers' book <i>The Creationists</i> (University of California Press, 1993), the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventism" title="Seventh-day Adventism">Seventh-day Adventists</a> spawned the YE <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogmatic</a> cult (even <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> (1918-2006), the so-called "father of the modern creationism movement" as mentioned below, has acknowledged this) in response to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s so-called "dangerous idea" as told in his book, <i>On The Origin of Species Through Natural Selection</i>, published in 1859. While most Christians observe the Sabbath Day as a day of worship on Sunday, this religious sect observes their Sabbath from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset in honor of the Creation Week which occurred as told in <a href="/wiki/Genesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis">Genesis</a> 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> in a six-day, 24-hour (somewhat) time period according to their interpretations of it. When they heard about Charles Darwin's revolutionary new idea that theorized that all life evolved through natural selection, they became disturbed by it. This new teaching did not fit into their religious preconceptions. But then, their mistress and founder, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>, (1827-1915) a self-proclaimed prophetess and a cult leader, claimed, in one of her writings from 1864, that she had seen a vision from God who showed her how He created the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in a six-day period, and that the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> were all the result of plants and animals that had perished during the Great Flood of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>. To her disciples, this alleged vision solved the whole problem and they began to take her visions and her teachings to heart. </p><p>One of Ellen's disciples, George McCready Price (1870–1963), became so hooked on this idea that he began to endorse it and distribute magazines about this new form of creationism to many people in order to win converts. Then in 1923, Price published a book called <i>The New Geology</i> which related his ideas about Earth being 6,000 years old, created in six literal 24-hour day periods, and which was later covered with the great flood of Noah, which destroyed everything and turned all of the plants and animals into fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup> This concept is strongly based on the writings of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a>, who concluded, by adding the genealogies and the historical dates of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and other major events that happened after the Biblical events leading up to Ussher's time, that the earth was created in 4004 BCE on Sunday, October 23. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Current">Current</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Current">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Most people disregarded creationism, but <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian fundamentalists">Christian fundamentalists</a> took it to heart. One was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a>, a civil <a href="/wiki/Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, who became one of Price's most loyal disciples. In 1960, Morris paired up with John Whitcomb, another YEC advocate, to write and publish <i>The Genesis Flood</i>. The book created a sensation among many fundamentalist Christian groups and started the modern creationism movement that continues to this very day. So, the next time a fundamentalist is insisting to you that YEC is correct, one can chide them about their <a href="/wiki/Heretical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretical">heretical</a> Seventh-day Adventist beliefs… except one is more likely to draw a blank stare, since most of them are unaware of the Adventist origins of modern YEC. </p><p>Over the years, many organizations sprang up to advocate this questionable dogma. The most notable current creationist groups include the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a>, and Creation Science Evangelism founded by <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a>. </p><p>The rise of Christian creationist organizations helped spur the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creationism" title="Islamic creationism">Islamic creationist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu creationism">Hindu creationist</a> movements in their respective religions in the 1980s-1990s to the present. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Young Earth creationism exists primarily among <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> fundamentalists, and is most popular in the <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Developed_nations">Developed nations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Developed nations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A 2012 Gallup poll<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a></sup> reveals that 15% of Americans agree with the statement, "Human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God had no part in this process" (the option that's actually <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">backed by science</a>). 46% believe that "God created human beings pretty much in their present form within the last 10,000 years or so" (the <a href="/wiki/Fractal_wrongness" title="Fractal wrongness">"YEC compatible"</a> option). 38% fall somewhere in the middle and think that "Human beings have developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life, but God guided this process" (the "Sure, evolution is a thing, but <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">I need God to be involved to feel comfortable about it</a>" option). While these results would seem to indicate that 46% of Americans are Young Earth creationists, the poll's focus on human beings coming about through evolution ignores the possibility of a belief in <a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" title="Human exceptionalism">God personally creating mankind</a> accompanied with acceptance of evolution in regards to non-human life. What one <i>can</i> conclude from this poll, however, is that, rather disconcertingly, a whopping 84% of respondents fell back on some form of <a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">Goddidit</a> explanation when the issue of humanity's origin came up. When the poll was repeated in 2017, 19% agreed with the scientific description, and the results were evenly split between the other two options, at 38% each.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 poll among adults in developed nations showed only 40% of adult Americans as accepting evolution. Only <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> had a lower acceptance rate (25%), while acceptance in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is typically higher than 60%. Though similar as with the Gallup poll from above, the poll focused on the evolution of humans, asking whether people agreed or disagreed with the statement, "Human beings, as we know them, developed from earlier species of animals."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></sup> </p><p>Although it has little political traction, creationism exists in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>. An article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> in September 2008 put the number of people believing in YEC ideas at 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_East">Middle East</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Contrary to popular belief, YEC beliefs are not common in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> world. Although some Muslim cultures reject the theory of evolution and almost all reject common descent, most accept that the universe was created billions of years ago and do not insist on a six-day creation as young Earth creationists do, and the schools in many Muslim countries include evolution in their biology curricula.<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Help:References" title="Help:References"><i>citation needed</i></a>]</sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Not_all_theists_are_YECs">Not all theists are YECs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Not all theists are YECs">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Young Earth creationism and intelligent design are largely limited to more conservative or "fundamentalist" branches of religion. The vast majority of theists worldwide — including Hindus, Jews, Buddhists, some Muslims, deists, and many mainstream Christian churches including the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, and surprisingly the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic Church</a> — will accept the facts of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and even the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, though they still maintain some belief that <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">God created everything</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Creationist_arguments">Creationist arguments</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Creationist arguments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1984.jpeg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/4/48/1984.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="168" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:1984.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>You are mistaken there are no transitional fossils</div></div></div> <h3><span id="Scientists/philosophers_were_creationist!"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientists.2Fphilosophers_were_creationist.21">Scientists/philosophers were creationist!</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scientists/philosophers were creationist!">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Assertions that <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" class="extiw" title="wp:Abraham ibn Ezra" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (ca. 1089-1164 <a href="/wiki/CE" class="mw-redirect" title="CE">CE</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (ca. 37-ca. 100 CE) embraced the idea that a young Earth may be true, but without significance. They were creationists because of a lack of an alternative, rather than on its merits. Also, any modern creationist should be aware that any heretical act committed in Europe during the 16<sup>th</sup> or 15<sup>th</sup> centuries would've been <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">punishable by death</a>, so it's no wonder <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> never actually <i>fell from the faith</i>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Intelligent_design_2">Intelligent design</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Intelligent design">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Science_is_flawed">Science is flawed</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Science is flawed">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Antiscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></div> <p>Creationists often reject scientific theories and discoveries that go against their ideas — but rather than presenting evidence, they resort to attacking modern science. This is based on not only a misunderstanding of how science develops but also on the <a href="/wiki/False_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="False dichotomy">false dichotomy</a> that if science is wrong (in <i>any</i> way), Christian creationism and Biblical literalism must be true. Since creationist ideas are based on <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> rather than evidence, they are not falsifiable and are not classed as science. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> admits as much, having stated in his <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_debates_Ken_Ham" title="Bill Nye debates Ken Ham">debate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye" title="Bill Nye">Bill Nye</a> that "[He's] a Christian, and so no amount of <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">independent</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" class="extiw" title="wp:Consilience" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Consilience">consilient</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> evidence would ever alter his beliefs in any way." </p><p>Popular methods of discrediting modern science include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a></b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This is the practice of isolating quotes from their original context in order to support a particular view. This often is used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">argument from authority</a> — i.e., an authoritative person said this, so it must be right, even if they were actually saying something <i>opposite</i> what you're making them out to say. The ellipsis — the omission of intervening text — is one way of quote mining and is often of staggering magnitude (the sections on either side of the ellipsis might be pulled from opposite sides of a book, for instance<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a></sup>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Politicization_of_science" title="Politicization of science">Politicization</a></b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Claiming modern science is politicized and biased because "most scientists are <a href="/wiki/Liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal">liberals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moderate" title="Moderate">moderates</a>." This is, of course, untrue, and even if it <i>were</i> true, it constitutes a fallacious <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_motive" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeal to motive">appeal to motive</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/FUD" class="mw-redirect" title="FUD">Exaggerating the limits</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">scientific theory</a></b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Usually the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Only_a_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Only a theory">only a theory</a>" is passed about without any sense of <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, as creationists themselves sometimes attempt to pass creationism off as a "theory", albeit one unsupported by any evidence. This is also due to a misunderstanding of what a scientific theory actually is. Yet for them somehow the Bible is not "only a theory".</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Pointing out <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">science has been wrong before</a></b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This is often combined with the above method of citing the fact that science is theory. Of course, science has been wrong, but when it is found to be wrong it changes and becomes more accurate. Fundamentalism, on the other hand, by definition doesn't change, maintaining, at best, a constant distance from reality. But since YEC as it's presently articulated is quite a recent phenomenon — <a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Morris" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry M. Morris">Henry M. Morris</a>' <i>The Genesis Flood</i> wasn't published until 1961<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></sup> — in this particular respect fundamentalism has actually gotten <i>further</i> from reality.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[note 2]</a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Exploiting the existence of <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">non-uniformitarian</a> views</b>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This can be wide-reaching, from the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">changing over time</a> to support the apparent age of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> to bizarre <a href="/wiki/Hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypotheses">hypotheses</a> and suggestions that help support a global flood event.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Exploiting <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular culture</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>As not all people are experts in all fields of science, a lot of people have to make do with popularised and slightly inaccurate versions of scientific theories. The inaccuracies or dramatisations of these theories which slip into popular culture (such as <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> being termed "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" class="mw-redirect" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>") are easily exploitable. So is saying that <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> is right because it (sort of) happens in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s film <i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Invoking <a href="/wiki/Divine_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine intervention">divine intervention</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>This technique solves many problems, like the <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">starlight problem</a> and explaining why <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a> was not an issue for <a href="/wiki/Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="Eve">Eve</a>'s offspring as well as for those aboard <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>. From a <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialistic</a> view, these are unsatisfying answers. Often this is abbreviated to "<a href="/wiki/Goddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddidit">goddidit</a>." Where this excuse might generate problems, YECs are known to resort to the related but more specific <a href="/wiki/Flooddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooddidit">Flooddidit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falldidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Falldidit">Falldidit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satandidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Satandidit">Satandidit</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Referring to obsolete sources:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Science thrives on <i>change</i>. When discrediting evolutionary theories, creationists will often cite <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s original <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origin of Species">The Origin of Species</a></i> and point out issues which were poorly understood at the time. As all of science is a work in progress, the specific details of the theory of evolution have changed much since Darwin's time and continue to be improved. Evolution is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> (often to establish a <a href="/wiki/False_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="False equivalence">false equivalence</a> with religion), ignoring progress since his time. It's also a form of <a href="/wiki/Special_pleading" title="Special pleading">special pleading</a>: they never refer to <a href="/wiki/Physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicist">physicists</a> as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newtonists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteinists</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Chemists" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemists">chemists</a> as Lavoisierists,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a></sup> nor microbiologists as Leeuwenhoekists, optical scientists as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Alhazenists</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematicians">mathematicians</a> as Archimedeans. Alternatively, creationists say that Darwin was wrong and overlook that <a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">later</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">theories</a> give a <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern synthesis">better</a> <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">picture</a> of evolution.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creationist "scientists"</a> operating <a href="/wiki/Ultracrepidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultracrepidarian">far outside their fields of expertise</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>For example, a physicist writing about DNA analysis or geologists commenting on biology. In science, this is of course perfectly acceptable, but it does not by default give them authority over someone who has proved themselves as a specialist in an area. This is possibly most apparent in the <a href="/wiki/A_Scientific_Dissent_From_Darwinism" title="A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism">published list of scientists who disagree with evolution, where only a small handful are qualified biologists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Denial" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial">Denial</a> of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Petition" title="Oregon Petition">same tactics</a>. (To turn it around, would you accept the authority of a biologist about questions in nuclear physics? Maybe tentatively, but if nuclear physicists pointed out that the biologist got the information all wrong, then the biologist was clearly out of their depth.)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Referring to "<a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">the Flood</a>" <a href="/wiki/Flooddidit" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooddidit">for everything</a>:</b></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Similar to divine intervention, The Flood is often cited to explain the presence of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>, sedimentary layers, <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand Canyon">The Grand Canyon</a> and to explain why <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a> would be flawed. However, this <a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" class="mw-redirect" title="Begging the question">presumes</a> a worldwide flood occurred and that it would adequately explain these features of the Earth, which it wouldn't do well even if it was feasible to have occurred. See <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">petrified forest</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Mainstream scientists classify young Earth creationism as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, putting it on par with <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>. Indeed, at the <a href="/wiki/Dover_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover trial">Dover trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a>, arguing that intelligent design should be allowable in public schools, admitted that his definition of science was broad enough to include astrology. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Problems">Problems</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Problems">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Creationism has several problems which are looked into in detail in this section. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Specificity_of_deity">Specificity of deity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Specificity of deity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Almost all arguments for any creationism can be applied to any <i>creatio ex nihilo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> lists at least eight such creation myths besides the story recounted in <i>Genesis</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths" class="extiw" title="wp:Ancient Egyptian creation myths" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ancient Egyptian creation myths">Ancient Egyptian creation myths</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mythology#Islamic_creation_narrative" class="extiw" title="wp:Islamic mythology" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Islamic mythology#Islamic creation narrative">Islamic creation myth</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluba_mythology#Creation_myth_of_Kabezya-Mpungu" class="extiw" title="wp:Baluba mythology" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Baluba mythology#Creation myth of Kabezya-Mpungu">Kabezya-Mpungu</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology#Myths" class="extiw" title="wp:Māori mythology" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Māori mythology#Myths">Māori myths</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>, including: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa" class="extiw" title="wp:Rangi and Papa" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Rangi and Papa">Rangi and Papa</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbombo" class="extiw" title="wp:Mbombo" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mbombo">Mbombo</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngai" class="extiw" title="wp:Ngai" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ngai">Ngai</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popol_Vuh#Creation_Myth" class="extiw" title="wp:Popol Vuh" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Popol Vuh#Creation Myth">Popol Vuh</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li></ul> <p>Many such myths make a standardised claim: "<fill in deity's or deities' name(s)> created the world (or Universe) <fill in preferred number of years> years ago." </p><p>One might accordingly feel <a href="/wiki/Satan_did_it" class="mw-redirect" title="Satan did it">tempted</a> to surmise one or more of the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">enlighteners</a> have spread the idea of <a href="/wiki/Divine_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine intervention">Divine Creation</a>, which then <a href="/wiki/Evolution#Non-biological_evolution" title="Evolution">evolves</a> (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religion" title="Abrahamic religion">Abrahamic religion</a> feeding into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_and_Quranic_narratives" class="extiw" title="wp:Biblical and Quranic narratives" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Biblical and Quranic narratives">Islamic tradition</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>)</li> <li>Judeo-Christian recorders of myths have mined the mythological corpus for obscure details which reflect "correct" or familiar tales<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 3]</a></sup></li> <li>Human <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> has a tendency to drift into vague mystical concepts when unscientifically confronting any concept of ultimate origins (as in "<a href="/wiki/Turtles_all_the_way_down" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtles all the way down">Turtles all the way down</a>").</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethical">Ethical</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ethical">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></div> <p>Apart from almost every field of science, creationism based on Biblical literalism also has some ethical criticism to face. </p><p>Based on a literal interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Cain#Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain">Cain and Abel story</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cain" title="Mark of Cain">Cain got a "mark" on his skin for being bad</a>, (mostly) White <a href="/wiki/The_South" title="The South">American Southern</a> creationists decided that <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans">Blacks</a> were <i>really</i> Black because of the Curse of Cain. In turn, this justified <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> — because all Blacks were nothing but immoral descendants of Cain, and because God specifically stated that Cain's descendants would be subservient.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a></sup> </p><p>One main objection is that, in the ever so lauded <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a> version of <a href="/wiki/RationalWiki:Annotated_Bible/Genesis#Genesis_1:28" title="RationalWiki:Annotated Bible/Genesis">Genesis 1:28</a>, God says to the first humans, "God blessed them and said to them, Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> in the sea and the <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> in the sky and over every living creature that moves on the ground." Thus, implying that humans can do what they wish to all animals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></sup> </p><p>Some few Christian movements — ever fewer since the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a> — interpret the aforementioned passage as forbidding contraception (in the case of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>), and even of compelling followers to have as many children as is possible (such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a> movement). Ever since <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> introduced the idea that population may outgrow food supply, advocates of population control fear these sorts of beliefs will lead to mass starvation, and therefore a severe decrease in the quality of human life, and even mass <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Falsifiability">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a></div> <p>Creationism is, in large part, not falsifiable; where it <i>is</i> falsifiable <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">it has been falsified</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Supernaturalism">Supernaturalism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Supernaturalism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_selection" title="Supernatural selection">Supernatural selection</a></div> <p>As there is no experiment that can measure, or even determine, any supernatural effects, testability and falsification require science to be limited to the natural world, where things can be manipulated and the effect of that manipulation observed. Therefore, science must assume a position of <a href="/wiki/Methodological_naturalism" title="Methodological naturalism">methodological naturalism</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Impacts_of_accepting_creationism_as_science">Impacts of accepting creationism as science</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Impacts of accepting creationism as science">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:XKCDonCreationism.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="/w/images/thumb/4/42/XKCDonCreationism.jpg/300px-XKCDonCreationism.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="395" class="thumbimage" srcset="/w/images/thumb/4/42/XKCDonCreationism.jpg/450px-XKCDonCreationism.jpg 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/4/42/XKCDonCreationism.jpg/600px-XKCDonCreationism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="843" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:XKCDonCreationism.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>A wise man once said…</div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Branches_of_science_you_have_to_ignore_to_believe_in_young_Earth_creationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of science you have to ignore to believe in young Earth creationism">Branches of science you have to ignore to believe in young Earth creationism</a></div> <p>What will happen if <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> starts accepting supernatural explanations? </p> <ul><li><b>Inconclusive 'chaotic' debates</b>: Virtually anyone can justify their own speculation using supernatural explanations. Any observations one cannot explain? Just say "it is a mysterious phenomenon designed by invisible gremlins that can't be detected if they don't want to be detected." Even if people don't agree with or are unsatisfied by one's explanation, they can never 'falsify' or prove that one is wrong. (A real-world example: Creationist viewpoints have been around for millennia. Science has never been able to falsify them, as they are non-testable.)</li> <li><b>Change of Focus</b>: Once unfalsifiable hypotheses are allowed, the focus of science will change from genuine research to publicity stunts for <a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">winning public opinion</a>. After all, if no evidence can point to one idea over another, the only deciding factor will be <a href="/wiki/Marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing">marketing</a>. (A real-world example: no creationist "research" has been published in <i>standard</i> peer-reviewed journals. All creationists' material either targets a common audience or are published in dubious <a href="/wiki/Pseudojournal" title="Pseudojournal">non-standard journals</a>.)</li> <li><b>No Practical Applications</b>: Since supernatural explanations are not 'predictive', they do not produce any new applications. Scientific research would essentially stop, as nothing new could come of it. (A real-world example: Young Earth Creationist movements have been around for over a century. There is no industrial or agricultural application where the <a href="/wiki/YEC" class="mw-redirect" title="YEC">YEC</a> viewpoint has been instrumental.)</li> <li><b>Religious Conflicts</b>: Without evidence to settle the matter, strong personal religious biases will interfere with each religious group accepting its own unfalsifiable version of the world, justifying its own <a href="/wiki/Holy_book" title="Holy book">holy book</a> as a historical account, dangerously turning healthy scientific debates into religious conflicts. (A real-world example: apart from the Bible-based YECs there are Quran-based creationist movements too, although perhaps less well-funded.) It is not hard to imagine creationist movements based on Hindu or other religions (indeed, some already exist). No amount of scientific debate can decide which of these <i>non-testable</i> claims is better than the other. These movements lead to nothing else, save for religious conflicts in science classes and unscientific debates.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Appeal_to_hypocrisy">Appeal to hypocrisy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Appeal to hypocrisy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Tu_quoque" title="Tu quoque">Tu quoque</a></div> <p>Creationists, failing to prove their studies to be scientific, often try to bring evolution down to their level by claiming that <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">evolution is a religion</a> or that it isn't science because it <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_evolution" title="Falsifiability of evolution">can't be falsified</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evolution_doesn%27t_make_predictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution doesn't make predictions">doesn't make predictions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a></sup> Regardless, creationism remains unscientific whatever the status of evolution is (evolution is, of course, valid science: denial of the evidence behind it doesn't make that evidence go away). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12_Arguments_Evolutionists_Should_Avoid" title="12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid">12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_Week" title="Creation Week">Creation Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism_in_public_education" title="Creationism in public education">Creationism in public education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationist_escape_hatches" class="mw-redirect" title="Creationist escape hatches">Creationist escape hatches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fun:Creationist_argument_Bingo" title="Fun:Creationist argument Bingo">Fun:Creationist argument Bingo</a></li></ul> <h3><span id="Want_to_read_this_in_another_language?"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Want_to_read_this_in_another_language.3F">Want to read this in another language?</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Want to read this in another language?">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div lang="zh" style="float:left; position:relative; margin:2px; padding-left:35px;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:1px; left:1px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lang-zh.gif/30px-Lang-zh.gif" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lang-zh.gif/45px-Lang-zh.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Lang-zh.gif/60px-Lang-zh.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA" title="创造论">创造论</a></b>是本文章的<a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese" title="Category:Chinese">中文</a>版本 </div><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div lang="ru" style="float:left; position:relative; margin:2px; padding-left:35px;"> <div style="position:absolute; top:1px; left:1px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lang-ru.gif/30px-Lang-ru.gif" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lang-ru.gif/45px-Lang-ru.gif 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lang-ru.gif/60px-Lang-ru.gif 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></div>Русскоязычным вариантом данной статьи является статья <b><a href="http://ru.rationalwiki.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="rurw:Креационизм" rel="nofollow">Креационизм</a></b> </div><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/creationism" class="extiw" title="wp:creationism" rel="nofollow">creationism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00D5FKGLU?keywords=ronald%20numbers%20creationists&qid=1453239975&ref_=sr_1_2&sr=8-2">The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design, Expanded Edition</a>, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" class="extiw" title="wp:Ronald Numbers" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></li> <li>A list of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071112132041/http://members.aol.com/darrwin/things.htm">Things Creationists Hate</a>. It's a <b>big</b> list.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a>'s index of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://talkorigins.org/indexcc/index.html">creationist claims</a> and their refutations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/15-answers-to-creationist/">Scientific American</a>: 15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-latest-face-of-creationism/">Scientific American</a>: The Latest Face of Creationism in the Classroom</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/14/magazine/the-threat-of-creationism.html">The “Threat” of Creationism</a>, by Isaac Asimov published in Science and Creationism (in <big><b>1981!!!</b></big> still relevant after all these years)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/creationism">Geological Society of London</a> doesn't like creationism (or Intelligent Design or creation science)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.ngo/geological-society-australia">Neither does the Geological Society of Australia</a>. Part of many statements in the <a href="/wiki/Voices_For_Evolution" title="Voices For Evolution">Voices For Evolution</a> series by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cc.com/video/0mfz1d/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-back-in-black-evolution-schmevolution">Lewis Black explains Creationist Bullshit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contemporarycreationism.com/creation-museums/">A list of Christian "Creation Museums"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebonmusings.org/evolution/crenotscience.html">Ebon Musings: Why Creationism Isn't Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/creation.html">The Skeptic's Dictionary: Creationism and Creation Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkdesign.org/faqs/johnson.html">Why Phillip Johnson's Darwin on Trial and the "Intelligent Design" movement are neither scienceâ€”nor Christian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svsu.edu/~koperski/Creationism.htm">Explanation and History of Creationism</a>, Jeffrey Koperski</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bhzuitLM5w">Everything Wrong with the Creation Museum and the Ark Encounter</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="A_few_critical_books">A few critical books</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: A few critical books">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientists_Confront_Creationism" title="Scientists Confront Creationism">Scientists Confront Creationism</a></i></li> <li><i>Evolution : What the Fossils say and Why it matters </i> by Donald Prothero, PhD in Geochronology</li> <li><i>Why Evolution is True</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a>, PhD in Biology</li> <li><i>The Counter-Creationism Handbook</i> by Mark Issak</li> <li><i>Evolution Slam Dunk: Why the Reptile-mammal Transition Proves Macroevolution & How Antievolutionists Ignore It</i> by James Downard</li> <li><i>Science and Earth History</i> by Arthur N. Strahler, PhD in Geomorphology</li> <li><i>Why Darwin Matters</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a></li> <li><i>Inside the Human Genome : A Case for Unintelligent Design</i> by John Avise, PhD in genetics</li> <li><i>Science on Trial : The Case for Evolution</i> by Douglas Futuyma, PhD in Zoology</li> <li><i>Unintelligent Design</i> by Mark Perakh</li> <li><i>The Greatest Show on Earth : Evidence for Evolution</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>,</li> <li><i>Why Intelligent Design Fails</i>, anthology</li> <li><i>Evolution : Nature and Scripture say YES!</i> by Denis Lamoureux</li> <li><i>Darwinism defended : A guide to Evolution controversies</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruse" title="Michael Ruse">Michael Ruse</a>, PhD in Philosophy of Biology</li> <li><i>The Rocks Were There: Straight Science Answers to bent Creationist Questions</i> by James Downard and Jackson Wheat</li> <li><i>Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism</i> by Robert Pennock, PhD in history and philosophy of science</li> <li><i>God, the Devil, and Darwin:A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory</i> by Niall Shanks, PhD</li> <li><i>Denying Evolution: Creation, Scientism and the Nature of Science: Creation, Scientism, and the Nature of Science</i> by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Massimo Pigliucci</a>, PhD in biology</li> <li><i>Foundation, Fall and Flood</i> by Glenn Morton</li> <li><i>Grand Canyon : Monument to an Ancient Earth</i>, anthology by various geologists</li> <li><i>Abusing Science : The Case against Creationism</i>, by Philip Kitcher, PhD in philosophy of science</li> <li><i>Adam and the Genome</i> by Scot McKnight and Denis Venema</li> <li><i>Doubting Darwin?: Creationist Designs on Evolution</i> by Sahotra Sarkar</li> <li><i>Why Evolution Works (and Creationism Fails)</i> by Matt Young</li> <li><i> For the Rock Record: Geologists on Intelligent Design</i>, anthology</li> <li><i>Only a theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul</i> by Kenneth Miller, cell biologist</li> <li><i> Living with Darwin: Evolution, Design, and the Future of Faith</i> by Philip Kitcher</li> <li><i>Intelligent Thought: Science Versus The Intelligent Design Movement</i>, anthology</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Notice that all three of the mentioned religions, Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism, are Dharmic religions derived from the same common source, Indo-Aryan mythology, which itself ultimately derives from the same root as <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">various</a> <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">other</a> <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman religion">disparate</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> mythologies, that is, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" class="extiw" title="wp:Proto-Indo-European mythology" rel="nofollow">religion</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" class="extiw" title="wp:Proto-Indo-Europeans" rel="nofollow">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris famously stated that "When science and the Bible differ, science has obviously misinterpreted its data." Morris and other YECs clearly view themselves as greater authorities on the subject than the Church Fathers, as Augustine of Hippo noted that the purported perfection of scripture means that any apparent disagreement between science and a particular <i>interpretation</i> of the Bible simply means that the interpretation is not the correct one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare the "discovery" of a Maori-Polynesian Supreme Being in 1913: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_Matua_Kore" class="extiw" title="wp:Io Matua Kore" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Io Matua Kore">Io Matua Kore</span></a><sup><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Creationism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Science Made Stupid</i> by Tom Weller (1985) Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395366461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602213726/http://royalsociety.org/news.asp?year=&id=4298">Royal Society statement on evolution, creationism and intelligent design</a> (11 Apr 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.ngo/scientific-creationism-pseudoscience">"Scientific" Creationism as a Pseudoscience</a> (Summer 1986) <i>Creation/Evolution Journal</i> 6(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2267227/">Taking on creationism. Which arguments and evidence counter pseudoscience?</a> BY Mark Greener (2007) <i>EMBO Reports</i> 8(12):1107-1109. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7401131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kappanonline.org/anti-intellectualism-anti-evolutionism-science-teachers-hofstadter-branch/">Anti-intellectualism and anti-evolutionism: Lessons from Hofstadter</a> by Glenn Branch (Mar 26, 2020) <i>Kappan</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Anti-intellectualism in American Life</i> by Richard Hofstadter (1963) Alfred A. Knopf.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eugenie_scott-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-2">7.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-eugenie_scott_7-3">7.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726003944/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eugenie-Scott/publication/234147790_Antievolution_and_Creationism_in_the_United_States/links/54c6a76b0cf289f0cecbcda3/Antievolution-and-Creationism-in-the-United-States.pdf">Antievolution and Creationism in the United States</a> by Eugenie Carol Scott (2003) <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i> 26:263-289. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.26. (archived from July 26, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520052824/https://www.opc.org/OS/html/V9/1c.html">The Framework Interpretation: An Exegetical Summary</a> by Lee Irons (2000) <i>Ordained Servant</i> 9(1). Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Archived from May 20, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922182906/https://meredithkline.com/klines-works/articles-and-essays/because-it-had-not-rained/">Because it had not Rained</a> by <i>Meredith G. Kline</i> (archived from September 22, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncse.ngo/files/pub/CEJ/pdfs/CEJ_02.pdf#page=28">The Return of the Navel, The "Omphalos" Argument in Contemporary Creationism.</a> National Center for Science Education. 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610102552/https://www.learnreligions.com/creation-of-the-universe-2004201">Creation of the Universe and Evolution in Islam</a> by Huda (Updated January 17, 2019) <i>Learn Religions</i> (archived on July 10, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814164703/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/03/science/03islam.html">Creationism, Minus a Young Earth, Emerges in the Islamic World</a> by Kenneth Chang (November 2, 2009) <i>The New York Times</i> (archived on August 14, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826105614/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-science-and-popular-culture/">Chapter 7: Religion, Science and Popular Culture</a> In: <i>The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society</i> (April 30, 2013) Pew Research Center (archived on August 26, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islam-and-evolution-al-ghazali-and-the-modern-evolutionary-paradigm"><i>Islam and Evolution: Al-Ghazālī and the Modern Evolutionary Paradigm</i></a> by Shoaib Ahmed Malik (2021) Routledge. ISBN 9781000405255. "Jalajel (2018) uniquely divorces the connection between the <i>creation of Adam</i> with the <i>start of humanity</i>. … In this narrative, when Adam descended to earth from heaven (as opined by most scholars), the Qur'an doesn't affirm nor negate the idea of there being already-existent humans on earth. … there is equally the possibility of … there being human beings before Adam's descent … allowing for all people thereafter to share in common descent with all life on Earth as well as a lineage going back to Adam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.pitt.edu/~dash/rael.html">The Creation of Life on Earth</a> by D. L. Ashliman (January 8, 2003) <i>University of Pittsburgh</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=relighp">Science Replacing Supernatural: The Raëlian Movement and their Reinterpretation of the Judeo-Christian Bible</a> by Claire S. Gould (2010) <i>Religious Studies Honors Papers</i> 3. Connecticut College.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kullillaart.com.au/about_us/Michaels_Biography">Michael's Biography</a> <i>Dreamtime Kullilla-Art</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-12-13/dreamtime-expert-backs-galloping-roo-claims/986836">Dreamtime expert backs galloping roo claims</a> (12 Dec 2007) <i>ABC News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-12-06/roos-broke-into-a-gallop-not-a-hop-study/979532">Roos broke into a gallop, not a hop: study</a> by Barbara Miller (5 Dec 2007) <i>ABC News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808100621/https://intelligentdesign.org/faq/">Frequently Asked Questions</a> <i>Intelligent Design</i>. Discovery Institute (archived on August 8, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122220801/https://intelligentdesign.org/articles/a-slightly-technical-introduction-to-intelligent-design/">A Slightly Technical Introduction to Intelligent Design</a> by Casey Luskin (2016) <i>Intelligent Design</i>. Discovery Institute (archived on January 22, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060820125605/http://home.austarnet.com.au/stear/saintaugustine.htm">Saint Augustine</a> by Ken Smith (archived from August 20, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424055201/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book1.html">On The Creation</a> Translated by Yonge. <i>The Works of Philo</i>. Early Christian Writings (archived on April 24, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722011035/https://iep.utm.edu/origen-of-alexandria/">Origen of Alexandria (185—254 C.E.)</a> by Edward Moore, <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (archived on July 22, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bible: The Book That Bridges the Millennia</i> by Maxine Clark Beach (1988). General Board of Global Ministries. Part 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926011934/https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Neptunism.html">Neptunism.</a> <i>Chemeurope.com</i> (archived on September 26, 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/geochronology/The-principle-of-superposition-of-rock-strata">The principle of superposition of rock strata</a> <i>Britannica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plutonist">Plutonist</a> <i>Merriam-Webster</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x2cjms0"><i>Fit to Rule, Darwin's Revolution: Day the Universe Changed</i></a> by James Burke (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kreier-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kreier_31-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-kreier_31-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dinosaur-paleontology-central-park">The real culprit in a 19th century dinosaur whodunit is finally revealed: Creationism wasn’t to blame for the destruction of Central Park’s dinos</a> by Freda Kreier (January 9, 2024 at 8:00 am) <i>Science News</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016787823000366">The curious case of Central Park's dinosaurs: The destruction of Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins' Paleozoic Museum revisited</a> by Victoria Coules & Michael J. Benton (2023) <i>Proceedings of the Geologists' Association</i> 134(3):344-360. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2023.04.004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/G.Mcc.PriceTheNewGeologyATextbookForCollegesNormalSchoolsAnd">https://archive.org/details/G.Mcc.PriceTheNewGeologyATextbookForCollegesNormalSchoolsAnd</a> <i>The New Geology: A Textbook for Colleges, Normal Schools, and Training Schools, and for the General Reader</i> by George McCready Price (1923) Pacific Press Publishing Association.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/155003/hold-creationist-view-human-origins.aspx">In US, 46% Hold Creationist View of Human Origins, Highly religions Americans most likely to believe in creationism</a> by Frank Newport (June 1, 2012) <i>Gallup</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/210956/belief-creationist-view-humans-new-low.aspx">In U.S., Belief in Creationist View of Humans at New Low</a> by Art Swift (May 22, 2017) <i>Gallup</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/health/060810_evo_rank.html">U.S. Lags World in Grasp of Genetics and Acceptance of Evolution</a> by Ker Than (August 10, 2006) <i>Live Science</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2008/sep/11/michael.reiss.creationism">Science lessons should tackle creationism and intelligent design: Teachers need to accommodate the differing world views of students from Jewish, Christian or Muslim backgrounds – which means openly discussing creationism and intelligent design as alternatives to evolutionary theory</a> by Michael Reiss (11 Sep 2008 11.43 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>. 10% of UK population creationists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011211210355/http://www.ooblick.com/text/patton/#Longest%20Ellipsis">Quotations about Evolution: The longest ellipsis in the world</a> by Andrew Arensburger (Last updated Aug 3, 2001) <i>Ooblick.com</i> (archived from December 11, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications</i> by John C. Whitcomb, Jr. & Henry M. Morris (1961) Baker Book House.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.about.com/od/historyofchemistry/a/Who-Is-The-Father-Of-Chemistry.htm">Who is the Father of Chemistry? It depends on whom you ask</a> by Anne Marie Helmenstine (Updated February 24, 2020) <i>ThoughtCo.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Out of the Realm of Superstition: Chesnutt's 'Dave's Neckliss' and the Curse of Ham'" by John N. Swift & Gigen Mammoser (2009) <i>American Literary Realism</i> 42(1):1-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105065547/http://drjimsthinkingshop.com/2009/07/17/stop-the-stampeding-stupid-critters-cruelty-and-creationism-and-the-history-of-world-war-ii/">Stop the Stampeding Stupid! Critters, Cruelty, and Creationism. And the History of World War II</a> by Jim R. Linville (July 17, 2009) <i>Dr. Jim's Thinking Shop & Tea Room</i> (archived from January 5, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creationontheweb.com/content/view/4013"><i>Refuting Evolution 2</i>: Argument: Creationism is religion, not science</a> by Jonathan Sarfati & Michael Matthews (2011) Creation Book Publishers. ISBN 0890513872.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="creationism-navbox" style="clear:both;"> <table class="toccolours collapsible collapsed autocollapse innercollapse outercollapse navbox nowraplinks" style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#000000; color:white; text-align:center;"><div style="float:left;" class="navbar"><div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Crebox" title="Template:Crebox"><span style="color:white">v</span></a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Crebox" title="Template talk:Crebox"><span style="color:white">t</span></a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Crebox&action=edit"><span style="color:white">e</span></a></div></div><span style="color:white; font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationism" title="Category:Creationism"><span style="color:white">Articles</span></a> about <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span id="creationism-navbox" style="color:white">creationism</span></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_creationism" title="Category:Types of creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Types of creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Gap_creationism" title="Gap creationism">Gap creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Day-age_creationism" title="Day-age creationism">Day-age creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Old_Earth_creationism" title="Old Earth creationism">Old Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Progressive_creation" title="Progressive creation">Progressive creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_creationism" title="Hare Krishna creationism">Hare Krishna creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Young_Earth_creationism" title="Young Earth creationism">Young Earth creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Category:Evidence against a recent creation"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Evidence against a recent creation:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Creationism_and_social_history" title="Creationism and social history">Creationism and social history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" title="Carbon dating">Carbon dating</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">Dendrochronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosomal_Adam" title="Y-chromosomal Adam">Y-chromosomal Adam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_Eve" title="Mitochondrial Eve">Mitochondrial Eve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Starlight_problem" title="Starlight problem">Starlight problem</a> • <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a> • <a href="/wiki/K-Pg_extinction_event" title="K-Pg extinction event">K-Pg extinction event</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timeline" title="Geologic timeline">Geologic timeline</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" title="Fossil record">Fossil record</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_transitional_forms" title="List of transitional forms">List of transitional forms</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_Origin_hypothesis" title="Recent African Origin hypothesis">Recent African Origin hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bird_evolution" title="Bird evolution">Bird evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Earth" title="History of the Earth">History of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evidence_against_a_recent_creation" title="Evidence against a recent creation">Evidence against a recent creation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" title="Age of the Earth">Age of the Earth</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationist_claims" title="Category:Creationist claims"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationist claims:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetism" title="Geomagnetism">Geomagnetism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Do_you_want_to_be_descended_from_a_monkey%3F" title="Do you want to be descended from a monkey?">Do you want to be descended from a monkey?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_religion" title="Evolution and religion">Evolution and religion</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_morality" title="Evolution and morality">Evolution and morality</a> • <a href="/wiki/C-decay" title="C-decay">C-decay</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peanut_butter_argument" title="Peanut butter argument">Peanut butter argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_was_wrong_before" title="Science was wrong before">Science was wrong before</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_doesn%27t_know_everything" title="Science doesn't know everything">Science doesn't know everything</a> • <a href="/wiki/Catastrophic_plate_tectonics" title="Catastrophic plate tectonics">Catastrophic plate tectonics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creationist_mathematics" title="Creationist mathematics">Creationist mathematics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee_argument" title="Bumblebee argument">Bumblebee argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">Leap second</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/101_evidences_for_a_young_age_of_the_Earth_and_the_universe" title="101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe">101 evidences for a young age of the Earth and the universe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_conspiracy" title="Evolution conspiracy">Evolution conspiracy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Recession_of_the_Moon" title="Recession of the Moon">Recession of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rotation_of_the_Earth" title="Rotation of the Earth">Rotation of the Earth</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">Atmosphere of the Moon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" title="Lunar dust">Lunar dust</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_radioactivity" title="Lunar radioactivity">Lunar radioactivity</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_hole_cosmology" title="White hole cosmology">White hole cosmology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Firmament" title="Firmament">Firmament</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Galactocentricity" title="Galactocentricity">Galactocentricity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Historical_and_operational_science" title="Historical and operational science">Historical and operational science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_inconsistency_of_arithmetic" title="Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic">Proof of the inconsistency of arithmetic</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_creationist_claims" title="List of creationist claims">List of creationist claims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/De-evolution" title="De-evolution">De-evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Microevolution_and_macroevolution" title="Microevolution and macroevolution">Microevolution and macroevolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/In_the_Beginning:_Compelling_Evidence_for_Creation_and_the_Flood" title="In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood">In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Borel%27s_Law" title="Borel's Law">Borel's Law</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_denialism" title="Dinosaur denialism">Dinosaur denialism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_flood" title="Category:Global flood"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Global flood:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Flood_geology" title="Flood geology">Flood geology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lunar_bukkake_hypothesis" title="Lunar bukkake hypothesis">Lunar bukkake hypothesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fossil_sorting_by_the_global_flood" title="Fossil sorting by the global flood">Fossil sorting by the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hydroplate_theory" title="Hydroplate theory">Hydroplate theory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood" title="Global flood">Global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah_(film)" title="Noah (film)">Noah (film)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Didit_fallacy" title="Didit fallacy">Didit fallacy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:God%27s_Love" title="Fun:God's Love">God's Love</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_sightings" title="Noah's Ark sightings">Noah's Ark sightings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haji_Yearam" title="Haji Yearam">Haji Yearam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parasites_during_the_global_flood" title="Parasites during the global flood">Parasites during the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Life_and_the_global_flood" title="Life and the global flood">Life and the global flood</a> • <a href="/wiki/Global_flood_chronology" title="Global flood chronology">Global flood chronology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone" title="Yellowstone">Yellowstone</a> • <a href="/wiki/Petrified_forest" title="Petrified forest">Petrified forest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baraminology" title="Baraminology">Baraminology</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_design_creationism" title="Category:Intelligent design creationism"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Intelligent design creationism:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability_of_creationism" title="Falsifiability of creationism">Falsifiability of creationism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irreducible_complexity" title="Irreducible complexity">Irreducible complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cdesign_proponentsists" title="Cdesign proponentsists">Cdesign proponentsists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design_and_academic_freedom" title="Intelligent design and academic freedom">Intelligent design and academic freedom</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_design" title="Argument from design">Argument from design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Wonders_of_Creation_Reveal_God%27s_Glory" title="The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory">The Wonders of Creation Reveal God's Glory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biological_Information:_New_Perspectives" title="Biological Information: New Perspectives">Biological Information: New Perspectives</a> • <a href="/wiki/Seeking_God_in_Science:_An_Atheist_Defends_Intelligent_Design" title="Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design">Seeking God in Science: An Atheist Defends Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_A._Davison" title="John A. Davison">John A. Davison</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evolution_Under_the_Microscope:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_the_Theory_of_Evolution" title="Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution">Evolution Under the Microscope: A Scientific Critique of the Theory of Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rethinking_Darwin:_A_Vedic_Study_of_Darwinism_and_Intelligent_Design" title="Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design">Rethinking Darwin: A Vedic Study of Darwinism and Intelligent Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mind_and_Cosmos:_Why_the_Materialist_Neo-Darwinian_Conception_of_Nature_Is_Almost_Certainly_False" title="Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False">Mind and Cosmos: Why the Materialist Neo-Darwinian Conception of Nature Is Almost Certainly False</a> • <a href="/wiki/Providence_Lost:_A_Critique_of_Darwinism" title="Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism">Providence Lost: A Critique of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Darwin_Myth:_The_Life_and_Lies_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin">The Darwin Myth: The Life and Lies of Charles Darwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Life%27s_Origin:_Reassessing_Current_Theories" title="The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories">The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Human_Nature:_A_Zen_Buddhist_Looks_at_Evolution" title="The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution">The Origin of Human Nature: A Zen Buddhist Looks at Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwinism_Under_The_Microscope:_How_Recent_Scientific_Evidence_Points_To_Divine_Design" title="Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design">Darwinism Under The Microscope: How Recent Scientific Evidence Points To Divine Design</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Darwinism" title="The End of Darwinism">The End of Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ask_Darwinists" title="Ask Darwinists">Ask Darwinists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polonium_halos" title="Polonium halos">Polonium halos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Filter" title="Explanatory Filter">Explanatory Filter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_asexually-reproducing_plants" title="Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants">Flowers of asexually-reproducing plants</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">Eye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_fine_tuning" title="Argument from fine tuning">Argument from fine tuning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Argument from beauty</a> • <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_first_cause" title="Argument from first cause">Argument from first cause</a> • <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moody_Institute_of_Science" title="Moody Institute of Science">Moody Institute of Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_nerve" title="Laryngeal nerve">Laryngeal nerve</a> • <a href="/wiki/Suboptimal_design" title="Suboptimal design">Suboptimal design</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Evolution:_A_Scientific_Critique_of_Neo-Darwinism" title="Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism">Adam and Evolution: A Scientific Critique of Neo-Darwinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_Leader%27s_Guide" title="Expelled: Leader's Guide">Expelled: Leader's Guide</a> • <a href="/wiki/Banana_argument" title="Banana argument">Banana argument</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vault-Co" title="Vault-Co">Vault-Co</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Intelligent_alternatives" title="Category:Intelligent alternatives"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">"Intelligent" alternatives:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_falling" title="Intelligent falling">Intelligent falling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scientific_storkism" title="Scientific storkism">Scientific storkism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastafarianism" title="Pastafarianism">Pastafarianism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Scientific_Geoterrapinism" title="Fun:Scientific Geoterrapinism">Scientific Geoterrapinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Teach_the_controversy" title="Category:Teach the controversy"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Teach the controversy:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Santorum_Amendment" title="Santorum Amendment">Santorum Amendment</a> • <a href="/wiki/Missouri_House_Bill_1227" title="Missouri House Bill 1227">Missouri House Bill 1227</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Senate_Bill_89" title="Indiana Senate Bill 89">Indiana Senate Bill 89</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Louisiana Academic Freedom Act">Louisiana Academic Freedom Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_monkey_bill" title="Tennessee monkey bill">Tennessee monkey bill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" title="School vouchers">School vouchers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Scott" title="Eugenie Scott">Eugenie Scott</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Truth_in_Science" title="Truth in Science">Truth in Science</a> • <a href="/wiki/McLean_v._Arkansas_Board_of_Education" title="McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education">McLean v. Arkansas Board of Education</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="background:#000000; width:20%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Creationists" title="Category:Creationists"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Creationists:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Stein" title="Ben Stein">Ben Stein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Setterfield" title="Barry Setterfield">Barry Setterfield</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sarfati" title="Jonathan Sarfati">Jonathan Sarfati</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ray_Comfort" title="Ray Comfort">Ray Comfort</a> • <a href="/wiki/B.H._Shadduck" title="B.H. Shadduck">B.H. Shadduck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kirk_Cameron" title="Kirk Cameron">Kirk Cameron</a> • <a href="/wiki/Harun_Yahya" title="Harun Yahya">Harun Yahya</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Wright" title="Wendy Wright">Wendy Wright</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieland" title="Carl Wieland">Carl Wieland</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Ankerberg" title="John Ankerberg">John Ankerberg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cuozzo" title="Jack Cuozzo">Jack Cuozzo</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russ_Miller" title="Russ Miller">Russ Miller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Strobel" title="Lee Strobel">Lee Strobel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brother_Stair" title="Brother Stair">Brother Stair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nelson" title="Paul Nelson">Paul Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Nienhuis" title="James Nienhuis">James Nienhuis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Art_Robinson" title="Art Robinson">Art Robinson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_O%27Reilly" title="Alan O'Reilly">Alan O'Reilly</a> • <a href="/wiki/PPSIMMONS" title="PPSIMMONS">PPSIMMONS</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hank_Hanegraaff" title="Hank Hanegraaff">Hank Hanegraaff</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Wagner" title="Charlie Wagner">Charlie Wagner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Rush Limbaugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Spencer" title="Roy Spencer">Roy Spencer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grover_Norquist" title="Grover Norquist">Grover Norquist</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Ann Coulter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Booker" title="Christopher Booker">Christopher Booker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Minichiello_Williams" title="Andrea Minichiello Williams">Andrea Minichiello Williams</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bethell" title="Tom Bethell">Tom Bethell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Baldwin" title="Chuck Baldwin">Chuck Baldwin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Rick Perry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Monton" title="Bradley Monton">Bradley Monton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Langan" title="Christopher Langan">Christopher Langan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kent" title="Richard Kent">Richard Kent</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ljiljana_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Ljiljana Čolić">Ljiljana Čolić</a> • <a href="/wiki/Abuz_Zubair" title="Abuz Zubair">Abuz Zubair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Scott_Huse" title="Scott Huse">Scott Huse</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barry_Arrington" title="Barry Arrington">Barry Arrington</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grant_Jeffrey" title="Grant Jeffrey">Grant Jeffrey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Janet_Porter" title="Janet Porter">Janet Porter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Clifford" title="Alan Clifford">Alan Clifford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wise" title="Kurt Wise">Kurt Wise</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKilliam" title="Kenneth McKilliam">Kenneth McKilliam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bradlee_Dean" title="Bradlee Dean">Bradlee Dean</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Ross" title="Hugh Ross">Hugh Ross</a> • <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Simmons" title="Geoffrey Simmons">Geoffrey Simmons</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Le_Fanu" title="James Le Fanu">James Le Fanu</a> • <a href="/wiki/Norman_Nevin" title="Norman Nevin">Norman Nevin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shaun_Johnston" title="Shaun Johnston">Shaun Johnston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Issac_Bourne" title="Issac Bourne">Issac Bourne</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Sanford" title="John C. Sanford">John C. Sanford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fazale_Rana" title="Fazale Rana">Fazale Rana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wiker" title="Benjamin Wiker">Benjamin Wiker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dower" title="Hugh Dower">Hugh Dower</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lee_Spetner" title="Lee Spetner">Lee Spetner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ludwig" title="Mark Ludwig">Mark Ludwig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hayward" title="Alan Hayward">Alan Hayward</a> • <a href="/wiki/Werner_Gitt" title="Werner Gitt">Werner Gitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Fix" title="William Fix">William Fix</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Giertych" title="Maciej Giertych">Maciej Giertych</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_C._Landon" title="John C. Landon">John C. Landon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Cargill" title="Barbara Cargill">Barbara Cargill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Philip_Snow" title="Philip Snow">Philip Snow</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Jopp" title="Ken Jopp">Ken Jopp</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Tipler" title="Frank Tipler">Frank Tipler</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Nelson" title="Richard William Nelson">Richard William Nelson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Friel" title="Todd Friel">Todd Friel</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sorensen" title="Bob Sorensen">Bob Sorensen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Windchy" title="Eugene Windchy">Eugene Windchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berit_Kjos" title="Berit Kjos">Berit Kjos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Glenn Beck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Robert_McLuhan" title="Robert McLuhan">Robert McLuhan</a> • <a href="/wiki/George_C._Deutsch" title="George C. Deutsch">George C. Deutsch</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ross_McKitrick" title="Ross McKitrick">Ross McKitrick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Neiman" title="Daniel Neiman">Daniel Neiman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyatt" title="Ron Wyatt">Ron Wyatt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Paul_Allen" title="Desmond Paul Allen">Desmond Paul Allen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jay_Wile" title="Jay Wile">Jay Wile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jack_Chick" title="Jack Chick">Jack Chick</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Juby" title="Ian Juby">Ian Juby</a> • <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Peake" title="Anthony Peake">Anthony Peake</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim_Ball" title="Tim Ball">Tim Ball</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Feiz_Muhammad" title="Sheik Feiz Muhammad">Sheik Feiz Muhammad</a> • <a href="/wiki/J._P._Holding" title="J. P. Holding">J. P. Holding</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cremo" title="Michael Cremo">Michael Cremo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Norris" title="Chuck Norris">Chuck Norris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Milloy" title="Steve Milloy">Steve Milloy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Rick Santorum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christine_O%27Donnell" title="Christine O'Donnell">Christine O'Donnell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Bara" title="Mike Bara">Mike Bara</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins" title="John Hawkins">John Hawkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chris_Carter" title="Chris Carter">Chris Carter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jindal" title="Bobby Jindal">Bobby Jindal</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> • <a href="/wiki/Larry_Pratt" title="Larry Pratt">Larry Pratt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dutko" title="Bob Dutko">Bob Dutko</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Fuller" title="Steve Fuller">Steve Fuller</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denyse_O%27Leary" title="Denyse O'Leary">Denyse O'Leary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Mike Huckabee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Babu_G._Ranganathan" title="Babu G. Ranganathan">Babu G. Ranganathan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hobrink" title="Ben Hobrink">Ben Hobrink</a> • <a href="/wiki/Carl_Baugh" title="Carl Baugh">Carl Baugh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Humans_Are_Free" title="Humans Are Free">Humans Are Free</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Bruner" title="Mary Lou Bruner">Mary Lou Bruner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Educate-yourself.org" title="Educate-yourself.org">Educate-yourself.org</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Andrew Schlafly</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> • <a href="/wiki/VenomFangX" title="VenomFangX">VenomFangX</a> • <a href="/wiki/Todd_Akin" title="Todd Akin">Todd Akin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">Paul Broun</a> • <a href="/wiki/James_Manning" title="James Manning">James Manning</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> • <a href="/wiki/Shockofgod" title="Shockofgod">Shockofgod</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sye_Ten_Bruggencate" title="Sye Ten Bruggencate">Sye Ten Bruggencate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brad_Stine" title="Brad Stine">Brad Stine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Pat Toomey</a> • <a href="/wiki/Josh_Axe" title="Josh Axe">Josh Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Dembski" title="William Dembski">William Dembski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presents_Of_God_Ministry" title="Presents Of God Ministry">Presents Of God Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Allister" title="Jim Allister">Jim Allister</a> • <a href="/wiki/Whale.to" title="Whale.to">Whale.to</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Otto" title="Jonathan Otto">Jonathan Otto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Becky_Fischer" title="Becky Fischer">Becky Fischer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roy_Moore" title="Roy Moore">Roy Moore</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Wilcock" title="David Wilcock">David Wilcock</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Sr." title="Jerry Falwell Sr.">Jerry Falwell Sr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Dice" title="Mark Dice">Mark Dice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sam_Brownback" title="Sam Brownback">Sam Brownback</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Don_McLeroy" title="Don McLeroy">Don McLeroy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Marco Rubio</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bachmann" title="Michele Bachmann">Michele Bachmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Mary Fallin</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Vigilant_Christian" title="The Vigilant Christian">The Vigilant Christian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> • <a href="/wiki/WND" title="WND">WND</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Farah" title="Joseph Farah">Joseph Farah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">Media Research Center</a> • <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beale" title="Theodore Beale">Theodore Beale</a> • <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_American_Loons" title="Encyclopedia of American Loons">Encyclopedia of American Loons</a> • <a href="/wiki/Got_Questions" title="Got Questions">Got Questions</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._L._Wysong" title="R. L. Wysong">R. L. Wysong</a> • <a href="/wiki/ProphecyFilm.com" title="ProphecyFilm.com">ProphecyFilm.com</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kent_Hovind" title="Kent Hovind">Kent Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Anderson" title="Steven Anderson">Steven Anderson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Dennis Prager</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bernard_d%27Abrera" title="Bernard d'Abrera">Bernard d'Abrera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Tawhidi" title="Mohammad Tawhidi">Mohammad Tawhidi</a> • <a href="/wiki/CJ_Pearson" title="CJ Pearson">CJ Pearson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christian_Apologetics_and_Research_Ministry" title="Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry">Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hovind" title="Eric Hovind">Eric Hovind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frank_Turek" title="Frank Turek">Frank Turek</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> • <a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones_(slovensky)" title="Alex Jones (slovensky)">Alex Jones (slovensky)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Charlie Kirk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Owen_Benjamin" title="Owen Benjamin">Owen Benjamin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowder" title="Steven Crowder">Steven Crowder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell_Jr." title="Jerry Falwell Jr.">Jerry Falwell Jr.</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ted_Holden" title="Ted Holden">Ted Holden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Alex Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._Calvin_Beisner" title="E. Calvin Beisner">E. Calvin Beisner</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kate_Tieje" title="Kate Tieje">Kate Tieje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Denton" title="Michael Denton">Michael Denton</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Independent_Fundamentalist_Baptist_Movement" title="New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement">New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist Movement</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cahill" title="Mark Cahill">Mark Cahill</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_Birdsong" title="Gary Birdsong">Gary Birdsong</a> • <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rushdoony" title="R. J. Rushdoony">R. J. Rushdoony</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pat_Boone" title="Pat Boone">Pat Boone</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> • <a href="/wiki/Canada_Free_Press" title="Canada Free Press">Canada Free Press</a> • <a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Miroljub_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Miroljub Petrović">Miroljub Petrović</a> • <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Taylor_Greene" title="Marjorie Taylor Greene">Marjorie Taylor Greene</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Colson" title="Chuck Colson">Chuck Colson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Jones" title="Stephen E. Jones">Stephen E. Jones</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tom_Tancredo" title="Tom Tancredo">Tom Tancredo</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gary_North" title="Gary North">Gary North</a> • <a href="/wiki/E._W._Jackson" title="E. W. Jackson">E. W. Jackson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Stitt" title="Kevin Stitt">Kevin Stitt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Steve_Turley" title="Steve Turley">Steve Turley</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zachary_K._Hubbard" title="Zachary K. Hubbard">Zachary K. Hubbard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Mike Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">National Rifle Association</a> • <a href="/wiki/Butch_Hartman" title="Butch Hartman">Butch Hartman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Feuerstein" title="Joshua Feuerstein">Joshua Feuerstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Christopher Rufo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sweden" title="Peter Sweden">Peter Sweden</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mission:_America" title="Mission: America">Mission: America</a> • <a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Tatum" title="Brandon Tatum">Brandon Tatum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fundie_schools" title="Category:Fundie schools"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Fundie schools:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bryan_College" title="Bryan College">Bryan College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Bible_University" title="Patriot Bible University">Patriot Bible University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundie_school" title="Fundie school">Fundie school</a> • <a href="/wiki/The_Master%27s_University" title="The Master's University">The Master's University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Boston_Baptist_College" title="Boston Baptist College">Boston Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pacific_University" title="Columbia Pacific University">Columbia Pacific University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Association_of_Christian_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools">Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_University" title="Cornerstone University">Cornerstone University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Christian_College" title="Pensacola Christian College">Pensacola Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University" title="Bob Jones University">Bob Jones University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyles-Anderson_College" title="Hyles-Anderson College">Hyles-Anderson College</a> • <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Los_Angeles" title="University of South Los Angeles">University of South Los Angeles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Theological_Seminary" title="Cambridge Theological Seminary">Cambridge Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Haven_University" title="Haven University">Haven University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Baptist_University_and_Seminary" title="Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary">Louisiana Baptist University and Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/New_Eden_School_of_Natural_Health" title="New Eden School of Natural Health">New Eden School of Natural Health</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Central_University" title="Georgia Central University">Georgia Central University</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Theological_Seminary" title="Andersonville Theological Seminary">Andersonville Theological Seminary</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Baptist_College" title="Ambassador Baptist College">Ambassador Baptist College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Illegal_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Illegal schools in the United Kingdom">Illegal schools in the United Kingdom</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Discovery_Institute" title="Category:Discovery Institute"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Discovery Institute:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Teach_the_controversy" title="Teach the controversy">Teach the controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Of_Pandas_and_People" title="Of Pandas and People">Of Pandas and People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wedge_Strategy" title="Wedge Strategy">Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Text_of_The_Wedge_Strategy" title="Text of The Wedge Strategy">Text of The Wedge Strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Explore_Evolution" title="Explore Evolution">Explore Evolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_Berlinski" title="David Berlinski">David Berlinski</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biologic_Institute" title="Biologic Institute">Biologic Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wells" title="Jonathan Wells">Jonathan Wells</a> • <a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Egnor" title="Michael Egnor">Michael Egnor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Axe" title="Douglas Axe">Douglas Axe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Day" title="Academic Freedom Day">Academic Freedom Day</a> • <a href="/wiki/Casey_Luskin" title="Casey Luskin">Casey Luskin</a> • <a href="/wiki/What_is_intelligent_design%3F" title="What is intelligent design?">What is intelligent design?</a> • <a href="/wiki/Behe:_The_Edge_of_Evolution,_Interview" title="Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview">Behe: The Edge of Evolution, Interview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Human_Origins" title="Science and Human Origins">Science and Human Origins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fun:Wedgie_strategy" title="Fun:Wedgie strategy">Wedgie strategy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Project_Steve" title="Project Steve">Project Steve</a> • <a href="/wiki/BIO-Complexity" title="BIO-Complexity">BIO-Complexity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Texas_Board_of_Education" title="Texas Board of Education">Texas Board of Education</a> • <a href="/wiki/Richard_Weikart" title="Richard Weikart">Richard Weikart</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> • <a href="/wiki/Human_exceptionalism" title="Human exceptionalism">Human exceptionalism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Predictions" title="Darwin's Predictions">Darwin's Predictions</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Meyer" title="Stephen Meyer">Stephen Meyer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson" title="Howard Ahmanson">Howard Ahmanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Mulder" title="Melvin Mulder">Melvin Mulder</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Complex_Specified_Information" title="Complex Specified Information">Complex Specified Information</a> • <a href="/wiki/Michael_Behe" title="Michael Behe">Michael Behe</a> • <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Johnson" title="Phillip Johnson">Phillip Johnson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Joel_Brind" title="Joel Brind">Joel Brind</a> • <a href="/wiki/Non-materialist_neuroscience" title="Non-materialist neuroscience">Non-materialist neuroscience</a> • <a href="/wiki/Academic_Freedom_Act" title="Academic Freedom Act">Academic Freedom Act</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_in_Genesis" title="Category:Answers in Genesis"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers in Genesis:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis_Dawkins_interview_controversy" title="Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy">Answers in Genesis Dawkins interview controversy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bodie_Hodge" title="Bodie Hodge">Bodie Hodge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Affirmations_and_Denials_Essential_to_a_Consistent_Christian_(Biblical)_Worldview" title="Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview">Affirmations and Denials Essential to a Consistent Christian (Biblical) Worldview</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis/Creation_Ministries_International%27s_Statement_of_Faith" title="Answers in Genesis/Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith">Answers in Genesis/Creation Ministries International's Statement of Faith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hanzi_of_Genesis" title="Hanzi of Genesis">Hanzi of Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Atheists_Outline_Their_Global_Religious_Agenda" title="Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda">Atheists Outline Their Global Religious Agenda</a> • <a href="/wiki/12_Arguments_Evolutionists_Should_Avoid" title="12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid">12 Arguments Evolutionists Should Avoid</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Ministries_International" title="Creation Ministries International">Creation Ministries International</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ark_Encounter" title="Ark Encounter">Ark Encounter</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_in_Genesis" title="Answers in Genesis">Answers in Genesis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ken_Ham" title="Ken Ham">Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Creation_Museum" title="Creation Museum">Creation Museum</a> • <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Davis" title="Buddy Davis">Buddy Davis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nye_debates_Ken_Ham" title="Bill Nye debates Ken Ham">Bill Nye debates Ken Ham</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ham_Hightail" title="Ham Hightail">Ham Hightail</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cedarville_University" title="Cedarville University">Cedarville University</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td style="width:0%;">  </td> <td colspan="1" style="background:#000000; width:10%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Answers_Research_Journal" title="Category:Answers Research Journal"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Answers Research Journal:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_2" title="Answers Research Journal volume 2">Answers Research Journal volume 2</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_3" title="Answers Research Journal volume 3">Answers Research Journal volume 3</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_5" title="Answers Research Journal volume 5">Answers Research Journal volume 5</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_1" title="Answers Research Journal volume 1">Answers Research Journal volume 1</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_6" title="Answers Research Journal volume 6">Answers Research Journal volume 6</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_4" title="Answers Research Journal volume 4">Answers Research Journal volume 4</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal" title="Answers Research Journal">Answers Research Journal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_7" title="Answers Research Journal volume 7">Answers Research Journal volume 7</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_8" title="Answers Research Journal volume 8">Answers Research Journal volume 8</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_9" title="Answers Research Journal volume 9">Answers Research Journal volume 9</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_10" title="Answers Research Journal volume 10">Answers Research Journal volume 10</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_11" title="Answers Research Journal volume 11">Answers Research Journal volume 11</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_12" title="Answers Research Journal volume 12">Answers Research Journal volume 12</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_13" title="Answers Research Journal volume 13">Answers Research Journal volume 13</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_volume_14" title="Answers Research Journal volume 14">Answers Research Journal volume 14</a> • <a href="/wiki/Answers_Research_Journal_Volume_15" title="Answers Research Journal Volume 15">Answers Research Journal Volume 15</a> • </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:5%;">  </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#000000; width:15%; text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Category:Institute for Creation Research"><span style="color:white; font-size:125%">Institute for Creation Research:</span></a></b> </td> <td style="background:#F2F2F2;"> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Jeanson" title="Nathaniel Jeanson">Nathaniel Jeanson</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tomkins" title="Jeffrey Tomkins">Jeffrey Tomkins</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ford" title="Lawrence Ford">Lawrence Ford</a> • <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morris" title="Henry Morris">Henry Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brian_Thomas" title="Brian Thomas">Brian Thomas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duane_Gish" title="Duane Gish">Duane Gish</a> • <a href="/wiki/RATE" title="RATE">RATE</a> • <a href="/wiki/Your_Origins_Matter" title="Your Origins Matter">Your Origins Matter</a> • <a href="/wiki/John_Morris" title="John Morris">John Morris</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Bergman" title="Jerry Bergman">Jerry Bergman</a> • <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Christian_College" title="San Diego Christian College">San Diego Christian College</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timothy_LaHaye" title="Timothy LaHaye">Timothy LaHaye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russell_Humphreys" title="Russell Humphreys">Russell Humphreys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_creationist_scientists" title="Lists of creationist scientists">Lists of creationist scientists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Association_of_Christian_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools">Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Snelling" title="Andrew Snelling">Andrew Snelling</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Institute" title="Alpha Omega Institute">Alpha Omega Institute</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jason_Lisle" title="Jason Lisle">Jason Lisle</a> • <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research" title="Institute for Creation Research">Institute for Creation Research</a> • <a href="/wiki/Danny_Faulkner" title="Danny Faulkner">Danny Faulkner</a> • <a href="/wiki/David_DeWitt" title="David DeWitt">David DeWitt</a> • </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Creationism&oldid=2726790">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Creationism&oldid=2726790</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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