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href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobusevargus" title="Hobusevargus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hobusevargus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_de_chevaux" title="Vol de chevaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vol de chevaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furto_de_cavalo" title="Furto de cavalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Furto de cavalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Europe and the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Horse_theft" title="Talk:Horse theft">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_thief_hanging.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horse_thief_hanging.png/220px-Horse_thief_hanging.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horse_thief_hanging.png/330px-Horse_thief_hanging.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Horse_thief_hanging.png/440px-Horse_thief_hanging.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Oregon cowboys <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span> in a dramatization of the fate of a horse thief<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WRIGHT(1913)_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon,_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_(14803061953).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg/170px-WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg/255px-WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg/340px-WRIGHT%281913%29_A_tree_in_Horse_Thief_Canyon%2C_where_a_number_of_horse_thieves_were_hanged_%2814803061953%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="2488" /></a><figcaption>1913 photo of tree in Horse Thief Canyon where a number of horse thieves were <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Horse theft</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> of stealing <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>. A person engaged in stealing horses is known as a <b>horse thief</b>. Historically, punishments were often severe for horse theft, with several cultures pronouncing the sentence of death upon actual or presumed thieves. Several societies were formed in the United States to prevent horse theft and apprehend horse thieves. However, horse theft continues to occur throughout the world, as horses are stolen for their <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">meat</a>, for ransom, or in disputes between their owners and other persons. Horse theft today is comparable to <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle_theft" title="Motor vehicle theft">automobile theft</a>, a crime punishable by felony jail time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horse theft was a well-known crime in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern</a> times and was severely prosecuted in many areas. While many crimes were punished through ritualized shaming or banishment, horse theft often brought severe punishment, including <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branding</a>, torture, exile and even death.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one 18th century treatise, the use of death as a punishment for horse theft stretches back as far as the first century AD, when the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a> tribe would sentence horse thieves to death, while murderers would be sentenced to a fine. This practice derived from the wealth of the populace being in the form of livestock which ranged over large areas, meaning that the theft of animals could only be prevented through fear of the harsh punishment that would result.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Horse theft was harshly punished in the French <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> region in the 15th–18th centuries. Punishments ranged from <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipping</a> to a lifetime sentence of service on a <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> ship, a severe punishment shared by perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, homicide and poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">19th-century Russia</a>, the theft of livestock (including horses) made up approximately 16 percent of thefts of peasant property; however, there were no reported thefts of horses from estate property. The offense of stealing a horse was the most severely punished of any theft on Russian estates, due to the importance of horses in day-to-day living. Flogging was the usual punishment for horse thieves, combined with the shaving of heads and beards, and fines of up to three times the value of the horse if the animal had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>'s reign, horse theft was considered a serious crime in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray130_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray130-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made a <a href="/wiki/Benefit_of_clergy" title="Benefit of clergy">non-clergyable</a> crime in 1597–1598 and 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rural English county of <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a> in the 18th century, horse theft was considered a major property crime, along with stealing from dwellings or warehouses, sheep theft, <a href="/wiki/Highway_robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway robbery">highway robbery</a> and other major thefts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> in the 18th century, some <a href="/wiki/Assize" class="mw-redirect" title="Assize">assize</a> judges decided to execute every horse thief convicted to deter the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray130_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray130-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around the 1750s until 1818, between 13% and 14% of persons convicted of horse theft in <a href="/wiki/Home_Counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Counties">Home</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, and Western <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court" title="Circuit court">circuits</a> were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Capital punishment in the United Kingdom">punishment of death</a> for stealing horses was abolished in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> in 1832, upon the passage of a bill sponsored by <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_(British_politician)" title="William Ewart (British politician)">William Ewart</a>; the legislation, which passed over the strong objections of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Best,_1st_Baron_Wynford" title="William Best, 1st Baron Wynford">Lord Wynford</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">Lords</a>, also abolished the death penalty in Britain for the theft of sheep and cattle, and for larceny in a dwelling house; Parliament had abolished the death sentence for most larcenies in a <a href="/wiki/Forgery,_Abolition_of_Punishment_of_Death_Act_1832" title="Forgery, Abolition of Punishment of Death Act 1832">separate bill the same year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of its abolition, actual executions for horse theft had been rare or nonexistent for 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg/220px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg/330px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg/440px-Alfred_Jacob_Miller_-_Snake_Indian_Pursuing_%22Crow%22_Horse_Thief_-_Walters_371940145.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jacob_Miller" title="Alfred Jacob Miller">Alfred Jacob Miller</a>'s <i>Snake Indian Pursuing "Crow" Horse Thief</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1859</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_;_Clay,_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.,_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_trial_of_a_horse_thief_-_Jno._Mulvany_%3B_Clay%2C_Cosack_%26_Co._chromo_lith.%2C_Buffalo_and_Chicago_LCCN93503640_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8501" data-file-height="6180" /></a><figcaption>1877 <a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">chromolithograph</a>, <i>The trial of a horse thief</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The term horse thief came into great popularity in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during the 19th century. During that time the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> states, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and other western states were sparsely populated and largely unpoliced. As farmers tilled the land and <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">migrants headed west</a> through the Great Plains, their horses became subject to theft. Since these farmers and migrants depended on their horses, horse thieves garnered a particularly pernicious reputation because they left their victims helpless or greatly handicapped by the loss of their horses. The victims needed their horses for transportation and farming. Such depredation led to the use of the term horse thief as an <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a>, one that conveys the impression of the person who perpetrated the insult as one lacking any shred of <a href="/wiki/Moral_obligation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral obligation">moral decency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pennsylvania, the "An Act to Increase the Punishments of Horse Stealing" law was passed in 1780 and repealed in 1860, which stated people guilty of such a crime should be <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branded</a>. The law ran as follows; <i>"the first offense [the convicted] shall stand in the pillory for one hour, and shall be publicly whipped on his, her or their [bare] backs with thirty-nine lashes, well laid on, and at the same time shall have his, her or their ears cut off and nailed to the pillory, and for the second offense shall be whipped and pilloried in like manner and be branded on the forehead in a plain and visible manner with the letters H. T."</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This punishment was referenced in <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy's</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Meridian" title="Blood Meridian">Blood Meridian</a></i> as the character Toadvine is branded with the letters H. T. on his forehead. H stands for Horse, T for Thief and F for Felon; <i>"On his forehead were burned the letters H T and lower and almost between the eyes the letter F and these markings were splayed and garish as if the iron had been left too long. When he turned to look at the kid the kid could see that he had no ears."</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Anti_Horse_Thief_Association" title="Anti Horse Thief Association">Anti Horse Thief Association</a>, first organized in 1854 in <a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Missouri" title="Clark County, Missouri">Clark County, Missouri</a>, was an organization developed for the purposes of protecting property, especially horses and other livestock, from theft, and recovering such property if and when it was stolen. Originally conceived by farmers living in the area where <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> intersect, it soon spread, with the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charter_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charter organization (page does not exist)">charter organization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> being created in 1894. By 1916 the associated numbered over 40,000 members in nine central and western US states, and a drop in horse thefts had been noted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BentonvilleOH4.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BentonvilleOH4.JPG/220px-BentonvilleOH4.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BentonvilleOH4.JPG/330px-BentonvilleOH4.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BentonvilleOH4.JPG/440px-BentonvilleOH4.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bentonville Anti-horse Thief Society historical marker in Ohio</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1899 and 1909, members of the Oklahoma branch of the AHTA recovered $83,000 worth of livestock and saw the conviction of over 250 thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar group, which operated mainly in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Bentonville_Anti-Horse_Thief_Society" title="Bentonville Anti-Horse Thief Society">Bentonville Anti-Horse Thief Society</a>. Men suspected of being thieves would be pursued by members of the organization, and often hanged without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Society_in_Dedham_for_Apprehending_Horse_Thieves" title="The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves">The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves</a> was a third such organization that operated in the United States, this one in <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham, Massachusetts</a>. It is today "the oldest continually existing horse thief apprehending organization in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and one of <a href="/wiki/Dedham,_Massachusetts" title="Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a>’s most venerable social organizations."<sup id="cite_ref-SocietyWeb_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SocietyWeb-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these clubs became defunct or developed into social clubs with the decline of horse theft in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_day">Present day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horse theft is still relatively common, with an estimated 40,000 horses a year being taken from their lawful owners by strangers or opponents in civil or legal disputes. <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Horse_International" title="Stolen Horse International">Stolen Horse International</a> is one modern-day organization in the US that works to reconnect stolen horses with their owners.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses are sometimes stolen for their <a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">meat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Meat_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meat-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sometimes for money.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Punishment for horse theft can still be severe, as one woman in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> was sentenced to 60 years in prison for the 2011 theft of five horses and equestrian equipment; one of the horses was later found dead, while the others were recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horse thefts today can in some cases be solved through the use of <a href="/wiki/Microchip_implant_(animal)" title="Microchip implant (animal)">microchips</a>, which is required in the European Union on horses born after 2009 and also often seen in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Meat_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meat-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stolen_racehorses">Stolen racehorses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stolen racehorses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanfreluche_(horse)" title="Fanfreluche (horse)">Fanfreluche</a> was stolen June 1977 from <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Farm" title="Claiborne Farm">Claiborne Farm</a>. The Thoroughbred mare was in foal to <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_(horse)" title="Secretariat (horse)">Secretariat</a> at the time. The horse was found about 150 miles away as a stray by a farmer who kept her until December when she was identified and returned to her owners.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Bay" title="Ocean Bay">Ocean Bay</a>, a Venezuelan racehorse stolen and slaughtered in 2020 for food when the country was in economic chaos. Parts of the butchered stallion's skeleton were found just hours after the horse was discovered missing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shergar" title="Shergar">Shergar</a> was stolen for a £2 million ransom on 8 February 1983, allegedly by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a>, and was never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle raiding</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horse_theft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8AUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA520">[1]</a> Geo. C. Blakely, photographer, “Thirteen Snapshots of Life in the Untrammeled Bunch Grass County: Execution After the Verdict,” <i>The Oregon Native Son,</i> volume 2, page 520 (May 1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Ginnis_Fuchs2005" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Ginnis Fuchs (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dnC6WJWZEP4C&pg=PA97"><i>Gender and Poverty in Nineteenth Century Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/052162102X" title="Special:BookSources/052162102X"><bdi>052162102X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Poverty+in+Nineteenth+Century+Europe&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=052162102X&rft.au=Rachel+Ginnis+Fuchs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdnC6WJWZEP4C%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_Stuart1782" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert Stuart (1782). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163"><i>A view of society in Europe in its progress from rudeness to refinement</i></a>. J. Murray. p. 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+view+of+society+in+Europe+in+its+progress+from+rudeness+to+refinement&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1782&rft.au=Gilbert+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwcFAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_A._Knafla2003" class="citation book cs1">Louis A. Knafla (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=508kHfewluIC&pg=PA17"><i>Crime, Punishment and Reform in Europe</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313310149" title="Special:BookSources/0313310149"><bdi>0313310149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime%2C+Punishment+and+Reform+in+Europe&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0313310149&rft.au=Louis+A.+Knafla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D508kHfewluIC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Hoch1989" class="citation book cs1">Steven L. Hoch (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30vGxyWbK1IC&pg=PA169"><i>Serfdom and Social Control in Russia</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226345858" title="Special:BookSources/0226345858"><bdi>0226345858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serfdom+and+Social+Control+in+Russia&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0226345858&rft.au=Steven+L.+Hoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30vGxyWbK1IC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray130-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray130_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray130_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Drew D. Gray, <i>Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660–1914</i> (Bloomsbury: 2016), p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Hindle <i>The State and Social Change in Early Modern England, 1550–1640</i> (Palgrave, 2000), pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knafla, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Emsley, <i>Crime and Society in England, 1750–1900</i> (2013), p. 271, table 10.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter King, "Changing Attitudes to Post-execution Punishment 1752–1834" in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-137-51361-8_4">Punishing the Criminal Corpse, 1700–1840</a></i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 113–182; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1832/jun/25/punishment-of-death">Punishment of Death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> Deb 25 June 1832 vol 13 cc982–1000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carolyn A. Conley, <i>The Unwritten Law: Criminal Justice in Victorian Kent</i> (Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckett2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Luckett, Matthew S (2014). <i>Honor among Thieves: Horse Stealing, State-Building, and Culture in Lincoln County, Nebraska, 1860–1890</i> (Ph.D.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Horse&rft.atitle=French+Horses+Allegedly+Stolen+for+Meat&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.au=Christa+Lest%C3%A9-Lasserre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehorse.com%2Farticles%2F31728%2Ffrench-horses-allegedly-stolen-for-meat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Walsh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Walsh (September 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/miniature-pony-stolen-italian-horse-show-article-1.1457552">"Miniature pony stolen from Italian horse show"</a>. <i>New York Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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KSLA News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox+gets+60+years+in+SAU+horse+theft+trial&rft.pub=KSLA+News&rft.date=2013-07-15&rft.au=Carolyn+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ksla.com%2Fstory%2F21800054%2Ffirst-trial-under-way-in-sau-horse-theft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1977" class="citation news cs1">Reed, William F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=The+Toast+of+Tompkinsville%3A+Old+Brandy%2C+the+stray+mare+found+out+on+Kentucky+Rt.+53%2C+charmed+a+steamfitter%27s+family%2C+which+never+suspected+she+was+Fanfreluche%2C+the+%24500%2C000+champion&rft.date=1977-12-19&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fvault%2Farticle%2Fmagazine%2FMAG1093181%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHorse+theft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200616092518/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/outrage-in-venezuela-after-prize-racehorse-stolen-butchered/2020/06/12/ec617514-acdf-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html">"Outrage in Venezuela after prize racehorse stolen, butchered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. June 12, 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/outrage-in-venezuela-after-prize-racehorse-stolen-butchered/2020/06/12/ec617514-acdf-11ea-a43b-be9f6494a87d_story.html">the original</a> on June 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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