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Pakistani literature - Wikipedia
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<span>Digests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_by_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_by_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literature by language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_by_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature by language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_by_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urdu_Pakistani_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu_Pakistani_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Urdu Pakistani literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu_Pakistani_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punjabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punjabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Punjabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punjabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pashto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pashto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Pashto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pashto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Sindhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saraiki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saraiki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Saraiki</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saraiki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmiri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmiri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Kashmiri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kashmiri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistani_literature_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistani_literature_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pakistani literature in other languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pakistani_literature_in_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_pakistanaise" title="Littérature pakistanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature pakistanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պակիստանյան գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պակիստանյան գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨੀ ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Литература Пакистана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература Пакистана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;border-bottom:2px solid #fafafa;">History of<br />modern literature</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By decade</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Early modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Mid-modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> 20th–21st century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> By region</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Americas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban</a></li> <li><a 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literature">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_literature" title="Telugu literature">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> Australasia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:European_literature" title="Category:European literature">Europe</a></th></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_by_country" title="Category:Literature by country">Literature by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="History of theater">History of theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan" title="Category:Pakistan">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Culture of Pakistan</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/80px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/120px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg/160px-Pakistan_Star%26Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" 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class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <dl><dt>Eastern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajir_cuisine" title="Muhajir cuisine">Muhajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_cuisine" title="Saraiki cuisine">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahori_cuisine" title="Lahori cuisine">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Western</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Baloch cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_cuisine" title="Hazara cuisine">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chitrali_cuisine" title="Chitrali cuisine">Chitrali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunza_diet" title="Hunza diet">Hunza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_cuisine" title="Kalash cuisine">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Overseas and fusion</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a 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Pakistan">Sufism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Pakistan">Bahá'í</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Pakistan" title="Ahmadiyya in Pakistan">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Pakistan">Art</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Pakistan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in Pakistan">Sculpture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Pakistan">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in Pakistan">Theater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">TV Dramas & serials</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Pakistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Pakistan" title="Sport in Pakistan">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Pakistan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Pakistan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Pakistan">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Pakistan">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Pakistan">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Pakistani literature</b> (<a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">ادبیاتِ پاکستان</span></span>) is a distinct literature that gradually came to be defined after Pakistan gained nationhood status in 1947, emerging out of literary traditions of the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kamran_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shared tradition of <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> was inherited by the new state. Over a big time of period a body of literature unique to Pakistan has emerged in nearly all major Pakistani languages, including <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushtu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtu language">Pushto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seraiki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraiki language">Seraiki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hashmi_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hashmi-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been many <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical dictionaries</a> documenting Pakistani writers, including the <i>Ahl-i-Qalam Directory</i> published by the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters" title="Pakistan Academy of Letters">Pakistan Academy of Letters</a> and often revised, in its 2010 edition including 3,500 writers but only those alive at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of Pakistani literature soon after independence aroused controversy among writers due to its being centred heavily on the negative events related to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">independence</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-kamran_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jilani_Kamran" title="Jilani Kamran">Gilani Kamran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Government_College_University,_Lahore" title="Government College University, Lahore">GC University</a>), Pakistani literature was expected to take a new direction along with the new state of Pakistan at this point, but did not immediately meet this expectation.<sup id="cite_ref-kamran_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saadat_Hassan_Manto" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadat Hassan Manto">Saadat Hassan Manto</a> (1912–1955), a prominent writer of short stories of South Asia writing mainly in <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, produced great literature out of the events relating to the India-Pakistan independence. His literature is considered to be progressive in its tone and spirit. According to several critics it had not only evolved its own identity but also had played a significant role in documenting the hardships and hopes of Pakistan in the latter part of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-kamran_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamran-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Pakistani literature has taken a shape of its own by depicting the complex class system and the common man. It also has evolved in merging Urdu literary forms and English literature leading to experimentation. Many writers of fiction borrow from English and vice versa. </p><p>Pakistani literature's main official platform is the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters" title="Pakistan Academy of Letters">Pakistan Academy of Letters</a>, whose work is overseen by a Board of Governors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digests">Digests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Digests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1960s Pakistan had <a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Pakistan#Digests" title="List of magazines in Pakistan">periodicals called digests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As some digests cater to current events, but a large number of them used to publish <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp fiction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> was leading in publishing of popular pulp fiction. <a href="/wiki/Ibn-e-Safi" title="Ibn-e-Safi">Ibn-e-Safi</a> and Shakeel Adilzada of <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrang_Digest" title="Sabrang Digest">Sabrang Digest</a></i> (1960s) was Pakistan's early popular pulp fiction writers. <a href="/wiki/Mohiuddin_Nawab" title="Mohiuddin Nawab">Mohiuddin Nawab</a> ran a 33 year long <a href="/wiki/Suspense_Digest" title="Suspense Digest">Suspense Digest</a> series called Devta until 2010. Some of the fiction digests not being adequately in tune with Pakistan's Islamist religious orthodoxy faced challenging times during General Zia times, but also had to find ways and means to bypass official & unofficial moral police at times by bribing them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Haseeb Asif historically not only romance & sexuality but also soft erotica had always been a part Pakistani pulp fiction digests, only that some of them make it feel it guilt free by imputing something negative along natural human instincts. While government tried to interfere, one important cross road came with Television and their after digital media. Some of digest writers shifted to <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">television drama</a> script writing, same time to sustain in business print media digests rather than subscription started depending more upon advertising & spirituality business and therefore had to compromise with their sexual openness to an extent.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haseeb Asif says as much predominant language of these digest is language of middle class in Pakistan society, consuming sexual content masked with imputing moral guilt on self & judge upper & lower classes too is feature of middle class. Asif further says while some of the authors of classical Urdu literature too explored human sexuality, but most times it comes as an argument to question social & patriarchal hypocrisy where as pulp fiction continue to compromise with misogyny & patriarchal values of the society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_by_language">Literature by language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature by language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdu_Pakistani_literature">Urdu Pakistani literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Urdu Pakistani literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punjabi">Punjabi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Punjabi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pashto">Pashto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pashto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto literature and poetry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindhi">Sindhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sindhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saraiki">Saraiki</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Saraiki"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saraiki_literature" title="Saraiki literature">Saraiki literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kashmiri">Kashmiri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kashmiri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri literature</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistani_literature_in_other_languages">Pakistani literature in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pakistani literature in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani English literature</a></div> <p>English is one of the official languages of Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, being the other) and has been established in the area since the British colonial era. The dialect of English spoken in Pakistan is known as <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>. English language poetry from Pakistan from the beginning held a special place in South Asian writing, notably with the work of <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Suhrawardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahid Suhrawardy">Shahid Suhrawardy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_(writer)" title="Ahmed Ali (writer)">Ahmed Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Hashmi" title="Alamgir Hashmi">Alamgir Hashmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daud_Kamal" title="Daud Kamal">Daud Kamal</a>, Taufiq Rafat, and <a href="/wiki/Maki_Kureishi" title="Maki Kureishi">Maki Kureishi</a>, and later of M. Athar Tahir, Waqas Ahmed Khwaja, Omer Tarin, Hina Babar Ali and others; but fiction from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> began to receive recognition in the latter part of the 20th century, with the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsi</a> author <a href="/wiki/Bapsi_Sidhwa" title="Bapsi Sidhwa">Bapsi Sidhwa</a> who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crow_Eaters" title="The Crow Eaters">The Crow Eaters</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="/wiki/Cracking_India" title="Cracking India">Cracking India</a></i> (1988), etc., after the earlier reputations of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_(writer)" title="Ahmed Ali (writer)">Ahmed Ali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ghose" title="Zulfikar Ghose">Zulfikar Ghose</a> had been made in international fiction. In the diaspora, <a href="/wiki/Hanif_Kureshi" title="Hanif Kureshi">Hanif Kureshi</a> commenced a prolific career with the novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha_of_Suburbia_(novel)" title="The Buddha of Suburbia (novel)">The Buddha of Suburbia</a></i> (1990), which won the <a href="/wiki/Whitbread_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitbread Award">Whitbread Award</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aamer_Hussein" title="Aamer Hussein">Aamer Hussein</a> wrote a series of acclaimed short story collections. <a href="/wiki/Sara_Suleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Suleri">Sara Suleri</a> published her literary memoir, <i>Meatless Days</i> (1989). </p><p>Pakistani English writing has had some readership in the country. From 1980s <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">Pakistani English literature</a> began to receive national and official recognition, when the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters" title="Pakistan Academy of Letters">Pakistan Academy of Letters</a> included works originally written English in its annual literary awards. The first major English writer to receive this national honour was <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Hashmi" title="Alamgir Hashmi">Alamgir Hashmi</a>. Subsequently, through the last three decades, a number of other English writers, including <a href="/wiki/Bapsi_Sidhwa" title="Bapsi Sidhwa">Bapsi Sidhwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Aslam" title="Nadeem Aslam">Nadeem Aslam</a>, have been recognized by the Academy. In the early years of the 21st century, a number of Pakistani novelists writing in English won or were shortlisted for international awards. <a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Hamid" title="Mohsin Hamid">Mohsin Hamid</a> published his first novel <i><a href="/wiki/Moth_Smoke" title="Moth Smoke">Moth Smoke</a></i> (2000), which won the Betty Trask Award and was a finalist for the PEN/Hemingway Award; he has since published his second novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reluctant_Fundamentalist" title="The Reluctant Fundamentalist">The Reluctant Fundamentalist</a></i> (2007), which was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize. British-Pakistani writer <a href="/wiki/Nadeem_Aslam" title="Nadeem Aslam">Nadeem Aslam</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Kiriyama_Prize" title="Kiriyama Prize">Kiriyama Prize</a> for his second book, <i><a href="/wiki/Maps_for_Lost_Lovers" title="Maps for Lost Lovers">Maps for Lost Lovers</a></i> (2004). The first novel of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Hanif" title="Mohammed Hanif">Mohammed Hanif</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Exploding_Mangoes" title="A Case of Exploding Mangoes">A Case of Exploding Mangoes</a></i> (2008) was shortlisted for the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Guardian_First_Book_Award" title="Guardian First Book Award">Guardian First Book Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-#guardianFirstBook_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#guardianFirstBook-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging authors <a href="/wiki/Kamila_Shamsie" title="Kamila Shamsie">Kamila Shamsie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniyal_Mueenuddin" title="Daniyal Mueenuddin">Daniyal Mueenuddin</a> have garnered wide attention.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a></div> <p>During the early Muslim period, foreign <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> became the lingua franca of South Asia, adopted and used by most of the educated and the government. Urdu, Pakistan's national language and lingua franca, draws heavy influences from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Persian_and_Urdu" title="Persian and Urdu">Persian and Urdu</a>). Although <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> from <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> itself was popular, several figures in South Asia, and later Pakistan, became major poets in Persian, the most notable being <a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a>. For a time, Persian remained the court language of the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, soon to be replaced by Urdu and English. Persian still held its status, despite the spread of Urdu, well into the early years of the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a> rule in South Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Pakistani poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_literature" title="Postcolonial literature">Postcolonial literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_Publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and Publishing in Pakistan">Books and Publishing in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Writers%27_Movement" title="Progressive Writers' Movement">Progressive Writers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_literature" title="Saraiki literature">Saraiki literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Literature_Festival" title="Karachi Literature Festival">Karachi Literature Festival</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kamran-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kamran_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamran_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamran_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kamran_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm"><i>Pakistan Literature: Evolution & trends</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324122700/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm">Archived</a> 2006-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gilani Kamran, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hashmi-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hashmi_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Prolegomena to the Study of Pakistani English and Pakistani Literature in English" (1989), <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Hashmi" title="Alamgir Hashmi">Alamgir Hashmi</a>, <i>Pakistani Literature</i> (Islamabad), 2:1 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParekh2024" class="citation web cs1">Parekh, Rauf (1 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241110052638/https://www.dawn.com/news/1843047/literary-notes-biographical-dictionaries-and-obituaries-in-urdu">"Literary Notes: Biographical dictionaries and obituaries in Urdu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_News" title="Dawn News">Dawn News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1843047/literary-notes-biographical-dictionaries-and-obituaries-in-urdu">the original</a> on 10 November 2024. <q>The 2010 edition includes only the living authors and lists about 3,500 of them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News&rft.atitle=Literary+Notes%3A+Biographical+dictionaries+and+obituaries+in+Urdu&rft.date=2024-07-01&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Rauf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1843047%2Fliterary-notes-biographical-dictionaries-and-obituaries-in-urdu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistani+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsif2015" class="citation web cs1">Asif, Haseeb (2015-07-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153194">"Read pray love: Inside the enigmatic world of Urdu digests"</a>. <i>Herald Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Herald+Magazine&rft.atitle=Read+pray+love%3A+Inside+the+enigmatic+world+of+Urdu+digests&rft.date=2015-07-06&rft.aulast=Asif&rft.aufirst=Haseeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherald.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1153194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistani+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#guardianFirstBook-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-#guardianFirstBook_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins,_Charlotte2008" class="citation web cs1">Higgins, Charlotte (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/31/guardianfirstbookaward-awardsandprizes">"Five of the best in line for the Guardian first book award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+of+the+best+in+line+for+the+Guardian+first+book+award&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft.au=Higgins%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Foct%2F31%2Fguardianfirstbookaward-awardsandprizes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APakistani+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104696286&ft=1&f=1032">"Pakistani Authors Catch Literary World's Attention"</a>, Rob Gifford, <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, May 29, 2009</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324122700/http://www.the-south-asian.com/Nov2004/Pakistani_literature_short_story_1.htm">Kamran, Gilani, 2004, <i>Pakistan Literature: Evolution & trends</i></a></li> <li><i>Pakistani Literature: The Contemporary English Writers</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Hashmi" title="Alamgir Hashmi">Alamgir Hashmi</a> (New York: World University Service, 1978; Islamabad: Gulmohar Press, 1987) (2nd ed.). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-500408-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-500408-X">0-00-500408-X</a> (OCLC #19328427; LC Card #87931006)</li> <li><i>A Dragonfly in the Sun: An Anthology of Pakistani Writing in English</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Muneeza_Shamsie" title="Muneeza Shamsie">Muneeza Shamsie</a> (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-577784-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-577784-0">0-19-577784-0</a></li> <li><i>Leaving Home: Towards a New Millennium: A Collection of English Prose by Pakistani Writers</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Muneeza_Shamsie" title="Muneeza Shamsie">Muneeza Shamsie</a> (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579529-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579529-6">0-19-579529-6</a></li> <li><i>Post Independence Voices in South Asian Writings</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Hashmi" title="Alamgir Hashmi">Alamgir Hashmi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malashri_Lal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malashri Lal (page does not exist)">Malashri Lal</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Ramraj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Ramraj (page does not exist)">Victor Ramraj</a> (Islamabad: Alhamra, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-516-093-X" title="Special:BookSources/969-516-093-X">969-516-093-X</a></li> <li>Rahman, Tariq. 1991. <i>A History of Pakistani Literature in English</i>Lahore: Vanguard Publishers (Pvt) Ltd.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistani_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistani_literature" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Pakistani literature">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pakistani_literature" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Pakistani literature">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=104696286&ft=1&f=1032">"Pakistani Authors Catch Literary World's Attention"</a>, Rob Gifford, <i><a href="/wiki/Morning_Edition" title="Morning Edition">Morning Edition</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>, May 29, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413143445/http://pakistaniaat.org/"><i>Pakistaniaat</i>: A Journal of Pakistan Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516194938/http://bookexchange.com.pk/"><i>BookExchange</i>: Pakistan Top Book Exchange</a></li> <li>Pakistani <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dmoz.pk/Arts-and-Entertainment/Literature/">Literature</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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literature">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_literature" title="Azerbaijani literature">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_literature" title="Bahraini literature">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi literature">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_literature" title="Bhutanese literature">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruneian_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bruneian literature (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_literature" title="Cambodian literature">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_literature" title="Cypriot literature">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timorese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timorese literature">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_literature" title="Iranian literature">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian literature">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_literature" title="Kazakh literature">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_literature" title="Kyrgyz literature">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Laotian literature">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese literature">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_literature" title="Malaysian literature">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_literature" title="Maldivian literature">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Omani_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omani literature (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian literature">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_literature" title="Singaporean literature">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_literature" title="Turkmen literature">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirati literature">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_literature" title="Uzbek literature">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yemeni literature (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_literature" title="Abkhaz literature">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Cypriot_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Cypriot literature (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ossetian literature">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Indian_Ocean_Territory_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Indian Ocean Territory literature (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christmas Island literature (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands literature (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_literature" title="Hong Kong literature">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macanese_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macanese literature (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Literature_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistani_literature" title="Template:Pakistani literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistani_literature" title="Template talk:Pakistani literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistani literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English_literature" title="Pakistani English literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_literature" title="Punjabi literature">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_literature" title="Saraiki literature">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_writers" title="List of Pakistani writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_poetry" title="Pakistani poetry">Poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_poets" title="List of Pakistani poets">Poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Books and publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pak_Tea_House" title="Pak Tea House">Pak Tea House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Academy_of_Letters" title="Pakistan Academy of Letters">Academy of Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_journalists" title="List of Pakistani journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Federal_Union_of_Journalists" title="Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists">Pakistan Federal Union of Journalists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3256829#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85096890">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980139t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11980139t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="pákistánská literatura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph561677&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558235605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐846f74b78b‐m762z Cached time: 20241128020436 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU 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