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id="toc-Other_South_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_South_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Other South Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_South_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 130%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Houston">Ethnicity in Houston</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispanics and Latinos</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Mexican Americans in Houston">Mexicans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Central Americans in Houston">Central Americans</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans_in_Houston" title="Asian Americans in Houston">Asians</a></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Chinese Americans in Houston">Chinese</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_in_Houston" title="History of the Japanese in Houston">Japanese</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Koreans_in_Houston" title="History of Koreans in Houston">Koreans</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistani_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Pakistani Americans in Houston">Pakistanis</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Vietnamese Americans in Houston">Vietnamese</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German_Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of German Americans in Houston">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Houston" title="History of the Jews in Houston">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Houston_sidebar" title="Template:Ethnic Houston sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Houston_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ethnic Houston sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Houston_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Houston sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Hispanic population in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> is increasing as more immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries come to work in the area. As of 2006 the city has the third-largest Hispanic population in the United States. As of 2011, the city is 44% Hispanic. As of 2011, of the city's <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship in the United States">U.S. citizens</a> that are Hispanic, half are age 18 or older, and are therefore at the age range eligible to vote. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> many Hispanics in Houston are not U.S. citizens, especially those living in <a href="/wiki/Gulfton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfton">Gulfton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a>, and are therefore ineligible to vote in elections. As a result, Hispanics have proportionally less representation in the municipal government than other ethnic groups. As of April 2011 two of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_City_Council" title="Houston City Council">Houston City Council</a> members are Hispanic, making up 18% of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010, John B. Strait and Gang Gong, authors of "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000," stated that Hispanics and Latinos had "intermediate levels of segregation" from non-Hispanic whites.<sup id="cite_ref-StraitGongp58_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraitGongp58-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2006 Karl Eschbach, a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" title="University of Texas Medical Branch">University of Texas Medical Branch</a> demographer, said that the number of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal (undocumented) immigrants</a> in the Houston area was estimated at 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg/220px-Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg/330px-Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg/440px-Hidalgo_Park_Quiosco_in_Houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="2789" /></a><figcaption>Hidalgo Park Quiosco</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, there were 300,000 native Hispanics, and an estimated 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrants">illegal immigrants</a> from Mexico in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezJournalp4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezJournalp4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, Harris County had about 500,000 Hispanics.<sup id="cite_ref-chron.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, there were 192,220 foreign-born Hispanic residents of Houston, with 132,596, or 69%, being Mexican immigrants. 39,289 were from Central America, 12,250 were from South America, and 8,085 were from Caribbean nations.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p33_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezOct2000p33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1990 U.S. Census said that, of the adult Houstonians who use bicycles to get to work, 32% are Hispanic. In 1997, Hispanic men tended to use bicycles more than did women. Due to Latin American social customs, Hispanic women tended to walk, or use public buses when traveling for goods or work; otherwise they stayed at home.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 about 100,000 immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> resided in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2001, Hispanics were almost 38% of Houston's population and 8% of the city's voting electorate.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezSanchez_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezSanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG/220px-HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG/330px-HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG/440px-HEBMiTiendaNorthHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H-E-B" title="H-E-B">H-E-B</a> Mi Tienda ("My Store") in northern Houston</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG/220px-SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG/330px-SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG/440px-SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Supermercado de <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> store in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a> area was designed to accommodate Hispanic customers; it opened in 2009 and closed in 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, most Hispanic-owned businesses in Greater Houston were in industries with lower profit margins, such as construction, distribution, and services. The largest Hispanic-owned business was <a href="/wiki/RioStar_Corp." title="RioStar Corp.">RioStar Corp.</a>, which operated <a href="/wiki/Ninfa%27s" title="Ninfa's">Ninfa's</a>. The business generating the highest number of sales was Solvents & Chemicals and Packaging Services of <a href="/wiki/Pearland,_Texas" title="Pearland, Texas">Pearland, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Mart" title="Fiesta Mart">Fiesta Mart</a> was established in 1972 by two non-Hispanic white men;<sup id="cite_ref-Wollamstart_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollamstart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of them, Donald Bonham, wished to create a store serving Hispanic and Latino customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarnofficonsold_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarnofficonsold-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allison Wollam of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Business_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Business Journal">Houston Business Journal</a></i> said "The company has been successful at targeting the Hispanic market and specifically catering to their needs and shopping styles."<sup id="cite_ref-Wollamstart_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wollamstart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bernie Murphy, a spokesperson for Fiesta, said in 2006 that at some stores Hispanics make up to 70% of those stores's clientele.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a period it was the sole major chain catering to Hispanics and Latinos. By 2015 Fiesta experienced serious competition as other chains began targeting Hispanics and Latinos.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarnofficonsold_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarnofficonsold-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 <a href="/wiki/Kroger" title="Kroger">Kroger</a> converted its <a href="/wiki/Gulfton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfton">Gulfton</a> location into a Hispanic-themed supermarket.<sup id="cite_ref-Morenotryout_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenotryout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2010 Kroger announced that the Gulfton Kroger would close by the end of January, as it has been an under-performing store. Kroger owned the store location, and the chain was considering selling it to another grocery chain.<sup id="cite_ref-chron36_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron36-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 <a href="/wiki/H-E-B" title="H-E-B">H-E-B</a> opened the "Mi Tienda" ("My Store") Hispanic-themed store in the <a href="/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">City of South Houston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Morenotryout_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenotryout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a>. As of 2007 all of its employees spoke Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Mi Tienda opened in north Houston in 2011; it is twice the size of the original location,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has 97,000 square feet (9,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of space.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H-E-B-owned Joe V's Smart Shop also targets Hispanic and Latino consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarnofficonsold_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarnofficonsold-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2009 <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> opened the 39,000-square-foot (3,600 m<sup>2</sup>) "Supermercado de Walmart," a store designed to appeal to Hispanic customers, in <a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Endressclosed_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endressclosed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Converted from a Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market,<sup id="cite_ref-MorenoRedoes_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorenoRedoes-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the first "Supermercado de Walmart" opened by the company in the United States. June 2009 Wal-Mart was scheduled to open Más Club, a version of <a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Club" title="Sam's Club">Sam's Club</a> catering to Hispanics and Latinos.<sup id="cite_ref-Morenotryout_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenotryout-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Más Club closed in January 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supermercado de Wal-Mart closed in December 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Endressclosed_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endressclosed-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> several <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a> locations in Houston cater to Hispanic and Latino customers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarnofficonsold_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarnofficonsold-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eschbach said that, historically, Hispanics resided in specific neighborhoods of Houston, such as <a href="/wiki/Denver_Harbor,_Houston" title="Denver Harbor, Houston">Denver Harbor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Heights" title="Houston Heights">Houston Heights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Park,_Houston" title="Magnolia Park, Houston">Magnolia Park</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northside,_Houston" title="Northside, Houston">Northside</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chron.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1980 census to the 1990 census, there were large swathes of Hispanic growth in Houston; in most areas the Hispanics were of Mexican descent, while in <a href="/wiki/Gulfton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfton">Gulfton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Branch,_Houston" title="Spring Branch, Houston">Spring Branch</a> of Spring Branch they were of Central American origins. Hispanics moved into sections of north Houston, Spring Branch, and <a href="/wiki/Sharpstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpstown">Sharpstown</a> by an amount between 1,000 and 3,500 per square mile, and Hispanics moved into Gulfton by more than 3,500 Hispanics per square mile. From the same period Hispanics began to move into a portion of the southeast metropolitan area, including sections of <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_Texas" title="Pasadena, Texas">Pasadena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Houston,_Texas" title="South Houston, Texas">City of South Houston</a> by an amount between 1,000 and 3,500 per square mile.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1985 and 2005, the county's Hispanic population tripled, with Hispanics making up about 40% of the county's residents. In most communities inside and outside <a href="/wiki/Beltway_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Beltway 8">Beltway 8</a>, Hispanics became the predominant ethnic group. Some communities in Greater Houston which do not have Hispanics as the predominant ethnic group include expensive, predominately non-Hispanic white communities such as <a href="/wiki/Memorial,_Houston" title="Memorial, Houston">Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uptown_Houston" title="Uptown Houston">Uptown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_University_Place,_Texas" title="West University Place, Texas">West University Place</a>; and historically <a href="/wiki/African_American_neighborhoods" class="mw-redirect" title="African American neighborhoods">African American neighborhoods</a> located south and northeast of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a>. Eschbach said, "But even these core black and white neighborhoods are experiencing Hispanic inroads. Today, Hispanics live everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-chron.com_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chron.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a period before 2005, many Hispanic and Latino Americans had moved into traditionally African-American neighborhoods. Between 1990 and 2000, the numbers of Hispanic and Latino Americans in <a href="/wiki/Kashmere_Gardens,_Houston" title="Kashmere Gardens, Houston">Kashmere Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Park,_Houston" title="South Park, Houston">South Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnyside,_Houston" title="Sunnyside, Houston">Sunnyside</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ward,_Houston" title="Third Ward, Houston">Third Ward</a> increased.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezLatinoBlack_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezLatinoBlack-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> hit <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in 2005, many <a href="/wiki/Hondurans_in_New_Orleans" title="Hondurans in New Orleans">ethnic Hondurans from that city</a> moved to Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hispanic and Latino population's percentage of the overall population of <a href="/wiki/Texas_City,_Texas" title="Texas City, Texas">Texas City</a> had increased to 29.9% in 2017 from 27% in 2010, and by then the city had a Hispanic supermarket and other businesses catering to Hispanics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2001, Hispanics were almost 38% of Houston's population and 8% of the city's voting electorate. As of the same year, most Hispanic and Latino candidates elected to public office in Houston are <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mexican-Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Mexican-Americans in Houston">Mexican Americans</a>, who are members of the Democratic Party. Most Hispanics and Latinos in public office are <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">politically liberal</a>. Lori Rodriguez of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> said in 2001 that "the top tier of Latino politicos mainly walk in lock step."<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezSanchez_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezSanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Richard Murray, a political scientist of the Center for Public Policy of <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, the Hispanic middle class of 2001 was larger than in previous years, and Hispanic voters lived in every Houston voting precinct, including <a href="/wiki/River_Oaks,_Houston" title="River Oaks, Houston">River Oaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood,_Houston" title="Tanglewood, Houston">Tanglewood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezSanchez_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezSanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007 most of the Hispanic and Latino political power was Mexican American, aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, and made up of residents of eastern Houston. But many of the most vocal leaders who participated in immigration rallies were Hispanics of Central American origin who resided mostly in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Houston" title="Southwest Houston">Southwest Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 Orlando Sanchez made a bid to become <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Houston">Mayor of Houston</a>. Lori Rodriguez of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> said that this was the first well-funded and focused campaign for Houston mayor by a Hispanic candidate. Sanchez, a <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a>, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">politically conservative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezSanchez_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezSanchez-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2011 the new city council District J was organized to reflect changing demographics and better represent Hispanics in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Jara, a political consultant of the group Campaign Strategies, drew the boundaries of District J in order to ensure that heavily Hispanic <a href="/wiki/Gulfton" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfton">Gulfton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharpstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharpstown">Sharpstown</a> were together in one area. That way, the Hispanic residents could lobby for influence with their city council representative, whether he or she is of Hispanic origin or not.<sup id="cite_ref-NewdisJ_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewdisJ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a May 2011 editorial the <i>Houston Chronicle</i> editors said that they supported the District J redistricting plan since they believed that Hispanics need more representation, but they added that the election of a Hispanic to fill the position is not guaranteed because many of the residents are not U.S. citizens and are ineligible to vote. As an example, the editors pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas State Legislature">Texas State Legislature</a>'s establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Texas%27s_29th_congressional_district" title="Texas's 29th congressional district">29th congressional district</a> so that a Hispanic/Latino could be elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gene_Green" title="Gene Green">Gene Green</a>, a non-Hispanic White, won the first election for the district in 1992. As of 2011 Green was still the incumbent in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-NewdisJ_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewdisJ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Houston" title="Religion in Houston">Religion in Houston</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Houston" title="Christianity in Houston">Christianity in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HoustonOLGChurch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HoustonOLGChurch.JPG/220px-HoustonOLGChurch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HoustonOLGChurch.JPG/330px-HoustonOLGChurch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HoustonOLGChurch.JPG/440px-HoustonOLGChurch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_Catholic_Church_(Houston)" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church (Houston)">Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Ward,_Houston" title="Second Ward, Houston">Second Ward</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Galveston-Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a> had 89 churches that offered Spanish-language services, with worship services tailored to serve Spanish speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's first Mexican-American church was <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_Catholic_Church_(Houston)" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church (Houston)">Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church</a>, which opened in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Esparza3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esparza3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Protestant and Evangelical churches also have Spanish-speaking congregations. <a href="/wiki/South_Main_Baptist_Church" title="South Main Baptist Church">South Main Baptist Church</a> began offering Spanish language services circa 1975, and by 2005 its Spanish ministry had almost 100 members.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2005 the non-denominational <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Church" title="Lakewood Church">Lakewood Church</a> offered Spanish-language services.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarah Cortez published a memoir titled <i>Walking Home: Growing Up Hispanic in Houston</i> which discusses her religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>St. Faustina Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Fulshear,_Texas" title="Fulshear, Texas">Fulshear</a>, popular with <a href="/wiki/Greater_Katy" title="Greater Katy">Greater Katy</a>'s Venezuelan population and one of the churches with Spanish services, is in proximity to <a href="/wiki/Cinco_Ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinco Ranch">Cinco Ranch</a>. It previously held its services at Joe Hubenak Elementary School, but in 2017 it moved into its own 1,600-seat building.<sup id="cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerreraKatyZuela-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 2002 some Hispanics in Houston <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">became converts to Islam</a>. They said that, since their conversions, many people mistake them as being of Pakistani or Middle Eastern origin.<sup id="cite_ref-DooleyMuslim_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DooleyMuslim-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area's first Spanish-speaking mosque, the Centro Islámico, opened on January 30, 2016. It was the first Spanish-language mosque to open in the United States since the 2005 closure of the storefront mosque of the Alianza Islámica in New York City. The Houston mosque, decorated in a manner similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquita_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezquita de Córdoba">Mezquita de Córdoba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is operated by the organization <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Spanish">Islam in Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> has a Spanish-language weekly edition, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Voz_de_Houston" title="La Voz de Houston">La Voz de Houston</a></i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Rumbo_(Texas_newspapers)" title="Rumbo (Texas newspapers)">El Rumbo</a></i> was previously published in Houston. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/El_D%C3%ADa_(Houston)" title="El Día (Houston)">El Día</a></i> was previously published in Houston. There is a classifieds paper called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Subasta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Subasta (page does not exist)">La Subasta</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Subasta" class="extiw" title="es:La Subasta">es</a>]</span></i> that is published by the same company, and is still published. </p><p>The first radio station with a Spanish-language broadcast was <i><a href="/wiki/KLVL" title="KLVL">KLVL</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 Alex Mejia created a salsa and merengue station called Radio Kafe. He later became a reverend and started Radio Luz ("Radio Light"), which had its studio in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Houston" title="Southwest Houston">Southwest Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexicans">Mexicans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mexicans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mexican-Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Mexican-Americans in Houston">History of the Mexican-Americans in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg/220px-Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg/330px-Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg/440px-Flickr_bargas_2306893354--Ninfas_on_Navigation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Original <a href="/wiki/Ninfa%27s" title="Ninfa's">Ninfa's</a> on Navigation Boulevard, established by <a href="/wiki/Ninfa_Laurenzo" title="Ninfa Laurenzo">Ninfa Laurenzo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When Houston was first settled in 1837 by Anglo White Americans, this area of East Texas had relatively few Mexican Americans. Areas of West Texas and the Southwest had much higher numbers of Mexican Americans, including many whose ancestors had deep ties to the region, long before the United States annexed the area following the Mexican–American War.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevino15_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevino15-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican migration into Houston increased in the late 19th century with the expansion of the railroad system and following social disruption due to <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevino26_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevino26-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century the population further increased, due to refugees fleeing the disruption of the 1910 <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, laborers recruited to the city by <i>enganchadores</i> (labor agents), higher unemployment in rural areas, and a labor shortage during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Into the 1920s, because of labor demand in Houston and the United States, immigration restrictions against Mexicans were few.<sup id="cite_ref-Trevino28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trevino28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1989 book <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity_in_the_Sunbelt:_A_History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnicity in the Sunbelt: A History of Mexican Americans in Houston">Ethnicity in the Sunbelt: A History of Mexican Americans in Houston</a></i>, author Arnoldo De León described the relationship between Houston's <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> and newly arrived immigrants from Mexico. De León said that the historic residents feared that they were being adversely affected by poor opinions about the new immigrants, many of whom were assumed to be illegal immigrants, few of whom spoke English and many of whom were from rural areas with limited job skills to apply to city life. At the same time, the new immigrants kept the entire community in touch with the Mexican culture of the homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Americans">Central Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Central Americans in Houston">History of the Central Americans in Houston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG/220px-TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG/330px-TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG/440px-TACAOfficeinHouston.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Houston office of <a href="/wiki/TACA_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="TACA Airlines">TACA Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gulfton,_Houston" title="Gulfton, Houston">Gulfton</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, there were 39,289 immigrants from Central America in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p33_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezOct2000p33-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Houston" title="Southwest Houston">Southwest Houston</a> developed infrastructure that catered to Central Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p36_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RodriguezOct2000p36-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combined Central American population is close to about 4% of Houston's population, particularly from the northern portion of Central America like Salvadoran and Guatemalan communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cubans">Cubans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cubans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-1990s changes in immigration from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to the United States occurred due to the <a href="/wiki/Wet_feet,_dry_feet_policy" title="Wet feet, dry feet policy">wet feet, dry feet policy</a> and other policy changes; many Cubans immigrated through Mexico and people who did not have relatives in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>; this caused an expansion of Houston's <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Peter Stranges, the supervisor of refugee services of the Catholic Charities of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Galveston-Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston">Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston</a> said that often Cuban refugees arrive with no possessions other than immigration documents and the clothes they are wearing.<sup id="cite_ref-PinkertonCubans_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkertonCubans-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From May 2012 to February 17, 2013, counselors at the refugee services office of the Galveston-Houston Catholic charities assisted 450 Cuban immigrants coming to the Houston area. Stranges said "We used to see two or three Cubans a week, and we've started seeing groups of 25 or 30 at a time and there were weeks when we have 60 border crossers coming to our offices. It's unprecedented. What's challenging is we don't want to turn down anyone who comes to our doors, so we've really scrambled to come up with a team to handle this surge."<sup id="cite_ref-PinkertonCubans_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkertonCubans-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Community Survey from the US Census Bureau reported that there were approximately 25 250 Cubans living in Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five Houston agencies providing resettlement services for newcomers assisted almost 4,500 Cubans refugees in fiscal year 2014 and until March 2015 the agencies had served 3,022 refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first 10 months of fiscal year 2016, 46,635 Cubans have entered the U.S. via ports of entry – already surpassing full fiscal year 2015's total of 43,159, according to U.S. Customs and Border Protection data obtained through a public records request. Fiscal 2015 was a surge year and was up 78% over 2014, when 24,278 Cubans entered the U.S. And those 2014 numbers had already increased dramatically after the Cuban government lifted travel restrictions that year. These totals are significantly higher than in all of fiscal 2011, when 7,759 Cubans came into the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to five agencies which resettle refugees in Houston, in the <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> 2022 about 6,000 Cubans who crossed the US-Mexico border went to the Houston area.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuelans">Venezuelans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Venezuelans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2000_U.S._Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. Census">2000 U.S. Census</a> there were 1,592 persons of Venezuelan origins in the Houston area. By 2004 many Venezuelans fleeing the economic changes by the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> government settled in the Houston area due to the presence of the oil industry. That year Wladimir Torres, the publisher of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Venezolano_de_Houston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Venezolano de Houston (page does not exist)">El Venezolano de Houston</a></i>, a monthly <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan American">Venezuelan American</a> publication, stated that at that time there were over 10,000 persons of Venezuelan origin in the Houston area. Around that time <a href="/wiki/Citgo" title="Citgo">Citgo</a> was moving its U.S. headquarters to Houston, potentially causing another increase of the Venezuelan population.<sup id="cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenovenez-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 11,000 people of Venezuelan origins in Greater Houston; almost 50% of them lived in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Katy" title="Greater Katy">Greater Katy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerreraKatyZuela-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Venezuelans traveled by airplane and arrived with their life savings, allowing them to buy houses in the $80,000-$190,000 ($129048.63-306490.49 according to inflation) range. Venezuelans specifically chose to move to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Katy" title="Greater Katy">Greater Katy</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Katy_Independent_School_District" title="Katy Independent School District">Katy Independent School District</a>'s reputation and the proximity to their workplaces in west Houston,<sup id="cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenovenez-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy Corridor">Energy Corridor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerreraKatyZuela-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Katy area received the nickname "Katyzuela".<sup id="cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenovenez-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the nickname, Sebastian Herrera of the <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> wrote "no one seems quite sure who to credit."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, as of 2012 Venezuelans are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Cinco_Ranch,_Texas" title="Cinco Ranch, Texas">Cinco Ranch</a>. As of 2015 two restaurants, Budare Arepa Express and Delis Café, according to Florian Martin of <a href="/wiki/KUHT" title="KUHT">Houston Public Media</a>, "could be considered the social centers of the Venezuelan community in Katy. "<sup id="cite_ref-MartinFlorianChavez_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinFlorianChavez-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2016 real estate agents began using the "Katyzuela" moniker.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrerawhysome_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrerawhysome-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2023, multiple Venezuelan restaurants were established in the Katy area.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2004 most Houston Venezuelans had anti-Chávez political stances. Some, including employees of <a href="/wiki/Citgo" title="Citgo">Citgo</a>, which was developing Venezuelan oil, favored Chávez.<sup id="cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morenovenez-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Chávez died in 2013, members of the Venezuelan community expressed different opinions about him.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinFlorianChavez_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinFlorianChavez-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downturn of the Venezuelan economy after Chavez's death stimulated more emigration to the United States for family survival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>St. Faustina Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Fulshear,_Texas" title="Fulshear, Texas">Fulshear</a> has a Spanish worship service that attracts Venezuelan people. Naida Givvon established a Venezuelan cultural festival in 2011; it is held every year at the Southwest Equestrian Center.<sup id="cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerreraKatyZuela-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 2011, the Katy Equestrian Center began having the "Viva Venezuela" festival, with 12,000 to 15,000 people going each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrerawhysome_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrerawhysome-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_South_Americans">Other South Americans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other South Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 there were 23,317 persons of Colombian origins in Harris County, making them one of the largest South American groups there.<sup id="cite_ref-PinkertonJoeHorn_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkertonJoeHorn-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colombian Fest, which celebrates the Colombian independence day, is held annually.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Colombians in Houston favored prosecuting <a href="/wiki/Joe_Horn_shooting_controversy" title="Joe Horn shooting controversy">Joe Horn</a>, who fatally shot two Colombian illegal immigrants stealing from his house in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-PinkertonJoeHorn_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PinkertonJoeHorn-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Asociacion Peruana de Houston is the Peruvian-American association in the city. It engages in charity work in the United States and Peru, as well as holding celebrations for Peruvian Independence Day. Juan Alfonso Verastegui and some other Peruvians co-founded the organization in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This lists excludes people of only Mexican heritage, as they are listed in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Americans in Houston">Mexican Americans in Houston</a>, or of only Central American heritage, as they are at <a href="/wiki/Central_Americans_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Americans in Houston">Central Americans in Houston</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Acevedo" title="Art Acevedo">Art Acevedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban American</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Houston_Police_Department" title="Houston Police Department">Houston Police Department</a> chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>, Cuban American,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lina_Hidalgo" title="Lina Hidalgo">Lina Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian American">Colombian American</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harris County <a href="/wiki/County_judge" title="County judge">county judge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rodriguez, Nestor. "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston." in: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). <i>Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations</i>. <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>, October 18, 2000. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0759117128" title="Special:BookSources/0759117128">0759117128</a>, 9780759117129. <ul><li>Also available in: Ebaugh, Helen Rose Fuchs and Janet Saltzman Chafetz (editors). <i>Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>, January 1, 2000. 0742503909, 9780742503908.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_notes">Reference notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reference notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casey, Rick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/casey/7538687.html">City Hall Latino win may end up as a loss instead</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. April 28, 2011. Retrieved on June 6, 2011. "The biggest factor is that while Houston is now about 44 percent Hispanic, only about half are citizens of voting age. Many are not citizens, especially in the Gulfton and Spring Branch areas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraitGongp58-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StraitGongp58_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strait, John B; Gong, Gang. "Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Population_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Population Review (page does not exist)">Population Review</a></i>, 2010, Vol.49(1). cited: p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegstrom, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/3500074.html">"Shadows cloaking immigrants prevent accurate count."</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629015259/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/3500074.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> (February 21, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RodriguezJournalp4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RodriguezJournalp4_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez, Nestor, "Undocumented Central Americans in Houston: Diverse Populations," p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chron.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chron.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chron.com_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez, Lori. 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The exceptions are the historically black neighborhoods northeast and south of downtown and high-dollar white communities from West University Place through Uptown and Memorial."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RodriguezOct2000p33-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p33_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p33_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez, Nestor, "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston," p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kolker, Claudia. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Galveston+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Hispanic-Latino+population+on+the+rise+in+Texas+City&rft.date=2019-04-13&rft.au=Eastburn%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galvnews.com%2Fprofiles%2Fcommunities%2Farticle_a47b2924-5932-5387-8a03-c3ebc4173aa1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garza, Cynthia Leonor. "Latinos' political power hasn't matched growth," <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, August 19, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Latinos-political-power-hasn-t-matched-growth-1614228.php#page-2">2</a>. Retrieved on November 22, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shauk, Zain. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/politics/article/Hispanic-opportunity-district-draws-three-2219762.php">Hispanic-opportunity district draws three candidates</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Friday October 14, 2011. Retrieved on November 4, 2011. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/mediaManager/?controllerName=image&action=get&id=1672471&width=628&height=471">Refer to image</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929085709/http://www.chron.com/mediaManager/?controllerName%3Dimage%26action%3Dget%26id%3D1672471%26width%3D628%26height%3D471">Archive</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewdisJ-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewdisJ_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewdisJ_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/opinion/editorials/article/Political-challenge-Revised-council-1384284.php">Political challenge: Revised council redistricting plan offers Hispanics a third majority district</a>." (editorial) <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Wednesday May 18, 2011. Retrieved on November 5, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShellnutt,_Kate2011" class="citation web cs1">Shellnutt, Kate (2011-05-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2011/05/expanded-resources-enrich-hispanic-catholic-worship/">"Expanded resources enrich Hispanic Catholic worship"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expanded+resources+enrich+Hispanic+Catholic+worship&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.au=Shellnutt%2C+Kate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.chron.com%2Fbelieveitornot%2F2011%2F05%2Fexpanded-resources-enrich-hispanic-catholic-worship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esparza3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esparza3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esparza, Jesus Jesse. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Esparza-La-Colonia-Mexicana.pdf">La Colonia Mexicana: A History of Mexican Americans in Houston</a>." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502202721/http://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Esparza-La-Colonia-Mexicana.pdf">Archive</a>) <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston History (page does not exist)">Houston History</a></i> Volume 9, Issue 1. p. 2-8. Center for Public History, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>. Cited: p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez,_Lori2017" class="citation web cs1">Rodriguez, Lori (2017-07-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Move-away-from-Catholicism-faces-next-pope-1628611.php">"Move away from Catholicism faces next pope"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Move+away+from+Catholicism+faces+next+pope&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2017-07-02&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Farticle%2FMove-away-from-Catholicism-faces-next-pope-1628611.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley,_Tara2005" class="citation web cs1">Dooley, Tara (2005-07-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Lakewood-s-Spanish-services-offer-unique-Word-1950962.php">"Lakewood's Spanish services offer unique Word"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lakewood%27s+Spanish+services+offer+unique+Word&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2005-07-16&rft.au=Dooley%2C+Tara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Flife%2Fhouston-belief%2Farticle%2FLakewood-s-Spanish-services-offer-unique-Word-1950962.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll,_Jill2012" class="citation web cs1">Carroll, Jill (2012-11-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Memoir-Faith-family-and-being-Hispanic-in-4021281.php">"Faith, family and being Hispanic in post-war Houston"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith%2C+family+and+being+Hispanic+in+post-war+Houston&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Jill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Flife%2Fhouston-belief%2Farticle%2FMemoir-Faith-family-and-being-Hispanic-in-4021281.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerreraKatyZuela-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HerreraKatyZuela_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera,_Sebastian2017" class="citation web cs1">Herrera, Sebastian (2017-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/In-Houston-s-Katy-suburb-a-Venezuelan-population-11028051.php">"In Houston's Katy suburb, a Venezuelan population thrives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Houston%27s+Katy+suburb%2C+a+Venezuelan+population+thrives&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2017-03-25&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fhouston%2Farticle%2FIn-Houston-s-Katy-suburb-a-Venezuelan-population-11028051.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span> - note the article says "Nearly half of the more than 11,000 Venezuelans in Houston live in the 181 square miles that make up Katy." but the City of Katy itself is much smaller than that. In context, "Katy" here means "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Katy" title="Greater Katy">Greater Katy</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DooleyMuslim-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DooleyMuslim_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dooley, Tara. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FBZZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6791,6168079&dq=statistics+religion+houston+area+muslims&hl=en">Muslims gain Hispanic converts</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Victoria_Advocate" title="The Victoria Advocate">The Victoria Advocate</a>,</i> September 28, 2002. 2D and 3D. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> (45-46 of 51) on November 9, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuessler, Ryan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/09/latino-muslims-spanish-mosque-cinco-de-mayo">Latino Muslims at country's only Spanish-speaking mosque: 'Islam changed my life'</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510101648/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/09/latino-muslims-spanish-mosque-cinco-de-mayo">Archived</a> May 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Monday May 9, 2016. Retrieved on May 29, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cádiz, Antioneta. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univision.com/noticias/hispanos/inauguran-primer-centro-musulman-en-espanol-en-estados-unidos">Inauguran primer centro musulmán en español en Estados Unidos</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215185510/http://www.univision.com/noticias/hispanos/inauguran-primer-centro-musulman-en-espanol-en-estados-unidos">Archived</a> February 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a></i>. January 31, 2016. Retrieved on May 29, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrovall,_Elizabeth2018" class="citation web cs1">Trovall, Elizabeth (2018-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/2018/07/20/296353/new-mural-makes-a-statement-on-houstons-evolving-east-end/">"New Mural Makes A Statement On Houston's Evolving East End"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KUHT" title="KUHT">Houston Public Media</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Public+Media&rft.atitle=New+Mural+Makes+A+Statement+On+Houston%27s+Evolving+East+End&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft.au=Trovall%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonpublicmedia.org%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2F296353%2Fnew-mural-makes-a-statement-on-houstons-evolving-east-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.hpm.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/19180113/08389_East_End_Mural_SPOT.mp3?source=plyr-article">Audio file</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Radio-programming-targets-Spanish-speaking-2084374.php">"Radio programming targets Spanish-speaking audience"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. 2003-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+programming+targets+Spanish-speaking+audience&rft.pub=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2003-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Flife%2Fhouston-belief%2Farticle%2FRadio-programming-targets-Spanish-speaking-2084374.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevino15-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trevino15_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treviño, Robert R. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio:_Mexican_American_Ethno-Catholicism_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston">The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press Books">UNC Press Books</a>, February 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxsfuWARmCQC&dq=%22aPPARENTLY+few+Mexicans+lived+in+Houston%22&pg=PA25">15</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on November 22, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3">0-8078-5667-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3">978-0-8078-5667-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevino26-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trevino26_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treviño, Robert R. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio:_Mexican_American_Ethno-Catholicism_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston">The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press Books">UNC Press Books</a>, February 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxsfuWARmCQC&dq=%22The+1870s+saw+the+beginning+of+intensive+industrialization%22&pg=PA26">26</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on November 22, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3">0-8078-5667-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3">978-0-8078-5667-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trevino28-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trevino28_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treviño, Robert R. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio:_Mexican_American_Ethno-Catholicism_in_Houston" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston">The Church in the Barrio: Mexican American Ethno-Catholicism in Houston</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/UNC_Press_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="UNC Press Books">UNC Press Books</a>, February 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxsfuWARmCQC&dq=%22Early+in+the+twentieth+century%2C+Houston+employers%22&pg=PA28">28</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on November 22, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-5667-3">0-8078-5667-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5667-3">978-0-8078-5667-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robb_Walsh" title="Robb Walsh">Walsh, Robb</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/2000-10-26/dining/the-authenticity-myth/full">The Authenticity Myth</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Press" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a></i>. October 26, 2000. Retrieved on November 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RodriguezOct2000p36-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RodriguezOct2000p36_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez, Nestor, "Hispanic and Asian Immigration Waves in Houston," p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cobb, Russell and Paul Knight. "Immigration: Cubans Enter U.S. at Texas-Mexico Border." <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Press" title="Houston Press">Houston Press</a></i>. January 8, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpress.com/2008-01-10/news/immigration-cubans-enter-u-s-at-texas-mexico-border/">1</a>. Retrieved on December 11, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PinkertonCubans-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PinkertonCubans_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinkertonCubans_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinkerton, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Hundreds-of-Cuban-immigrants-finding-a-welcome-in-4285175.php">Hundreds of Cuban immigrants finding a welcome in Houston</a>." (Print: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressdisplay.com/pressdisplay/viewer.aspx?issue=12102013021700000000001001&page=1&article=268b0519-2a9d-47ee-bdc0-fb99935ae921&key=8bTUiHaymMBIzLSOp1kyaQ%3D%3D&feed=rss">Houston an isle of hope to Cubans</a>.") <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. February 17, 2013. A1 Front Page. Retrieved on February 22, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greater Houston Partnership Research Department. Social, Economic and Demographic Characteristics of Metro Houston. October 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.houston.org/pdf/research/quickview/Population_Employment_Forecast.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tallet, Olivia P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Hundreds-of-Cuban-immigrants-finding-a-welcome-in-4285175.php">"Cuban immigrants' generation gap The young in Houston are very different from the old in Miami"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>, Houston, May 13, 2015. Retrieved on October 15, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krogstad, Jens Manuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/08/05/cuban-immigration-to-u-s-surges-as-relations-warm/">"Surge in Cuban immigration to U.S. continues into 2016"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></i>, August 5, 2016. Retrieved on October 15, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrovall2022" class="citation web cs1">Trovall, Elizabeth (2022-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/immigration/article/Cubans-arrive-at-border-in-record-numbers-with-17383080.php">"Cubans arrive at border in record numbers, with thousands headed to Houston, an emerging destination"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Cubans+arrive+at+border+in+record+numbers%2C+with+thousands+headed+to+Houston%2C+an+emerging+destination&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Trovall&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Fimmigration%2Farticle%2FCubans-arrive-at-border-in-record-numbers-with-17383080.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morenovenez-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morenovenez_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreno, Jenalia. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-is-home-to-many-workers-leaving-Venezuela-1642632.php">Houston is home to many workers leaving Venezuela</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404015300/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-is-home-to-many-workers-leaving-Venezuela-1642632.php">Archived</a> April 4, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Sunday August 15, 2004. Retrieved on September 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera2017" class="citation web cs1">Herrera, Sebastian (2017-03-25). <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i> [In Houston's Katy suburb, a Venezuelan population thrives In Houston's Katy suburb, a Venezuelan population thrives]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.date=2017-03-25&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=In+Houston%27s+Katy+suburb%2C+a+Venezuelan+population+thrives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinFlorianChavez-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFlorianChavez_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinFlorianChavez_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Florian. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/newslab/2013/03/08/41906/venezuelan-expats-weigh-in-on-chavezs-death/">Venezuelan Expats Weigh In On Chavez's Death</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215231521/http://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/newslab/2013/03/08/41906/venezuelan-expats-weigh-in-on-chavezs-death/">Archived</a> February 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <a href="/wiki/KUHT" title="KUHT">Houston Public Media</a>. March 8, 2013. Retrieved on February 9, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrerawhysome-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrerawhysome_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrerawhysome_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrera2016" class="citation web cs1">Herrera, Sebastian (2016-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/katy/news/article/Why-some-call-this-area-Katy-zuela-6891043.php">"Why some call this area 'Katy-zuela'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Why+some+call+this+area+%27Katy-zuela%27&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fneighborhood%2Fkaty%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FWhy-some-call-this-area-Katy-zuela-6891043.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamp2023" class="citation web cs1">Camp, Melanie (2023-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.click2houston.com/houston-life/2023/06/14/a-houston-suburb-has-an-alter-ego-have-you-heard-about-katyzueala/">"A Houston suburb has an alter-ego. Have you heard about, 'Katy-zuela'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KPRC-TV" title="KPRC-TV">KPRC-TV</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Houston+suburb+has+an+alter-ego.+Have+you+heard+about%2C+%27Katy-zuela%27&rft.pub=KPRC-TV&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Camp&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.click2houston.com%2Fhouston-life%2F2023%2F06%2F14%2Fa-houston-suburb-has-an-alter-ego-have-you-heard-about-katyzueala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PinkertonJoeHorn-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PinkertonJoeHorn_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PinkertonJoeHorn_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pinkerton, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204212117/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Colombians-weigh-in-on-Joe-Horn-slayings-1827055.php">Colombians weigh in on Joe Horn slayings</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204212117/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Colombians-weigh-in-on-Joe-Horn-slayings-1827055.php">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Monday December 17, 2007. Retrieved on September 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/lavoz/slideshow/Colombian-Fest-2015-113253.php">Colombian Fest 2015</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714000707/http://www.chron.com/lavoz/slideshow/Colombian-Fest-2015-113253.php">Archived</a> July 14, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. July 12, 2015. Retrieved on September 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegstrom, Edward. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204212117/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-deaths/article/Deaths-Verastegui-co-founder-of-Peruvian-2057353.php">Deaths: Verastegui, co-founder of Peruvian association</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925145736/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-deaths/article/Deaths-Verastegui-co-founder-of-Peruvian-2057353.php">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Tuesday January 8, 2002. Retrieved on September 6, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin2021" class="citation web cs1">Rabin, Charles (2021-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/crime/article254134403.html">"Miami Chief Acevedo apologizes on Twitter for referring to Miami's 'Cuban Mafia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-18</span></span>. <q>Acevedo, a Cuban American from California[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Miami+Chief+Acevedo+apologizes+on+Twitter+for+referring+to+Miami%27s+%27Cuban+Mafia%27&rft.date=2021-09-10&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcrime%2Farticle254134403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/10/us/politics/ted-cruz-cuban-florida-primary.html">"Ted Cruz Plays Up Cuban Heritage Before Florida Primary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 2016-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ted+Cruz+Plays+Up+Cuban+Heritage+Before+Florida+Primary&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F03%2F10%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fted-cruz-cuban-florida-primary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColler2019" class="citation web cs1">Coller, Kiah (2019-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texastribune.org/2019/01/08/harris-county-first-latina-county-judge-lina-hidalgo/">"Harris County's first Latina county judge takes the helm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Tribune">Texas Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-18</span></span>. <q>[...]was born in Colombia[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Texas+Tribune&rft.atitle=Harris+County%27s+first+Latina+county+judge+takes+the+helm&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Coller&rft.aufirst=Kiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texastribune.org%2F2019%2F01%2F08%2Fharris-county-first-latina-county-judge-lina-hidalgo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispanics+and+Latinos+in+Houston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Diego">San Diego</a>)</li> <li>Ohio (<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Cleveland">Cleveland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Miami" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Miami">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_communities_in_Metro_Atlanta" title="Hispanic and Latino communities in Metro Atlanta">Atlanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Maryland" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Maryland">Maryland</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Hispanics and Latinos in Baltimore">Baltimore</a>)</li> <li><a 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Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York_City" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Philadelphia" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>)</li> <li>Oregon (<a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Utah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&oldid=1225390229">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston&oldid=1225390229</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_culture_in_Houston" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American culture in 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