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For the rating of late Georgian and early Victorian buildings, see <a href="/wiki/Building_Act_1774" title="Building Act 1774">Building Act 1774</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic category for Royal Navy ships</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg/220px-John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg/330px-John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg/440px-John_Ward_of_Hull_-_H.M.S._Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="2118" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the British second-rate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Asia_(1824)" title="HMS Asia (1824)">HMS <i>Asia</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(painter)" title="John Ward (painter)">John Ward</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Rating_system_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Rating system of the Royal Navy">rating system of the Royal Navy</a> used to categorise sailing <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a>, a <b>second-rate</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> which by the start of the 18th century mounted 90 to 98 guns on three gun decks; earlier 17th-century second rates had fewer guns and were originally two-deckers or had only partially armed third gun decks. A "second rate" was the second largest class of warships in a hierarchical system of six "ratings" based on size and firepower. </p><p>They were essentially smaller and hence cheaper versions of the three-decker <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first rates</a>. Like the first rates, they fought in the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a>, but unlike the first rates, which were considered too valuable to risk in distant stations, the second rates often served also in major overseas stations as flagships. They had a reputation for poor handling and slow sailing. They were popular as flagships of admirals commanding the Windward and/or Leeward Islands station, which was usually a <a href="/wiki/Rear-admiral_of_the_red" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear-admiral of the red">Rear-admiral of the red</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rating">Rating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-rate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically measuring around 2000 <a href="/wiki/Tons_burthen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tons burthen">tons burthen</a> and carrying a crew of 750, the second-rates by the second half of the 18th century carried 32-pounder guns on the <a href="/wiki/Gun_deck" title="Gun deck">gun deck</a>, with 18-pounders instead of 24-pounders on the middle deck, and 12-pounders on the upper deck (rather than 18- or 24-pounders on first rates), although there were exceptions to this. Both first and second rates carried lighter guns (and, after 1780, <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronades</a>) on their <a href="/wiki/Forecastle" title="Forecastle">forecastles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarterdeck" title="Quarterdeck">quarterdecks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-decker_v_two-decker">Three-decker v two-decker</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-rate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Three-decker v two-decker"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three-decker second-rate was mainly a British type, and was not built by other European navies to any great degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Gard14_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gard14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As speed is mainly determined by length along the waterline, the three-deck second-rate was a slow sailer compared to both its two-deck equivalent and the first-rate ships.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being the same height as a first-rate but shorter meant they handled poorly and had a tendency to sail to leeward; <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_(1788)" title="HMS Prince (1788)">HMS <i>Prince</i></a> was described by one of her lieutenants as sailing <i>"like a haystack"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their poor sailing abilities prompted <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a>, to order <i>Prince</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1801)" title="HMS Dreadnought (1801)">HMS <i>Dreadnought</i></a> to approach the enemy at a lesser angle than the remainder of the column, in the hope that having more sail area exposed to the wind would enable these two ships to keep up. A near disastrous example of the three-decker's maladroitness occurred on 25 December 1796 when, on sighting the enemy, the Channel Fleet attempted a hurried departure from <a href="/wiki/Spithead" title="Spithead">Spithead</a>: Four second-rates collided with one another while another ran aground.<sup id="cite_ref-Gard15_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gard15-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from its unhandiness, in terms of sheer firepower it was matched or even out-gunned by many of the large 80-gun and <a href="/wiki/Seventy-four_(ship)" title="Seventy-four (ship)">74-gun</a> two-deckers used by the French and Spanish navies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gard14_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gard14-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The additional height did, however, give the second rate an advantage in close combat with the further advantage of it being able to withstand punishment like a larger ship, but being much cheaper to build and maintain. It was sometimes mistaken by the enemy for a first-rate, which could possibly make enemy commanders reluctant to press an attack. </p><p>After the Napoleonic wars, new second rates in the Royal Navy mounted their guns (typically 90 or 91) on two decks once more, leaving the first rates as the only ships with three complete gun decks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Term">Term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-rate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/second-rate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:second-rate">second-rate</a>" has since passed into general usage as an adjective used to mean of suboptimal quality, inferior to something that is "<a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rate</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-rate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bennett, G. <i>The Battle of Trafalgar</i>, Barnsley (2004). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-107-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-107-7">1-84415-107-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner2004" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert (2004). <i>Warships of the Napoleonic Era: Design, Development and Deployment</i>. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-108-3"><bdi>978-1-84832-108-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+Napoleonic+Era%3A+Design%2C+Development+and+Deployment&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84832-108-3&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond-rate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rodger, N. A. M. <i>The Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815</i>, London (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9411-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9411-8">0-7139-9411-8</a>.</li> <li>Winfield, Rif. <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1603–1714</i>, Barnsley (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-040-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-040-6">978-1-84832-040-6</a></li> <li>Winfield, Rif. <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1714–1792</i>, Barnsley (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-700-6">978-1-84415-700-6</a></li> <li>Winfield, Rif. <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1793–1817</i> (2nd edition), Barnsley (2008). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-717-4">978-1-84415-717-4</a></li> <li>Winfield, Rif. <i>British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1817–1863</i>, Barnsley (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-169-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-169-4">978-1-84832-169-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second-rate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gard14-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gard14_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gard14_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardiner pp. 14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gard15-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gard15_4-0">^</a></b></span> 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href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early Modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Rating_system_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="Rating system of the Royal Navy">rating system of the Royal Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">Ships of the line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">First-rate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man-of-war" title="Man-of-war">Man-of-war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Second-rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-rate" title="Third-rate">Third-rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-rate" title="Fourth-rate">Fourth-rate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a 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