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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-醫學觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫學觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 醫學觀點 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫學觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藥物成癮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藥物成癮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 藥物成癮 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藥物成癮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 流行病學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腳註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 腳註 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">成瘾</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。98种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslawing" title="Verslawing – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verslawing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit_(Medizin)" title="Abhängigkeit (Medizin) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Abhängigkeit (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adicci%C3%B3n" title="Adicción – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Adicción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إدمان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بلية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بلية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ادمان – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আসক্তি – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আসক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adicci%C3%B3n" title="Adicción – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Adicción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiksiya" title="Addiksiya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Addiksiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اعتیاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اعتیاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Зарарлы бәйлелек (аддикция) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Зарарлы бәйлелек (аддикция)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prigolm%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Prigolmībė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prigolmībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiksyon" title="Adiksyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Adiksyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Аддыкцыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аддыкцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Залежнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Залежнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyadikan" title="Kenyadikan – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kenyadikan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Пристрастяване – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пристрастяване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আসক্তি – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আসক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujedigezh" title="Sujedigezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sujedigezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovisnost" title="Ovisnost – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ovisnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addicci%C3%B3" title="Addicció – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Addicció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аддикци – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аддикци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئاڵوودەبوون – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڵوودەبوون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1vislost_(psychologie)" title="Závislost (psychologie) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Závislost (psychologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibyniaeth" title="Dibyniaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dibyniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afh%C3%A6ngighed" title="Afhængighed – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Afhængighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abh%C3%A4ngigkeit_(Medizin)" title="Abhängigkeit (Medizin) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abhängigkeit (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Εθισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Addiction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependeco_(medicino)" title="Dependeco (medicino) – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dependeco (medicino)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adicci%C3%B3n" title="Adicción – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adicción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5ltuvush%C3%A4ire" title="Sõltuvushäire – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõltuvushäire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikzio" title="Adikzio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adikzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اعتیاد – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتیاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riippuvuus" title="Riippuvuus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riippuvuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Addiction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiksyon" title="Adiksyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Adiksyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adicci%C3%B3n" title="Adicción – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adicción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Addiction" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="התמכרות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התמכרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="व्यसन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्यसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharaab_aadat" title="Kharaab aadat – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kharaab aadat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovisnost" title="Ovisnost – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ovisnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addikci%C3%B3" title="Addikció – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Addikció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ադդիկցիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադդիկցիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecanduan" title="Kecanduan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kecanduan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakairuam" title="Pannakairuam – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakairuam" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADkn" title="Fíkn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fíkn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipendenza" title="Dipendenza – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dipendenza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E7%99%96" title="嗜癖 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嗜癖" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adikshan" title="Adikshan – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Adikshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аддикция – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аддикция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%9F" title="ಚಟ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%90%EB%8B%89" title="탐닉 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탐닉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependentia_(medicina)" title="Dependentia (medicina) – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dependentia (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslaving" title="Verslaving – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verslaving" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependenza" title="Dependenza – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dependenza" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priklausomyb%C4%97" title="Priklausomybė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Priklausomybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kait%C4%ABgs_ieradums" title="Kaitīgs ieradums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaitīgs ieradums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="അഡിക്‌ഷൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഡിക്‌ഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketagihan" title="Ketagihan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketagihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စွဲလမ်းခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စွဲလမ်းခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="اعتیاد – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اعتیاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucht" title="Sucht – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sucht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="गुलु ल्वय् – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुलु ल्वय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verslaving" title="Verslaving – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verslaving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avhengnad" title="Avhengnad – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Avhengnad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avhengighet" title="Avhengighet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avhengighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiccion" title="Addiccion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Addiccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4" title="ਲਤ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzale%C5%BCnienie" title="Uzależnienie – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uzależnienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%92_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%AA" title="نشے دی لت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نشے دی لت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adic%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Adicção – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adicção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependen%C8%9B%C4%83_de_substan%C8%9Be_psihotrope" title="Dependență de substanțe psihotrope – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dependență de substanțe psihotrope" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аддикция – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аддикция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аддикция – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аддикция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovisnost" title="Ovisnost – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ovisnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Addiction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1vislos%C5%A5_(medic%C3%ADna)" title="Závislosť (medicína) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Závislosť (medicína)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasvojenost" title="Zasvojenost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zasvojenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C3%ABsia" title="Varësia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Varësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Зависност – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зависност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beroende" title="Beroende – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beroende" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraibu" title="Uraibu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uraibu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பழக்க அடிமைத்தனம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழக்க அடிமைத்தனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వ్యసనములు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వ్యసనములు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การติด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การติด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiksiyon" title="Adiksiyon – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adiksiyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ml%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Bağımlılık – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımlılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аддикция – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аддикция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Залежність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залежність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خوگری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خوگری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi%E1%BB%87n" title="Nghiện – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghiện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkagumon" title="Pagkagumon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagkagumon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%B5" title="念 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="念" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="אדיקציע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אדיקציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A0n-phiah" title="Giàn-phiah – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Giàn-phiah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%AE" title="癮 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="癮" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>「上瘾」重定向至此。关于2016年中国大陆同志题材网络剧集，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%99%AE_(%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E5%8A%87)" title="上癮 (網路劇)">上癮 (網路劇)</a>」。</div> <link 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.ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目需要精通或熟悉<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學">醫學</a>的编者参与及协助编辑。 請<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%B0%88%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%80%E8%AB%8B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84" title="Wikipedia:專家邀請工作小組">邀請</a>適合的人士<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit">改善本条目</a>。更多的細節與詳情請參见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="Talk:成瘾">討論頁</a>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="float:right"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">成瘾 Addiction</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg/300px-Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg/450px-Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg/600px-Brain_metabolism_and_drug_addiction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="377" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brain_positron_emission_tomography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brain positron emission tomography（页面不存在）">Brain positron emission tomography</a> images that compare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_brain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human brain（页面不存在）">brain metabolism</a> in a healthy individual and a cocaine addict</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="行為">行為</a>、<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2057971" class="extiw" title="d:Q2057971">健康問題</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%A0%E6%83%AF" title="习惯">习惯</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮精神病學（页面不存在）">成癮精神病學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a>） <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮醫學（页面不存在）">成癮醫學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a>）</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12029" class="extiw" title="d:Q12029">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="width:402px; ; border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; background:#FFCC66; -moz-box-shadow: inset 3px 3px 0 #fafafa, inset -3px -3px 0 #fafafa; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 3px 3px 0 #fafafa, inset -3px -3px 0 #fafafa; box-shadow: inset 3px 3px 0 #fafafa, inset -3px -3px 0 #fafafa;; padding:5px;">「成癮及生理、心理依賴」的相關術語詞彙表<a href="#cite_note-Addiction_glossary-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brain_disease-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0;;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">成瘾</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="中枢神经系统疾病">腦部失調</a>的情形，特徵是會強迫性的接觸犒赏<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="刺激 (心理學)">刺激</a>，不去考慮其帶來的負面結果。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" title="成瘾行为">成瘾行为</a>：具有犒赏性及正向增強效應的行為</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">成瘾药物</a>：具有犒赏性及正向增強效應的藥物</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">依赖性</a>：之前曾頻繁接觸刺激源（例如藥物攝取），中斷接觸後出現戒斷症狀的情形</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%95%8F%E5%8C%96" title="药物敏化">药物敏化</a>或逆耐药性：在固定藥物劑量的情形下重複給藥，而相同劑量的藥物效果增強的情形</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%88%92%E6%96%B7" title="藥物戒斷">藥物戒斷</a>：在重複藥物使用後停藥，出現的症狀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96" title="身体依赖">生理依赖</a>：出現持續生理戒斷症狀（例如疲勞及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E9%A1%AB%E6%80%A7%E8%AD%AB%E5%A6%84" title="震顫性譫妄">震顫性譫妄</a>）的依赖性</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96" title="心理依赖">心理依赖</a>：出現情緒或是精神戒斷症狀（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A9%E8%BA%81" title="煩躁">煩躁</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%B9%90" title="失乐">失乐</a>）的依赖性</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7" title="增強">增强刺激</a>：特定類型的刺激，接觸後會增加再接觸此刺激的可能性</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B5%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="犒赏系统">犒赏刺激</a>：特定類型的刺激，大腦會認為此刺激是正向的，會想再進行的</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%8F%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="敏化作用">敏化作用</a>：重複接受某一刺激後產生的刺激增強性反應</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="物質使用障礙">物質使用疾患</a> ：使用特定物質，而且造成臨床上或是功能上的損傷或是困境的情形</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E8%80%90%E5%8F%97%E6%80%A7" title="藥物耐受性">藥物耐受性</a>：重複接受某一藥物後產生的藥物降低性反應</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:right; padding-top:0; padding-right:5px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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"}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Addiction_glossary" title="Template:Addiction glossary"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Addiction_glossary" title="Template talk:Addiction glossary"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Addiction_glossary" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Addiction glossary"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> 成瘾（英語：addiction）是指一種重複性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E8%BF%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="強迫行為">強迫行為</a>，即使這些行為已知可能造成不良後果的情形下，仍然被持續重複<a href="#cite_note-pmid18790142-5">[5]</a>。這種行為可能因中樞神經系統功能失調造成，重複這些行為也可以反過來造成神經功能受損<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>。 瘾可用于描述生理依賴或者过度的心理依赖，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%BF%AB%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥物濫用">药物滥用</a>（即俗称的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%AB%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="濫藥">滥药</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒</a>瘾）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒">酒瘾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="香烟">烟</a>瘾、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="性成瘾">性成癮</a>。或是持續出現特定行為（赌、暴食），<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="網絡成癮症">網路成癮症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="問題賭博">赌瘾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="官">官</a>瘾、财迷、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%8B%82" title="工作狂">工作狂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A3%9F%E7%97%87" class="mw-disambig" title="暴食症">暴食症</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%9F%E8%B9%A4%E7%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="跟蹤狂">跟蹤狂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E7%AA%83%E7%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="偷窃狂">偷窃狂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%BD%A2" title="整形">整形</a>迷恋、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AD%E7%89%A9%E7%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="购物狂">购物狂</a>甚至<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%99%96" class="mw-redirect" title="恋物癖">恋物癖</a>等，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="生理">生理</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="心理">心理</a>上，甚至是同時具备的一种依赖症。 瘾有分為物質成癮及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為成癮（页面不存在）">行為成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a>），行為成癮是和物质无关的强迫症，如赌瘾和网瘾。在这几种通常的用法中，瘾是描述一种某人高频率反复从事可能对其身心健康和社交生活有害的活动的一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E7%97%87" title="强迫症">强迫行为</a>。而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7%E8%88%87%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A" title="精神疾病診斷與統計手冊">精神疾病診斷與統計手冊</a>的第五版<a href="/wiki/DSM-5" title="DSM-5">DSM-5</a>中有將<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="問題賭博">赌瘾</a>（gambling disorder）列入<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。有時成瘾（addiction）會和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a>（substance dependence）混淆<a href="#cite_note-Addiction-dependence_distinction-8">[8]</a>。兩者主要的不同是：物質依賴者在中斷物質使用後，會出現<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%88%92%E6%96%B7" title="藥物戒斷">戒斷</a>症狀，甚至造成更多的使用該物質，而成瘾是強制性的攝取某種物質或從事特定行為，不一定有戒斷症狀。 物質成瘾會對個人和社會帶來顯著的影響，包括成癮物質帶來的直接影響、伴隨的醫療費用、長期的併發症（例如吸煙可能造成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌">肺癌</a>、酒癮可能會有的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肝硬化">肝硬化</a>、靜脈注射甲基苯丙胺會出現的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E6%AF%92%E5%98%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰毒嘴（页面不存在）">冰毒嘴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/meth_mouth" class="extiw" title="en:meth mouth">meth mouth</a>）症狀）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7" title="神经可塑性">神经可塑性</a>（因為經驗原因引起大腦結構的改變）帶來的影響、以及後續生產力的下降<a href="#cite_note-Societal_toll-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epidem-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABAM-11">[11]</a>。成瘾的典型現象包括對於物質或是行為的無法控制及過度關注，雖然有不良結果，卻仍然繼續攝取成瘾物質或從事特定行為的情形<a href="#cite_note-pmid1501306-12">[12]</a>。伴隨著成癮的習慣或是行為模式通常是立即性的滿足（短期回報）及延遲出現的不良影響（長期不良結果）<a href="#cite_note-pmid3278676-13">[13]</a>。 有时在口语上，瘾也用于指某些人的一些癖好，例如读书、收集（集邮）、看电视、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="游戏成瘾">玩游戏</a>、购物、工作、上网、运动及进食等。不過在本条目中，瘾主要是被用于<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%AB%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="濫藥">滥用药物</a>和物质滥用问题，也就是有生理依賴或者过度心理依赖的行為。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="醫學觀點">醫學觀點</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：醫學觀點">编辑</a>]</div> 医学上，成癮是腦中<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B5%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="犒赏系统">犒賞系統</a>在基因<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳</a>機制上出現的失調，成癮有許多心理上的原因，但依生理來說，是在長期暴露在高度的成癮刺激原（addictive stimulus，例如嗎啡、可卡因、性交、賭博等）後出現的情形<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-15">[15]</a>。重複暴露在成癮刺激原是主要導致成癮以及維持成癮現象的主要病理因素<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>。成癮刺激原有二個特性，一個是其<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7" title="增強">正向增強</a>（接觸後會增加再去進行類似行為的可能性），另一個是<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%92%E8%B5%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="犒赏系统">內在犒賞</a>（認為此物質或是行為有趣、會想要再去進行）<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reward_system_and_psychostimulants-17">[17]</a>。 转录因子<a href="/wiki/FosB" class="mw-redirect" title="FosB">ΔFosB</a>是各種成癮（行為成癮或物質成癮）發展中的關鍵成份及共同因素<a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nestler-19">[19]</a>。二十多年針對ΔFosB在成瘾當中的研究，結果指出成瘾的出現以及伴隨的强迫行为加剧或减弱，都和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E9%9A%94%E6%A0%B8" title="伏隔核">伏隔核</a>中D1型<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="中度多刺神經元">中度多刺神經元</a>中ΔFosB的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因過度表現</a>（genetic overexpression）有關<a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity-18">[18]</a>。因為ΔFosB基因表現與成瘾之間有因果關係，ΔFosB在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E5%89%8D%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床前研究（页面不存在）">臨床前研究</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/preclinical_research" class="extiw" title="en:preclinical research">preclinical research</a>）中常作為成瘾的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" title="生物標記 (醫學)">生物標記</a><a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity-18">[18]</a>。ΔFosB在這些神經元的表現一方面會直接調高藥物<a href="/w/index.php?title=Self-administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Self-administration（页面不存在）">Self-administration</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-administration" class="extiw" title="en:Self-administration">Self-administration</a>）及犒賞敏感度，也會透過正增強達到這些效果，另一方面也會降低對厭惡（aversion）的敏感度<a href="#cite_note-ΔFosB_behaviors-20">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">[14]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%81%B4%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80" title="腹側被蓋區">腹側被蓋區</a>被認為與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="神经生物学">神經生物學</a>理論中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="成癮">成癮</a>現象有關。<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="藥物成癮">藥物成癮</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：藥物成癮">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a></div> 診斷藥物成癮可診斷為生理成癮、成癮有增加或減退跡象、和沒有成癮。<a href="/wiki/DSM-IV" class="mw-redirect" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a>中介紹的包括： <ul><li>303.90 <a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="酒精">酒精</a>依賴</li> <li>304.00 <a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片">鴉片</a>依賴</li> <li>304.10 <a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%91" title="鎮靜劑">鎮靜劑</a>依賴、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E7%9C%A0%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="催眠药">催眠藥</a>依賴、或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E8%97%A5" title="抗焦慮藥">抗焦慮藥</a>依賴（包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE%E5%B9%B3%E9%A1%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="苯二氮平類藥物">苯二氮平類藥物</a>成瘾和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%A5" title="巴比妥">巴比妥</a>依賴）</li> <li>304.20 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a>依賴</li> <li>304.30 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a>依賴</li> <li>304.40 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="安非他命">安非他命</a>依賴（或似安非他命類）</li> <li>304.50 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%B9%BB%E5%89%82" title="致幻剂">致幻剂</a>依賴</li> <li>304.60 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%90%B8%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻吸劑（页面不存在）">鼻吸劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhalant" class="extiw" title="en:Inhalant">Inhalant</a>）依賴</li> <li>304.80 多種物質依賴</li> <li>304.90 <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E7%8E%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="苯环利定">苯環利定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine" class="extiw" title="en:Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a>）（或似苯環利定類）依賴</li> <li>304.90 其他（或未知）物質依賴</li> <li>305.10 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a>依賴</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病學">流行病學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：流行病學">编辑</a>]</div> 因為文化的不同，特定時間內出現藥物成癮或是行為成癮的比例（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a>）會隨時代及國家而不同，也會因為年齡層、社會經濟地位等<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a>資料而不同<a href="#cite_note-pmid23920159-23">[22]</a>。澳洲2009年的藥物濫用<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a>為5.1%<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>。依照美國2011年在青少年中<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a>的結果來看，其酒癮及非法藥物濫用的lifetime prevalence（個體從出生後，一直到接受抽樣之前，曾出現過的比例）分別是8%及2-3%<a href="#cite_note-Epidem-10">[10]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81" title="毒品">毒品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="吸烟">吸烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒">酗酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%B3%E6%A6%94" title="檳榔">檳榔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%8C%E5%8D%9A" title="赌博">赌博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="性成瘾">性成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE%E7%97%87" title="网络成瘾症">网络成瘾症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="精神鸦片">精神鸦片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BF%E5%90%8D%E6%88%92%E9%85%92%E6%9C%83" title="匿名戒酒會">匿名戒酒會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" title="理性成癮">理性成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E8%91%97_(%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="固著 (心理學)">固著</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="腳註">腳註</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：腳註">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ΔFosB_behaviors-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ΔFosB_behaviors_20-0">^</a> 降低對厭惡的敏感度，簡單來說，就是讓個人的行為比較不會被其不想要的負面結果而影，比較不因為有可能負面結果而不去做該行為 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料">參考資料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參考資料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Addiction_glossary-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Addiction_glossary_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Nestler, Eric J.; Malenka, Robert C. Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/273018757">Molecular neuropharmacology : a foundation for clinical neuroscience</a> 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: 364–375. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-164119-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-164119-7">ISBN 978-0-07-164119-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/273018757">OCLC 273018757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Chapter+15%3A+Reinforcement+and+Addictive+Disorders&rft.au=Malenka%2C+Robert+C.&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft.aulast=Nestler&rft.btitle=Molecular+neuropharmacology+%3A+a+foundation+for+clinical+neuroscience&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-164119-7&rft.pages=364-375&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F273018757&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F273018757&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cellular_basis-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-2">2.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-3">2.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-4">2.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-5">2.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cellular_basis_2-6">2.6</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nestler, Eric J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681/">Cellular basis of memory for addiction</a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 2013-12, 15 (4): 431–443. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1294-8322">ISSN 1294-8322</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681">PMC 3898681</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24459410">PMID 24459410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.2013.15.4%2Fenestler">doi:10.31887/DCNS.2013.15.4/enestler</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Cellular+basis+of+memory+for+addiction&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft.aulast=Nestler&rft.date=2013-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1294-8322&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.pages=431-443&rft.volume=15&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3898681&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3898681%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2013.15.4%2Fenestler&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24459410&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler_Labs_Glossary-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_Labs_Glossary_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_Labs_Glossary_3-1">3.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/nestler/glossary.html">Glossary</a>. Icahn School of Medicine. [2021-04-29].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Icahn+School+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneuroscience.mssm.edu%2Fnestler%2Fglossary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Brain_disease-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Brain_disease_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Volkow, Nora D.; Koob, George F.; McLellan, A. Thomas. Longo, Dan L. , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1511480">Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 2016-01-28, 374 (4): 363–371. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">ISSN 0028-4793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135257">PMC 6135257</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26816013">PMID 26816013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra1511480">doi:10.1056/NEJMra1511480</a> （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Neurobiologic+Advances+from+the+Brain+Disease+Model+of+Addiction&rft.au=Koob%2C+George+F.&rft.au=McLellan%2C+A.+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Nora+D.&rft.aulast=Volkow&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=363-371&rft.volume=374&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6135257&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1511480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra1511480&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26816013&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18790142-5"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18790142_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K. 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[2017-05-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809043005/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4753073/">存档</a>于2021-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.btitle=Clinical+and+Research+Implications+of+Gambling+Disorder+in+DSM-5&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4753073%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Addiction-dependence_distinction-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Addiction-dependence_distinction_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">American Psychiatric Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsm5.org/documents/substance%20use%20disorder%20fact%20sheet.pdf">Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders</a> (PDF). American Psychiatric Publishing: 1–2. 2013 [10 July 2015]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815050402/http://www.dsm5.org/Documents/Substance%20Use%20Disorder%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-08-15）. <q>Additionally, the diagnosis of dependence caused much confusion. Most people link dependence with "addiction" when in fact dependence can be a normal body response to a substance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.au=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.btitle=Substance-Related+and+Addictive+Disorders&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsm5.org%2Fdocuments%2Fsubstance%2520use%2520disorder%2520fact%2520sheet.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Societal_toll-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Societal_toll_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE. Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Neuropharmacology. Sydor A, Brown RY (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularneuroph00nest">Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience</a> 2nd. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/molecularneuroph00nest/page/n4">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780071481274" title="Special:网络书源/9780071481274">ISBN 9780071481274</a>. <q>Drug abuse and addiction exact an astoundingly high financial and human toll on society through direct adverse effects, such as lung cancer and hepatic cirrhosis, and indirect adverse effects—for example, accidents and AIDS—on health and productivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Basic+Principles+of+Neuropharmacology&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780071481274&rft.pages=4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmolecularneuroph00nest&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Epidem-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epidem_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epidem_10-1">10.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">KR Merikangas KR, McClair VL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408274">Epidemiology of Substance Use Disorders</a>. Hum. Genet. June 2012, 131 (6): 779–789. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4408274">PMC 4408274</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22543841">PMID 22543841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-012-1168-0">doi:10.1007/s00439-012-1168-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+Substance+Use+Disorders&rft.date=2012-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Hum.+Genet.&rft.pages=779-789&rft.volume=131&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4408274&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4408274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-012-1168-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22543841&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ABAM-11"><a href="#cite_ref-ABAM_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abam.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1.-News-Release-ADM.pdf">AMERICAN BOARD OF MEDICAL SPECIALTIES RECOGNIZES THE NEW SUBSPECIALTY OF ADDICTION MEDICINE</a> (PDF). American Board of Addiction Medicine. 14 March 2016 [3 April 2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321082744/http://www.abam.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/1.-News-Release-ADM.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=AMERICAN+BOARD+OF+MEDICAL+SPECIALTIES+RECOGNIZES+THE+NEW+SUBSPECIALTY+OF+ADDICTION+MEDICINE&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Board+of+Addiction+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abam.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F03%2F1.-News-Release-ADM.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1501306-12"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1501306_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Morse RM, Flavin DK. The definition of alcoholism. The Joint Committee of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism. JAMA. August 1992, 268 (8): 1012–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1501306">PMID 1501306</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1992.03490080086030">doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080086030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=The+definition+of+alcoholism.+The+Joint+Committee+of+the+National+Council+on+Alcoholism+and+Drug+Dependence+and+the+American+Society+of+Addiction+Medicine+to+Study+the+Definition+and+Criteria+for+the+Diagnosis+of+Alcoholism&rft.au=Flavin%2C+DK&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.date=1992-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.pages=1012-4&rft.volume=268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.1992.03490080086030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1501306&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3278676-13"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3278676_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Marlatt GA, Baer JS, Donovan DM, Kivlahan DR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-psychology_1988_39/page/223">Addictive behaviors: etiology and treatment</a>. Annu Rev Psychol. 1988, 39: 223–52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3278676">PMID 3278676</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ps.39.020188.001255">doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.001255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Addictive+behaviors%3A+etiology+and+treatment&rft.au=Baer%2C+JS&rft.au=Donovan%2C+DM&rft.au=Kivlahan%2C+DR&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.aulast=Marlatt&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Psychol&rft.pages=223-52&rft.volume=39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-psychology_1988_39%2Fpage%2F223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ps.39.020188.001255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3278676&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-What_the_ΔFosB?-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_14-2">14.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_14-3">14.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-What_the_ΔFosB?_14-4">14.4</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ruffle JK. Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse. November 2014, 40 (6): 428–437. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25083822">PMID 25083822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00952990.2014.933840">doi:10.3109/00952990.2014.933840</a>. <q> The strong correlation between chronic drug exposure and ΔFosB provides novel opportunities for targeted therapies in addiction (118), and suggests methods to analyze their efficacy (119). Over the past two decades, research has progressed from identifying ΔFosB induction to investigating its subsequent action (38). It is likely that ΔFosB research will now progress into a new era – the use of ΔFosB as a biomarker. ... Conclusions ΔFosB is an essential transcription factor implicated in the molecular and behavioral pathways of addiction following repeated drug exposure. The formation of ΔFosB in multiple brain regions, and the molecular pathway leading to the formation of AP-1 complexes is well understood. The establishment of a functional purpose for ΔFosB has allowed further determination as to some of the key aspects of its molecular cascades, involving effectors such as GluR2 (87,88), Cdk5 (93) and NFkB (100). Moreover, many of these molecular changes identified are now directly linked to the structural, physiological and behavioral changes observed following chronic drug exposure (60,95,97,102). New frontiers of research investigating the molecular roles of ΔFosB have been opened by epigenetic studies, and recent advances have illustrated the role of ΔFosB acting on DNA and histones, truly as a ‘‘molecular switch’’ (34). As a consequence of our improved understanding of ΔFosB in addiction, it is possible to evaluate the addictive potential of current medications (119), as well as use it as a biomarker for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions (121,122,124). Some of these proposed interventions have limitations (125) or are in their infancy (75). However, it is hoped that some of these preliminary findings may lead to innovative treatments, which are much needed in addiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Molecular+neurobiology+of+addiction%3A+what%27s+all+the+%28%CE%94%29FosB+about%3F&rft.au=Ruffle+JK&rft.date=2014-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Am.+J.+Drug+Alcohol+Abuse&rft.pages=428-437&rft.volume=40&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00952990.2014.933840&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25083822&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural_and_drug_addictions-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_and_drug_addictions_15-2">15.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Olsen CM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions</a>. Neuropharmacology. December 2011, 61 (7): 1109–1122. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704">PMC 3139704</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459101">PMID 21459101</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010">doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010</a>. <q>Functional neuroimaging studies in humans have shown that gambling (Breiter et al, 2001), shopping (Knutson et al, 2007), orgasm (Komisaruk et al, 2004), playing video games (Koepp et al, 1998; Hoeft et al, 2008) and the sight of appetizing food (Wang et al, 2004a) activate many of the same brain regions (i.e., the mesocorticolimbic system and extended amygdala) as drugs of abuse (Volkow et al, 2004). ... Cross-sensitization is also bidirectional, as a history of amphetamine administration facilitates sexual behavior and enhances the associated increase in NAc DA ... As described for food reward, sexual experience can also lead to activation of plasticity-related signaling cascades. The transcription factor delta FosB is increased in the NAc, PFC, dorsal striatum, and VTA following repeated sexual behavior (Wallace et al., 2008; Pitchers et al., 2010b). This natural increase in delta FosB or viral overexpression of delta FosB within the NAc modulates sexual performance, and NAc blockade of delta FosB attenuates this behavior (Hedges et al, 2009; Pitchers et al., 2010b). Further, viral overexpression of delta FosB enhances the conditioned place preference for an environment paired with sexual experience (Hedges et al., 2009). ... In some people, there is a transition from "normal" to compulsive engagement in natural rewards (such as food or sex), a condition that some have termed behavioral or non-drug addictions (Holden, 2001; Grant et al., 2006a). ... In humans, the role of dopamine signaling in incentive-sensitization processes has recently been highlighted by the observation of a dopamine dysregulation syndrome in some patients taking dopaminergic drugs. This syndrome is characterized by a medication-induced increase in (or compulsive) engagement in non-drug rewards such as gambling, shopping, or sex (Evans et al, 2006; Aiken, 2007; Lader, 2008)."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Natural+rewards%2C+neuroplasticity%2C+and+non-drug+addictions&rft.au=Olsen+CM&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.pages=1109-1122&rft.volume=61&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3139704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuropharm.2011.03.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21459101&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704/table/T1/">Table 1: Summary of plasticity observed following exposure to drug or natural reinforcers</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210809043020/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3139704/table/T1/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）" </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web">American Society for Addiction Medicine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction">Definition of Addiction</a>. 2012 [2013-06-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082421/https://www.asam.org/for-the-public/definition-of-addiction">存档</a>于2018-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.au=American+Society+for+Addiction+Medicine&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Addiction&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asam.org%2Ffor-the-public%2Fdefinition-of-addiction&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Reward_system_and_psychostimulants-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Reward_system_and_psychostimulants_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Taylor SB, Lewis CR, Olive MF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931688">The neurocircuitry of illicit psychostimulant addiction: acute and chronic effects in humans</a>. Subst. Abuse Rehabil. February 2013, 4: 29–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931688">PMC 3931688</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24648786">PMID 24648786</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FSAR.S39684">doi:10.2147/SAR.S39684</a>. <q>Initial drug use can be attributed to the ability of the drug to act as a reward (ie, a pleasurable emotional state or positive reinforcer), which can lead to repeated drug use and dependence.8,9 A great deal of research has focused on the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms of the initial rewarding or reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse. ... At present, no pharmacological therapy has been approved by the FDA to treat psychostimulant addiction. Many drugs have been tested, but none have shown conclusive efficacy with tolerable side effects in humans.172 ...A new emphasis on larger-scale biomarker, genetic, and epigenetic research focused on the molecular targets of mental disorders has been recently advocated.212 In addition, the integration of cognitive and behavioral modification of circuit-wide neuroplasticity (ie, computer-based training to enhance executive function) may prove to be an effective adjunct-treatment approach for addiction, particularly when combined with cognitive enhancers.198,213–216 Furthermore, in order to be effective, all pharmacological or biologically based treatments for addiction need to be integrated into other established forms of addiction rehabilitation, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, individual and group psychotherapy, behavior-modification strategies, twelve-step programs, and residential treatment facilities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=The+neurocircuitry+of+illicit+psychostimulant+addiction%3A+acute+and+chronic+effects+in+humans&rft.date=2013-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Subst.+Abuse+Rehabil.&rft.pages=29-43&rft.volume=4&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931688&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3931688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FSAR.S39684&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24648786&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity_18-1">18.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-G9a_reverses_ΔFosB_plasticity_18-2">18.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Biliński P, Wojtyła A, Kapka-Skrzypczak L, Chwedorowicz R, Cyranka M, Studziński T. Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med. 2012, 19 (3): 491–496. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23020045">PMID 23020045</a>. <q>For these reasons, ΔFosB is considered a primary and causative transcription factor in creating new neural connections in the reward centre, prefrontal cortex, and other regions of the limbic system. This is reflected in the increased, stable and long-lasting level of sensitivity to cocaine and other drugs, and tendency to relapse even after long periods of abstinence. These newly constructed networks function very efficiently via new pathways as soon as drugs of abuse are further taken ... In this way, the induction of CDK5 gene expression occurs together with suppression of the G9A gene coding for dimethyltransferase acting on the histone H3. A feedback mechanism can be observed in the regulation of these 2 crucial factors that determine the adaptive epigenetic response to cocaine. This depends on ΔFosB inhibiting G9a gene expression, i.e. H3K9me2 synthesis which in turn inhibits transcription factors for ΔFosB. For this reason, the observed hyper-expression of G9a, which ensures high levels of the dimethylated form of histone H3, eliminates the neuronal structural and plasticity effects caused by cocaine by means of this feedback which blocks ΔFosB transcription</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Epigenetic+regulation+in+drug+addiction&rft.au=Chwedorowicz%2C+R&rft.au=Cyranka%2C+M&rft.au=Kapka-Skrzypczak%2C+L&rft.au=Studzi%C5%84ski%2C+T&rft.au=Wojty%C5%82a%2C+A&rft.aufirst=P&rft.aulast=Bili%C5%84ski&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Agric.+Environ.+Med.&rft.pages=491-496&rft.volume=19&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23020045&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nestler-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Nestler_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Robison AJ, Nestler EJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction</a>. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. November 2011, 12 (11): 623–637. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3272277">PMC 3272277</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21989194">PMID 21989194</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn3111">doi:10.1038/nrn3111</a>. <q>ΔFosB has been linked directly to several addiction-related behaviors ... Importantly, genetic or viral overexpression of ΔJunD, a dominant negative mutant of JunD which antagonizes ΔFosB- and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22–24. This indicates that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for many of the changes wrought in the brain by chronic drug exposure. ΔFosB is also induced in D1-type NAc MSNs by chronic consumption of several natural rewards, including sucrose, high fat food, sex, wheel running, where it promotes that consumption14,26–30. This implicates ΔFosB in the regulation of natural rewards under normal conditions and perhaps during pathological addictive-like states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Transcriptional+and+epigenetic+mechanisms+of+addiction&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.aulast=Robison&rft.date=2011-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Rev.+Neurosci.&rft.pages=623-637&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3272277&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn3111&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21989194&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.books.com.tw/products/0010676369">2050科幻大成真：超能力、心智控制、人造記憶、遺忘藥丸、奈米機器人，即將改變我們的世界</a>. 博客來: 187. [2018-12-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125075502/https://www.books.com.tw/products/0010676369">存档</a>于2021-01-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=2050%E7%A7%91%E5%B9%BB%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%90%E7%9C%9F%EF%BC%9A%E8%B6%85%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B%E3%80%81%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E3%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E3%80%81%E9%81%BA%E5%BF%98%E8%97%A5%E4%B8%B8%E3%80%81%E5%A5%88%E7%B1%B3%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%B3%E5%B0%87%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2%E4%BE%86&rft.pages=187&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.books.com.tw%2Fproducts%2F0010676369&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.9900.com.tw/talk/BBSShowV2.aspx?jid=76767e53-95e1-1035-bd35-db200feb6c5c&stype=">國外的一些研究機構來告訴你，毒品是怎么樣毀掉你一生的</a>. 9900 新聞頻道 - 9900 台灣網站導航. [2018-12-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210809043030/https://www.9900.com.tw/talk/BBSShowV2.aspx?jid=76767e53-95e1-1035-bd35-db200feb6c5c&stype=">存档</a>于2021-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B%E4%BE%86%E5%91%8A%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%A0%EF%BC%8C%E6%AF%92%E5%93%81%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E6%A8%A3%E6%AF%80%E6%8E%89%E4%BD%A0%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=9900+%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93+-+9900+%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.9900.com.tw%2Ftalk%2FBBSShowV2.aspx%3Fjid%3D76767e53-95e1-1035-bd35-db200feb6c5c%26stype%3D&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23920159-23"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23920159_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Vassoler FM, Sadri-Vakili G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872494">Mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance of addictive-like behaviors</a>. Neuroscience. 2014, 264: 198–206. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3872494">PMC 3872494</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23920159">PMID 23920159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2013.07.064">doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.064</a>. <q>The environment also plays a large role in the development of addiction as evidenced by great societal variability in drug use patterns between countries and across time (UNODC, 2012). Therefore, both genetics and the environment contribute to an individual's vulnerability to become addicted following an initial exposure to drugs of abuse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+transgenerational+inheritance+of+addictive-like+behaviors&rft.au=Sadri-Vakili%2C+G&rft.aufirst=FM&rft.aulast=Vassoler&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.pages=198-206&rft.volume=264&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3872494&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3872494&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2013.07.064&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23920159&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Slade, T.; Johnston, A.; Teesson, M.; Whiteford, H.; Burgess, P.; Pirkis, J.; Saw, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/A24556C814804A99CA257BF0001CAC45/$File/mha26.pdf">The Mental Health of Australians 2: Substance Use Disorders in Australia</a> (PDF). Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra. May 2009 [2017-05-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818022733/https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/A24556C814804A99CA257BF0001CAC45/$File/mha26.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2020-08-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE&rft.au=Burgess%2C+P.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+A.&rft.au=Pirkis%2C+J.&rft.au=Saw%2C+S&rft.au=Teesson%2C+M.&rft.au=Whiteford%2C+H.&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Slade&rft.btitle=The+Mental+Health+of+Australians+2%3A+Substance+Use+Disorders+in+Australia&rft.date=2009-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Department+of+Health+and+Ageing%2C+Canberra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.au%2Finternet%2Fmain%2Fpublishing.nsf%2FContent%2FA24556C814804A99CA257BF0001CAC45%2F%24File%2Fmha26.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a 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style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E5%BC%B7" title="增強">增強</a>症候群：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">成瘾</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">成瘾</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">藥物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87_(%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9)" title="乙醇 (藥物)">乙醇 (食用酒精)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="苯丙胺">苯丙胺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E9%B9%BC%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古柯鹼成癮（页面不存在）">古柯鹼成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Cocaine addiction">Cocaine addiction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E8%83%BA" title="甲基苯丙胺">甲基苯丙胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%8C%E7%94%B2%E9%85%AF" title="哌甲酯">哌甲酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿片類">阿片类</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為成癮（页面不存在）">行為成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral addiction">Behavioral addiction</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>財務 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%8C%E5%8D%9A%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="赌博障碍">賭博成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%97%87" title="衝動購物症">购物狂</a></li></ul></li> <li>多媒體 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電腦成癮（页面不存在）">電腦成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE%E7%97%87" title="网络成瘾症">网络成瘾症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" title="遊戲成癮">遊戲成癮</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E9%A3%9F%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美食成癮（页面不存在）">美食成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Food addiction">Food addiction</a>）</li> <li>性愛相關 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9B%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="網路性愛成癮（页面不存在）">網路性愛成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_sex_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Internet sex addiction">Internet sex addiction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE" title="性成瘾">性成瘾</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E7%89%87%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色情片成癮（页面不存在）">色情片成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_addiction" class="extiw" title="en:Pornography addiction">Pornography addiction</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">細胞的機制(機轉) （粗體表示為關鍵致癮因子）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">转录因子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOSB" title="FOSB">ΔFosB</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Fos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Fos（页面不存在）">c-Fos</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/c-Fos" class="extiw" title="en:c-Fos">c-Fos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cdk5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cdk5（页面不存在）">Cdk5</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cdk5" class="extiw" title="en:Cdk5">Cdk5</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CREB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CREB（页面不存在）">CREB</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CREB" class="extiw" title="en:CREB">CREB</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dynorphin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dynorphin（页面不存在）">dynorphin</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dynorphin" class="extiw" title="en:dynorphin">dynorphin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GluR2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GluR2（页面不存在）">GluR2</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GluR2" class="extiw" title="en:GluR2">GluR2</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histone-modifying_enzymes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Histone-modifying enzymes（页面不存在）">Epigenetic</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone-modifying_enzymes" class="extiw" title="en:Histone-modifying enzymes">Histone-modifying enzymes</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G9a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G9a（页面不存在）">G9a</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G9a" class="extiw" title="en:G9a">G9a</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G9a-like_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G9a-like protein（页面不存在）">G9a-like protein</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G9a-like_protein" class="extiw" title="en:G9a-like protein">G9a-like protein</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC1（页面不存在）">HDAC1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC1" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC1">HDAC1</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC2（页面不存在）">HDAC2</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC2" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC2">HDAC2</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC3（页面不存在）">HDAC3</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC3" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC3">HDAC3</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC4（页面不存在）">HDAC4</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC4" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC4">HDAC4</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC5（页面不存在）">HDAC5</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC5" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC5">HDAC5</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC9（页面不存在）">HDAC9</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC9" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC9">HDAC9</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HDAC10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HDAC10（页面不存在）">HDAC10</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC10" class="extiw" title="en:HDAC10">HDAC10</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIRT1" title="SIRT1">SIRT1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SIRT2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIRT2（页面不存在）">SIRT2</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIRT2" class="extiw" title="en:SIRT2">SIRT2</a>）</li> <li>...</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="物質依賴">物質依賴</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96" title="身体依赖">身体依赖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96" title="心理依赖">精神依赖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%88%92%E6%96%B7" title="藥物戒斷">藥物戒斷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;text-align:center;">症候群</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%97%E9%85%92" title="酗酒">酒精成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E9%9D%9E%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安非他命成癮（页面不存在）">安非他命成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_dependence" class="extiw" title="en:Amphetamine dependence">Amphetamine dependence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%A6%A5%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴比妥类药物依赖（页面不存在）">巴比妥类药物依赖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbiturate_dependence" class="extiw" title="en:Barbiturate dependence">Barbiturate dependence</a>）（巴必妥酸鹽，一種鎮靜劑、安眠藥，俗稱紅中）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%AE%E4%93%AC%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E6%80%A7" title="苯二氮䓬类药物依赖性">苯二氮䓬类药物依赖性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%9B%A0%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="咖啡因成癮（页面不存在）">咖啡因成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" class="extiw" title="en:Caffeine dependence">Caffeine dependence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%B4%A0%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大麻素成癮（页面不存在）">大麻素成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis_dependence" class="extiw" title="en:Cannabis dependence">Cannabis dependence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF%E9%B9%BC%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古柯鹼成癮（页面不存在）">古柯鹼成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_dependence" class="extiw" title="en:Cocaine dependence">Cocaine dependence</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81%E4%BE%9D%E8%B3%B4" title="尼古丁依賴">尼古丁成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%89%87%E7%B1%BB%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="阿片类药物使用障碍">阿片类药物使用障碍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">參見</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%97%87" title="Category:成癮症">成癮症类目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="认知行为疗法">认知行为疗法</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺失調症候群（页面不存在）">多巴胺失調症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%87%E5%82%B7%E5%AE%B3%E9%99%8D%E5%88%B0%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="將傷害降到最低（页面不存在）">將傷害降到最低</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%90%91%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正向激勵（页面不存在）">正向激勵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_salience" class="extiw" title="en:Incentive salience">Incentive salience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="抑制控制">衝動控制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>支持團體： <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%A9%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成癮康復團體（页面不存在）">成癮康復團體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiction_recovery_groups" class="extiw" title="en:Addiction recovery groups">Addiction recovery groups</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%AD%A5%E9%AA%A4%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%84%E5%90%8D%E5%8D%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十二步骤小组名单（页面不存在）">十二步骤小组名单</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twelve-step_groups" class="extiw" title="en:List of twelve-step groups">List of twelve-step groups</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoFap" title="NoFap">NoFap</a></li></ul></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="神经科学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:神经科学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:神经科学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:神经科学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="神经科学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學概要（页面不存在）">神經科學概要</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of neuroscience">Outline of neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學歷史（页面不存在）">神經科學歷史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:History of neuroscience">History of neuroscience</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="基础科学">基础科学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行為的遺傳訊息學（页面不存在）">行為的遺傳訊息學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="行为遗传学">行为遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞神經科學（页面不存在）">細胞神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="計算神經科學">計算神經科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E6%8E%A5%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="连接组学">连接组学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="影像遺傳學（页面不存在）">影像遺傳學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaging_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整合性神經科學（页面不存在）">整合性神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子神經科學（页面不存在）">分子神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="神经工程">神经工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經解剖學">神經解剖（構造）學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經化學">神經化學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經內分泌學（页面不存在）">神經內分泌學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經基因學（页面不存在）">神經基因學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="神经信息学">神经信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經測量學（页面不存在）">神經測量學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurometrics" class="extiw" title="en:Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與生物形態學（页面不存在）">神經科學與生物形態學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經物理（页面不存在）">神經物理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysics" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经生理学">神经生理学</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床神經科學（页面不存在）">臨床神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical neuroscience">Clinical neuroscience</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8" title="行為神經學">行為神經學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨床神經生理學（页面不存在）">臨床神經生理學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" class="extiw" title="en:Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經心臟學（页面不存在）">神經心臟學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocardiology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經流行病學（页面不存在）">神經流行病學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%88%87%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經與消化系統學（页面不存在）">神經與消化系統學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogastroenterology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurogastroenterology">Neurogastroenterology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經免疫學（页面不存在）">神經免疫學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmunology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%87%8D%E7%97%87%E5%AD%B8" title="神經重症學">神經重症學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經腫瘤學（页面不存在）">神經腫瘤學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurooncology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurooncology">Neurooncology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经眼科学">神经眼科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經病理學（页面不存在）">神經病理學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropathology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%97%A5%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經藥學（页面不存在）">神經藥學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropharmacology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%81%87%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="神经假体">神经假体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%88%87%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經與精神病學（页面不存在）">神經與精神病學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經放射學（页面不存在）">神經放射學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroradiology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%BE%A9%E5%81%A5%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經復健學（页面不存在）">神經復健學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" class="extiw" title="en:Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="神經外科">神經外科</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%80%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經耳科學（页面不存在）">神經耳科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurotology">Neurotology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經病毒學（页面不存在）">神經病毒學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurovirology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E8%88%87%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="營養與神經科學（页面不存在）">營養與神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="精神病学">精神病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="認知神經科學">認知神經科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情感神經科學（页面不存在）">情感神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物心理学">生物心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子細胞的認知（页面不存在）">分子細胞的認知</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" class="extiw" title="en:Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%9A%84/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌肉運動的/運動神經的控制（页面不存在）">肌肉運動的/運動神經的控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_control" class="extiw" title="en:Motor control">Motor control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="神经语言学">神经语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经心理学">神经心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知神經科學（页面不存在）">感知神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会神经科学">社会神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="系统神经科学">系統神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消費性神經科學（页面不存在）">消費性神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化的神經科學（页面不存在）">文化的神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教育的神經科學（页面不存在）">教育的神經科學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="演化神经科学">演化神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經人類學（页面不存在）">神經人類學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroanthropology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經生物工程（页面不存在）">神經生物工程</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobioengineering" class="extiw" title="en:Neurobioengineering">Neurobioengineering</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%88%87%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經與生態學（页面不存在）">神經與生態學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiotics" class="extiw" title="en:Neurobiotics">Neurobiotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與犯罪學（页面不存在）">神經科學與犯罪學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurocriminology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="神經經濟學">神經經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與哲學的認識理論（页面不存在）">神經科學與哲學的認識理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroepistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuroesthetics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuroesthetics（页面不存在）">Neuroesthetics</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroesthetics" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與倫理道德（页面不存在）">神經科學與倫理道德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroethics" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="神经行为学">神经行为学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與歷史學（页面不存在）">神經科學與歷史學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurohistory" class="extiw" title="en:Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與法律（页面不存在）">神經科學與法律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolaw" class="extiw" title="en:Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E8%A1%8C%E9%8A%B7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與行銷學（页面不存在）">神經科學與行銷學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromarketing" class="extiw" title="en:Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="神經科學與現象學">神經科學與現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與哲學（页面不存在）">神經科學與哲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與政治學（页面不存在）">神經科學與政治學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropolitics" class="extiw" title="en:Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與機器人（页面不存在）">神經科學與機器人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurorobotics" class="extiw" title="en:Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與社會學（页面不存在）">神經科學與社會學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosociology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurosociology">Neurosociology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與宗教學（页面不存在）">神經科學與宗教學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology" class="extiw" title="en:Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學與古生物學（页面不存在）">神經科學與古生物學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoneurology" class="extiw" title="en:Paleoneurology">Paleoneurology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="心理神经免疫学">心理神经免疫学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E6%9C%BA%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%A3" title="脑机接口">腦機介面</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經發育（页面不存在）">神經發育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development" class="extiw" title="en:Neural development">Neural development</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="人工神经网络">人工神经网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="生物神经网络">生物神经网络</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="信号检测理论">信号检测理论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E4%B9%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E7%9B%A3%E6%B8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多執行之神經生理監測（页面不存在）">多執行之神經生理監測</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" class="extiw" title="en:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%99%B6%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經晶片（页面不存在）">神經晶片</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurochip" class="extiw" title="en:Neurochip">Neurochip</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="神经系统变性疾病">神經退化障礙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="神经发育障碍">神經發育障礙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="神经多样性">神經多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F" title="神经发生">神经发生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="神经成像">神经成像</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經免疫系統（页面不存在）">神經免疫系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經管理（页面不存在）">神經管理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromanagement" class="extiw" title="en:Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%AA%BF%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="神經調節">神經調節</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%8F%AF%E5%A1%91%E6%80%A7" title="神经可塑性">神经可塑性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="神經科技">神經科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="神經毒素">神經毒素</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="维基百科图书" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相關書籍（页面不存在）">相關書籍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="en:Book:Neuroscience">Book:Neuroscience</a>）</li> <li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:神經科學">神經科學的條目分類</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neuroscience">共享資源</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:神經科學">神經科學主題</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:神經科學">專題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=成瘾&oldid=83939358">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=成瘾&oldid=83939358</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:需要医学专家关注的页面">需要医学专家关注的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE%E7%97%87" 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