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aria-controls="toc-Methods_for_finding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods for finding subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_for_finding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-VoidFinder_algorithm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VoidFinder_algorithm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>VoidFinder algorithm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-VoidFinder_algorithm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zone_bordering_on_voidness_(ZOBOV)_algorithm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zone_bordering_on_voidness_(ZOBOV)_algorithm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Zone bordering on voidness (ZOBOV) algorithm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zone_bordering_on_voidness_(ZOBOV)_algorithm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynamical_void_analysis_(DIVA)_algorithm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynamical_void_analysis_(DIVA)_algorithm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dynamical void analysis (DIVA) algorithm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynamical_void_analysis_(DIVA)_algorithm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dark_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dark energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dark_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutrinos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutrinos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neutrinos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutrinos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galactic_formation_and_evolution_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galactic_formation_and_evolution_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Galactic formation and evolution models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galactic_formation_and_evolution_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anomalies_in_anisotropies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anomalies_in_anisotropies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Anomalies in anisotropies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anomalies_in_anisotropies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravitational_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravitational_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Gravitational theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravitational_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Void (astronomy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superholte" title="Superholte – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Superholte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83)" title="فراغ (علم الفلك) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فراغ (علم الفلك)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Войд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Войд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Празнина (астрономия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Празнина (астрономия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praznina_(astronomija)" title="Praznina (astronomija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Praznina (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buit_(astronomia)" title="Buit (astronomia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buit (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1zdnota_(astronomie)" title="Prázdnota (astronomie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Prázdnota (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(Astronomie)" title="Void (Astronomie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Void (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BChimik" title="Tühimik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tühimik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vac%C3%ADo_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Vacío (astronomía) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vacío (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huts_(astronomia)" title="Huts (astronomia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Huts (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خلأ کیهانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلأ کیهانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vide_(astronomie)" title="Vide (astronomie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vide (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleiro_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Baleiro (astronomía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baleiro (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EA%B3%B5%EB%8F%99" title="거시공동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거시공동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="रिक्ति (खगोलशास्त्र) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिक्ति (खगोलशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praznina_(astronomija)" title="Praznina (astronomija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Praznina (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruang_hampa_(astronomi)" title="Ruang hampa (astronomi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ruang hampa (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoto_(astronomia)" title="Vuoto (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vuoto (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ვოიდი (ასტრონომია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვოიდი (ასტრონომია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(Astronomie)" title="Void (Astronomie) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Void (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%83%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="ശൂന്യത (ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശൂന്യത (ജ്യോതിഃശാസ്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superholte" title="Superholte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Superholte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E" title="超空洞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超空洞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustka_(astronomia)" title="Pustka (astronomia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pustka (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vazio_(astronomia)" title="Vazio (astronomia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vazio (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Космические пустоты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космические пустоты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)" title="Void (astronomy) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Void (astronomy)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A1zdnota_(astron%C3%B3mia)" title="Prázdnota (astronómia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prázdnota (astronómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="بۆشایی (فەلەکناسی) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بۆشایی (فەلەکناسی)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praznina" title="Praznina – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Praznina" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praznina_(astronomija)" title="Praznina (astronomija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Praznina (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyhji%C3%B6_(t%C3%A4htitiede)" title="Tyhjiö (tähtitiede) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tyhjiö (tähtitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomrum_(astronomi)" title="Tomrum (astronomi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tomrum (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Галәми бушлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галәми бушлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%9Fluk_(astronomi)" title="Boşluk (astronomi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boşluk (astronomi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about astronomical voids. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Void_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Void (disambiguation)">Void</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Super void" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Great_void_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Great void (disambiguation)">Great Void</a> or <a href="/wiki/Giant_Void" title="Giant Void">Giant Void</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For various cosmic voids, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">List of voids</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Structure of the Universe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg/350px-Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg/525px-Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg/700px-Structure_of_the_Universe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2682" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>Simulation of the matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. 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href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">Physical cosmology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-sky image derived from nine years' WMAP data" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/220px-WMAP_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/330px-WMAP_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/WMAP_2012.png/440px-WMAP_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:0;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">Age of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early universe</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_inflation" title="Cosmic inflation">Inflation</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis" title="Big Bang nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Backgrounds</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" title="Gravitational wave background">Gravitational wave (GWB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">Microwave (CMB)</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background" title="Cosmic neutrino background">Neutrino (CNB)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expansion <b>·</b> Future</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">Redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">Expansion of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">FLRW metric</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_cosmology" title="Inhomogeneous cosmology">Inhomogeneous cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Components <b>·</b> Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Lambda-CDM model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">Dark energy</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dark_matter" title="Dark matter">Dark matter</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Structure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">Shape of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reionization" title="Reionization">Reionization</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Structure_formation" title="Structure formation">Structure formation</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Observational_cosmology" title="Observational cosmology">Experiments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative (BHI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOOMERanG_experiment" title="BOOMERanG experiment">BOOMERanG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Survey" title="Dark Energy Survey">Dark Energy Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck space observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloan_Digital_Sky_Survey" title="Sloan Digital Sky Survey">Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey" title="2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey">2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy<br />Probe (WMAP)</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Aaronson" title="Marc Aaronson">Aaronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Alpher" title="Ralph Alpher">Alpher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Dicke" title="Robert H. Dicke">Dicke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._R._Ellis" title="George F. R. Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">Gamow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Guth" title="Alan Guth">Guth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Rubin" title="Vera Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_B._Suntzeff" title="Nicholas B. Suntzeff">Suntzeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Sunyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Tolman" title="Richard C. Tolman">Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zeldovich</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmologists" title="List of cosmologists">List of cosmologists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddd8e7;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Subject_history" title="Physical cosmology">Subject history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" title="Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation">Discovery of cosmic microwave<br />background radiation</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory" title="History of the Big Bang theory">History of the Big Bang theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Physical_cosmology" title="Category:Physical cosmology">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_cosmology" title="Template talk:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_cosmology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical cosmology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cosmic voids</b> (also known as <b>dark space</b>) are vast spaces between <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">filaments</a> (the largest-scale structures in the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>), which contain <a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">very few</a> or no <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a>. In spite of their size, most galaxies are not located in voids. This is because most galaxies are <a href="/wiki/Gravitationally" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitationally">gravitationally</a> bound together, creating huge cosmic structures known as <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy filaments">galaxy filaments</a>. The cosmological evolution of the void regions differs drastically from the evolution of the universe as a whole: there is a long stage when <a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe#Curvature_of_the_universe" title="Shape of the universe">the curvature term</a> dominates, which prevents the formation of galaxy clusters and massive galaxies. Hence, although even the emptiest regions of voids contain more than ~15% of the average matter density of the universe, the voids look almost empty to an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voids typically have a diameter of 10 to 100 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">megaparsecs</a> (30 to 300 million <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>); particularly large voids, defined by the absence of rich <a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">superclusters</a>, are sometimes called <b>supervoids</b>. They were first discovered in 1978 in a pioneering study by Stephen Gregory and <a href="/wiki/Laird_A._Thompson" title="Laird A. Thompson">Laird A. Thompson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voids are believed to have been formed by <a href="/wiki/Baryon_acoustic_oscillations" title="Baryon acoustic oscillations">baryon acoustic oscillations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, collapses of mass followed by implosions of the compressed <a href="/wiki/Baryonic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baryonic matter">baryonic matter</a>. Starting from initially small <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropies</a> from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">quantum fluctuations</a> in the early universe, the anisotropies grew larger in scale over time. Regions of higher density collapsed more rapidly under gravity, eventually resulting in the large-scale, foam-like structure or "cosmic web" of voids and galaxy filaments seen today. Voids located in high-density environments are smaller than voids situated in low-density spaces of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voids appear to correlate with the observed temperature of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> (CMB) because of the <a href="/wiki/Sachs%E2%80%93Wolfe_effect" title="Sachs–Wolfe effect">Sachs–Wolfe effect</a>. Colder regions correlate with voids, and hotter regions correlate with filaments because of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshifting</a>. As the Sachs–Wolfe effect is only significant if the universe is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, the existence of voids is significant in providing physical evidence for dark energy.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Large-scale_structure">Large-scale structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Large-scale structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png/590px-Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png/885px-Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png/1180px-Galaxy_superclusters_and_galaxy_voids.png 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="1211" /></a><figcaption>A map of galaxy voids</figcaption></figure> <p>The structure of the Universe can be broken down into components that can help describe the characteristics of individual regions of the cosmos. These are the main structural components of the cosmic web: </p> <ul><li>Voids – vast, largely spherical<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regions with very low cosmic mean densities, up to 100 <a href="/wiki/Parsec#Megaparsecs_and_gigaparsecs" title="Parsec">megaparsecs</a> (Mpc) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Walls</a> – the regions that contain the typical cosmic mean density of matter abundance. Walls can be further broken down into two smaller structural features: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">Clusters</a> – highly concentrated zones where walls meet and intersect, adding to the effective size of the local wall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Filaments</a> – the branching arms of walls that can stretch for tens of megaparsecs.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Voids have a mean density less than a tenth of the average density of the universe. This serves as a working definition even though there is no single agreed-upon definition of what constitutes a void. The matter density value used for describing the cosmic mean density is usually based on a ratio of the number of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxies</a> per unit volume rather than the total mass of the matter contained in a unit volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Neyrinck2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neyrinck2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Study of cosmic voids within the discipline of <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> began in the mid-1970s when <a href="/wiki/Redshift_survey" title="Redshift survey">redshift surveys</a> led two separate teams of astrophysicists in 1978 to identify superclusters and voids in the distribution of galaxies and <a href="/wiki/Abell_catalogue" title="Abell catalogue">Abell clusters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory1978_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jõeveer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jõeveer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new redshift surveys revolutionized the field of astronomy by adding depth to the two-dimensional maps of cosmological structure, which were often densely packed and overlapping,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing for the first three-dimensional mapping of the universe. Through redshift surveys, their depth was calculated from the individual <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshifts</a> of the galaxies due to the <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe" title="Expansion of the universe">expansion of the universe</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RexBennett1998_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RexBennett1998-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A summarized timeline of important events in the field of cosmic voids from its beginning to recent times is as follows: </p> <ul><li>1961 – <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Large-scale structural</a> features such as "second-order clusters", a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">supercluster</a>, were brought to the astronomical community's attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Abell1961_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abell1961-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978 – The first two papers on the topic of voids in the large-scale structure were published referencing voids found in the foreground of the Coma/A1367 clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-Gregory1978_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregory1978-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981 – Discovery of a large void in the <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a> region of the sky that was nearly 50 <i>h</i><sup>−1</sup> Mpc in diameter (which was later recalculated to be about 34 <i>h</i><sup>−1</sup> Mpc).<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshner1981_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshner1981-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirshner1987_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshner1987-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here <i>h</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Dimensionless_Hubble_parameter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless Hubble parameter">dimensionless Hubble parameter</a>, approximately 0.7.</li> <li>1983 – Computer simulations sophisticated enough to provide relatively reliable results of growth and evolution of the large-scale structure emerged and yielded insight on key features of the large-scale galaxy distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Merlott1983_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merlott1983-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frenk1983_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frenk1983-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985 – Details of the supercluster and void structure of the <a href="/wiki/Perseus%E2%80%93Pisces_Supercluster" title="Perseus–Pisces Supercluster">Perseus–Pisces region</a> were surveyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Giovanelli1985_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giovanelli1985-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1989 – The <a href="/wiki/Harvard%E2%80%93Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics" title="Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics">Center for Astrophysics</a> Redshift Survey revealed that large voids, sharp filaments, and the walls that surround them dominate the large-scale structure of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Geller1989_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geller1989-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991 – The Las Campanas Redshift Survey confirmed the abundance of voids in the large-scale structure of the universe (Kirshner et al. 1991).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995 – Comparisons of optically selected galaxy surveys indicate that the same voids are found regardless of the sample selection.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001 – The completed two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey adds a significantly large amount of voids to the database of all known cosmic voids.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009 – The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data combined with previous large-scale surveys now provide the most complete view of the detailed structure of cosmic voids.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_for_finding">Methods for finding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods for finding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist a number of ways for finding voids with the results of large-scale surveys of the universe. Of the many different algorithms, virtually all fall into one of three general categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_2966_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_2966-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first class consists of void finders that try to find empty regions of space based on local galaxy density.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second class are those which try to find voids via the geometrical structures in the dark matter distribution as suggested by the galaxies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third class is made of those finders which identify structures dynamically by using gravitationally unstable points in the distribution of dark matter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three most popular methods through the study of cosmic voids are listed below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="VoidFinder_algorithm">VoidFinder algorithm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: VoidFinder algorithm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This first-class method uses each galaxy in a catalog as its target and then uses the Nearest Neighbor Approximation to calculate the cosmic density in the region contained in a spherical radius determined by the distance to the third-closest galaxy.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Ad & Piran introduced this method in 1997 to allow a quick and effective method for standardizing the cataloging of voids. Once the spherical cells are mined from all of the structure data, each cell is expanded until the underdensity returns to average expected wall density values.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the helpful features of void regions is that their boundaries are very distinct and defined, with a cosmic mean density that starts at 10% in the body and quickly rises to 20% at the edge and then to 100% in the walls directly outside the edges. The remaining walls and overlapping void regions are then gridded into, respectively, distinct and intertwining zones of filaments, clusters, and near-empty voids. Any overlap of more than 10% with already known voids are considered to be subregions within those known voids. All voids admitted to the catalog had a minimum radius of 10 Mpc in order to ensure all identified voids were not accidentally cataloged due to sampling errors.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zone_bordering_on_voidness_(ZOBOV)_algorithm"><span id="Zone_bordering_on_voidness_.28ZOBOV.29_algorithm"></span>Zone bordering on voidness (ZOBOV) algorithm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Zone bordering on voidness (ZOBOV) algorithm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This particular second-class algorithm uses a Voronoi tessellation technique and mock border particles in order to categorize regions based on a high-density contrasting border with a very low amount of bias.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neyrinck introduced this algorithm in 2008 with the purpose of introducing a method that did not contain free parameters or presumed shape tessellations. Therefore, this technique can create more accurately shaped and sized void regions. Although this algorithm has some advantages in shape and size, it has been criticized often for sometimes providing loosely defined results. Since it has no free parameters, it mostly finds small and trivial voids, although the algorithm places a statistical significance on each void it finds. A physical significance parameter can be applied in order to reduce the number of trivial voids by including a minimum density to average density ratio of at least 1:5. Subvoids are also identified using this process which raises more philosophical questions on what qualifies as a void.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Void finders such as VIDE<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are based on ZOBOV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynamical_void_analysis_(DIVA)_algorithm"><span id="Dynamical_void_analysis_.28DIVA.29_algorithm"></span>Dynamical void analysis (DIVA) algorithm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dynamical void analysis (DIVA) algorithm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This third-class method is drastically different from the previous two algorithms listed. The most striking aspect is that it requires a different definition of what it means to be a void. Instead of the general notion that a void is a region of space with a low cosmic mean density; a hole in the distribution of galaxies, it defines voids to be regions in which matter is escaping; which corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> equation of state, <i>w</i>. Void centers are then considered to be the maximal source of the displacement field denoted as <i>S</i><sub>ψ</sub>. The purpose for this change in definitions was presented by Lavaux and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_D._Wandelt" title="Benjamin D. Wandelt">Wandelt</a> in 2009 as a way to yield cosmic voids such that exact analytical calculations can be made on their dynamical and geometrical properties. This allows DIVA to heavily explore the <a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">ellipticity</a> of voids and how they evolve in the large-scale structure, subsequently leading to the classification of three distinct types of voids. These three morphological classes are True voids, Pancake voids, and Filament voids. Another notable quality is that even though DIVA also contains selection function bias just as first-class methods do, DIVA is devised such that this bias can be precisely calibrated, leading to much more reliable results. Multiple shortfalls of this Lagrangian-Eulerian hybrid approach exist. One example is that the resulting voids from this method are intrinsically different than those found by other methods, which makes an all-data points inclusive comparison between results of differing algorithms very difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Definition_2966_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition_2966-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voids have contributed significantly to the modern understanding of the cosmos, with applications ranging from shedding light on the current understanding of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a>, to refining and constraining <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology#Formation_and_evolution_of_large-scale_structure" title="Physical cosmology">cosmological evolution</a> models. The <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> Galaxy is in a cosmic void named the <a href="/wiki/KBC_Void" class="mw-redirect" title="KBC Void">KBC Void</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some popular applications are mentioned in detail below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dark_energy">Dark energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dark energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simultaneous existence of the largest-known voids and galaxy clusters requires about 70% dark energy in the universe today, consistent with the latest data from the cosmic microwave background.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voids act as bubbles in the universe that are sensitive to background cosmological changes. This means that the evolution of a void's shape is in part the result of the expansion of the universe. Since this acceleration is believed to be caused by dark energy, studying the changes of a void's shape over a period of time can be used to constrain the standard <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Λ<i>CDM</i></a> model,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or further refine the <a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">Quintessence</a> + Cold Dark Matter (<i>QCDM</i>) model and provide a more accurate dark energy <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state_(cosmology)" title="Equation of state (cosmology)">equation of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally the abundance of voids is a promising way to constrain the dark energy equation of state.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutrinos">Neutrinos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neutrinos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neutrinos, due to their very small mass and extremely weak interaction with other matter, will free-stream in and out of voids which are smaller than the mean-free path of neutrinos. This has an effect on the size and depth distribution of voids, and is expected to make it possible with future astronomical surveys (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid satellite</a>) to measure the sum of the masses of all neutrino species by comparing the statistical properties of void samples to theoretical predictions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galactic_formation_and_evolution_models">Galactic formation and evolution models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Galactic formation and evolution models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large-scale_structure_formation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large-scale structure formation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Large-scale_structure_formation.gif" decoding="async" width="156" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="144" /></a><figcaption>A 43×43×43-megaparsec cube shows the evolution of the large-scale structure over a logarithmic period starting from a <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshift</a> of 30 and ending at redshift 0. The model makes it clear to see how the matter-dense regions contract under the collective gravitational force while simultaneously aiding in the expansion of cosmic voids as the matter flees to the walls and filaments. </figcaption></figure> <p>Cosmic voids contain a mix of galaxies and matter that is slightly different than other regions in the universe. This unique mix supports the biased galaxy formation picture predicted in Gaussian adiabatic cold dark matter models. This phenomenon provides an opportunity to modify the morphology-density correlation that holds discrepancies with these voids. Such observations like the morphology-density correlation can help uncover new facets about how galaxies form and evolve on the large scale.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a more local scale, galaxies that reside in voids have differing morphological and spectral properties than those that are located in the walls. One feature that has been found is that voids have been shown to contain a significantly higher fraction of <a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">starburst galaxies</a> of young, hot stars when compared to samples of galaxies in walls.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voids offer opportunities to study the strength of intergalactic magnetic fields. For example, a 2015 study concluded, based on the deflection of <a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">blazar</a> gamma-ray emissions that travel through voids, that intergalactic space contains a magnetic field of strength at least 10<sup>-17</sup> <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">G</a>. The specific large-scale magnetic structure of the universe suggests primordial "magnetogenesis", which in turn could have played a role in the formation of magnetic fields within galaxies, and could also change estimates of the timeline of <a href="/wiki/Recombination_(cosmology)" title="Recombination (cosmology)">recombination</a> in the early universe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anomalies_in_anisotropies">Anomalies in anisotropies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anomalies in anisotropies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cold spots in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/CMB_cold_spot" title="CMB cold spot">WMAP cold spot</a> found by <a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a>, could possibly be explained by an extremely large cosmic void that has a radius of ~120 Mpc, as long as the late integrated <a href="/wiki/Sachs%E2%80%93Wolfe_effect" title="Sachs–Wolfe effect">Sachs–Wolfe effect</a> was accounted for in the possible solution. Anomalies in CMB screenings are now being potentially explained through the existence of large voids located down the line-of-sight in which the cold spots lie.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_white.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cosmic Microwave Background screening of Universe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WMAP_white.png/350px-WMAP_white.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WMAP_white.png/525px-WMAP_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/WMAP_white.png/700px-WMAP_white.png 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>CMB screening of the universe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> is currently the most popular explanation for the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe" title="Accelerating expansion of the universe">acceleration in the expansion of the universe</a>, another theory elaborates on the possibility of our galaxy being part of a very large, not-so-underdense, cosmic void. According to this theory, such an environment could naively lead to the demand for dark energy to solve the problem with the observed acceleration. As more data has been released on this topic the chances of it being a realistic solution in place of the current <a href="/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model" title="Lambda-CDM model">Λ<i>CDM</i></a> interpretation has been largely diminished but not all together abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravitational_theories">Gravitational theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gravitational theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abundance of voids, particularly when combined with the abundance of clusters of galaxies, is a promising method for precision tests of deviations from <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> on large scales and in low-density regions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The insides of voids often seem to adhere to cosmological parameters which differ from those of the known universe<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It is because of this unique feature that cosmic voids are useful laboratories to study the effects that gravitational clustering and growth rates have on local galaxies and structure when the cosmological parameters have different values from the outside universe. Due to the observation that larger voids predominantly remain in a linear regime, with most structures within exhibiting spherical symmetry in the underdense environment; that is, the underdensity leads to near-negligible particle-particle gravitational interactions that would otherwise occur in a region of normal galactic density. Testing models for voids can be performed with very high accuracy. The cosmological parameters that differ in these voids are Ω<sub>m</sub>, Ω<sub>Λ</sub>, and <i>H</i><sub>0</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">List of voids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">Vacuum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaushev2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baushev, A. 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"Simulating Voids". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>605</b> (1): 1–6. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0307191">astro-ph/0307191</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ApJ...605....1G">2004ApJ...605....1G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F382143">10.1086/382143</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13242401">13242401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Simulating+Voids&rft.volume=605&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0307191&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13242401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F382143&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ApJ...605....1G&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Vogeley%2C+Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoid+%28astronomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemonick2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lemonick" title="Michael Lemonick">Lemonick, Michael D.</a> (June 2024). "Cosmic Nothing: Huge empty patches of the universe could help solve some of the greatest mysteries in the cosmos". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>330</b> (2s): 20–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0124-20">10.1038/scientificamerican0124-20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733">0036-8733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Cosmic+Nothing%3A+Huge+empty+patches+of+the+universe+could+help+solve+some+of+the+greatest+mysteries+in+the+cosmos&rft.volume=330&rft.issue=2s&rft.pages=20-27&rft.date=2024-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0124-20&rft.issn=0036-8733&rft.aulast=Lemonick&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoid+%28astronomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Void_(astronomy)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tatania.phsx.ku.edu/Voids/">Animated views of voids and their distribution</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hume_Feldman" title="Hume Feldman">Hume Feldman</a> with Sergei Shandarin, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairallPaverdAshley1994" class="citation journal cs1">Fairall, A. P.; Paverd, W. R.; Ashley, R. P. (1994). "Visualization of Nearby Large-Scale Structures". <i>Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series</i>. <b>67</b>: 21. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994ASPC...67...21F">1994ASPC...67...21F</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific+Conference+Series&rft.atitle=Visualization+of+Nearby+Large-Scale+Structures&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994ASPC...67...21F&rft.aulast=Fairall&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=Paverd%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Ashley%2C+R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoid+%28astronomy%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Galaxies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Galaxy" title="Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Galaxy" title="Template talk:Galaxy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Galaxy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Galaxies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy">Lenticular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Barred lenticular galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_lenticular_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbarred lenticular galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemic_galaxy" title="Anemic galaxy">anemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">barred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculent_spiral_galaxy" title="Flocculent spiral galaxy">flocculent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_design_spiral_galaxy" title="Grand design spiral galaxy">grand design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_spiral_galaxy" title="Intermediate spiral galaxy">intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellanic_spiral" title="Magellanic spiral">Magellanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unbarred_spiral_galaxy" title="Unbarred spiral galaxy">unbarred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy" title="Dwarf galaxy">Dwarf galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_elliptical_galaxy" title="Dwarf elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Common_dwarf_galaxy_types" title="Dwarf galaxy">irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spheroidal_galaxy" title="Dwarf spheroidal galaxy">spheroidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spiral_galaxy" title="Dwarf spiral galaxy">spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">Elliptical galaxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Type-cD_galaxy" title="Type-cD galaxy">cD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_galaxy" title="Irregular galaxy">Irregular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barred_irregular_galaxy" title="Barred irregular galaxy">barred</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peculiar_galaxy" title="Peculiar galaxy">Peculiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_galaxy" title="Ring galaxy">Ring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar-ring_galaxy" title="Polar-ring galaxy">Polar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active galactic nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barred_spiral_galaxy" title="Barred spiral galaxy">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_bulge" title="Galactic bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_massive_object" title="Central massive object">Central massive object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_matter_halo" title="Dark matter halo">Dark matter halo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_disc" title="Galactic disc">Disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_galaxy" title="Disc galaxy">Disc galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_halo" title="Galactic halo">Halo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_corona" title="Galactic corona">corona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">Galactic plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_ridge" title="Galactic ridge">Galactic ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogalaxy" title="Protogalaxy">Protogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Galaxy filament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaxy#Spiral_arms" title="Spiral galaxy">Spiral arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">Supermassive black hole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultramassive_black_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramassive black hole">Ultramassive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" title="Active galactic nucleus">Active nuclei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazar" title="Blazar">Blazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-ionization_nuclear_emission-line_region" title="Low-ionization nuclear emission-line region">LINER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markarian_galaxies" title="Markarian galaxies">Markarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">Quasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL_Lacertae_object" title="BL Lacertae object">BL Lacertae object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_galaxy" title="Radio galaxy">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-shaped_radio_galaxy" title="X-shaped radio galaxy">X-shaped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRAGN" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAGN">DRAGN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_jet#Relativistic_jet" title="Astrophysical jet">Relativistic jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyfert_galaxy" title="Seyfert galaxy">Seyfert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Energetic galaxies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-alpha_emitter" title="Lyman-alpha emitter">Lyman-alpha emitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman-break_galaxy" title="Lyman-break galaxy">Lyman-break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ULIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ULIRG">ULIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="HLIRG">HLIRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELIRG" class="mw-redirect" title="ELIRG">ELIRG</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxy" title="Starburst galaxy">Starburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_galaxy#Blue_compact_dwarf_galaxies" title="Dwarf galaxy">blue compact dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_galaxy" title="Pea galaxy">pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faint_blue_galaxy" title="Faint blue galaxy">faint blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_infrared_galaxy" title="Luminous infrared galaxy">Luminous infrared galaxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot,_dust-obscured_galaxy" title="Hot, dust-obscured galaxy">Hot dust-obscured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bean_galaxy" title="Green bean galaxy">Green bean galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp" title="Hanny's Voorwerp">Hanny's Voorwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet galaxy">Wolf-Rayet galaxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Low activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_surface_brightness_galaxy" title="Low surface brightness galaxy">Low surface brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_diffuse_galaxy" title="Ultra diffuse galaxy">Ultra diffuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_galaxy" title="Dark galaxy">Dark galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_nugget" title="Red nugget">Red nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nugget" title="Blue Nugget">Blue Nugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_disk" title="Dead disk">Dead disk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_galaxy" title="Field galaxy">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_tide" title="Galactic tide">Galactic tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="Galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_group" title="Galaxy group">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightest_cluster_galaxy" title="Brightest cluster galaxy">Brightest cluster galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_galaxy_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil galaxy group">fossil group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interacting_galaxy" title="Interacting galaxy">Interacting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_merger" title="Galaxy merger">merger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_collision" class="mw-redirect" title="Galaxy collision">collision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_cannibalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic cannibalism">cannibalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy" title="Jellyfish galaxy">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxy" title="Satellite galaxy">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics#Stellar_streams" title="Stellar kinematics">Stellar stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_filament" title="Galaxy filament">Walls</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voids and supervoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Void_galaxy" title="Void galaxy">void galaxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_galaxies" title="Lists of galaxies">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxies" title="List of galaxies">Galaxies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomical_objects_named_after_people#Galaxies" title="List of astronomical objects named after people">Galaxies named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_galaxies" title="List of largest galaxies">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_galaxies" title="List of nearest galaxies">Nearest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polar-ring_galaxies" title="List of polar-ring galaxies">Polar-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ring_galaxies" title="List of ring galaxies">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spiral_galaxies" title="List of spiral galaxies">Spiral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_galaxy_groups_and_clusters" title="List of galaxy groups and clusters">Groups and clusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_quasar_group#List_of_LQGs" title="Large quasar group">Large quasar groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasars" title="List of quasars">Quasars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">List of the most distant astronomical objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starburst_galaxies" class="mw-redirect" title="Starburst galaxies">Starburst galaxies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercluster#List_of_superclusters" title="Supercluster">Superclusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_voids" title="List of voids">Voids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">Extragalactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">Galactic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_coordinate_system" title="Galactic coordinate system">Galactic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_magnetic_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic magnetic fields">Galactic magnetic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_orientation" title="Galactic orientation">Galactic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_quadrant" title="Galactic quadrant">Galactic quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_color%E2%80%93magnitude_diagram" title="Galaxy color–magnitude diagram">Galaxy color–magnitude diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_formation_and_evolution" title="Galaxy formation and evolution">Galaxy formation and evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_rotation_curve" title="Galaxy rotation curve">Galaxy rotation curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">Gravitational lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_microlensing" title="Gravitational microlensing">Gravitational microlensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustris_project" title="Illustris project">Illustris project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_star" title="Intergalactic star">Intergalactic stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity#Population_IIIstars" title="Metallicity">Population III stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_X_(galaxy)" title="Galaxy X (galaxy)">Galaxy X (galaxy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Galaxies" title="Category:Galaxies"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy"><b>Portal</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/16px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/25px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/33px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/21px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/42px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div 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