CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "journals.aps.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '917c8cda9d58fe00',cH: '_45u60bQDOhlkuOyexa_o65w86kUYLVwB8wouVBFzdU-1740537414-1.2.1.1-7twmIzExAyWJHT2Kvj4yFKJ9oNunV9HaUQiIxGnf_C3Ilb8rMOwN4UDjyXnC8gU3',cUPMDTk: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.98.043527?__cf_chl_tk=yYOdsPTJIIGf4Y8el2_EopZKDD1_kofwsVhclFxhOak-1740537414-1.0.1.1-kJSVOOmmQk1ZcyXLvgUj5m.vuZogFc.FiFehiadS1QQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740537414',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.98.043527?__cf_chl_f_tk=yYOdsPTJIIGf4Y8el2_EopZKDD1_kofwsVhclFxhOak-1740537414-1.0.1.1-kJSVOOmmQk1ZcyXLvgUj5m.vuZogFc.FiFehiadS1QQ",md: "UFIpPNTU9o82CPQK1SPcIPFqCD4iOCr56YwnP6fXdBE-1740537414-1.2.1.1-RkuJqJcLC_pNnOktF.ND7mpm5DTCjb0RNTLfwBJcKpowGS7N78RlMu_gmOLlenoGVU3t8VKOds2t5lBC9TsKBb2gSZkg3bW8afmI6nMRgTT_UAjIMvIzNLybKDILIiRanbJBUT1jOJLBB0WfZk9zZXPQgvMrOAMetbHumqOxoMH7QkDzOpuLpjwc0GuK_wRDNZiG6YUrrFqV1alUH1O_W83HiZ.HovnjQoImzKvFVvWmkhpRmo1z51QJHrktOzqPBHKl3IRue0u3Dw6YA7gejSJkVPxohtIxu5keW5BUpuXuB6LC4fbM0J1XZqBeY7cwrsN0toukDnNkfksY4YFgJCr5GfohfJyHJeec4jNwJKPRYWY_EJbu8R2r8X44ZkzvBf0nqF_xzzWLiRG0SKf7Y7UXB6DAlRRMkB_zCvn2Cl234AwNqjIVTDMZgn48XBYAr1s8H46AbhiZ1zMW6GzRwtpoMBlSGQnZVStAh5KeNDAATr4LSbR2Sm1rbH.bwQ36gbXIywkwKPxgNlmNGKYrUeyXmn.1hv7yhOjWAzeqsJKXPhpcYOfW.RG2Ub.qNw805JNTdDpVsOWmR9Ery17BMQXHEWXDFZ_sqAgbFj.V8VLonAoToJ8uEG6xek6e7r7NjUQx6tndadKyq5sdahRGkJnBNfz_IDkTYXCQvUukQ14sHOymT3GPaYf0vCh0FVNDSEUSMlyFfrj..MeicpRBFEWHVyX8k1X._YdLQB6FikKmGuAdhhX6PZMErJLmuEzWpnC_BbnpKLoVmFcl2T.GQr4W5ohBae15jjFS7FsVSJfqPSFyRoaesBrZFxI30tQd_La9hp.CPR3cZX74wJt4G3qjHdhGVzTC11k0jAYFwTpmnP4pxwnALCuQsw.hLJOCZql9W3gs6iF5Zdo15P0bs79pPGTKS6CC0lndm3TrAecoSa7pB3_nB657jEoXrKxgRNSrWmEcAqKxXQsTI8Oye2Uduye4b.pdMYPnhRpm9R8rbeUtxYiuwS2FZVZ1ygZgjq.VTrQmTOc0erO6vKeROqCLxIVmXF76eFEx2DBDYK4eJqW9HPZPAjBO2gRVGsE48wLXWfRS4TjDu96od5L2DmJ10Hk7hw2xR3nBDbiFzkYu4zS.B6XmgKvpeweu4jRRMKk_dR7ES1xHCd.xRx4aplp3MIeMTT4s98fvyt0oSqlNCkTAV.HJnY9nu6hRuGg4q.Glh.H2n29bxgTuMCgd.W7qm8SuF3UUToknY55bolkaspk0.nmZbMJtAdUcQ5AuWmjW0rHLX5nsn_OQYBhGNdW3p.9hopS_QnWA.GCXpwxAf6ObcH9XQnSZqo_xEZt.LW6L_KKJ9X8n37lFQoCN_KMQMJRIJsIM.d3KVcP4h8Ly8FCbMxPU_lbdv2SNOy_Vyyr3dOkmLnsQFPBELn5F6zjmicwX9Npp1mJAnO4I9HaFYos8pUWpZDq.7Sr3hHvyWZVCtfR.D8f23nBkRnP7sT_wyPlzXA2FpKGwdGSc4DTGwNCeMG3JUlZpX9kfTrQGkM3z5U81DWqRfWGmOCQlC5uErSHgdjUKIcL5dkTZBJd7B8BJUjgiO1vN6TEIEetzSgoS7QP0JRfa1Qj7s16MFVKxYT2pXzuoI2XiRtvcktzb2WjyZFqTHFgEBAq3skjBFGVzaTImH2ey9k2ITMThTaESgd0.j0b5aRLFcpdDaRNWds0Bh4LZ60JG.FX.nzFOlXgpjLR0gDuhQRMFLGTcTnN6XZCYYGLvRdQ_XsVU.iBnfeR3DaXIxwT9qFGS_oZTXl6mN3wNds_CsHzZL70k1.CqXlapw1JizS5gswSOz9yXaIhthDzj_eLIlUzE1Xi_B3AUtMp._hwWcN0cKIi0N2N2A4cmlbrjNb3qzH6LQP7.qGb3eUMl.5kONbyx6roFaobzVtyLVBjHYRjwxPbhi14GWzONQmm9oTjqQfLeVbyrXF7HG5H7mfGyQNDM6uuSNqGfisN0ijNyNKm6ZVzV3cAWfWICOJRUSdh3iGOE5p6xeI0lb332kah3cr9_C2Bj73XmgENpXPoL66BVatTcJXDbQyckOdsQ2cKRnGCVfhViEh8Yq8.XdXchjBPKWqFvz_swx_OevEqZHlAvb9WMdM7U6vsFpQH_1AgWYsx9m.I8N2KFYEbc5I9cuYb3o9a0Cbw8Z2yxi3_8LxNR3zehRc8EjKQaNZQI0GiCJFnHitAXPNzjVaW5yyBXjXhHWF8dU9LT8nws_j2kytT1wsesV.cPnqA0VTm6RRINJtH5Pg4wVHCmKgP3F3iPgW4FudJY3j54BDvfQHfV_F.lUaRWCt2261reeW5HfiGAhQDdJOWsvpCbQG8ZVsVBSNNyzB77ZsKGc5bXw_4hMhr8LgFRgeGSTu8O5cpnMVXy6NCFzIqardQUU801jp4qHjRKg6.wSKPsdx7T8M4J3X5aCgy2pAdJ8HhBrGbKZUWg5b2K8j0HCYUCBFoxucvlx.BxUhE0X8VuGWk6Cm8RsXFyx453gkl0pz_39XZhUkrqIo.d9d_Wj5nc6PKx3wuYN5820oypxzzuGY_dQkFund2Z5YRpSQ",mdrd: "Nzg9GOG659rC844faQ0BFPXxzPX3Xuqe9NwctMaiyw0-1740537414-1.2.1.1-DyyEYKclMrr3JP5_bWP9Ahzuc3u31.uaAoEm6hDQiYG_YB_LXTBKh7HeIky6lNPd7Xt5IsDW19OK7zSFQIpl1clSHG0WbqIVs8sDJ1Ej_1K9S5dcz8IhUzr_Vp6zca.LJqfOLgmeyJIxcCe0tkK0tnnvx5SPc.9tCP_hrBtI6oIhvB9hD8cGwtlzgsWP8DYxxbX31zFYm5pYL1TwcdsO6ru7PmBLZQfTkP3QkgxIqbb_EUz5ws9lXCGtusgEQBKFKj3AbxZwVYDswb_NdtDpggTILpJwv6nnezW5wWPwGOCWOw4aXFS9ye3aRsE.ZrR0beHnSQbqVxY_7XsthshUwrAmXcNB9hyfPmXky1pSDS2xiRR0dn4OVhwLGTKh6mknKDF4KkVlH4RSsk9dWRygYfBy9CfFliHFVxaSsgzr4xr6zGzfyPK7kEQstDVek2axBusbhkrHZFf8CvWOIMmytgUbEm_R5aZdl8bE9maKAYxCKmPl93AW4AHjcpXMho73ZQNswFnJm6Fbc6kpK79ObL5pME3sqzWMR0pztl3..HzbcbnDtSHaV5lNJWdHCNuFLXc.8YK5Tz7NpYi0HcxHD1plKGZh2vFS6QjGgusAmUwbjdPaDsW6bsSIMkJ_O9751FU.hDStlHjhn..ZRkAZ6cpu8zW8z7cK_8gUYOLiCLK7rtiPsmfBTAKJwKDTWce0LCEPZ73UzBsclbALZZy.v2ua.RV26ButU1waAdO0wCKbBRytzpg8C6dadCyqwDS9fqctfH3XWgxxOz750AhFhkuqrMFfuRP4fW6gaowtpnJUGdSF4JY0kYSqWKEeJt4ZYU5H1ZDoThaDCbIFIdxjihKjtpFSiQ6ivjmHVf7RAm4WjhuH6whel8XHGCgiiom45OyjoKlllejt23_l.tC7pXfhDBMfuXQtM_r0y.ekJpeV.fkDEfuuVDEV6FOovNsplDXUWKlnKlfPhf9UbgMLfDVQNu2Y3wPKKA.MBylnBRdr0NmfMhH89P_ucJxufHBtpT2WdP4ZBzWqa45w_Sjh4idbsMQ1ZPdAaUBTBBEivzkrhnNbn7_I1ag19zpfFzVoI18HkQnE4jS4QTtAoGMvj2dGcKQfOONLy0Bl_Fa5xY1Kwem.09fmbM3BlSVOqkFI6B0.LcPL6YXxDbzsabIVkTHRmTfdqr7J_aCAVHS7KZhjTwVhIWaGmcI51K5CWbCnsjxShwVNClQPGaPph78XZbj2YWQhwcePYF67uyU2Axu4EOYmro.btwjpBaNUBxyhbQhjJH47njKvILj47wTddW4AcGKySYt4UjEKHWxDA.0JsCJbTWz9nk3IZDqA4QqFfdrsylXpGFUgzA_jnEcq_e.rRa2yX8AtykiCXc2IZWTXoYV45eFJ7Ge2nlNicdG15dWSaEHXRgU4dkGySoM3tKsoSPyZUJfO3TsfV02RBsi4YLRBYvEHmt66SWeAy5WgLfKTBFA9J0avaGkeGb.aYedkSKcD6qgLnlHaUxL1MfN9OfeKZiaHAd9mXDC96z88cbq3MTmBMbhqDq4Z41vzLRWyAUt23LwTR0EC2FDIG87SdxW2t48UDUPMxCJy21mm70SYuhKDDr3aQLkTZC3ugcsza9eAA5HXRiiPP8jrowDkHVAxBGXDxGMenD98JeBj4ncaBcjtWf8MyRWEDLCMBAkNX_B9kvs_VUAucyXzmduK4uIqyCRPCg13fcx9vVPE2ZtBm6uyG9Z0At2V.BmsvS.W7R6sO.V9ZxJE5qR.u5wPQUtAyOjW0VpWzry7mxbIVAuo6EPtBd8AqyxPTTYRQpdQvhlh9GY72qQ1O8A2QJMjL6qOWr8dbiLupL2fDkEc8A_my7a03ykV77JQ.01vVifRnJLWnKVIKh9bz35STQ2lzX_XwUeAurW1PaPMOhHDiYbHC0m0dNOZp6h1_ngFFCUjIpXbyYxRxcKTE3nRN.iAHIPNnTrD7AVPHk9FsMg6"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917c8cda9d58fe00';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/prd\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevD.98.043527?__cf_chl_rt_tk=yYOdsPTJIIGf4Y8el2_EopZKDD1_kofwsVhclFxhOak-1740537414-1.0.1.1-kJSVOOmmQk1ZcyXLvgUj5m.vuZogFc.FiFehiadS1QQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>