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and terminologies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dilution_classes_and_terminologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dilution classes and terminologies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dilution_classes_and_terminologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imprecise_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imprecise_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imprecise terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imprecise_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_terms_and_concentrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_terms_and_concentrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>History of the terms and concentrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_terms_and_concentrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvent_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Solvent types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applying_fragrances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applying_fragrances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Applying fragrances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applying_fragrances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Describing_a_perfume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Describing_a_perfume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Describing a perfume</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Describing_a_perfume-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Describing a perfume subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Describing_a_perfume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fragrance_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrance_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fragrance notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrance_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactive_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactive_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Olfactive families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactive_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Traditional categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragrance_wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrance_wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Fragrance wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrance_wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aromatics_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aromatics_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aromatics sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aromatics_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aromatics sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aromatics_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Plant sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Animal sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_natural_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_natural_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other natural sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_natural_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Synthetic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obtaining_natural_odorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtaining_natural_odorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Obtaining natural odorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obtaining_natural_odorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragrant_extracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrant_extracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Fragrant extracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrant_extracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composing_perfumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composing_perfumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Composing perfumes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Composing_perfumes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Composing perfumes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Composing_perfumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_perfumer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_perfumer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The perfumer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_perfumer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Basic framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragrance_bases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragrance_bases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Fragrance bases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragrance_bases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Reverse engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Numbered_perfumery,_"analogs"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbered_perfumery,_"analogs""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Numbered perfumery, "analogs"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbered_perfumery,_"analogs"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health and environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immunological;_asthma_and_allergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunological;_asthma_and_allergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Immunological; asthma and allergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunological;_asthma_and_allergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carcinogenicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carcinogenicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Carcinogenicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carcinogenicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Environmental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_endangerment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_endangerment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Species endangerment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_endangerment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Safety regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preserving_perfume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preserving_perfume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Preserving perfume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preserving_perfume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_of_perfumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_perfumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lists of perfumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_perfumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Perfume</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reukwater" title="Reukwater – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reukwater" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BCm" title="Parfüm – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parfüm" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="عطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Perfume" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Perfume" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Ftir" title="Ətir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ətir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="সুগন্ধি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুগন্ধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang-ch%C3%BAi" title="Phang-chúi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phang-chúi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahamot" title="Pahamot – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pahamot" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%8E%D0%BC" title="Парфюм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парфюм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfem" title="Parfem – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parfem" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfum" title="Perfum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perfum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%A9m" title="Parfém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parfém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persawr" title="Persawr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Persawr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfume" title="Parfume – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parfume" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BCm" title="Parfüm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parfüm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5hna%C3%B5li" title="Lõhnaõli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõhnaõli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Άρωμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άρωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perf%C3%B9m" title="Perfùm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Perfùm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Perfume" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfumo" title="Parfumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parfumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehumi" title="Prehumi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Prehumi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurrin" title="Lurrin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurrin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="عطر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عطر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhr%C3%A1n" title="Cumhrán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumhrán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%A5%EC%88%98" title="향수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="향수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turare" title="Turare – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turare" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Օծանելիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օծանելիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="इत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfem" title="Parfem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parfem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfumo" title="Parfumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Parfumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumo" title="Perfumo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Perfumo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmvatn" title="Ilmvatn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ilmvatn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profumo" title="Profumo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Profumo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="בושם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בושם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸುಗಂಧ ದ್ರವ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸುಗಂಧ ದ್ರವ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პარფიუმერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარფიუმერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%82%D1%96%D1%80" title="Әтір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әтір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marashi" title="Marashi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Marashi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pafen" title="Pafen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pafen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BBm" title="Parfûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parfûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Атыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_odoratus" title="Liquor odoratus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liquor odoratus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smar%C5%BEas" title="Smaržas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Smaržas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvepalai" title="Kvepalai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvepalai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BCm" title="Parfüm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parfüm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Парфем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парфем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="സുഗന്ധലേപനങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുഗന്ധലേപനങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بارفان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بارفان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_wangi" title="Minyak wangi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minyak wangi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ရေမွှေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေမွှေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0" title="अत्तर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अत्तर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="香水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfyme" title="Parfyme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parfyme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfyme" title="Parfyme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Parfyme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfum" title="Perfum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Perfum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF" title="ସୁଗନ୍ଧି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସୁଗନ୍ଧି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atir" title="Atir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="پرفیوم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرفیوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfumy" title="Perfumy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Perfumy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Perfume" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Духи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Духи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfumi" title="Parfumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parfumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0uru" title="Ciàuru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciàuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="සුවඳ විලවුන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සුවඳ විලවුන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Perfume" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C5%88avka" title="Voňavka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voňavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfum" title="Parfum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parfum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadar" title="Cadar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cadar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Парфем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парфем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfem" title="Parfem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parfem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_seungit" title="Minyak seungit – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Minyak seungit" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajuvesi" title="Hajuvesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hajuvesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parfym" title="Parfym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parfym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabango" title="Pabango – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pabango" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81" title="అత్తరు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అత్తరు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1" title="น้ำหอม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำหอม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%80" title="Атр – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parf%C3%BCm" title="Parfüm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parfüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Парфум – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парфум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%88" title="خوشبو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خوشبو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_hoa" title="Nước hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahumot" title="Pahumot – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pahumot" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="香水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פארפום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארפום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfum" title="Perfum – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Perfum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B0%B4" title="香水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131746#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mixture of fragrant substance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fragrant substance. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Perfume_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Perfume (disambiguation)">Perfume (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Perfume" title="Special:EditPage/Perfume">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Perfume%22">"Perfume"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Perfume%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Perfume%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Perfume%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Perfume%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Perfume%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Perfume</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɜː/: r-less 'ur' in 'nurse'">ɜː</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/87\/En-us-perfume.ogg\/En-us-perfume.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-perfume.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/En-us-perfume.ogg/En-us-perfume.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-perfume.ogg" title="File:En-us-perfume.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>) is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">aroma compounds</a> (fragrances), <a href="/wiki/Fixative_(perfumery)" title="Fixative (perfumery)">fixatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, usually in liquid form, used to give the human body, animals, food, objects, and living-spaces an agreeable <a href="/wiki/Scent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent">scent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perfumes can be defined as substances that emit and diffuse a pleasant and fragrant odor. They consist of manmade mixtures of aromatic chemicals and essential oils. The 1939 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Laureate</a> for Chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a> stated in 1945 that "right from the earliest days of scientific chemistry up to the present time, perfumes have substantially contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a> as regards methods, systematic classification, and theory."<sup id="cite_ref-gs15_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gs15-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient texts and archaeological excavations show the use of perfumes in some of the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a>, which allowed for the composition of perfumes with smells previously unattainable solely from natural aromatics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_perfume" title="History of perfume">History of perfume</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg/220px-Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg/330px-Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg/440px-Lily_perfume_Louvre_E11162.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian scene depicting the preparation of lily perfume, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>perfume</i> is derived from the Latin <i>perfumare</i>, meaning "to smoke through".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perfumery, as the art of making perfumes, began in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">Ancient China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was further refined by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> and the Muslims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the world's first-recorded <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> is considered to be a woman named <a href="/wiki/Tapputi" title="Tapputi">Tapputi</a>, a perfume maker mentioned in a <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She distilled flowers, oil, and <a href="/wiki/Acorus_calamus" title="Acorus calamus">calamus</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">aromatics</a>, then filtered and put them back in the still several times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, perfume and perfumery existed in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus civilization">Indus civilization</a> (3300 BC – 1300 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg/200px-Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg/300px-Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg/400px-Arheologicheski-Perfume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a> used to distill perfumes</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg/170px-Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg/255px-Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg/340px-Perfume_vessel_in_shape_of_a_monkey_MET_DP228710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3854" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Egyptian perfume vessel in shape of a monkey; 1550–1295 BC; faience; height: 6.5 cm, width: 3.3 cm, depth: 3.8 cm; <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-NG070329_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG070329-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> archaeologists uncovered what are believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2015)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the world's oldest surviving perfumes in <a href="/wiki/Pyrgos,_Limassol" title="Pyrgos, Limassol">Pyrgos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The perfumes dated back more than 4,000 years. They were discovered in an ancient perfumery, a 300-square-meter (3,230 sq ft) factory<sup id="cite_ref-NG070329_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG070329-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> housing at least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels, and perfume bottles. In ancient times people used <a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrtus_communis" title="Myrtus communis">myrtle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer resin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">bergamot</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, an ancient perfume "Rodo" (Rose) was recreated for the Greek National Archaeological Museum's anniversary show "Countless Aspects of Beauty", allowing visitors to approach antiquity through their <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">olfaction</a> receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romans and Greek extracted perfumes from diverse sources such as flowers, woods, seeds, roots, saps, gums. A temple to Athena in Elis, near Olympia, was said to have saffron blended into its wall plaster, allowing the interior to remain fragrant for 500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 9th century the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">Arab chemist</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a> (Alkindus) wrote the <i>Book of the Chemistry of Perfume and Distillations</i>, which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant <a href="/wiki/Oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Oils">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salve" title="Salve">salves</a>, aromatic waters, and substitutes or imitations of costly drugs. The book also described 107 methods and recipes for perfume-making and perfume-making equipment, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a> (which still bears its Arabic name.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἄμβιξ, "cup", "beaker"]<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described by <a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a> in the 4th century<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The Persian chemist Ibn Sina (also known as <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>) introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a>, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes consisted of mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong blend. <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">Rose water</a> was more delicate, and immediately became popular. Both the raw ingredients and the distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. </p><p>There is a controversy on whether perfumery was completely lost in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">fall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>. That said, the art of perfumery in Western Europe was reinvigorated after the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">invasion of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Italy">Southern Italy</a> in 711 and 827. The Islamic controlled cities of Spain (<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>) became major producers of perfumes that were traded throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. Like in the ancient world, <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">Andalusians</a> used fragrance in devotion to God. Perfumes added a layer of cleanliness that was needed for their devotion. Andalusian women were also offered greater <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">freedoms</a> than women in other Muslim controlled regions and were allowed to leave their homes and socialize outside. This freedom allowed <a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a> to occur outside of the home. As a result, Andalusian women used perfumes for courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recipes of perfumes from the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> of Santa Maria Delle Vigne or <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella" title="Santa Maria Novella">Santa Maria Novella</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, were recorded from 1221.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> produced around 1370 a perfume made of scented oils blended in an alcohol solution – best known as <a href="/wiki/Hungary_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary Water">Hungary Water</a> – at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Poland">Queen Elizabeth of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of perfumery prospered in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Italy, and in the 16th century the personal perfumer to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (1519–1589), <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Bianchi_(perfumer)" title="René Bianchi (perfumer)">René</a> the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> (Renato il fiorentino), took Italian refinements to France. His laboratory was connected with her apartments by a secret passageway, so that no formulae could be stolen en route. Thanks to Rene, France quickly became one of the European centers of perfume and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a> manufacture. Cultivation of flowers for their perfume essence, which had begun in the 14th century, grew into a major industry in the south of France. </p><p>Between the 16th and 17th centuries, perfumes were used primarily by the wealthy to mask <a href="/wiki/Body_odor" title="Body odor">body odors</a> resulting from infrequent bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1693, Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis created a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today best known as <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eau de cologne">eau de cologne</a>; his nephew <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina" title="Johann Maria Farina">Johann Maria Farina</a> (Giovanni Maria Farina) took over the business in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Grasse" title="Grasse">Grasse</a> region of France, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> (in Italy) were growing aromatic plants to provide the growing perfume industry with raw materials. Even today, Italy and France remain the center of European perfume design and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Egyptian perfume vase in shape of an amphoriskos; 664–630 BC; glass: 8 cm × 4 cm (3.1 in × 1.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)"><img alt="Ancient Egyptian perfume vase in shape of an amphoriskos; 664–630 BC; glass: 8 cm × 4 cm (3.1 in × 1.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg/122px-Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg/183px-Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg/244px-Perfume_vase_MET_30.8.177_EGDP017567_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1349" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient Egyptian perfume vase in shape of an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphoriskos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphoriskos (page does not exist)">amphoriskos</a>; 664–630 BC; glass: 8 cm × 4 cm (3.1 in × 1.6 in); <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> (New York City)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Greek perfume bottle in shape of an athlete binding a victory ribbon around his head; circa 540s BC; Ancient Agora Museum (Athens)"><img alt="Ancient Greek perfume bottle in shape of an athlete binding a victory ribbon around his head; circa 540s BC; Ancient Agora Museum (Athens)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg/110px-Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg/165px-Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg/221px-Perfume_bottle_in_shape_of_an_athlete_agora_museum_athens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="4562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek</a> perfume bottle in shape of an athlete binding a victory ribbon around his head; circa 540s BC; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Agora_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Agora Museum">Ancient Agora Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan perfume vase, which is inscribed the word "suthina" ("for the tomb"); early 2nd century BC; bronze; height: 16 cm (6.3 in); Louvre"><img alt="Etruscan perfume vase, which is inscribed the word "suthina" ("for the tomb"); early 2nd century BC; bronze; height: 16 cm (6.3 in); Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg/121px-Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg/181px-Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg/242px-Etruscan_perfume_vase_Louvre_Br2949.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> perfume vase, which is inscribed the word "suthina" ("for the tomb"); early 2nd century BC; bronze; height: 16 cm (6.3 in); <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_(perfume_bottle)_MET_DP105812.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Hellenistic glass gold-band mosaic alabastron (perfume bottle); 1st century BC; glass and gold leaf; Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Late Hellenistic glass gold-band mosaic alabastron (perfume bottle); 1st century BC; glass and gold leaf; Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg/170px-Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg/255px-Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg/340px-Glass_gold-band_mosaic_alabastron_%28perfume_bottle%29_MET_DP105812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> glass gold-band mosaic alabastron (perfume bottle); 1st century BC; glass and <a href="/wiki/Gold_leaf" title="Gold leaf">gold leaf</a>; Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman perfume bottle; 1st century AD; glass; 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Roman perfume bottle; 1st century AD; glass; 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg/170px-Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg/255px-Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg/340px-Glass_perfume_bottle_MET_DP108896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> perfume bottle; 1st century AD; glass; 5.2 cm × 3.8 cm (2.0 in × 1.5 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partially broken perfume amphora; 2nd century AD; glass; from Ephesus; Ephesus Archaeological Museum (Selçuk, Turkey)"><img alt="Partially broken perfume amphora; 2nd century AD; glass; from Ephesus; Ephesus Archaeological Museum (Selçuk, Turkey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg/127px-EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg/191px-EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg/255px-EAM_-_Perfume_amphora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Partially broken perfume amphora; 2nd century AD; glass; from <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ephesus_Archaeological_Museum" title="Ephesus Archaeological Museum">Ephesus Archaeological Museum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sel%C3%A7uk" title="Selçuk">Selçuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Rococo perfume vase; circa 1761; soft-paste porcelain; overall: 43.2 cm × 29.2 cm × 17.8 cm (17.0 in × 11.5 in × 7.0 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="British Rococo perfume vase; circa 1761; soft-paste porcelain; overall: 43.2 cm × 29.2 cm × 17.8 cm (17.0 in × 11.5 in × 7.0 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg/129px-Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg/193px-Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg/258px-Perfume_vase_MET_DP285422.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> perfume vase; circa 1761; soft-paste porcelain; overall: 43.2 cm × 29.2 cm × 17.8 cm (17.0 in × 11.5 in × 7.0 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="British Neoclassical pair of perfume burners; probably circa 1770; derbyshire spar, tortoiseshell, and wood, Carrara marble base, gilded brass mounts, gilded copper liner; 33 cm × 14.3 cm × 14.3 cm (13.0 in × 5.6 in × 5.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="British Neoclassical pair of perfume burners; probably circa 1770; derbyshire spar, tortoiseshell, and wood, Carrara marble base, gilded brass mounts, gilded copper liner; 33 cm × 14.3 cm × 14.3 cm (13.0 in × 5.6 in × 5.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg/170px-Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg/255px-Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg/340px-Pair_of_perfume_burners_MET_DP104612.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">British <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> pair of perfume burners; probably circa 1770; derbyshire spar, tortoiseshell, and wood, <a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Carrara marble</a> base, gilded brass mounts, gilded copper liner; 33 cm × 14.3 cm × 14.3 cm (13.0 in × 5.6 in × 5.6 in); Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau perfume bottle; circa 1900; glass with gilt metal cover; overall: 13.4 cm (5.3 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)"><img alt="Art Nouveau perfume bottle; circa 1900; glass with gilt metal cover; overall: 13.4 cm (5.3 in); Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-100px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-150px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-201px-Louis_Comfort_Tiffany_-_Perfume_Bottle_-_1966.379_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="4926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> perfume bottle; circa 1900; glass with gilt metal cover; overall: 13.4 cm (5.3 in); <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, USA)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dilution_classes_and_terminologies">Dilution classes and terminologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dilution classes and terminologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg/170px-1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg/255px-1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg/340px-1811-Rosoli-Flacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Original <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a> flacon 1811, from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina" title="Johann Maria Farina">Johann Maria Farina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farina_gegen%C3%BCber" class="mw-redirect" title="Farina gegenüber">Farina gegenüber</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG/220px-Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG/330px-Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG/440px-Vintage_Atomizer_Perfume_Bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Vintage atomizer perfume bottle</figcaption></figure> <p>Perfume types reflect the concentration of aromatic compounds in a solvent, which in fine fragrance is typically <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> or a mix of water and ethanol. Various sources differ considerably in the definitions of perfume types. The intensity and longevity of a fragrance is based on the concentration, intensity, and longevity of the aromatic compounds, or perfume oils, used. As the percentage of aromatic compounds increases, so does the intensity and longevity of the scent. Specific terms are used to describe a fragrance's approximate concentration by the percent of perfume oil in the volume of the final product. The most widespread terms<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71218_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <ul><li><b>Parfum</b> or <b>Extrait</b> (P): 15–40% aromatic compounds (<a href="/wiki/International_Fragrance_Association" title="International Fragrance Association">IFRA</a>: typically ~20%). In English, parfum is also known as perfume extract, pure perfume, or simply perfume.</li> <li><b>Esprit de parfum</b> (ESdP): 15–30% aromatic compounds, a seldom used strength concentration between EdP and parfum.</li> <li><b>Eau de parfum</b> (EdP) or <b>Parfum de toilette</b> (PdT): 10–20% aromatic compounds (typically ~15%). It is sometimes called "eau de perfume" or "millésime."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Parfum de toilette is a less common term, most popular in the 1980s, that is generally analogous to eau de parfum.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_toilette" title="Eau de toilette">Eau de toilette</a></b> (EdT): 5–15% aromatic compounds (typically ~10%). This is the staple for most masculine perfumes.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de cologne</a></b> (EdC): 3–8% aromatic compounds (typically ~5%). This concentration is often simply called cologne.</li> <li><b>Eau fraîche</b>: 3% or less aromatic compounds. This general term encompasses products sold as "splashes," "mists," "veils" and other imprecise terms. Such products may be diluted with water rather than oil or alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71218_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imprecise_terminology">Imprecise terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imprecise terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg/170px-J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg/255px-J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg/340px-J.B._Filz_Vienna_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>J.B. Filz in Vienna. Perfumeries with long traditions, such as J.B. Filz, created their own scents.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The wide range in the percentages of aromatic compounds that may be present in each concentration means that the terminology of extrait, EdP, EdT, and EdC is quite imprecise with regard to oil concentration. Although an EdP will often be more concentrated than an EdT and in turn an EdC, this is not always the case. Different perfumeries or perfume houses assign different amounts of oils to each of their perfumes. Therefore, although the oil concentration of a perfume in EdP dilution will necessarily be higher than the same perfume in EdT from within a company's same range, the actual amount will vary among companies. An EdT from one house may have a higher concentration of aromatic compounds than an EdP from another. </p><p>Furthermore, some fragrances with the same <i>product name</i> but having a different <i>concentration</i> may not only differ in their dilutions, but actually use different perfume oil mixtures altogether. For instance, in order to make the EdT version of a fragrance brighter and fresher than its EdP, the EdT oil may be "tweaked" to contain slightly more top notes or fewer base notes. <i><a href="/wiki/Chanel_No._5" title="Chanel No. 5">Chanel No. 5</a></i> is a good example: its parfum, EdP, EdT, and now-discontinued EdC concentrations are in fact different compositions (the parfum dates to 1921, the EdT from the 1950s, and the EdP was not developed until the 1980s). In some cases, words such as <i>extrême</i>, <i>intense</i>, or <i>concentrée</i> that might indicate a higher aromatic concentration are actually completely different fragrances, related only because of a similar perfume <i>accord</i>. An example of this is Chanel's <i>Pour Monsieur</i> and <i>Pour Monsieur concentrée</i>. This complexity adds a layer of nuance to the understanding and appreciation of perfumery, where variations in concentration and formulation can significantly alter the olfactory ("the sense of smell") experience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_terms_and_concentrations">History of the terms and concentrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of the terms and concentrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms "perfume" and "cologne" lead to much confusion in English. "Perfume" is often used as a generic, overarching term to refer to fragrances marketed to women, regardless of their exact concentration. The term "cologne" is applied to those sold to men. The actual product worn by a woman may be an eau de parfum rather than an extrait, or by a man an eau de toilette rather than an eau de cologne. The reasons why the terms "perfume" and "cologne" are often used in a generic sense is related to the modern development of perfumery in Europe since the 18th century. </p><p>The term "cologne" was first used in Europe in the 18th century to refer to a family of fresh, citrus-based fragrances distilled using extracts from citrus, floral, and woody ingredients. These "classical colognes" were supposedly first developed in <a href="/wiki/Cologne,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne, Germany">Cologne, Germany</a>, hence the name. This type of cologne, which is still in production, describes unisex compositions "which are basically citrus blends and do not have a perfume parent."<sup id="cite_ref-Glossary_C_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary_C-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include Mäurer & Wirtz's <i><a href="/wiki/4711" title="4711">4711</a></i> (created in 1799), and Guerlain's <i>Eau de Cologne Impériale</i> (1830). "Toilet water," or eau de toilette, referred to wide range of scented waters not otherwise known as colognes, and were popular throughout the 19th century. </p><p>The term "perfume" emerged in the late 19th century. The first fragrance labeled a "parfum" extract with a high concentration of aromatic compounds was Guerlain's <i><a href="/wiki/Jicky" title="Jicky">Jicky</a></i> in 1889. In the first half of the 20th century, fragrance companies began offering their products in more than one concentration, often pairing an extrait with a lighter eau de toilette suitable for day wear, which made their products available to a wider range of customers. As this process accelerated, perfume houses borrowed the term "cologne" to refer to an even more diluted interpretation of their fragrances than eau de toilette. <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a>, for example, offered an eau de cologne version of its flagship perfume <i><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_(perfume)" title="Shalimar (perfume)">Shalimar</a></i> and many of its other fragrances. In contrast to a classical eau de cologne, this type of modern cologne is a lighter, less concentrated interpretation of a more concentrated product, typically a pure parfum, and is usually the lightest concentration from a line of fragrance products.<sup id="cite_ref-Glossary_C_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossary_C-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eau de parfum concentration and terminology is the most recent, being originally developed to offer the radiance of an EdT with the longevity of an extrait. Parfum de toilette and EdP began to appear in the 1970s and gained popularity in the 1980s. In the 21st century, EdP is probably the most widespread strength concentration. It is often the first concentration offered when a new fragrance is launched, and usually referred to generically as "perfume."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT71218_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT71218-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, women's fragrances tended to have higher levels of aromatic compounds than men's fragrances. Fragrances marketed to men were typically sold as EdT or EdC, rarely as EdP or perfume extracts. This is changing in the modern fragrance world, especially as fragrances are becoming more unisex. Women's fragrances used to be common in all levels of concentration, but in the 21st century are mainly seen in EdP and EdT concentrations. Many modern perfumes are never offered in extrait or eau de cologne formulations, and EdP and EdT account for the vast majority of new launches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_types">Solvent types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Solvent types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perfume oils are often diluted with a solvent, though this is not always the case, and its necessity is disputed. By far the most common solvent for perfume-oil dilution is alcohol, typically a mixture of ethanol and water or a <a href="/wiki/Rectified_spirit" title="Rectified spirit">rectified spirit</a>. Perfume oil can also be diluted by means of neutral-smelling oils such as fractionated <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a>, or liquid <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jojoba_oil" title="Jojoba oil">jojoba oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond oil</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applying_fragrances">Applying fragrances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applying fragrances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conventional application of pure perfume (parfum extrait) in Western cultures is behind the ears, at the nape of the neck, under the armpits and at the insides of wrists, elbows and knees, so that the pulse point will warm the perfume and release fragrance continuously. According to perfumer <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Grojsman" title="Sophia Grojsman">Sophia Grojsman</a> behind the knees is the ideal point to apply perfume in order that the scent may rise.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern perfume industry encourages the practice of layering fragrance so that it is released in different intensities depending upon the time of the day. Lightly scented products such as bath oil, shower gel, and body lotion are recommended for the morning; eau de toilette is suggested for the afternoon; and perfume applied to the pulse points for evening.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> Cologne fragrance is released rapidly, lasting around 2 hours. Eau de toilette lasts from 2 to 4 hours, while perfume may last up to six hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of factors can influence how fragrance interacts with the wearer's own physiology and affect the perception of the fragrance. Diet is one factor, as eating spicy and fatty foods can increase the intensity of a fragrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of medications can also impact the character of a fragrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative dryness of the wearer's skin is important, since dry skin will not hold fragrance as long as skin with more oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Describing_a_perfume">Describing a perfume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Describing a perfume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg/170px-Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg/255px-Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg/340px-Foug%C3%A8re_Royale_by_Paul_Parquet_-_Bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An original bottle of <i>Fougère Royale</i> by <a href="/wiki/Houbigant_Parfum" title="Houbigant Parfum">Houbigant</a>. Created by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Parquet" title="Paul Parquet">Paul Parquet</a> in 1884, it is one of the most important modern perfumes and inspired the eponymous <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re" title="Fougère">Fougère</a></i></span> class of fragrances.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragrance_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fragrance_pyramid.svg/170px-Fragrance_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fragrance_pyramid.svg/255px-Fragrance_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Fragrance_pyramid.svg/340px-Fragrance_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Fragrance pyramid</figcaption></figure> <p>The precise formulae of commercial perfumes are kept <a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">secret</a>. Even if they were widely published, they would be dominated by such complex ingredients and odorants that they would be of little use in providing a guide to the general consumer in description of the <i>experience</i> of a scent. Nonetheless, connoisseurs of perfume can become extremely skillful at identifying components and origins of scents in the same manner as wine experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Burr_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most practical way to start describing a perfume is according to the elements of the <i>fragrance notes</i> of the scent or the "family" it belongs to, all of which affect the overall impression of a perfume from first application to the last lingering hint of scent.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortineau_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortineau-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edwards1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trail of scent left behind by a person wearing perfume is called its <i>sillage</i>, after the French word for "<a href="/wiki/Wake_(physics)" title="Wake (physics)">wake</a>", as in the trail left by a boat in water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fragrance_notes">Fragrance notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fragrance notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Note_(perfumery)" title="Note (perfumery)">Note (perfumery)</a></div> <p>Perfume is described in a musical metaphor as having three sets of <i>notes</i>, making the harmonious scent <i>accord</i>. The notes unfold over time, with the immediate impression of the top note leading to the deeper middle notes, and the base notes gradually appearing as the final stage. These notes are created carefully with knowledge of the evaporation process of the perfume. </p> <ul><li><b>Top notes</b>: Also called the <i><b>head notes</b></i>. The scents that are perceived immediately on application of a perfume. Top notes consist of small, light molecules that evaporate quickly. They form a person's initial impression of a perfume and thus are very important in the selling of a perfume. Examples of top notes include mint, lavender and coriander.</li> <li><b>Middle notes</b>: Also referred to as <i><b>heart notes</b></i>. The scent of a perfume that emerges just prior to the dissipation of the top note. The middle note compounds form the "<i>heart</i>" or main body of a perfume and act to mask the often unpleasant initial impression of base notes, which become more pleasant with time. Examples of middle notes include seawater, sandalwood and jasmine.</li> <li><b>Base notes</b>: The scent of a perfume that appears close to the departure of the middle notes. The base and middle notes together are the main theme of a perfume. Base notes bring depth and solidity to a perfume. Compounds of this class of scents are typically rich and "deep" and are usually not perceived until 30 minutes after application. Examples of base notes include tobacco, amber and musk.</li></ul> <p>The scents in the top and middle notes are influenced by the base notes; conversely, the scents of the base notes will be altered by the types of fragrance materials used as middle notes. Manufacturers who publish perfume notes typically do so with the fragrance components presented as a <i>fragrance pyramid</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using imaginative and abstract terms for the components listed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olfactive_families">Olfactive families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Olfactive families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grouping of perfumes can never be completely objective or definitive. Many fragrances contain aspects of different families. Even a perfume designated as "single flower" will have subtle undertones of other aromatics. There are hardly any true unitary-scent perfumes consisting of a single aromatic material. </p><p>The family classification is a starting point to describe a perfume, but does not fully characterize it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_categories">Traditional categories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Traditional categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg/170px-Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg/255px-Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg/340px-Joy_Jean_Patou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="878" /></a><figcaption>A floral bouquet, Joy from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patou" title="Jean Patou">Jean Patou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional categories which emerged around 1900: </p> <ul><li><b>Citrus</b>: The oldest fragrance family that gave birth to lightweight eau de colognes. Development of newer fragrance compounds has allowed for the creation of more tenacious citrus fragrances. Examples: <i>4711</i>, Guerlain's <i>Eau de Cologne Impériale</i>, Penhaligon's <i>Quercus</i>.</li> <li><b>Single Floral</b>: Fragrances dominated by the scent of a particular flower, i.e., rose, carnation, iris. In French this type of fragrance is called a <i>soliflore</i>. Example: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Lutens" title="Serge Lutens">Serge Lutens</a> <i>Sa Majeste La Rose</i>.</li> <li><b>Floral Bouquet</b>: Compound of several flower scents. Examples: <a href="/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbigant (perfume)">Houbigant</a> <i>Quelques Fleurs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Patou" title="Jean Patou">Jean Patou</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Joy_(perfume)" title="Joy (perfume)">Joy</a></i>.</li> <li><b>Amber or "Oriental"</b>: Large class featuring sweet, slightly animalic scents of <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> or <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>, often combined with <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonka_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonka bean">tonka bean</a>, flowers and woods. Can be enhanced by camphorous oils and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> resins, evoking <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> "<a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Oriental</a>" imagery. Traditional examples: <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_(perfume)" title="Shalimar (perfume)">Shalimar</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yves Saint Laurent (brand)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Opium_(perfume)" title="Opium (perfume)">Opium</a></i>, Chanel <i>Coco Mademoiselle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Woody</b>: Fragrances dominated by woody notes, typically <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedar wood">cedarwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vetiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetiver">vetiver</a>. Patchouli, with its <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphoraceous</a> smell, is commonly found in these perfumes. Traditional examples: Myrurgia <i>Maderas De Oriente</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chanel" title="Chanel">Chanel</a> <i>Bois des Îles.</i> Modern: <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a> <i>Rumba</i>.</li> <li><b>Leather</b>: A family of fragrances featuring <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, wood and wood <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tars</a> in the middle or base notes and a scent that alludes to leather. Traditional examples: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Piguet" title="Robert Piguet">Robert Piguet</a> <i>Bandit</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Balmain" title="Pierre Balmain">Balmain</a> <i>Jolie Madame</i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chypre" title="Chypre">Chypre</a></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃipʁ]</a></span>): Meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></i> in French, this category is named after the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty" title="François Coty">François Coty</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chypre" title="Chypre">Chypre</a></i> (1917), which was the first modern fragrance built on an accord of <a href="/wiki/Bergamot_orange" title="Bergamot orange">bergamot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakmoss" title="Oakmoss">oakmoss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>. Example: <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mitsouko_(perfume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsouko (perfume)">Mitsouko</a></i>, Rochas <i>Femme</i>.</li> <li><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re" title="Fougère">Fougère</a></i></span></b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fu.ʒɛʁ]</a></span>): Meaning <i><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a></i> in French, built on a base of <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakmoss" title="Oakmoss">oakmoss</a>, with a sharp herbaceous and woody scent. Named for <a href="/wiki/Houbigant_(perfume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houbigant (perfume)">Houbigant</a>'s landmark fragrance <i>Fougère Royale</i>, many men's fragrances belong to this family. Modern examples: <a href="/wiki/Faberg%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabergé">Fabergé</a> <i>Brut</i>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Laroche" title="Guy Laroche">Guy Laroche</a> <i>Drakkar Noir,</i> <a href="/wiki/Penhaligon%27s" title="Penhaligon's">Penhaligon's</a> <i>Douro</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1945, new categories have emerged to describe modern scents, due to great advances in the technology of compound design and synthesis, as well as the natural development of styles and tastes: </p> <ul><li><b>Bright Floral</b>: Combining single floral and floral bouquet traditional categories. Example: <a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Estée Lauder Companies">Estée Lauder</a> <i>Beautiful</i>.</li> <li><b>Green</b>: Lighter, more modern interpretation of the Chypre type, with pronounced cut grass, crushed green leaf and cucumber-like scents. Examples: Estée Lauder <i>Aliage</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sisley,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisley, Paris">Sisley</a> <i>Eau de Campagne</i>, Calvin Klein <i>Eternity</i>.</li> <li><b>Aquatic</b>, <b>Oceanic</b>, <b>Ozonic</b>: The newest category, first appearing in 1988 <a href="/wiki/Davidoff" title="Davidoff">Davidoff</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cool_Water_(perfume)" title="Cool Water (perfume)">Cool Water</a></i> (1988), Christian Dior <i>Dune</i> (1991). A clean smell reminiscent of the ocean, leading to many <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a> perfumes. Generally contains <a href="/wiki/Calone" title="Calone">calone</a>, a synthetic discovered in 1966, or more recent synthetics. Also used to accent floral, oriental, and woody fragrances.</li> <li><b>Fruity</b>: Featuring fruits other than citrus, such as peach, cassis (blackcurrant), mango, passionfruit, and others. Example: Ginestet <i>Botrytis</i>.</li> <li><b>Gourmand</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡuʁmɑ̃]</a></span>): Scents with "edible" or "dessert-like" qualities, often containing vanilla, <a href="/wiki/Tonka_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonka bean">tonka bean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a>, as well as synthetic components designed to resemble food flavors. Example: <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Mugler" title="Thierry Mugler">Thierry Mugler</a>'s <i>Angel</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fragrance_wheel">Fragrance wheel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fragrance wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fragrance_wheel" title="Fragrance wheel">Fragrance wheel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Wheel2.gif/220px-Wheel2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Wheel2.gif/330px-Wheel2.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Wheel2.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Fragrance Wheel perfume <a href="/wiki/Classification_chart" title="Classification chart">classification chart</a>, ver. 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>This newer classification method is widely used in retail and the fragrance industry, created in 1983 by the perfume consultant <a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(fragrance_expert)" title="Michael Edwards (fragrance expert)">Michael Edwards</a>. The new scheme simplifies classification and naming, as well as showing the relationships among the classes.<sup id="cite_ref-OGrantInterview_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGrantInterview-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five main families are <i>Floral</i>, <i>Oriental</i>, <i>Woody</i>, <i>Aromatic Fougère</i>, and <i>Fresh</i>, the first four from the classic terminology and the last from the modern oceanic category. Each of these are divided into subgroups and arranged around a wheel. In this scheme, <i>Chanel No.5</i>, traditionally classified as an aldehydic floral, is placed under the Soft Floral sub-group, while amber scents are within the Oriental group. <a href="/wiki/Chypre" title="Chypre">Chypre</a> perfumes are more ambiguous, having affinities with both the Oriental and Woody families. For instance, Guerlain <i>Mitsouko</i> is under Mossy Woods, but Hermès <i>Rouge</i>, a more floral chypre, is under Floral Oriental. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aromatics_sources">Aromatics sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Aromatics sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_sources">Plant sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plant sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG/170px-Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG/255px-Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG/340px-Citrus_x_limon_Bl%C3%BCten_und_Sch%C3%A4dlinge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2726" data-file-height="3285" /></a><figcaption>Citrus tree blossom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrrh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/220px-Myrrh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/330px-Myrrh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/440px-Myrrh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Resins in perfumery include <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg/220px-Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg/330px-Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg/440px-Frankincense_2005-12-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Frankincense</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants have long been used in perfumery as a source of essential oils and aroma compounds. These aromatics are usually <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary metabolites">secondary metabolites</a> produced by plants as protection against <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>, infections, as well as to attract <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a>. Plants are by far the largest source of fragrant compounds used in perfumery. The sources of these compounds may be derived from various parts of a plant. A plant can offer more than one source of aromatics, for instance the aerial portions and seeds of <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a> have remarkably different odors from each other. <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">Orange</a> leaves, blossoms, and fruit zest are the respective sources of <a href="/wiki/Petitgrain" title="Petitgrain">petitgrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neroli" title="Neroli">neroli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orange_oil" title="Orange oil">orange oils</a>. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Bark</a></b>: Commonly used barks include <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cascarilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascarilla">cascarilla</a>. The fragrant oil in <a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">sassafras</a> root bark is also used either directly or purified for its main constituent, <a href="/wiki/Safrole" title="Safrole">safrole</a>, which is used in the synthesis of other fragrant compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Blossom" title="Blossom">blossoms</a></b>: Undoubtedly the largest and most common source of perfume aromatics. Includes the flowers of several species of <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Osmanthus" title="Osmanthus">osmanthus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plumeria" title="Plumeria">plumeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_farnesiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia farnesiana">mimosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuberose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberose">tuberose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)" title="Narcissus (plant)">narcissus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelargonium_graveolens" title="Pelargonium graveolens">scented geranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana" title="Vachellia farnesiana">cassie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrette" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrette">ambrette</a> as well as the blossoms of <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ylang-ylang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ylang-ylang">ylang-ylang</a> trees. Although not traditionally thought of as a flower, the unopened flower buds of the <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> are also commonly used. Most orchid flowers are not commercially used to produce essential oils or absolutes, except in the case of <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>, an orchid, which must be pollinated first and made into seed pods before use in perfumery.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></b>: Fresh fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a> rarely yield the expected odors when extracted; if such fragrance notes are found in a perfume, they are more likely to be of synthetic origin. Notable exceptions include blackcurrant leaf, <a href="/wiki/Litsea" title="Litsea">litsea cubeba</a>, vanilla, and <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper berry</a>. The most commonly used fruits yield their aromatics from the rind; they include citrus such as <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">limes</a>. Although <a href="/wiki/Grapefruit" title="Grapefruit">grapefruit</a> rind is still used for aromatics, more and more commercially used grapefruit aromatics are artificially synthesized since the natural aromatic contains <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and its degradation product is quite unpleasant in smell.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">Leaves</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Twigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Twigs">twigs</a></b>: Commonly used for perfumery are <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a> leaf, <a href="/wiki/Patchouli" title="Patchouli">patchouli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_sage" class="mw-redirect" title="Common sage">sage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violet_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet (plant)">violets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>, and citrus leaves. Sometimes leaves are valued for the "green" smell they bring to perfumes, examples of this include <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> leaf.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></b>: Valued since antiquity, resins have been widely used in <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> and perfumery. Highly fragrant and antiseptic resins and resin-containing perfumes have been used by many cultures as medicines for a large variety of ailments. Commonly used resins in perfumery include <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>/<a href="/wiki/Olibanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Olibanum">olibanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">balsam of Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">benzoin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> resins are a particularly valued source of <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> of many other synthetic or naturally occurring aromatic compounds. Some of what is called <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">copal</a> in perfumery today is the resinous secretion of fossil <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">bulbs</a></b>: Commonly used terrestrial portions in perfumery include <a href="/wiki/Iris_(plant)" title="Iris (plant)">iris</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetiver">vetiver</a> roots, various rhizomes of the <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> family.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seeds</a></b>: Commonly used seeds include <a href="/wiki/Tonka_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonka bean">tonka bean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daucus_carota" title="Daucus carota">carrot seed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">coriander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mace_(spice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mace (spice)">mace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></b>: Highly important in providing the base notes to a perfume, wood oils and distillates are indispensable in perfumery. Commonly used woods include <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">rosewood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>. These are used in the form of macerations or dry-distilled (rectified) forms.</li> <li><b>Rom <a href="/wiki/Terpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenes">terpenes</a></b>. Orchid scents</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_sources">Animal sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animal sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg/220px-Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg/330px-Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg/440px-Primary_Form_of_Musk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a> pod. Extensive hunting of male <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> for their pods in recent history has resulted in the detriment of the species.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambergris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ambergris.jpg/220px-Ambergris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ambergris.jpg/330px-Ambergris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Ambergris.jpg/440px-Ambergris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">Ambergris</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">Ambergris</a></b>: Lumps of <a href="/wiki/Oxidize" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidize">oxidized</a> fatty compounds, whose precursors were secreted and expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>. Ambergris should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">yellow amber</a>, which is used in jewelry. Because the harvesting of ambergris involves no harm to its animal source, it remains one of the few animalic fragrancing agents around which little controversy now exists.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Castoreum" title="Castoreum">Castoreum</a></b>: Obtained from the odorous sacs of the North American beaver.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Civet_(perfumery)" title="Civet (perfumery)">Civet</a></b>: Also called civet musk, this is obtained from the odorous sacs of the civets, animals in the family <i>Viverridae</i>, related to the <a href="/wiki/Mongoose" title="Mongoose">mongoose</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Protection" title="World Animal Protection">World Animal Protection</a> investigated African civets caught for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hyraceum" title="Hyraceum">Hyraceum</a></b>: Commonly known as "Africa stone", is the petrified excrement of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_hyrax" title="Rock hyrax">rock hyrax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb" title="Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a></b>: From the honeycomb of the <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybee</a>. Both beeswax and honey can be solvent extracted to produce an absolute. Beeswax is extracted with ethanol and the ethanol evaporated to produce beeswax absolute.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">Musk</a></b>: Originally derived from a gland (sac or pod) located between the genitals and the umbilicus of the Himalayan male <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> Moschus moschiferus, it has now mainly been replaced by the use of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_musk" title="Synthetic musk">synthetic musks</a> sometimes known as "white musk".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_natural_sources">Other natural sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other natural sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichens</a></b>: Commonly used lichens include <a href="/wiki/Oakmoss" title="Oakmoss">oakmoss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treemoss" class="mw-redirect" title="Treemoss">treemoss</a> thalli.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brown_algae" title="Brown algae">"Seaweed"</a></b>: Distillates are sometimes used as <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> in perfumes. An example of a commonly used seaweed is <i><a href="/wiki/Fucus_vesiculosus" title="Fucus vesiculosus">Fucus vesiculosus</a></i>, which is commonly referred to as bladder wrack. Natural seaweed fragrances are rarely used due to their higher cost and lower potency than synthetics.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_sources">Synthetic sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Synthetic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compound</a></div> <p>Many modern perfumes contain <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesized</a> odorants. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Calone" title="Calone">Calone</a>, a compound of synthetic origin, imparts a fresh ozonous metallic marine scent that is widely used in contemporary perfumes. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate source of compounds that are not easily obtained from natural sources. For example, <a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">linalool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a> are both naturally occurring compounds that can be inexpensively synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Terpenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpenes">terpenes</a>. Orchid scents (typically <i><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">salicylates</a></i>) are usually not obtained directly from the plant itself but are instead synthetically created to match the fragrant compounds found in various orchids. </p><p>One of the most commonly used classes of synthetic aromatics by far are the <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_musk" title="Synthetic musk">white musks</a>. These materials are found in all forms of commercial perfumes as a neutral background to the middle notes. These musks are added in large quantities to laundry detergents in order to give washed clothes a lasting "clean" scent. </p><p>The majority of the world's synthetic aromatics are created by relatively few <a href="/wiki/Category:Fragrance_companies" title="Category:Fragrance companies">companies</a>. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Givaudan" title="Givaudan">Givaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Flavors_and_Fragrances" class="mw-redirect" title="International Flavors and Fragrances">International Flavors and Fragrances</a> (IFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmenich" title="Firmenich">Firmenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_International_Corporation" title="Takasago International Corporation">Takasago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symrise" title="Symrise">Symrise</a></li></ul> <p>Each of these companies patents several processes for the production of aromatic synthetics annually. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural and synthetics are used for their different odor characteristics in perfumery </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="background:#ff5656;">Naturals </th> <th style="background:#5656ff;">Synthetics </th></tr> <tr> <th>Variance </th> <td>Natural scents will vary from each supplier based on when and where they are harvested, how they are processed, and the extraction method itself. This means that a certain flower grown in Morocco and in France will smell different, even if the same method is used to grow, harvest, and extract the scent. As such, each perfumer will prefer flowers grown in one country over another, or one extraction method to the next. However, due to a natural scent's mixed composition, it is easy for unscrupulous suppliers to adulterate the actual raw materials by changing its <i>source</i> (adding Indian jasmine into Grasse jasmine) or the <i>contents</i> (adding linalool to rosewood) to increase their <a href="/wiki/Profit_margin" title="Profit margin">profit margin</a>. </td> <td>Much more consistent than natural aromatics. However, differences in organic synthesis may result in minute differences in concentration of impurities. If these impurities have low smell (detection) thresholds, the differences in the scent of the synthetic aromatic will be significant. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Components </th> <td>Contains many different organic compounds, each adding a different note to the overall scent. Certain naturally derived substances have a long history of use, but this cannot always be used as an indicator of whether they are safe or not. Possible allergenic or carcinogenic compounds. </td> <td>Depending on purity, consists primarily of one chemical compound. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)" title="Chirality (chemistry)">chiral</a> mixtures of isomers, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Iso_E_Super" class="mw-redirect" title="Iso E Super">Iso E Super</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the almost pure composition of one chemical compound, the same molecules found diluted in nature will have a different scent and effect on the body, if used undiluted. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Scent uniqueness </th> <td>Reminiscent of its originating material, although extraction may capture a different "layer" of the scent, depending on how the extraction method denatures the odoriferous compounds. </td> <td>Similar to natural scents yet different at the same time. Some synthetics attempt to mimic natural notes, while others explore the entire spectrum of scent. Novel scent compounds not found in nature will often be unique in their scent. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Scent complexity </th> <td>Deep and complex fragrance notes. Soft, with subtle scent nuances. Highly valued for ideal composition. </td> <td>Pure and pronounced fragrance notes. Often monotonous in nature, yet reminiscent of other natural scents. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Price </th> <td>Dependent on extraction method. More expensive, but not always, as prices are determined by the labor and difficulty of properly extracting each unit of the natural materials, as well as its quality. Typically the relationship between, longevity of a perfume, cost and the concentration of essential oils follows the graph below: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg/220px-Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg/330px-Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg/440px-Cologne_Strength_vs._Cost_vs._Cologne_Concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>This chart shows the typical relationship between price of perfume, its longevity and the concentration of essential oils.</figcaption></figure><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Dependent on synthesis method. Generally cheaper, but not necessarily. Synthetic aromatics are not necessarily cheaper than naturals, with some synthetics being more costly than most natural ingredients due to various factors such as the long synthesis routes, low availability of precursor chemicals, and low overall yield. However, due to their low odor threshold, they should be diluted when making a perfume. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obtaining_natural_odorants">Obtaining natural odorants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Obtaining natural odorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fragrance_extraction" title="Fragrance extraction">Fragrance extraction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG/220px-Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG/330px-Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG/440px-Itar_vendor_in_Hyderabad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Itar (herbal perfume) vendor on the street of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, India, who can compose an original perfume for the customer</figcaption></figure> <p>Before perfumes can be composed, the odorants used in various perfume compositions must first be obtained. Synthetic odorants are produced through <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a> and purified. Odorants from natural sources require the use of various methods to extract the aromatics from the raw materials. The results of the extraction are either <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>, absolutes, concretes, or butters, depending on the amount of <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> in the extracted product.<sup id="cite_ref-Camps_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camps-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these techniques will, to a certain extent, distort the odor of the aromatic compounds obtained from the raw materials. This is due to the use of heat, harsh solvents, or through exposure to oxygen in the extraction process which will denature the aromatic compounds, which either change their odor character or renders them odorless. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">Maceration/Solvent extraction</a></b>: The most used and economically important technique for extracting aromatics in the modern perfume industry. Raw materials are submerged in a solvent that can dissolve the desired aromatic compounds. <i>Maceration</i> lasts anywhere from hours to months. Fragrant compounds for woody and fibrous plant materials are often obtained in this manner as are all aromatics from animal sources. The technique can also be used to extract odorants that are too volatile for <i>distillation</i> or easily <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denatured</a> by heat. Commonly used solvents for <i>maceration/solvent extraction</i> include <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">hexane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">dimethyl ether</a>. The product of this process is called a "<a href="/wiki/Concrete_(perfumery)" title="Concrete (perfumery)">concrete</a>." <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid_extraction" title="Supercritical fluid extraction">Supercritical fluid extraction</a></i>: A relatively new technique for extracting fragrant compounds from a raw material, which often employs <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_carbon_dioxide" title="Supercritical carbon dioxide">Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub></a>. Due to the low heat of process and the relatively nonreactive solvent used in the extraction, the fragrant compounds derived often closely resemble the original odor of the raw material.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethanol_extraction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethanol extraction (page does not exist)">Ethanol extraction</a></i>: A type of solvent extraction used to extract fragrant compounds directly from dry raw materials, as well as the impure oily compounds materials resulting from solvent extraction or enfleurage. Ethanol extraction from fresh plant materials contain large quantities of water, which will also be extracted into the ethanol.</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></b>: A common technique for obtaining aromatic compounds from <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Orange_blossom" title="Orange blossom">orange blossoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">roses</a>. The raw material is heated and the fragrant compounds are re-collected through <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of the distilled vapor.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG/170px-Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG/255px-Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG/340px-Fragonard_small_perfume_distillery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>An old perfume still on display at <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum" title="Musée du Parfum">Fragonard</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li><i>Steam distillation</i>: Steam from boiling water is passed through the raw material, which drives out their volatile fragrant compounds. The condensate from distillation are settled in a <a href="/wiki/Florentine_flask" title="Florentine flask">Florentine flask</a>. This allows for the easy separation of the fragrant oils from the water. The water collected from the condensate, which retains some of the fragrant compounds and oils from the raw material is called <a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">hydrosol</a> and sometimes sold. This is most commonly used for fresh plant materials such as <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a>.</li> <li><i>Dry/destructive distillation</i>: The raw materials are directly heated in a still without a carrier solvent such as water. Fragrant compounds that are released from the raw material by the high heat often undergo anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>, which results in the formation of different fragrant compounds, and thus different fragrant notes. This method is used to obtain fragrant compounds from fossil <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> and fragrant <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">woods</a> where an intentional "burned" or "toasted" odor is desired.</li> <li><i>Fractionation</i>: Through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Fractionation_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Fractionation column">fractionation column</a>, different fractions distilled from a material can be selectively excluded to modify the scent of the final product. Although the product is more expensive, this is sometimes performed to remove unpleasant or undesirable scents of a material and affords the perfumer more control over their composition process.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Expression</b>: Raw material is squeezed or compressed and the <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a> are collected. Of all raw materials, only the fragrant oils from the peels of fruits in the citrus family are extracted in this manner since the oil is present in large enough quantities as to make this extraction method economically feasible.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Enfleurage" title="Enfleurage">Enfleurage</a></b>: Absorption of aroma materials into solid fat or wax and then extraction of odorous oils with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethyl alcohol</a>. Extraction by <a href="/wiki/Enfleurage" title="Enfleurage">enfleurage</a> was commonly used when <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> was not possible because some fragrant compounds <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> through high heat. This technique is not commonly used in the modern industry due to prohibitive costs and the existence of more efficient and effective extraction methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortineau_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortineau-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fragrant_extracts">Fragrant extracts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fragrant extracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:38034290_aromater3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/38034290_aromater3.jpg/170px-38034290_aromater3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/38034290_aromater3.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Indian Patchouli - Tincture</figcaption></figure> <p>Although fragrant extracts are known to the general public as the generic term "<a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oils</a>", a more specific language is used in the fragrance industry to describe the source, purity, and technique used to obtain a particular fragrant extract. Of these extracts, only <i>absolutes</i>, <i>essential oils</i>, and <i>tinctures</i> are directly used to formulate perfumes. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(perfumery)" title="Absolute (perfumery)"><b>Absolute</b></a>: Fragrant materials that are purified from a <i>pommade</i> or <i>concrete</i> by soaking them in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. By using a slightly <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> compound such as ethanol, most of the fragrant compounds from the waxy source materials can be extracted without dissolving any of the fragrantless waxy molecules. Absolutes are usually found in the form of an oily liquid.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_(perfumery)" title="Concrete (perfumery)"><b>Concrete</b></a>: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from raw materials through <i>solvent extraction</i> using volatile <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>. Concretes usually contain a large amount of wax due to the ease in which the solvents dissolve various <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> compounds. As such concretes are usually further purified through distillation or ethanol based solvent extraction. Concretes are typically either waxy or resinous solids or thick oily liquids.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></b>: Fragrant materials that have been extracted from a source material directly through <i>distillation</i> or <i>expression</i> and obtained in the form of an oily liquid. Oils extracted through expression are sometimes called <i>expression oils</i>.</li> <li><b>Pomade</b>: A fragrant mass of solid fat created from the <i><a href="/wiki/Enfleurage" title="Enfleurage">enfleurage</a></i> process, in which odorous compounds in raw materials are adsorbed into animal fats. Pommades are found in the form of an oily and sticky solid.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></b>: Fragrant materials produced by directly soaking and infusing raw materials in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. Tinctures are typically thin liquids.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortineau_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortineau-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Products from different extraction methods are known under different names even though their starting materials are the same. For instance, orange blossoms from <i><a href="/wiki/Citrus_aurantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus aurantium">Citrus aurantium</a></i> that have undergone solvent extraction produces "orange blossom absolute" but that which have been steam distilled is known as "neroli oil". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composing_perfumes">Composing perfumes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Composing perfumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg/170px-Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg/255px-Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg/340px-Lesbos_-_Perfume_formula_by_Will_Inrig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Perfume formula</figcaption></figure> <p>Perfume compositions are an important part of many industries ranging from the luxury goods sectors, food services industries, to manufacturers of various household chemicals. The purpose of using perfume or fragrance compositions in these industries is to affect customers through their <a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">sense of smell</a> and entice them into purchasing the perfume or perfumed product. As such there is significant interest in producing a perfume formulation that people will find aesthetically pleasing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_perfumer">The perfumer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The perfumer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perfumer" title="Perfumer">Perfumer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst,_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg/220px-Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg/330px-Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg/440px-Ernst%2C_Rodolphe_-_The_Perfume_Maker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><i>The Perfume Maker</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Ernst" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodolphe Ernst">Rodolphe Ernst</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The job of composing perfumes that will be sold is left up to an expert on perfume composition or known in the fragrance industry as the <i>perfumer</i>. They are also sometimes referred to affectionately as a "<i>Nez</i>" (French for <i>nose</i>) due to their fine sense of smell and skill in smell composition. </p><p>The composition of a perfume typically begins with a <i>brief</i> by the perfumer's employer or an outside customer. The customers to the perfumer or their employers, are typically fashion houses or large <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> of various industries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perfumer will then go through the process of blending multiple perfume mixtures and sell the formulation to the customer, often with modifications of the composition of the perfume. The perfume composition will then be either used to enhance another product as a <i>functional fragrance</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Make-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Make-up">make-up</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>, car interiors, etc.), or marketed and sold directly to the public as a <i>fine fragrance</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burr_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technique">Technique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blotter_strips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blotter_strips.jpg/220px-Blotter_strips.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blotter_strips.jpg/330px-Blotter_strips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Blotter_strips.jpg/440px-Blotter_strips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Paper blotters (fr:<i>mouillettes</i>) are commonly used by perfumers to sample and smell perfumes and odorants.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is no single "correct" technique for the formulation of a perfume, there are general guidelines as to how a perfume can be constructed from a concept. Although many ingredients do not contribute to the smell of a perfume, many perfumes include colorants and <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidants</a> to improve the marketability and shelf life of the perfume, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_framework">Basic framework</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Basic framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perfume oils usually contain tens to hundreds of ingredients and these are typically organized in a perfume for the specific role they will play. These ingredients can be roughly grouped into four groups: </p> <ul><li><i>Primary scents</i> (Heart): Can consist of one or a few main ingredients for a certain concept, such as "rose". Alternatively, multiple ingredients can be used together to create an "abstract" primary scent that does not bear a resemblance to a natural ingredient. For instance, jasmine and rose scents are commonly blends for abstract floral fragrances. <a href="/wiki/Cola" title="Cola">Cola</a> flavourant is a good example of an abstract primary scent.</li> <li><i>Modifiers</i>: These ingredients alter the primary scent to give the perfume a certain desired character: for instance, fruit <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> may be included in a floral primary to create a fruity floral; <a href="/wiki/Calone" title="Calone">calone</a> and citrus scents can be added to create a "fresher" floral. The cherry scent in cherry cola can be considered a modifier.</li> <li><i>Blenders</i>: A large group of ingredients that smooth out the transitions of a perfume between different "layers" or bases. These themselves can be used as a major component of the primary scent. Common blending ingredients include <a href="/wiki/Linalool" title="Linalool">linalool</a> and hydroxycitronellal.</li> <li><i>Fixatives</i>: Used to support the primary scent by bolstering it. Many resins, wood scents, and amber bases are used as fixatives.</li></ul> <p>The top, middle, and base notes of a fragrance may have separate primary scents and supporting ingredients. The perfume's <a href="/wiki/Fragrance_oil" title="Fragrance oil">fragrance oils</a> are then blended with <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethyl alcohol</a> and water, aged in tanks for several weeks and filtered through processing equipment to, respectively, allow the perfume ingredients in the mixture to stabilize and to remove any sediment and particles before the solution can be filled into the perfume bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-cbyear_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbyear-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fragrance_bases">Fragrance bases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fragrance bases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perfume_Organ,_Grasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg/170px-Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg/255px-Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg/340px-Perfume_Organ%2C_Grasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>A "perfume organ", where perfumers utilize hundreds of essences, in <a href="/wiki/Grasse" title="Grasse">Grasse</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>Instead of building a perfume from "ground up", many modern perfumes and colognes are made using <i>fragrance bases</i> or simply <b>bases</b>. Each base is essentially modular perfume that is blended from essential oils and aromatic chemicals, and formulated with a simple concept such as "<a href="/wiki/Smell_of_freshly_cut_grass" title="Smell of freshly cut grass">fresh cut grass</a>" or "juicy sour apple". Many of <a href="/wiki/Guerlain" title="Guerlain">Guerlain</a>'s <i>Aqua Allegoria</i> line, with their simple fragrance concepts, are good examples of what perfume fragrance bases are like. </p><p>The effort used in developing bases by fragrance companies or individual perfumers may equal that of a marketed perfume, since they are useful in that they are reusable. On top of its reusability, the benefit in using bases for construction are quite numerous: </p> <ol><li>Ingredients with "difficult" or "overpowering" scents that are tailored into a blended base may be more easily incorporated into a work of perfume</li> <li>A base may be better scent approximations of a certain thing than the extract of the thing itself. For example, a base made to embody the scent for "fresh dewy rose" might be a better approximation for the scent concept of a rose after rain than plain <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a>. Flowers whose scents cannot be extracted, such as <a href="/wiki/Gardenia" title="Gardenia">gardenia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyacinth (plant)">hyacinth</a>, are composed as bases from data derived from <a href="/wiki/Headspace_technology" title="Headspace technology">headspace technology</a>.</li> <li>A perfumer can quickly rough out a concept from a brief by combining multiple bases, then present it for feedback. Smoothing out the "edges" of the perfume can be done after a positive response.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_engineering">Reverse engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reverse engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Creating perfumes through reverse engineering with analytical techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a> (GC/MS) can reveal the "general" formula for any particular perfume. The difficulty of GC/MS analysis arises due to the complexity of a perfume's ingredients. This is particularly due to the presence of natural essential oils and other ingredients consisting of complex chemical mixtures. However, "anyone armed with good GC/MS equipment and experienced in using this equipment can today, within days, find out a great deal about the formulation of any perfume... customers and competitors can analyze most perfumes more or less precisely."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antique or badly preserved perfumes undergoing this analysis can also be difficult due to the numerous degradation by-products and impurities that may have resulted from breakdown of the odorous compounds. Ingredients and compounds can usually be ruled out or identified using <a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas chromatograph">gas chromatograph</a> (GC) smellers, which allow individual chemical components to be identified both through their physical properties and their scent. Reverse engineering of best-selling perfumes in the market is a very common practice in the fragrance industry due to the relative simplicity of operating GC equipment, the pressure to produce marketable fragrances, and the highly lucrative nature of the perfume market.<sup id="cite_ref-cbyear_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbyear-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright">Copyright</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Copyright"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fakeperfumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fakeperfumes.jpg/220px-Fakeperfumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fakeperfumes.jpg/330px-Fakeperfumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fakeperfumes.jpg/440px-Fakeperfumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>An assorti of <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeit</a> perfumes (in a "kiosk" store)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is doubtful whether perfumes qualify as appropriate copyright subject matter under the US <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act</a>. The issue has not yet been addressed by any US court. A perfume's scent is not eligible for <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> protection: the scent serves as the functional purpose of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-cp_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Supreme Court">Dutch Supreme Court</a> granted copyright protection to <a href="/wiki/Lanc%C3%B4me" title="Lancôme">Lancôme</a>'s perfume <i>Tresor</i> (<i>Lancôme v. Kecofa</i>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="French Supreme Court">French Supreme Court</a> has twice taken the position that perfumes lack the creativity to constitute copyrightable expressions (<i>Bsiri-Barbir v. Haarman & Reimer</i>, 2006; <i>Beaute Prestige International v. Senteur Mazal</i>, 2008).<sup id="cite_ref-cp_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes, a knock-off perfume would use an altered name of the original perfume (for instance, now-discontinued <i>Freya</i> by <a href="/wiki/Oriflame" title="Oriflame">Oriflame</a> perfume has a similar-designed copy produced as "<i>Fre<b>yy</b>a</i>"). </p><p>It is still questionable if perfume's "functional purpose" can be protected with technical patent (one which lasts 15 years). Apparently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2020)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Russian "Novaya Zarya" labels their colognes as "hygienic lotions" for a similar reason. A counterexample: NovZar's more-than-century-old <a href="/wiki/Chypre#Pre-1917_chypres" title="Chypre"><i>Shipr</i> chypre</a> and Troinoi cologne are being produced by other companies in Russia in similar bottles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Numbered_perfumery,_"analogs""><span id="Numbered_perfumery.2C_.22analogs.22"></span>Numbered perfumery, "analogs"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Numbered perfumery, "analogs""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A different kind of copying perfumes is known in ex-USSR countries as "<i>номерная парфюмерия</i>" (literally "numbered perfumery"): </p><p>A "number-making" company with perfumery equipment would use their own, one-style-for-all cheap bottle; <i>de jure</i> labeling a knock-off perfume as an "aroma in the direction of [the well-known perfume]" or a "version" of certain branded perfume. This way, the production costs of initially cheap scents are reduced, since the bottle is used neither for plain counterfeiting nor for subtle re-designing. </p><p>The questionable part of numbered perfumery naming is the idea to openly mark perfume #XXX (say, #105) as either "type" or "version", or "<i>аромат направления</i>" (literally "aroma in the direction of") of a well-known perfum.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Resellers in offline stores (in malls, airport shops) can offer "fillable" perfumery, sometimes using <a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">weasel wording</a> to justify the price.</li> <li>Such perfumes usually get three-digit numbers as an officially registered name, which is stickered to the bottles.</li> <li>When it comes to propellant, a "number" usually has an alcohol base [almost] without stabilization (which may give strong "alcohol base stench", altering perfume's scent into the "smell of cheapness" phenomenon). <ul><li>To avoid this, many "numbers" can be made with (di)propylenglicol base and come as "perfume oil(s)". PG or DPG based numbered perfumery comes in 50ml plastic bottles and is purposed for tiny rollers; (D)PG is not usable in spray bottles (while not affected by the "smell of cheapness" issue nonetheless). Some companies offer all of their own "numbers" in both alcohol based and (D)PG based variants.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In small online "bulk", however (in purchases over 5000RUB), a whole 100ml bottle of such perfume (or 50ml bottle of "scent oil" of same "direction") costs only around 6 EUR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_environmental_issues">Health and environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Health and environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perfume ingredients, regardless of natural or synthetic origins, may all cause health or environmental problems when used. Although the areas are under active research, much remains to be learned about the effects of fragrance on human health and the environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunological;_asthma_and_allergy"><span id="Immunological.3B_asthma_and_allergy"></span>Immunological; asthma and allergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Immunological; asthma and allergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Evidence in peer-reviewed journals shows that some fragrances can cause asthmatic reactions in some individuals, especially those with severe or atopic asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fragrance ingredients can also cause headaches, allergic skin reactions<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GushmanHanaHou_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GushmanHanaHou-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, an excessive use of perfumes may cause <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a> reactions of the skin. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">acetophenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a><sup id="cite_ref-cbyear_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbyear-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while present in many perfumes, are also known or potential respiratory <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>. Nevertheless, this may be misleading, since the harm presented by many of these chemicals (either natural or synthetic) is dependent on environmental conditions and their concentrations in a perfume. For instance, linalool, which is listed as an irritant, causes skin irritation when it degrades to peroxides, however the use of antioxidants in perfumes or reduction in concentrations can prevent this. As well, the <a href="/wiki/Furanocoumarin" title="Furanocoumarin">furanocoumarin</a> present in natural extracts of grapefruit or <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a> can cause severe allergic reactions and increase sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some research on natural aromatics have shown that many contain compounds that cause skin irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-udgiv_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udgiv-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some studies, such as IFRA's research claim that <a href="/wiki/Perfumery%27s_opopanax" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfumery's opopanax">opoponax</a> is too dangerous to be used in perfumery, still lack scientific consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also true that sometimes inhalation alone can cause skin irritation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epikutanni-test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/220px-Epikutanni-test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/330px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/440px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch test</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of national and international surveys have identified <a href="/wiki/Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">balsam of Peru</a>, often used in perfumes, as being in the "top five" allergens most commonly causing <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">patch test</a> reactions in people referred to dermatology clinics.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study in 2001 found that 3.8% of the general population patch tested was allergic to it.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many perfumes contain components identical to balsam of Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-google3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Balsam of Peru is used as a marker for <a href="/wiki/Perfume_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfume allergy">perfume allergy</a>. Its presence in a cosmetic is denoted by the <a href="/wiki/INCI" class="mw-redirect" title="INCI">INCI</a> term <i>Myroxylon pereirae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rook_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rook-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Balsam of Peru has been banned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Fragrance_Association" title="International Fragrance Association">International Fragrance Association</a> since 1982 from use as a fragrance compound, but may be present as an extract or distillate in other products, where mandatory labelling is not required for usage of 0.4% or less.<sup id="cite_ref-google3_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carcinogenicity">Carcinogenicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Carcinogenicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is scientific evidence that nitro-musks such as <a href="/wiki/Musk_xylene" title="Musk xylene">musk xylene</a> could cause cancer in some specific animal tests. These reports were evaluated by the EU Scientific Committee for Consumer Safety (SCCS, formerly the SCCNFP<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and musk xylene was found to be safe for continued use in cosmetic products.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in fact part of the procedures of the Cosmetic Regulation in Europe that materials classified as carcinogens require such a safety evaluation by the authorities to be allowed in cosmetic consumer products. </p><p>Although other ingredients such as polycyclic <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_musk" title="Synthetic musk">synthetic musks</a>, have been reported to be positive in some in-vitro hormone assays,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these reports have been reviewed by various authorities. For example, for one of the main polycyclic musks <a href="/wiki/Galaxolide" title="Galaxolide">Galaxolide (HHCB)</a> these reviews include those of the EU Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the EU's Priority Substances Review,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the EU Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risk,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently also the US EPA.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of all of these reviews over the past decade or so is that there are no safety concerns for human health. Reviews with similar positive outcomes also exist for another main polycyclic musk (AHTN)—for instance, on its safe use in cosmetics by the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many natural aromatics, such as oakmoss absolutes,<sup id="cite_ref-udgiv_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udgiv-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OakAranol_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OakAranol-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">basil</a> oil, <a href="/wiki/Rose_oil" title="Rose oil">rose oil</a> and many others contain allergens or carcinogenic compounds, the safety of which is either governed by regulations (e.g. allowed methyl eugenol levels in the EU Cosmetics Regulation (Entry<span class="nowrap"> </span>102, Annex<span class="nowrap"> </span>III of the EU Cosmetics Regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or through various limitations set by the International Fragrance Association.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental">Environmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_dlisbona_-_Perfume_stall_in_Cairo_metro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Perfume stall in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pollution">Pollution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_musk" title="Synthetic musk">Synthetic musks</a> are pleasant in smell and relatively inexpensive, as such they are often employed in large quantities to cover the unpleasant scent of laundry detergents and many personal cleaning products. Due to their large-scale use, several types of synthetic musks have been found in human fat and milk,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the sediments and waters of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These pollutants may pose additional health and environmental problems when they enter human and animal diets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Species_endangerment">Species endangerment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Species endangerment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The demands for aromatic materials such as sandalwood, agarwood, and musk have led to the endangerment of these species, as well as illegal trafficking and harvesting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_regulations">Safety regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Safety regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US FDA controls the safety of perfumes through their ingredients and requires that they be tested to the extent that they are <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">Generally recognized as safe</a> (GRAS). Due to the need for protection of trade secrets, companies rarely give the full listing<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of ingredients regardless of their effects on health.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Perfume#Dubious" title="Talk:Perfume">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the EU, as from 11 March 2005, the mandatory listing of a set of 26 recognized fragrance allergens was enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The requirement to list these materials is dependent on the intended use of the final product. The limits above which the allergens are required to be declared are 0.001% for products intended to remain on the skin, and 0.01% for those intended to be rinsed off. This has resulted in many old perfumes like chypres and <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re" title="Fougère">fougère</a> classes, which traditionally make use of oakmoss extract, being reformulated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="It would be nice with a citation showing that that’s the reason they got reformulated. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preserving_perfume">Preserving perfume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Preserving perfume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym,_2007,_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Dokumentation_av_utst%C3%A4llningen_Passion_f%C3%B6r_parfym%2C_2007%2C_Hallwylska_museet_-_Hallwylska_museet_-_86456.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="4148" /></a><figcaption>Perfumes in a museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey,_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg/220px-Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg/330px-Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg/440px-Abbey%2C_Edwin_Austin_-_Potpourri_-_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Potpourri" title="Potpourri">Potpourri</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a>, 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>Fragrance compounds in perfumes will degrade or break down if improperly stored in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dirt" title="Dirt">extraneous organic materials</a>. Proper preservation of perfumes involves keeping them away from sources of heat and storing them where they will not be exposed to light. An opened bottle will keep its aroma intact for several years, as long as it is well stored.<sup id="cite_ref-Burr_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the presence of oxygen in the head space of the bottle and environmental factors will in the long run alter the smell of the fragrance. </p><p>Perfumes are best preserved when kept in light-tight <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> bottles or in their original packaging when not in use, and refrigerated to relatively low temperatures: between 3–7 °C (37–45 °F). Although it is difficult to completely remove oxygen from the headspace of a stored flask of fragrance, opting for spray dispensers instead of rollers and "open" bottles will minimize oxygen exposure. Sprays also have the advantage of isolating fragrance inside a bottle and preventing it from mixing with dust, skin, and detritus, which would degrade and alter the quality of a perfume. </p><p>There exist several <a href="/wiki/Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Archives">archives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">museums</a> devoted to the preservation of historical perfumes, namely the <a href="/wiki/Osmoth%C3%A8que" title="Osmothèque">Osmothèque</a>, which stocks over 3,000 perfumes from the past two millennia in their original formulations. All scents in their collection are preserved in non-<a href="/wiki/Actinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinic">actinic</a> glass flasks flushed with <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> gas, stored in <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermally insulated</a> compartments maintained at 12 °C (54 °F) in a large vault.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_of_perfumes">Lists of perfumes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lists of perfumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_perfumes" title="List of perfumes">List of perfumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_essential_oils" title="List of essential oils">List of essential oils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_celebrity-branded_fragrances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of celebrity-branded fragrances">List of celebrity-branded fragrances</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> – Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromone</a> – Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_toilette" title="Eau de toilette">Eau de toilette</a> – Lightly scented perfume <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a> – Type of perfume</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scented_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Scented water">Scented water</a> – Lightly scented perfume<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a> – Hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a> – Use of aromas during meditation or relaxation</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fragrance_companies" title="Category:Fragrance companies">Fragrance companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_Museum" title="Fragrance Museum">Fragrance Museum</a> – museum in Cologne, Germany<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina_gegen%C3%BCber_dem_J%C3%BClichs-Platz" title="Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz">John Maria Farina opposite Jülich's Square</a> – World's oldest perfume factory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FiFi_Awards" title="FiFi Awards">FiFi Awards</a> – Fragrance industry awards</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potpourri" title="Potpourri">Potpourri</a> – Mixture of dried flowers and other naturally fragrant plant material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomander" title="Pomander">Pomander</a> – Ball or container of herbs and perfumes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_lamp" title="Fragrance lamp">Fragrance lamp</a> – Lamp that disperses scented alcohol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanker_(perfume)" title="Flanker (perfume)">Flanker_(perfume)</a> – Derivative or offshoot of an existing perfume</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/perfume">"Perfume – Definition and More from Dictionary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Casa+Mundo&rft.atitle=History+of+Perfumes+in+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacasamundo.com%2F2013%2F05%2Fhistoria-del-perfume-en-espana-los.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovanni_Dugo,_Ivana_Bonaccorsi2013" class="citation book cs1">Giovanni Dugo, Ivana Bonaccorsi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0vNBQAAQBAJ"><i>Citrus bergamia: Bergamot and its Derivatives</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439862292" title="Special:BookSources/9781439862292"><bdi>9781439862292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citrus+bergamia%3A+Bergamot+and+its+Derivatives&rft.pages=467&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781439862292&rft.au=Giovanni+Dugo%2C+Ivana+Bonaccorsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0vNBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1927" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, C.J.S. (1927). <i>The Mystery and Lure of Perfume</i>. London: John Lane the Bodley Head Limited. p. 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+and+Lure+of+Perfume&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=John+Lane+the+Bodley+Head+Limited&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=C.J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoudouriTesseromatis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Voudouri, Dimitra; Tesseromatis, Christine (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijmpnet.com/journals/ijmp/Vol_3_No_2_Decembe_2015/4.pdf">"Perfumery from Myth to Antiquity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15640%2Fijmp.v3n2a4">10.15640/ijmp.v3n2a4</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816172513/http://ijmpnet.com/journals/ijmp/Vol_3_No_2_Decembe_2015/4.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medicine+and+Pharmacy&rft.atitle=Perfumery+from+Myth+to+Antiquity&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15640%2Fijmp.v3n2a4&rft.aulast=Voudouri&rft.aufirst=Dimitra&rft.au=Tesseromatis%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijmpnet.com%2Fjournals%2Fijmp%2FVol_3_No_2_Decembe_2015%2F4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1994" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Catherine (1 March 1994). "Searching for nineteenth-century Florida water bottles". <i>Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 78–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03374182">10.1007/BF03374182</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213">0440-9213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162639733">162639733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Searching+for+nineteenth-century+Florida+water+bottles&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-98&rft.date=1994-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162639733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0440-9213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03374182&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddart1990" class="citation book cs1">Stoddart, David Michael (1990). <i>The Scented Ape: The Biology and Culture of Human Odour</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scented+Ape%3A+The+Biology+and+Culture+of+Human+Odour&rft.pages=142-167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Stoddart&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepe2000" class="citation book cs1">Pepe, Tracy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZYVMRG0PMAC"><i>So, What's All the Sniff About?: An In-Depth Plea for Sanity and Equal Rights for Your Sense of Smell, Our Most Neglected and Endangered Sense</i></a>. So Whats all the Sniff about. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780968707609" title="Special:BookSources/9780968707609"><bdi>9780968707609</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>In 1693 an Italian, Giovanni Paolo de Feminis created a fragrance called "Aqua Mirabilis". This fragrance was said to have therapeutic properties to aid with headaches and heart palpitations. It was designed as a non-gender aroma that would enhance one's mood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So%2C+What%27s+All+the+Sniff+About%3F%3A+An+In-Depth+Plea+for+Sanity+and+Equal+Rights+for+Your+Sense+of+Smell%2C+Our+Most+Neglected+and+Endangered+Sense&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=So+Whats+all+the+Sniff+about&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780968707609&rft.aulast=Pepe&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZYVMRG0PMAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203004537/http://cologneblog.com/history-of-mens-cologne/">"A Brief History of Men's Cologne – Discover the History of Men's Fragrances-COLOGNE BLOG"</a>. <i>COLOGNE BLOG</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cologneblog.com/history-of-mens-cologne/">the original</a> on 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COLOGNE+BLOG&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Men%27s+Cologne+%E2%80%93+Discover+the+History+of+Men%27s+Fragrances-COLOGNE+BLOG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcologneblog.com%2Fhistory-of-mens-cologne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Rice,_Frederick_Albert_Castle1879" class="citation book cs1">Charles Rice, Frederick Albert Castle (1879). <i>New Remedies: An Illustrated Monthly Trade Journal of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Therapeutics</i>. W. Wood & Company. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Remedies%3A+An+Illustrated+Monthly+Trade+Journal+of+Materia+Medica%2C+Pharmacy+and+Therapeutics&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=W.+Wood+%26+Company&rft.date=1879&rft.au=Charles+Rice%2C+Frederick+Albert+Castle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT71218-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT71218_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT71218_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT71218_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTynan_Sinks2018" class="citation news cs1">Tynan Sinks (12 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/12/smarter-living/differences-perfume-cologne-fragrance.html">"The Difference Between Perfume, Cologne and Other Fragrances"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712175250/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/12/smarter-living/differences-perfume-cologne-fragrance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>You'll see all sorts of names in the fragrance section: perfume, eau de toilette, parfum, eau de cologne. What makes them different — and in many cases, more expensive?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Difference+Between+Perfume%2C+Cologne+and+Other+Fragrances&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft.au=Tynan+Sinks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F12%2Fsmarter-living%2Fdifferences-perfume-cologne-fragrance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wien.info/en/lifestyle-scene/trendy/scents-from-vienna">"Scents from Vienna"</a>. <i>wien.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219183158/http://www.wien.info/en/lifestyle-scene/trendy/scents-from-vienna">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wien.info&rft.atitle=Scents+from+Vienna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien.info%2Fen%2Flifestyle-scene%2Ftrendy%2Fscents-from-vienna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glossary_C-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_C_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glossary_C_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731203552/http://www.fragrance.org/glossary.php?l=C">"Glossary (C)"</a>. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fragrance.org/glossary.php?l=C">the original</a> on 31 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+%28C%29&rft.pub=The+Fragrance+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fragrance.org%2Fglossary.php%3Fl%3DC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perfume.com/article-a-guide-to-perfume-types">"A Guide to Perfume Types"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225091907/https://www.perfume.com/article-a-guide-to-perfume-types">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Perfume+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perfume.com%2Farticle-a-guide-to-perfume-types&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger,_Paul2011" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Paul (26 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/144873/perfume-nose-conjures-up-perfect-scents/">"Perfume 'Nose' Conjures Up Perfect Scents"</a>. <i>Forward.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811182008/http://forward.com/news/144873/perfume-nose-conjures-up-perfect-scents/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward.com&rft.atitle=Perfume+%27Nose%27+Conjures+Up+Perfect+Scents&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft.au=Berger%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F144873%2Fperfume-nose-conjures-up-perfect-scents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgata_A._Listowska,_MAMark_A._Nicholson,_ASO2011" class="citation book cs1">Agata A. Listowska, MA & Mark A. Nicholson, ASO (2011). <i>Complementary Medicine, Beauty and Modelling</i>. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 153–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456888954" title="Special:BookSources/9781456888954"><bdi>9781456888954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complementary+Medicine%2C+Beauty+and+Modelling&rft.pages=153-4&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781456888954&rft.au=Agata+A.+Listowska%2C+MA&rft.au=Mark+A.+Nicholson%2C+ASO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turkington,_Carol_and_Jeffrey_S._Dover_2009_148_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkington,_CarolJeffrey_S._Dover2009" class="citation book cs1">Turkington, Carol & Jeffrey S. Dover (2009). <i>The Encyclopedia of Skin and Skin Disorders</i>. Infobase Publishing. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816075096" title="Special:BookSources/9780816075096"><bdi>9780816075096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Skin+and+Skin+Disorders&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816075096&rft.au=Turkington%2C+Carol&rft.au=Jeffrey+S.+Dover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fragrance_Info_/_FAQs_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108031824/http://www.fragrance.org/faqs.php">"Fragrance Info / FAQs"</a>. The Fragrance Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fragrance.org/faqs.php">the original</a> on 8 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fragrance+Info+%2F+FAQs&rft.pub=The+Fragrance+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fragrance.org%2Ffaqs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burr-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burr_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burr_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burr_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr,_Chandler2003" class="citation book cs1">Burr, Chandler (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emperorofscentst00burr"><i>The Emperor of Scent: A Story of Perfume, Obsession, and the Last Mystery of the Senses</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50797-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50797-3"><bdi>0-375-50797-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+of+Scent%3A+A+Story+of+Perfume%2C+Obsession%2C+and+the+Last+Mystery+of+the+Senses&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-50797-3&rft.au=Burr%2C+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femperorofscentst00burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fortineau-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fortineau_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortineau_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fortineau_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Perfume connoisseurs speak of a fragrance's "sillage", or the discernible trail it leaves in the air when applied. Fortineau, Anne-Dominique (2004). "Chemistry Perfumes Your Daily Life". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>.81(1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Michael (2006). "Fragrances of the World 2006". <i>Crescent House Publishing</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9756097-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9756097-1-8">0-9756097-1-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.lebermuth.com/fragrance-101-understanding-the-fragrance-pyramid">"Fragrance 101: Understanding The Fragrance Pyramid"</a>. <i>Blog.lebermuth.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929000259/https://blog.lebermuth.com/fragrance-101-understanding-the-fragrance-pyramid">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blog.lebermuth.com&rft.atitle=Fragrance+101%3A+Understanding+The+Fragrance+Pyramid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.lebermuth.com%2Ffragrance-101-understanding-the-fragrance-pyramid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanel.com/en_US/fragrance-beauty/Fragrance-Coco-Mademoiselle-COCO-MADEMOISELLE-PARFUM-88207">"Coco Mademoiselle from Chanel"</a>. <i>Chanel.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102181938/http://www.chanel.com/en_US/fragrance-beauty/Fragrance-Coco-Mademoiselle-COCO-MADEMOISELLE-PARFUM-88207">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chanel.com&rft.atitle=Coco+Mademoiselle+from+Chanel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanel.com%2Fen_US%2Ffragrance-beauty%2FFragrance-Coco-Mademoiselle-COCO-MADEMOISELLE-PARFUM-88207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OGrantInterview-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OGrantInterview_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne,_Grant2001" class="citation web cs1">Osborne, Grant (1 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206133603/http://www.basenotes.net/interviews/int-medwards.html">"Interview with Michael Edwards"</a>. <i>Basenotes.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basenotes.net/interviews/int-medwards.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Basenotes.net&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Michael+Edwards&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft.au=Osborne%2C+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basenotes.net%2Finterviews%2Fint-medwards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2011" class="citation book cs1">Dugan, Holly (14 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQMwptJKG5IC&q=perfume+bark&pg=PP1"><i>The Ephemeral History of Perfume: Scent and Sense in Early Modern England</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profumo.it&rft.atitle=Civet+suffering&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profumo.it%2Finternet-documents%2Fzibetto%2Fsuffering.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsenLinda_C._PrinslooLouis_ScottAnna_K._Jägera2008" class="citation journal cs1">Olsen, Andreas; Linda C. Prinsloo; Louis Scott; Anna K. 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"Perfumery Techniques in Evolution". <i>Allured Pub Corp</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931710-72-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-931710-72-3">0-931710-72-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam, G., Endrissat, N., & Noppeney, C. (2016). Beyond "the Eye" of the Beholder: Scent innovation through analogical reconfiguration. Organization Studies, 0170840615622064. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615622064">http://doi.org/10.1177/0170840615622064</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbyear-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbyear_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbyear_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbyear_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2008" class="citation book cs1">Burr, Chandler (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perfectscentyear00burr"><i>The Perfect Scent: A Year Inside the Perfume Industry in Paris & New York</i></a>. Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8037-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8037-7"><bdi>978-0-8050-8037-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Scent%3A+A+Year+Inside+the+Perfume+Industry+in+Paris+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8037-7&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperfectscentyear00burr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkin, Robert R. & Jellinek, J. Stephen (1994). "Perfumery: practice and principles". <i>John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-58934-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-58934-9">0-471-58934-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._EinhornLesley_Portnoy2010" class="citation cs2">David A. Einhorn; Lesley Portnoy (April 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iptoday.com/issues/2010/04/the-copyrightability-perfumes-i-smell-symphony.asp">"The Copyrightability of Perfumes: I Smell a Symphony"</a>, <i>Intellectual Property Today</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310002503/http://www.iptoday.com/issues/2010/04/the-copyrightability-perfumes-i-smell-symphony.asp">archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2014</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intellectual+Property+Today&rft.atitle=The+Copyrightability+of+Perfumes%3A+I+Smell+a+Symphony&rft.date=2010-04&rft.au=David+A.+Einhorn&rft.au=Lesley+Portnoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iptoday.com%2Fissues%2F2010%2F04%2Fthe-copyrightability-perfumes-i-smell-symphony.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One example being <i><a href="/wiki/Fidji" title="Fidji">Fidji</a></i> by <i><a href="/wiki/Guy_Laroche" title="Guy Laroche">Guy Laroche</a></i> — this particular example can be found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reni.su/product-category/zhenskiy/">Reni.su</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615081453/https://www.reni.su/product-category/zhenskiy/">Archived</a> 15 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarCaradonna-GrahamGuptaCai1995" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar P, Caradonna-Graham VM, Gupta S, Cai X, Rao PN, Thompson J (November 1995). "Inhalation challenge effects of perfume scent strips in patients with asthma". <i>Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol</i>. <b>75</b> (5): 429–33. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7583865">7583865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Allergy+Asthma+Immunol.&rft.atitle=Inhalation+challenge+effects+of+perfume+scent+strips+in+patients+with+asthma&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-33&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7583865&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Caradonna-Graham%2C+VM&rft.au=Gupta%2C+S&rft.au=Cai%2C+X&rft.au=Rao%2C+PN&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroschRastogiPirker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Frosch PJ, Rastogi SC, Pirker C, et al. (April 2005). "Patch testing with a new fragrance mix – reactivity to the individual constituents and chemical detection in relevant cosmetic products". <i>Contact Derm</i>. <b>52</b> (4): 216–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2005.00563.x">10.1111/j.0105-1873.2005.00563.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15859994">15859994</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5661020">5661020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact+Derm.&rft.atitle=Patch+testing+with+a+new+fragrance+mix+%E2%80%93+reactivity+to+the+individual+constituents+and+chemical+detection+in+relevant+cosmetic+products&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=216-25&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5661020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15859994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2005.00563.x&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Rastogi%2C+SC&rft.au=Pirker%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GushmanHanaHou-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GushmanHanaHou_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah_Gushman" class="citation web cs1">Deborah Gushman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213153631/http://www.hanahou.com/pages/magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=373&MagazineID=23">"The Nose Knows"</a>. <i>Hanahou.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanahou.com/pages/magazine.asp?Action=DrawArticle&ArticleID=373&MagazineID=23">the original</a> on 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hanahou.com&rft.atitle=The+Nose+Knows&rft.au=Deborah+Gushman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanahou.com%2Fpages%2Fmagazine.asp%3FAction%3DDrawArticle%26ArticleID%3D373%26MagazineID%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApostolidisChandraDemirhanCinatl2002" class="citation journal cs1">Apostolidis S, Chandra T, Demirhan I, Cinatl J, Doerr HW, Chandra A (2002). "Evaluation of carcinogenic potential of two nitro-musk derivatives, musk xylene and musk tibetene in a host-mediated in vivo/in vitro assay system". <i>Anticancer Res</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 2657–62. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529978">12529978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anticancer+Res.&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+carcinogenic+potential+of+two+nitro-musk+derivatives%2C+musk+xylene+and+musk+tibetene+in+a+host-mediated+in+vivo%2Fin+vitro+assay+system&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2657-62&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12529978&rft.aulast=Apostolidis&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Chandra%2C+T&rft.au=Demirhan%2C+I&rft.au=Cinatl%2C+J&rft.au=Doerr%2C+HW&rft.au=Chandra%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmeiserGminskiMersch-Sundermann2001" class="citation journal cs1">Schmeiser HH, Gminski R, Mersch-Sundermann V (May 2001). "Evaluation of health risks caused by musk ketone". <i>Int J Hyg Environ Health</i>. <b>203</b> (4): 293–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001IJHEH.203..293S">2001IJHEH.203..293S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1078%2F1438-4639-00047">10.1078/1438-4639-00047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11434209">11434209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Hyg+Environ+Health&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+health+risks+caused+by+musk+ketone&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=293-9&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11434209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1078%2F1438-4639-00047&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001IJHEH.203..293S&rft.aulast=Schmeiser&rft.aufirst=HH&rft.au=Gminski%2C+R&rft.au=Mersch-Sundermann%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum2010" class="citation web cs1">Berenbaum, May (14 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.illinois.edu/berenbaum/newpage1.htm">"Furanocoumarins as potent chemical defenses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811071727/http://www.life.illinois.edu/berenbaum/newpage1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Furanocoumarins+as+potent+chemical+defenses&rft.date=2010-06-14&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=May&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.illinois.edu%2Fberenbaum%2Fnewpage1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-udgiv-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-udgiv_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-udgiv_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Environmental and Health Assessment of Substances in Household Detergents and Cosmetic Detergent Products <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/Publications/2001/87-7944-596-9/html/kap12_eng.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232246/http://www2.mst.dk/common/Udgivramme/Frame.asp?pg=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mst.dk%2Fudgiv%2FPublications%2F2001%2F87-7944-596-9%2Fhtml%2Fkap12_eng.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_025b.pdf">"SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON CONSUMER PRODUCTS : SCCP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ec.europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073514/http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_025b.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=SCIENTIFIC+COMMITTEE+ON+CONSUMER+PRODUCTS+%3A+SCCP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fhealth%2Fph_risk%2Fcommittees%2F04_sccp%2Fdocs%2Fsccp_o_025b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried_SchmalzDorthe_Arenholt_Bindslev2008" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&q=balsam+of+peru+allergy&pg=PA352"><i>Biocompatibility of Dental Materials</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540777823" title="Special:BookSources/9783540777823"><bdi>9783540777823</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biocompatibility+of+Dental+Materials&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783540777823&rft.au=Gottfried+Schmalz&rft.au=Dorthe+Arenholt+Bindslev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmrreTHuo54wC%26q%3Dbalsam%2Bof%2Bperu%2Ballergy%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google5_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_P._Habif2009" class="citation book cs1">Thomas P. Habif (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDWlWR5UbqQC&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT530"><i>Clinical Dermatology</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0323080378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0323080378"><bdi>978-0323080378</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Dermatology&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0323080378&rft.au=Thomas+P.+Habif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDWlWR5UbqQC%26q%3D%2522balsam%2Bof%2Bperu%2522%2Ballergy%26pg%3DPT530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_T._BopeRick_D._Kellerman2013" class="citation book cs1">Edward T. Bope; Rick D. Kellerman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmwYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT264"><i>Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323225724" title="Special:BookSources/9780323225724"><bdi>9780323225724</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110200718/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmwYAgAAQBAJ&q=%22balsam+of+peru%22+allergy&pg=PT264">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conn%27s+Current+Therapy+2014%3A+Expert+Consult&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780323225724&rft.au=Edward+T.+Bope&rft.au=Rick+D.+Kellerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfmwYAgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522balsam%2Bof%2Bperu%2522%2Ballergy%26pg%3DPT264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Platts-MillsJohannes_Ring2006" class="citation book cs1">T. 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"Content of oak moss allergens atranol and chloroatranol in perfumes and similar products". <i>Contact Derm</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 367–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2004.00379.x">10.1111/j.0105-1873.2004.00379.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15274728">15274728</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38375267">38375267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contact+Derm.&rft.atitle=Content+of+oak+moss+allergens+atranol+and+chloroatranol+in+perfumes+and+similar+products&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=367-70&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38375267%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15274728&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0105-1873.2004.00379.x&rft.aulast=Rastogi&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Bossi%2C+R&rft.au=Johansen%2C+JD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:02009R1223-20240424">Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on cosmetic products (recast) (Consolidated text)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards">"standards - IFRA International Fragrance Association - in every sense"</a>. <i>Ifraorg.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301073257/http://www.ifraorg.org/en-us/standards">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ifraorg.org&rft.atitle=standards+-+IFRA+International+Fragrance+Association+-+in+every+sense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifraorg.org%2Fen-us%2Fstandards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuedahl-OlesenCederbergPedersenHøjgård2005" class="citation journal cs1">Duedahl-Olesen L, Cederberg T, Pedersen KH, Højgård A (October 2005). "Synthetic musk fragrances in trout from Danish fish farms and human milk". <i>Chemosphere</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 422–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Chmsp..61..422D">2005Chmsp..61..422D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2005.02.004">10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.02.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16182860">16182860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemosphere&rft.atitle=Synthetic+musk+fragrances+in+trout+from+Danish+fish+farms+and+human+milk&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=422-31&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16182860&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chemosphere.2005.02.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Chmsp..61..422D&rft.aulast=Duedahl-Olesen&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Cederberg%2C+T&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+KH&rft.au=H%C3%B8jg%C3%A5rd%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeckLinebaughHornbuckle2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peck AM, Linebaugh EK, Hornbuckle KC (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757450">"Synthetic Musk Fragrances in Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Sediment Cores"</a>. <i>Environ. Sci. Technol</i>. <b>40</b> (18): 5629–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006EnST...40.5629P">2006EnST...40.5629P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes060134y">10.1021/es060134y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2757450">2757450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17007119">17007119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Sci.+Technol.&rft.atitle=Synthetic+Musk+Fragrances+in+Lake+Erie+and+Lake+Ontario+Sediment+Cores&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=5629-35&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2757450%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17007119&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes060134y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006EnST...40.5629P&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Linebaugh%2C+EK&rft.au=Hornbuckle%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2757450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003L0015">Directive 2003/15/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 February 2003 amending Council Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beautyfashion.com/archives/LOsmotheque.html">Colton, Sarah, "L'Osmothèque—Preserving The Past To Ensure The Future", Beauty Fashion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174831/http://www.beautyfashion.com/archives/LOsmotheque.html">Archived</a> 15 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burr, Chandler (2004). "The Emperor of Scent: A True Story of Perfume and Obsession" <i>Random House Publishing</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-75981-9">978-0-375-75981-9</a></li> <li>Edwards, Michael (1997). "Perfume Legends: French Feminine Fragrances". <i>Crescent House Publishing</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-27794-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-646-27794-4">0-646-27794-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllena2022" class="citation book cs1">Ellena, Jean-Claude (2022) [2020 Flammarion, Paris]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yrZNEAAAQBAJ"><i>Atlas of Perfumed Botany</i></a> [<i>Atlas de botanique parfumée</i>]. Translated by Erik Butler. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04673-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04673-2"><bdi>978-0-262-04673-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Perfumed+Botany&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04673-2&rft.aulast=Ellena&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyrZNEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APerfume" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Klymentiev, Maksym. "Creating Spices for the Mind: The Origins of Modern Western Perfumery". The Senses and Society. Vol. 9, 2014, issue 2.</li> <li>Moran, Jan (2000). "Fabulous Fragrances II: A Guide to Prestige Perfumes for Women and Men". <i>Crescent House Publishing</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9639065-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9639065-4-2">0-9639065-4-2</a>.</li> <li>Turin, Luca (2006). "The Secret of Scent". <i>Faber & Faber</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-21537-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-21537-8">0-571-21537-8</a>.</li> <li>Stamelman, Richard: "Perfume – Joy, Obsession, Scandal, Sin". <i>Rizzoli</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2832-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8478-2832-6">978-0-8478-2832-6</a>. A cultural history of fragrance from 1750 to the present day.</li> <li>Süskind, Patrick (2006). "Perfume: The Story of a Murderer". <i>Vintage Publishing</i> (English edition). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27776-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27776-3">978-0-307-27776-3</a>. A novel of perfume, obsession and serial murder. Also released as a movie with same name in 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfume&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Perfumes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Perfumes">Perfumes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifraorg.org/">IFRA</a>: International Fragrance Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fragrance.org/">The Fragrance Foundation</a> "FiFi"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsp.org.uk/">The British Society of Perfumers</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Perfumes" title="Template:Perfumes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Perfumes" title="Template talk:Perfumes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Perfumes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Perfumes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Perfumes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Perfumes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_perfume" title="History of perfume">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_perfumes" title="List of perfumes">List of perfumes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid_perfume" title="Solid perfume">Solid perfume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_Cologne" title="Eau de Cologne">Eau de Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_de_toilette" title="Eau de toilette">Eau de toilette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_essential_oils" title="List of essential oils">Essential oils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomander" title="Pomander">Pomander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chypre" title="Chypre">Chypre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8re" title="Fougère">Fougère</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Perfume_ingredients" title="Category:Perfume ingredients">Ingredients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Plant_sources">Plant sources</a> including <a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">Herbal distillates</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Animal_sources">Animal sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Synthetic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromachology" title="Aromachology">Aromachology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_wheel" title="Fragrance wheel">Fragrance wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_extraction" title="Fragrance extraction">Fragrance extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_(perfumery)" title="Note (perfumery)">Note </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scentography" title="Scentography">Scentography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfumer" title="Perfumer">Perfumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_Museum" title="Fragrance Museum">Fragrance Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fragrances_of_the_World" title="Fragrances of the World">Fragrances of the World</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fragrance_Association" title="International Fragrance Association">International Fragrance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Parfum" title="Musée du Parfum">Musée du Parfum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoth%C3%A8que" title="Osmothèque">Osmothèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Fragrance_Materials" title="Research Institute of Fragrance Materials">Research Institute of Fragrance Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Capucines" title="Théâtre-Musée des Capucines">Théâtre-Musée des Capucines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fragrance_Foundation" title="The Fragrance Foundation">The Fragrance Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISIPCA" title="ISIPCA">ISIPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basenotes" title="Basenotes">Basenotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Beaux" title="Ernest Beaux">Ernest Beaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty" title="François Coty">François Coty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Daltroff" title="Ernest Daltroff">Ernest Daltroff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Edwards_(fragrance_expert)" title="Michael Edwards (fragrance expert)">Michael Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Maria_Farina" title="Johann Maria Farina">Johann Maria Farina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guerlain" title="Jacques Guerlain">Jacques Guerlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Turin" title="Luca Turin">Luca Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Roudnitska" title="Edmond Roudnitska">Edmond Roudnitska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parfums_Caron" title="Parfums Caron">Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmenich" title="Firmenich">Firmenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frutarom" title="Frutarom">Frutarom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givaudan" title="Givaudan">Givaudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Flavors_%26_Fragrances" title="International Flavors & Fragrances">International Flavors & Fragrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mane_SA" title="Mane SA">Mane SA</a></li> <li><a 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Hasegawa">T. Hasegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_International_Corporation" title="Takasago International Corporation">Takasago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Perfumery" title="Category:Perfumery">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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