CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Colorado War - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f2334c4e-f9f3-40e5-9198-80c3b23612fd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Colorado_War","wgTitle":"Colorado War","wgCurRevisionId":1243298094,"wgRevisionId":1243298094,"wgArticleId":1898730,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Indian wars of the American Old West","Wars between the United States and Native Americans","Native American history of Colorado","Pre-statehood history of Colorado","Conflicts in 1863","Conflicts in 1864","Conflicts in 1865","Battles involving the Arapaho","Battles involving the Cheyenne","Battles involving the Sioux","Colorado in the American Civil War", "Colorado Territory","1860s in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Colorado_War","wgRelevantArticleId":1898730,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2602070","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1472"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg/800px-Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="981"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg/640px-Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="785"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Colorado War - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_War"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_War"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Colorado_War rootpage-Colorado_War skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Colorado+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colorado+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Colorado+War" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Colorado+War" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_shots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_shots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opening shots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_shots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_war_expands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_war_expands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The war expands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_war_expands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_feelers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_feelers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Peace feelers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_feelers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sand_Creek_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sand_Creek_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sand Creek massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sand_Creek_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_retaliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_retaliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indian retaliation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_retaliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigations_of_Sand_Creek_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigations_of_Sand_Creek_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Investigations of Sand Creek massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigations_of_Sand_Creek_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Colorado War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Colorado Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Colorado Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_du_Colorado" title="Guerre du Colorado – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre du Colorado" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Colorado" title="Guerra del Colorado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra del Colorado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado-oorlog" title="Colorado-oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Colorado-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%89%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="コロラド戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロラド戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Война в Колорадо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война в Колорадо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Війна в Колорадо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна в Колорадо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2602070#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Colorado_War" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Colorado_War" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Colorado_War" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&oldid=1243298094" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Colorado_War&id=1243298094&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColorado_War"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FColorado_War"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Colorado_War&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Colorado_War" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2602070" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Labor_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Labor War">Colorado Labor War</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">19th-century armed conflict of the American Indian Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Colorado War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Colorado_war,_1864-1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg/300px-Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg/450px-Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg/600px-Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1191" /></a></span><br /><i>Map of the Colorado War</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 12, 1864 – July 26, 1865</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Inconclusive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arapaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Arapaho">Arapaho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Sioux</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_M._Chivington" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Chivington">John M. Chivington</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_O._Collins" title="William O. Collins">William O. Collins</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Nose">Roman Nose</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_Killer" title="Pawnee Killer">Pawnee Killer</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colorado_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Colorado_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Colorado War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Colorado_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Colorado War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Colorado_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Colorado War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colorado_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungate_massacre" title="Hungate massacre">Hungate massacre</a> (June 11, 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (November 29, 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a> (January 7, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ranch_massacre" title="American Ranch massacre">American Ranch massacre</a> (January 14, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Godfrey_Ranch" title="Raid on Godfrey Ranch">Raid on Godfrey Ranch</a> (January 15–16, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a> ( February 4–6, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a> (February 8–9, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platte_Bridge" title="Battle of Platte Bridge">Battle of Platte Bridge</a> (July 26, 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platte_Bridge#Battle_of_Red_Buttes" title="Battle of Platte Bridge">Battle of Red Buttes</a> (about July 26, 1865)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sioux_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Sioux_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Sioux Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Sioux_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Sioux Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Sioux_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Sioux Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sioux_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Sioux_Wars" title="Sioux Wars">Sioux Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattan_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Grattan Massacre">First Sioux War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Expedition_of_1873" title="Yellowstone Expedition of 1873">Yellowstone Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance_War" title="Ghost Dance War">Ghost Dance War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Colorado War</b> was an <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian War</a> fought in 1864 and 1865 between the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Cheyenne">Southern Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a>, and allied <a href="/wiki/Brul%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Brulé">Brulé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oglala" title="Oglala">Oglala</a> <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>) peoples versus the U.S. Army, Colorado militia, and white <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> and adjacent regions. The <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> played a minor role in actions that occurred in the southern part of the Territory along the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cheyenne, Arapaho, and Sioux played the major role in actions that occurred north of the Arkansas River and along the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a>, and the eastern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Stage_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Stage Line">Overland Trail</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> and Colorado Territory authorities participated through the <a href="/wiki/1st_Colorado_Cavalry_Regiment" title="1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment">1st Colorado Cavalry Regiment</a>, often called the Colorado volunteers. The war was centered on the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Eastern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Eastern Plains">Colorado Eastern Plains</a>, extending eastward into <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>. </p><p>The war included an attack in November 1864 against the winter camp of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Southern Cheyenne</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a>. The engagement, initially hailed as a great victory, was later publicly condemned as an act of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidal">genocidal</a> brutality. The massacre resulted in military and congressional hearings which established the culpability of <a href="/wiki/John_M._Chivington" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Chivington">John M. Chivington</a>, the commander of the Colorado Volunteers, and his troops. </p><p>The Indians' response to the Sand Creek Massacre was a move northward to the more isolated lands of <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> to join their relatives, the Northern Cheyenne, the Northern Arapaho, and the main body of the Sioux. En route they carried out extensive raids along the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a> and attacked U.S. military forts and forces, successfully eluding defeat and capture by the U.S. army. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851),_the_Indian_territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg/250px-Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg/375px-Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg/500px-Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_%281851%29%2C_the_Indian_territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Indian land as defined by the Treaty of Fort Laramie</figcaption></figure> <p>By the terms of the 1851 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie</a> between the United States and a few representatives of various tribes including the Cheyenne and Arapaho,<sup id="cite_ref-fortlaramietreaty1851_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortlaramietreaty1851-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States unilaterally defined and recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho territory as ranging from the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> southward to the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> in present-day Colorado and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The treaty also acknowledged that the tribal territories defined therein were minimum territories and that it didn't preclude the existence of additional tribal territories not mentioned in the treaty. The treaty did not – as is often falsely assumed – "allocate territory" to various tribes but endeavoured to make declaratory delineations of already existing sovereign tribal lands through which the US merely secured a right of way. Initially, the land, often called "the Great American Desert," was of little interest to the United States and white settlers. However, the discovery in November 1858 of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in Colorado<sup id="cite_ref-hoig2-61_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoig2-61-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (then part of the western <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-greene-12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought on a <a href="/wiki/Pikes_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikes Peak Gold Rush">gold rush</a> and a consequent flood of white emigration across Cheyenne and Arapaho lands.<sup id="cite_ref-hoig2-61_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoig2-61-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colorado territorial officials pressured federal authorities to redefine and reduce the extent of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a> treaty lands.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 18, 1861, six chiefs of the Southern Cheyenne and four of the Arapaho signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Wise" title="Treaty of Fort Wise">Treaty of Fort Wise</a> with the United States<sup id="cite_ref-fortwisetreaty_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortwisetreaty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_New_Fort" title="Bent's New Fort">Bent's New Fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Big_Timbers" title="Big Timbers">Big Timbers</a> near what is now <a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado" title="Lamar, Colorado">Lamar, Colorado</a>. They ceded more than 90 percent of the lands designated for them by the Fort Laramie Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-27_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-27-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their new, much reduced reserve was located in eastern Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Cheyenne including the <a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers" title="Dog Soldiers">Dog Soldiers</a>, a militaristic band of Cheyennes and <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakotas</a> that had evolved beginning in the 1830s, disavowed the treaty and refused to abide by its constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-12-13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-12-13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They continued to live and hunt in the <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>-rich lands of eastern Colorado and western Kansas, becoming increasingly belligerent over the tide of white immigration across their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-hoig2-62_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoig2-62-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cheyennes opposed to the treaty said that it had been signed by a small minority of the chiefs without the consent or approval of the rest of the tribe, that the signatories had not understood what they signed, and that they had been bribed to sign by a large distribution of gifts. The whites, however, claimed the treaty was a "solemn obligation" and considered that those Indians who refused to abide by it were hostile and planning a war.<sup id="cite_ref-hyde-118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hyde-118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_shots">Opening shots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opening shots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png/200px-Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png/300px-Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png/400px-Cheyenne_Scout_by_Henry_Farny_1899.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Painting of a Cheyenne scout</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1864, there was little indication that an Indian War in Colorado was about to begin. The U.S. army was planning to withdraw many of its units from the Great Plains to fight the Confederacy in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Civil War">Civil War</a>. On April 9, however, Colonel John Chivington, commander of the Colorado volunteers, reported that Indians had stolen 175 head of cattle from whites. The Cheyenne later stated that they found cattle wandering freely on the plains and took them to their camps. Lt. George Eayre with soldiers and a <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer</a> was despatched to recover the cattle. On April 12, Eayre encountered a band of Cheyenne. A fight ensued in which a soldier was killed. Eayre burned the seventy <a href="/wiki/Tipis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipis">tipis</a> of a nearby encampment and returned to Denver with 20 head of cattle. This fight took place near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_River" title="Republican River">Republican River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungate massacre involved the murder of the family of Nathan Hungate along Running Creek (Box Elder Creek near present-day Elizabeth, Colorado) on June 11, 1864.[1][2] It was a precipitating factor leading to the Sand Creek massacre of November 29, 1864. </p><p>On about the same date, a band of fourteen Dog Soldiers encountered a group of fifteen to twenty soldiers just north of the <a href="/wiki/South_Platte_River" title="South Platte River">South Platte River</a>. The soldiers demanded that the Dog Soldiers throw down their weapons. The soldiers suspected the Dog Soldiers had stolen four mules from a white owner. A fight ensued and two soldiers were killed and three Dog Soldiers wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mixed blood Cheyenne warrior, <a href="/wiki/George_Bent" title="George Bent">George Bent</a>, said that the Indians were puzzled by what they regarded as unprovoked attacks by soldiers. Bent speculated that the altercations between soldiers and Indians were an effort by Colonel Chivington and the Colorado Volunteers to avoid being ordered to go to Kansas to fight the Confederates by establishing a need for them to remain in Colorado because of an Indian war.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_war_expands">The war expands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The war expands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Incidents continue to happen regularly, sparked by both the Indians and U.S. soldiers and militia. In May Lt. Eayre was in the field again with 100 men and 2 howitzers. Near the <a href="/wiki/Smoky_Hill_River" title="Smoky Hill River">Smoky Hill River</a> in Kansas Eayre had a battle with the Dog Soldiers. He claimed the Indians started the battle; the Indians claimed the soldiers attacked them. Eayre claimed that he killed 28 Indians at a loss of four men of his own. Bent claimed that only three Indians were killed, but among the Indian dead was Lean Bear, a prominent Dog Soldier leader.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eayre finished his raid at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Larned_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Larned National Historic Site">Fort Larned</a>, near present <a href="/wiki/Larned,_Kansas" title="Larned, Kansas">Larned, Kansas</a>, where 240 of his horses and mules were stolen by the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>. Arapahoes offering assistance to recover the stolen horses were fired on by soldiers and thereafter turned hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, in May, Major Jacob Downing and a force of Colorado volunteers attacked a Cheyenne village in Cedar Canyon north of the South Platte River. The people in the village were mainly old women and children. Downing reported killing 26 Indians. One soldier was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 11, only 50 kilometres (31 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, four Arapaho killed the four members of the Hungate family, creating fear in the city that the war was on their doorstep.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 12, a band of <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjou</a> Sioux attacked a wagon train on the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, killing 4 men. Soldiers pursued the raiders but were ambushed and had one man killed. On August 20, the Indians killed 5 members of a family in Nebraska. A total of 51 people were reported killed by Indians along the <a href="/wiki/Little_Blue_River_(Kansas/Nebraska)" title="Little Blue River (Kansas/Nebraska)">Little Blue River</a> in Kansas and Nebraska. The roads to Denver across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> were closed from August 15 to September 24.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hungate massacre involved the murder of the family of Nathan Hungate along Running Creek (Box Elder Creek near present-day Elizabeth, Colorado) on June 11, 1864.[1][2] It was a precipitating factor leading to the Sand Creek massacre of November 29, 1864. </p><p>Soldiers from Kansas also got involved in the war. On September 25, Major General <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blunt" title="James G. Blunt">James G. Blunt</a> with 400 soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Delaware_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware people">Delaware</a> Indian scouts encountered Cheyennes on the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_Fork" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawnee Fork">Pawnee Fork</a> of the Arkansas River. Blunt claimed to have killed 9 Indians at the cost of two dead soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peace_feelers">Peace feelers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peace feelers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg/250px-Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg/375px-Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg/500px-Camp_Weld_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Weld" title="Fort Weld">Camp Weld</a> Conference, September 28, 1864, with the Cheyenne and Arapaho. Major Wynkoop is kneeling left. Black Kettle is third from the left in the middle row.</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1864, Colorado governor <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(Colorado_governor)" title="John Evans (Colorado governor)">John Evans</a> sent a circular to the Plains Indians, inviting those who were friendly to go to a place of safety at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon" title="Fort Lyon">Fort Lyon</a> (near present <a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado" title="Lamar, Colorado">Lamar, Colorado</a>) on the eastern plains, where their people would be given provisions and protection by the United States troops.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A substantial number of the Indians desired peace, while the Dog Soldiers pursued war. On August 29, 1864, the two mixed-blood Cheyennes, George Bent and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Guerrier" title="Edmund Guerrier">Edmund Guerrier</a>, wrote letters on behalf of "Black Kettle and Other Chiefs" offering to make peace and return seven white prisoners in exchange for Indian prisoners held by the whites. In response, <a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Wynkoop" title="Edward W. Wynkoop">Major Edward W. Wynkoop</a>, the commander of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon" title="Fort Lyon">Fort Lyon</a> (near present-day <a href="/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado" title="Lamar, Colorado">Lamar, Colorado</a>) led a force of 130 men to try to recover the prisoners. They were met by a band of 600 or more Cheyenne warriors on the Smoky Hill River. In talks with Black Kettle and others, Wynkoop invited the chiefs to visit Denver to meet with the governor, <a href="/wiki/John_Evans_(Colorado_governor)" title="John Evans (Colorado governor)">John Evans</a>, and Colonel Chivington. The meetings at Camp Weld ended with Black Kettle and the other chiefs apparently believing that they had made peace with the whites. </p><p>On their return to Fort Lyon, Wynkoop promised the peaceful Indians protection if they established a village on Sand Creek, 60 kilometres (37 miles) northeast of Fort Lyon, and within the area allocated to the Cheyenne and Arapaho by the Treaty of Fort Wise. Black Kettle and his followers moved to Sand Creek. On October 17, however, Wynkoop was relieved of his command by Chivington, apparently because of his advocacy for a peaceful settlement of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desire for peace by Black Kettle and others to the contrary, the Dog Soldiers and other hostile Indians continued to raid ranches and wagon trains and to clash with soldiers during the fall, especially in Kansas and Nebraska. Several offensives by the U.S. army were ineffective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sand_Creek_massacre">Sand Creek massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sand Creek massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiving1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chiving1.jpg/200px-Chiving1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chiving1.jpg/300px-Chiving1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Chiving1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption>Colonel John M. Chivington</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Damn any man who sympathizes with Indians! ... I have come to kill Indians, and believe it is right and honorable to use any means under God's heaven to kill Indians. ... Kill and scalp all, big and little; nits make lice. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Colonel John Chivington<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>On November 29, 1864, 675 men mostly belonging to the Colorado Volunteers led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_M._Chivington" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Chivington">John M. Chivington</a>, crossed into Cheyenne and Arapaho territory in lands allocated to the Cheyenne and Arapaho by the Treaty of Fort Wise. The soldiers <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">sacked the village</a> of Black Kettle, over which flew both an American flag and a white flag of truce, and killed about 150 Indians, mostly unarmed women, children, and the elderly. There were no Dog Soldiers nor other hostile Indians in the village at the time of Chivington's attack.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_retaliation">Indian retaliation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indian retaliation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>At night the whole [South Platte River] valley was lighted up with the flames of burning ranches and stage stations, but the places were soon all destroyed and darkness fell on the valley." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">George Bent<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The plains, from Julesburg west, for more than one hundred miles, are red with the blood of murdered men, women, and children – ranches are in ashes – stock all driven off – the country utterly desolate. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Nebraska Republican</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spotted_Tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spotted_Tail.jpg/200px-Spotted_Tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spotted_Tail.jpg/300px-Spotted_Tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Spotted_Tail.jpg/400px-Spotted_Tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="3985" /></a><figcaption>Spotted Tail, the Brulé Sioux leader</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Sand Creek massacre, according to George Bent, the Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho, and the Brulé and Oglala sub-tribes of the Lakota met about January 1, 1865 on Cherry Creek in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_County,_Kansas" title="Cheyenne County, Kansas">Cheyenne County, Kansas</a>. They agreed on war with the whites and decided to attack <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sedgwick" title="Fort Sedgwick">Camp Rankin</a> and the nearby settlement of <a href="/wiki/Julesburg,_Colorado" title="Julesburg, Colorado">Julesburg, Colorado</a>. The Sioux, the first to agree to war, had the honor of leading a column of possibly 1,000 warriors and an additional 3,000 women and children. After the attack on Julesburg, the Indians planned to march northward and join their relatives in Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Julesburg consisted of a stagecoach station, stables, an express and telegraph office, a warehouse, and a large store that catered to travelers going to Denver along the South Platte. Its population was about 50 armed men. One mile west was Camp Rankin, with one company, about 60 men, of cavalry. High sod walls surrounded both settlements. On January 7, 1,000 warriors attacked Julesburg and Camp Rankin killing 14 soldiers and four armed civilians at little or no loss to themselves. The surviving soldiers and civilians took refuge inside Camp Rankin while the Indians plundered the settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all the Indians were committed to war. After the raid, Black Kettle and 80 lodges of his followers (perhaps 100 men and their families) left the main body and joined the Kiowa and Comanche south of the Arkansas River. Many of the Southern Arapaho likewise had moved south of the Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 28 to February 2, the Indians embarked on a great raid along the valley of the South Platte River. The Cheyenne raided west of Julesburg, the Northern Arapaho near Julesburg, and the Sioux east of Julesburg, destroying a dozen or more ranches and stagecoach stations along 150 kilometres (93 miles) of the river valley and accumulating a large herd of captured cattle. Near Valley Station (present day <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Colorado" title="Sterling, Colorado">Sterling, Colorado</a>), the Cheyenne had a brush with soldiers. Illustrating the difference in accounts between soldiers and Indians, Lt. J. J. Kennedy said that his force had a battle with the raiders and killed 10 to 20 Indians and recovered 400 stolen cattle. George Bent said it was a minor skirmish in which no Indians were killed or wounded and the only cattle the soldiers recovered were the ones the Indians had abandoned as too poor to steal. During the raid, the Cheyenne encountered a group of nine former soldiers. They killed all nine of them and discovered two Cheyenne scalps in their luggage from the Sand Creek massacre. Although soldiers and ranchers claimed to have inflicted heavy casualties on the raiders, Bent said he knew of only four Indians who were killed during the raids. Three were Sioux who were killed while attacking a wagon train and one was an Arapaho who was killed accidentally by a Cheyenne.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 2, the Indians left their large camp on the South Platte River and continued north toward the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Wyoming_and_Montana)" title="Powder River (Wyoming and Montana)">Powder River</a> country of Wyoming to join their relatives there. The Sioux led the way as they were most familiar with the territory. En route the Indians had two more skirmishes in Nebraska with the U.S. army at Mud Springs and Rush Creek.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent months, the Indians frequently raided wagon trains and military establishments along the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> in Wyoming. In the summer of 1865, the Indians launched a large-scale offensive in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platte_Bridge" title="Battle of Platte Bridge">Battle of Platte Bridge</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming" title="Casper, Wyoming">Casper, Wyoming</a>) achieving a minor victory. Later that summer, the U.S. army invaded Indian territory in Wyoming with more than 2,000 soldiers in the ineffective <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)" title="Powder River Expedition (1865)">Powder River Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmond_Guerrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmond_Guerrier.jpg/200px-Edmond_Guerrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmond_Guerrier.jpg/300px-Edmond_Guerrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Edmond_Guerrier.jpg/400px-Edmond_Guerrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Guerrier" title="Edmund Guerrier">Edmond Guerrier</a> was the son of Frenchman William Guerrier and Walks In Sight, a Cheyenne. A survivor of the Sand Creek massacre, Guerrier testified to Congressional investigators at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> in 1865 about the massacre.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg/200px-George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg/300px-George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg/400px-George_Bent_and_Magpie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Mixed blood Cheyenne warrior George Bent and his wife, Magpie. Bent was a survivor of the Sand Creek massacre.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian John D. McDermott said that the Colorado War was the last time the Northern and Southern Cheyennes and Arapahos and the Brulé Sioux were united to effectively resist the tide of white settlers and soldiers traveling through and settling on what had formerly been their lands. "Never again would the Sioux and their allies take the offensive as they did at Julesburg, Mud Springs, Rush Springs," and other battles of the Colorado War. Thereafter, the battles between Indians and whites "would become more reactive, rather than active, meant to defend a homeland rather than punish a perpetrator" as the Indian reaction to the Sand Creek massacre was intended to be.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott,_pp._168–169_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott,_pp._168–169-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By December 1865, the Colorado War had fizzled out. Most of the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho who had journeyed north to Wyoming had returned to the southern Great Plains. The Brulé Sioux under <a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a> who had been allies of the Cheyenne and Arapaho had peacefully settled near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Laramie">Fort Laramie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott,_pp._168–169_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott,_pp._168–169-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Kettle, always seeking peace, signed the <a href="/wiki/Little_Arkansas_Treaty" title="Little Arkansas Treaty">Little Arkansas Treaty</a> in October 1865 obligating his band of Southern Cheyenne to move to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Nose">Roman Nose</a> and the Dog Soldiers continued to be hostile and to raid and fight the U.S. army in Kansas and Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two mixed-blood Cheyennes, George Bent and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Guerrier" title="Edmund Guerrier">Edmund Guerrier</a>, also returned to the southern plains. Bent became an interpreter between the Cheyenne and the whites and, through a series of letters to scholar <a href="/wiki/George_E._Hyde" title="George E. Hyde">George Hyde</a>, a historian of the Colorado War and the Cheyenne.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guerrier worked for a time as a scout for <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> in campaigns against his Cheyenne relatives and as an interpreter for many interactions between the tribe and the United States. Guerrier married Julia Bent, sister of George Bent and also a survivor of the Sand Creek massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigations_of_Sand_Creek_massacre">Investigations of Sand Creek massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Investigations of Sand Creek massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1865, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War</a> investigated the Sand Creek massacre and concluded the following: "the truth is that he [Col. Chivington] surprised and murdered, in cold blood, the unsuspecting men, women, and children on Sand creek, who had every reason to believe they were under the protection of the United States authorities, and then returned to Denver and boasted of the brave deed he and the men under his command had performed."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another congressional committee, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Special_Committee_on_Conditions_of_Indian_Tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes">Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes</a>, also investigated the Sand Creek massacre in 1865 as part of a larger review of U.S.-Native American affairs across the country and territories. Of the five conclusions outlined in their report, the first linked the ongoing conflicts with Indigenous Peoples directly to the actions of "lawless white men." A group of legislators from the committee visited Fort Lyon in 1865 and told tribe members there that the government disapproved of Chivington's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chivington had already resigned his military commission and thus was not prosecuted for the massacre. After Sand Creek, Chivington changed residences frequently and was involved in several scandals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended his actions at Sand Creek until the end of his life in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a>, of which he was a lay preacher, apologized for his actions in 1996 and a street named after him in <a href="/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado" title="Longmont, Colorado">Longmont, Colorado</a> was renamed in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Creek Massacre">Sand Creek Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mud_Springs" title="Battle of Mud Springs">Battle of Mud Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rush_Creek" title="Battle of Rush Creek">Battle of Rush Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Platte_Bridge" title="Battle of Platte Bridge">Battle of Platte Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River Expedition">Powder River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tongue_River" title="Battle of the Tongue River">Battle of the Tongue River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Godfrey_Ranch" title="Raid on Godfrey Ranch">Raid on Godfrey Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawyers_Fight" title="Sawyers Fight">Sawyers Fight</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertbrong, Donald J. (1963), <i>The Southern Cheyenne,</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortlaramietreaty1851-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fortlaramietreaty1851_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty of Fort Laramie with Sioux, Etc., 1851." 11 Stats. 749, Sept. 17, 1851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoig2-61-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoig2-61_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoig2-61_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoig 1980, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greene-12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene-12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene 2004, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene-2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene 2004, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fortwisetreaty-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fortwisetreaty_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty with the Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1861" (Treaty of Fort Wise). 12 Stat. 1163, p. 810.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-27-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene-27_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, 2004, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-12-13-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene-12-13_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene 2004, pp. 12-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoig2-62-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoig2-62_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoig 1980, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyde-118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hyde-118_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde 1968, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, George Bird (1955), <i>The Fighting Cheyennes,</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 116–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halaas, David Fridtjof and Masich, Andrew E. (2004), <i>Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story of George Bent,</i> Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, pp. 113–115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Hyde" title="George E. Hyde">Hyde, George E.</a>, ed. Savoie Lottinville (1968), <i>Life of George Bent,</i> Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The War of the Rebellion,</i> Series 1, Vol XXXIV, Part One, p. 935</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sand Creek Massacre," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kclonewolf.com/History/SandCreek/sc-reports/04time-eayer.html">[1]</a>, accessed 29 August 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Hungate Massacre," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kclonewolf.com/History/SandCreek/sc-reports/08time-hungate-massacre.html">[2]</a>, accessed 2 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, John D. (2003), <i>Circle of Fire: The Indian War of 1865,</i> Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson1994" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Helen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/87"><i>A Century of Dishonor</i></a>. United States: Indian Head Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofdishono0000jack/page/87">87, 343–358</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-167-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-167-X"><bdi>1-56619-167-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Dishonor&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=87%2C+343-358&rft.pub=Indian+Head+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56619-167-X&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofdishono0000jack%2Fpage%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, pp. 135–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Dee (2001), <i>Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee,</i> New York: Macmillan. pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smiley, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/9911/newsbriefs/sand.html">"Sand Creek Massacre"</a>, <i>Archaeology</i> magazine. Archaeological Institute of America. Retrieved February 8, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, p. 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 164–168. The Southern Arapaho had moved south of the Arkansas River and joined the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robrock, David P. "The Seventh Iowa Cavalry and the Plains Indians Wars." <i>Montana: The Magazine of Western History.</i> Vol. 39, No. 2 (Spring, 1989), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 169–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coutant, Charles Griffin. <i>History of Wyoming</i>, pp. 422–433. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwyoming00cout">https://archive.org/details/historyofwyoming00cout</a>, accessed 8 Mar 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, pp. 177–182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, pp. 27–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, pp. 35–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, pp. 175–196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott,_pp._168–169-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott,_pp._168–169_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott,_pp._168–169_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Brule Sioux Chief Spotted Tail," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historynet.com/brule-sioux-chief-spotted-tail.htm">[3]</a>, accessed 5 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.historynet.com/cheyenne-chief-black-kettle.htm">[4]</a>, accessed 5 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cheyenne Dog Soldiers," <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.legendsofamerica.com/na-dogsoldiers/2/">[5]</a>, accessed 5 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halaas and Masich, p. 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardorff, Richard G., compiler & editor (2006). <i>Washita Memories: Eyewitness Views of Custer's Attack on Black Kettle's Village,</i> Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, pp. 50–51, 221–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">; <i>United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, 1865,</i> p. V, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABY3709.0003.001;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;cc=moa">[6]</a>, accessed 6 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1865/08/09/78747773.html?pageNumber=1">"Indian Affairs"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. 9 August 1865<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Indian+Affairs&rft.date=1865-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1865%2F08%2F09%2F78747773.html%3FpageNumber%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColorado+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermott, pp. 174–176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Placing Blame: The 1864 battle of Sand Creek is still ripe for debate" (May 1, 2004), <i>True West Magazine,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://truewestmagazine.com/placing-blame/">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906102439/https://truewestmagazine.com/placing-blame/">Archived</a> 2019-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 6 Sep 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/site/apps/nlnet/content3.aspx?c=lwL4KnN1LtH&b=3082929&content_id={229DC1AB-ED8B-4E3C-8F66-02C07AF826FB}&notoc=1">"Sand Creek Massacre research center supported"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes, Trevor (December 29, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/media/20041229-lf.html">"Council: So long Chivington"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Longmont_Times-Call" title="Longmont Times-Call">Longmont Times-Call</a></i>, retrieved April 17, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Atlas of Colorado</i>, Kenneth A. Erickson and Albert W. Smith, Colorado Associated University Press (1985).</li> <li><i>A Colorado History</i>, Carl Ubbeholde, Maxine Benson, Duane A. Smith <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87108-923-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87108-923-8">0-87108-923-8</a>, Pruett Publishing, Boulder, Colorado (first edition 1965).</li> <li>Greene, Jerome A. (2004). <i>Washita, The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army.</i> Campaigns and Commanders Series, vol. 3. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3551-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3551-4">0-8061-3551-4</a></li> <li><i>The Fighting Cheyenne</i>, George Bird Grinnell, University of Oklahoma Press (1956 original copyright 1915 Charles Scribner's Sons), hardcover, 454 pages</li> <li><i>Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters</i>, by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (March 1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806115771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806115771">978-0806115771</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Forts_in_Colorado" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Template:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Template talk:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forts_in_Colorado" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forts in Colorado"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Colorado&#124;link=Colorado_Forts_in_Colorado" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado"><img alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Forts">Forts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forts_in_Colorado" title="List of forts in Colorado">List of forts in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trading posts and<br />civilian forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_New_Fort" title="Bent's New Fort">Bent's New Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Old_Fort_National_Historic_Site" title="Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site">Bent's Old Fort</a> (Fort William)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Pueblo_(Pueblo,_Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Pueblo (Pueblo, Colorado)">El Pueblo</a> (Fort Pueblo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Davy_Crockett" title="Fort Davy Crockett">Fort Davy Crockett</a> (Fort Misery)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Huerfano" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Huerfano">Fort Huerfano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Colorado)" title="Fort Jackson (Colorado)">Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Le_Duc" title="Fort Le Duc">Fort Le Duc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lupton_(Colorado)" title="Fort Lupton (Colorado)">Fort Lupton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mary_B" title="Fort Mary B">Fort Mary B</a> (Fort Meribeh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Namaqua" title="Fort Namaqua">Fort Namaqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain" title="Fort Saint Vrain">Fort Saint Vrain</a> (Fort George)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Uncompahgre" title="Fort Uncompahgre">Fort Uncompahgre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Vasquez" title="Fort Vasquez">Fort Vasquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wicked" title="Fort Wicked">Fort Wicked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Fort">Francisco Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_Fort" title="Milk Fort">Milk Fort</a> (Fort Leche)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pueblo_Massacre" title="Fort Pueblo Massacre">Fort Pueblo Massacre</a> (1854)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado War</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Ranch_massacre" title="American Ranch massacre">American Ranch massacre</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. and Spanish<br />military forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Extinct or museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Collins" title="Camp Collins">Camp Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford_(Colorado)" title="Fort Crawford (Colorado)">Fort Crawford</a> (Cantonment at Uncompahgre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Garland" title="Fort Garland">Fort Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lewis (Colorado)">Fort Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Logan_(Colorado)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Logan (Colorado)">Fort Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon" title="Fort Lyon">Fort Lyon</a> (Fort Wise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Massachusetts_(Colorado)" title="Fort Massachusetts (Colorado)">Fort Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Morgan_(Colorado)" title="Fort Morgan (Colorado)">Fort Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Reynolds_(Colorado)" title="Fort Reynolds (Colorado)">Fort Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sedgwick" title="Fort Sedgwick">Fort Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fort_(Colorado)" title="Spanish Fort (Colorado)">Spanish Fort</a> (Fort Sangre de Cristo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Weld" title="Fort Weld">Fort Weld</a> (Camp Weld)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Fort Carson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Carson#Camp_Carson" title="Fort Carson">Camp Carson</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">National cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Logan_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Logan National Cemetery">Fort Logan National Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lyon_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Lyon National Cemetery">Fort Lyon National Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julesburg" title="Battle of Julesburg">Battle of Julesburg</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_campaign" title="Comanche campaign">Comanche campaign</a> (1867–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Summit_Springs" title="Battle of Summit Springs">Battle of Summit Springs</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">List of mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Stockade" title="Pike's Stockade">Pike's Stockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_trails_of_Colorado_sidebar" title="Template:Historical trails of Colorado sidebar">Historical trails of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ute_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ute_people" title="Template:Ute people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ute_people" title="Template talk:Ute people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ute_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ute people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ute_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_dialect" title="Ute dialect">Ute dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic bands<br />within contemporary<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Pitch_Utes" title="San Pitch Utes">San Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seuvarits_Utes" title="Seuvarits Utes">Seuvarits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpanogos" title="Timpanogos">Timpanogos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompahgre_Ute" title="Uncompahgre Ute">Uncompahgre</a> (Tabeguache)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Uintah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_River_Utes" title="White River Utes">White River Utes</a> (Parianuche, Yampa)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capote_Band_of_Utes" class="mw-redirect" title="Capote Band of Utes">Capote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muache_Band_of_Utes" class="mw-redirect" title="Muache Band of Utes">Muache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weeminuche" class="mw-redirect" title="Weeminuche">Weeminuche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Integrated with<br />the <a href="/wiki/Paiute_Indian_Tribe_of_Utah" title="Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah">Paiute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moanunts" class="mw-redirect" title="Moanunts">Moanunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahvant" title="Pahvant">Pahvant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and<br /> religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ceremonies<br /> and religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Ancestral lands<br /> and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1on_Pintado" title="Cañon Pintado">Cañon Pintado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou_Mineral_Springs#History" title="Manitou Mineral Springs">Mineral springs at Manitou Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Ute Trail</a> (later Old Spanish Trail)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek_Archeological_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Creek Archeological District">Spring Creek Archeological District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Mancos_Canyon_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Historic District">Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Pass_(Rampart_Range)" title="Ute Pass (Rampart Range)">Ute Pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a> (leader during the Black Hawk War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapiah" title="Sapiah">Buckskin Charley</a>, also called Sapiah, (Ute chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipeta" title="Chipeta">Chipeta</a> (Ouray's wife and Ute delegate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorow_(Ute_chief)" title="Colorow (Ute chief)">Colorow</a> (Ute chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Ignacio" title="Chief Ignacio">Chief Ignacio</a> (Weeminuche band chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Jack_House" title="Chief Jack House">Chief Jack House</a> (last traditional chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Carlos_Nakai" title="R. Carlos Nakai">R. Carlos Nakai</a> (flutist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaagat" title="Nicaagat">Nicaagat</a> (leader during Battle of Milk Creek)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Ouray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ouray">Chief Ouray</a> (Uncompahgre band leader)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluff_War" title="Bluff War">Polk</a> (Ute-Paiute chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posey_War" title="Posey War">Posey</a> (Ute-Paiute chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rael" title="Joseph Rael">Joseph Rael</a> (dancer, author, and spiritualist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanpitch_(Ute_chief)" title="Sanpitch (Ute chief)">Sanpitch</a> (Sanpete tribe chief)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Trujillo" title="Raoul Trujillo">Raoul Trujillo</a> (performer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkara" title="Walkara">Chief Walkara, also called Chief Walker</a> (leader during the Walker War)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Westward_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward expansion">Westward expansion</a><br /> and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#West_of_the_Mississippi_(1811–1924)" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi</a> (1811–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Wars" title="Ute Wars">Ute Wars</a> (1848–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker War">Walker War</a> (1853)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colorado War</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War_(1865%E2%80%9372)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hawk War (1865–72)">Black Hawk War</a> (1865–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a> (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute</a> (Southwestern Colorado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Indian_Tribe_of_the_Uintah_and_Ouray_Reservation" title="Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation">Uintah and Ouray</a> (Northern Ute Tribe, Utah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Tribe" title="Ute Mountain Ute Tribe">Ute Mountain Tribe</a> (West-southwest Colorado)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Cultural_Center_and_Museum" title="Southern Ute Cultural Center and Museum">Southern Ute Cultural Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Indian_Museum" title="Ute Indian Museum">Ute Indian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Indian_Rights_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Indian Rights Settlement">Ute Indian Rights Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&oldid=1243298094">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&oldid=1243298094</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_wars_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Category:Indian wars of the American Old West">Indian wars of the American Old West</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_between_the_United_States_and_Native_Americans" title="Category:Wars between the United States and Native Americans">Wars between the United States and Native Americans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_history_of_Colorado" title="Category:Native American history of Colorado">Native American history of Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Colorado" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Colorado">Pre-statehood history of Colorado</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1863" title="Category:Conflicts in 1863">Conflicts in 1863</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1864" title="Category:Conflicts in 1864">Conflicts in 1864</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1865" title="Category:Conflicts in 1865">Conflicts in 1865</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Arapaho" title="Category:Battles involving the Arapaho">Battles involving the Arapaho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Cheyenne" title="Category:Battles involving the Cheyenne">Battles involving the Cheyenne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Sioux" title="Category:Battles involving the Sioux">Battles involving the Sioux</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado in the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colorado_Territory" title="Category:Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1860s in the United States">1860s in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 August 2024, at 17:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colorado_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-q2wb7","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.537","walltime":"0.685","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3033,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":73493,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3796,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":73607,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 562.782 1 -total"," 26.48% 149.006 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.98% 106.800 1 Template:Colorado_War"," 17.42% 98.021 2 Template:Campaignbox"," 17.40% 97.947 1 Template:Cite_book"," 10.22% 57.537 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.64% 37.370 1 Template:Distinguish"," 6.44% 36.267 3 Template:ISBN"," 6.36% 35.778 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.20% 34.886 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.258","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5612414,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-864bbfd546-wzz5h","timestamp":"20241129193551","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Colorado War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colorado_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2602070","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2602070","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-17T06:23:09Z","dateModified":"2024-08-31T17:54:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/Map_of_Colorado_war%2C_1864-1865.jpg","headline":"war in the Colorado Territory of native Cheyenne and Arapaho\u00a0tribes against white settlers and militia"}</script> </body> </html>