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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tempo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choosing_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choosing_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Choosing speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choosing_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Musical vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Musical_vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Musical vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Musical_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basic_tempo_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_tempo_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Basic tempo markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_tempo_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approximately_from_the_slowest_to_the_fastest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approximately_from_the_slowest_to_the_fastest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Approximately from the slowest to the fastest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approximately_from_the_slowest_to_the_fastest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Additional terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_tempo_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_tempo_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>French tempo markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_tempo_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_tempo_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_tempo_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>German tempo markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_tempo_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_tempo_markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_tempo_markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>English tempo markings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_tempo_markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_through_a_piece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_through_a_piece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Variation through a piece</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variation_through_a_piece-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variation through a piece subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variation_through_a_piece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terms_for_change_in_tempo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_change_in_tempo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Terms for change in tempo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_change_in_tempo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tempo–rhythm_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tempo–rhythm_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tempo–rhythm interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tempo–rhythm_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatmatching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatmatching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Beatmatching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatmatching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tempo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Musik)" title="Tempo (Musik) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tempo (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="سرعة إيقاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرعة إيقاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleqretto_(musiqi)" title="Alleqretto (musiqi) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alleqretto (musiqi)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Темпо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Темпо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(Musik)" title="Tempo (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tempo (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(muziko)" title="Tempo (muziko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tempo (muziko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="تندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%9C%ED%8F%AC" title="템포 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="템포" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81m%C4%81" title="Māmā – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Māmā" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%BA_(%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Տեմպ (երաժշտություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեմպ (երաժշտություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(musik)" title="Tempo (musik) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tempo (musik)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(musica)" title="Tempo (musica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tempo (musica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9D" title="מפעם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפעם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF" title="Темп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Темп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp%C3%B3" title="Tempó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tempó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Темпо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Темпо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="တင်န်ပို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တင်န်ပို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(muziek)" title="Tempo (muziek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tempo (muziek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="लय – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9D" title="テンポ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テンポ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(solfegi)" title="Tempo (solfegi) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tempo (solfegi)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegretto" title="Allegretto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allegretto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(muzyka)" title="Tempo (muzyka) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tempo (muzyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andamento" title="Andamento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andamento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Темп (музыка) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Темп (музыка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(hudba)" title="Tempo (hudba) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tempo (hudba)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%86" title="تێمپۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێمپۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Темпо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Темпо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(musik)" title="Tempo (musik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tempo (musik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(musika)" title="Tempo (musika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tempo (musika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B" title="టెంపో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టెంపో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B" title="เทมโป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทมโป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%A3)" title="Суръат (мусиқӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Суръат (мусиқӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tempo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF" title="Темп – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Темп" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%8Bp_%C4%91%E1%BB%99" title="Nhịp độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhịp độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82)" title="速度 (音樂) – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical concept indicating to the speed of interpretation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tempo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tempo (disambiguation)">Tempo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beats per minute" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beats_per_minute_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beats per minute (disambiguation)">Beats per minute (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tempo" title="Special:EditPage/Tempo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tempo%22">"Tempo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tempo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tempo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tempo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tempo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tempo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Musical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical terminology">musical terminology</a>, <b>tempo</b> (Italian for 'time'; plural 'tempos', or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">tempi</i></span> from the Italian plural), also known as <b>beats per minute<i>,</i></b> is the speed or pace of a given <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">composition</a>. In classical music, tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece (often using conventional Italian terms) and is usually measured in <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beats</a> per <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a> (BPM). In modern classical compositions, a "<a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a> mark" in beats per minute may supplement or replace the normal tempo marking, while in modern genres like <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, tempo will typically simply be stated in BPM. </p><p>Tempo may be separated from <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meter_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (music)">meter</a>, or these aspects may be indicated along with tempo, all contributing to the overall <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">texture</a>. While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer, tempo is changeable. Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers' interpretation, a piece may be played with slight <a href="/wiki/Tempo_rubato" title="Tempo rubato">tempo rubato</a> or drastic variances. In ensembles, the tempo is often indicated by a <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> or by one of the instrumentalists, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Drummer" title="Drummer">drummer</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic-metronome(scale).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg/170px-Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg/255px-Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg/340px-Electronic-metronome%28scale%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Wittner electronic metronome</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:120BPMclicktrack.ogg" title="File:120BPMclicktrack.ogg">120 beats per minute</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="600" data-mwtitle="120BPMclicktrack.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/120BPMclicktrack.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/120BPMclicktrack.ogg/120BPMclicktrack.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Click_track" title="Click track">Click track</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Although tempo is described or indicated in many different ways, including with a range of words (e.g., "Slowly", "Adagio", and so on), it is typically measured in beats per minute (bpm or BPM). For example, a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second, while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid, signifying two beats every second. The <a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">note value</a> of a beat will typically be that indicated by the denominator of the <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a>. For instance, in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, the beat will be a crotchet, or <a href="/wiki/Quarter_note" title="Quarter note">quarter note</a>. </p><p>This measurement and indication of tempo became increasingly popular during the first half of the 19th century, after <a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Maelzel" title="Johann Nepomuk Maelzel">Johann Nepomuk Maelzel</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Metronome" title="Metronome">metronome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a> was one of the first composers to use the metronome; in the 1810s he published metronomic indications for the eight symphonies he had composed up to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the advent of modern electronics, beats per minute became an extremely precise measure. <a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencers</a> use the bpm system to denote tempo.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular music genres such as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, accurate knowledge of a tune's bpm is important to <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a> for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">beatmatching</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speed of a piece of music can also be gauged according to measures per minute (mpm) or bars per minute (bpm), the number of <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measures</a> of the piece performed in one minute. This measure is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">ballroom dance</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choosing_speed">Choosing speed</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Choosing speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In different musical contexts, different instrumental musicians, singers, <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">bandleaders</a>, music directors or other individuals will select the tempo of a song or piece. In a <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> or <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> group or band, the bandleader or <a href="/wiki/Drummer" title="Drummer">drummer</a> may select the tempo. In popular and traditional music, whoever is setting the tempo often counts out one or two bars in tempo. In some songs or pieces in which a singer or solo instrumentalist begins the work with a solo introduction (prior to the start of the full group), the tempo they set will provide the tempo for the group. In an orchestra or concert band, the conductor normally sets the tempo. In a marching band, the drum major may set the tempo. In a <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a>, in some cases a <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a> may set the tempo for a song (although this would be less likely with an experienced bandleader). Differences in tempo and its interpretation can differ between cultures, as shown by Curt Sachs when comparing Tunisian with Western Classical melodies, while certain genres display rhythmic variation in line with its forms, as occurs with flamenco and its <i>palos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_vocabulary">Musical vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Musical vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_music_terminology" title="Glossary of music terminology">Glossary of music terminology</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words, most commonly in Italian, in addition to or instead of a metronome mark in beats per minute. Italian is typically used because it was the language of most composers during the time these descriptions became commonplace in the Western musical lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some well-known Italian tempo indications include "Allegro" (English "Cheerful"), "Andante" ("Walking-pace") and "Presto" ("Quickly"). This practice developed during the 17th and 18th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music period">classical</a> periods. In the earlier <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a>, performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(music)" title="Pulse (music)">tactus</a> (roughly the rate of the human heartbeat).<sup id="cite_ref-Haar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mensural" class="mw-redirect" title="Mensural">mensural</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a> indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus. </p><p>In the Baroque period, pieces would typically be given an indication, which might be a tempo marking (e.g. <i>Allegro</i>), or the name of a dance (e.g. <i>Allemande</i> or <i>Sarabande</i>), the latter being an indication both of tempo and of metre. Any musician of the time was expected to know how to interpret these markings based on custom and experience. In some cases, however, these markings were simply omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the first movement of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_concertos#Brandenburg_Concerto_No._3_in_G_major,_BWV_1048" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg concertos">Brandenburg Concerto No. 3</a> has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever. Despite the increasing number of explicit tempo markings, musicians still observe conventions, expecting a <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a> to be at a fairly stately tempo, slower than a <a href="/wiki/Viennese_waltz" title="Viennese waltz">Viennese waltz</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">perpetuum mobile</a> quite fast, and so on. Genres imply tempos, and thus, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> wrote "In tempo d'un Menuetto" over the first movement of his Piano Sonata Op. 54, though that movement is not a minuet. </p><p>Many tempo markings also indicate mood and expression. For example, <i>presto</i> and <i>allegro</i> both indicate a speedy execution (<i>presto</i> being faster), but <i>allegro</i> also connotes joy (from its original meaning in Italian). <i>Presto</i>, on the other hand, simply indicates speed. Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood. For example, the "agitato" in the <i>Allegro agitato</i> of the last movement of <a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Concerto_in_F_(Gershwin)" title="Concerto in F (Gershwin)">piano concerto in F</a> has both a tempo indication (undoubtedly faster than a usual <i>Allegro</i>) and a mood indication ("agitated"). </p><p>Often, composers (or <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">music publishers</a>) name <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a> of compositions after their tempo (or mood) marking. For instance, the second movement of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Barber" title="Samuel Barber">Samuel Barber</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Barber)" title="String Quartet (Barber)">String Quartet</a> is an <i>Adagio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heyman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heyman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Italian_tempo_markings"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_tempo_markings">Basic tempo markings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic tempo markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Allegretto" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Allegretto_(horse)" title="Allegretto (horse)">Allegretto (horse)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Allegro Con Brio" redirects here. For the Soviet film, see <a href="/wiki/Allegro_Con_Brio_(film)" title="Allegro Con Brio (film)"><i>Allegro Con Brio</i> (film)</a>.</div> <p>Here follows a list of common tempo markings. The beats per minute (bpm) values are very rough approximations for <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time, and vary widely according to composers and works. A metronome marking cannot be deduced from one of the descriptive Italian or non-Italian terms alone. Where both metronome marking and a word indication occur together, the verbal cue is often also intended to express a style or feeling, which a metronome marking alone cannot do. </p><p>It is therefore important to remember that the exact sense of many of these terms has changed over time. One striking example is the use of the term <i>Allegretto</i>. Between its early use in the 18th century and its later use from the 19th century onwards, it has experienced a slight increment in the tempo that it is intended to denote. Originally it implied a tempo very slightly faster than <i>Andante</i>, whereas now it is often used to indicate one that is just a little slower than <i>Allegro</i>. A similar fate has befallen the terms <i>Adagietto</i> and <i>Andantino</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the terms <i>Largo</i> and <i>Adagio</i> have experienced a considerable shift with regards to the tempi, in beats per minute, that they are required to express: A modern <i>Largo</i> is slower than <i>Adagio</i>, but in the Baroque period it was faster.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approximately_from_the_slowest_to_the_fastest">Approximately from the slowest to the fastest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approximately from the slowest to the fastest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Larghissimo</i> – extremely slow, slowest type of tempo (24 bpm and under)</li> <li><i>Adagissimo</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Grave_(tempo)" title="Grave (tempo)">Grave</a></i> – very slow and solemn (24–40 bpm)</li> <li><i>Largo</i> – slow and broad (40–66 bpm)</li> <li><i>Larghetto</i> – rather slow and broad (44–66 bpm)</li> <li><i>Adagio</i> – slow with great expression<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (44–66 bpm)</li> <li><i>Adagietto</i> – slower than <i>andante</i> or slightly faster than <i>adagio</i> (46–80 bpm)</li> <li><i>Lento</i> – slow (52–108 bpm)</li> <li><i>Andante</i> – at a walking pace, moderately slow (56–108 bpm)</li> <li><i>Andantino</i> – slightly faster than <i>andante</i>, but slower than <i>moderato</i> (80–108 bpm) (although, in some cases, it can be taken to mean slightly slower than <i>andante</i>)</li> <li><i>Marcia moderato</i> – moderately, in the manner of a march<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (66–80 bpm)</li> <li><i>Andante moderato</i> – between <i>andante</i> and <i>moderato</i> (at a moderate walking speed) (80–108 bpm)</li> <li><i>Moderato</i> – at a moderate speed (108–120 bpm)</li> <li><i>Allegretto</i> – by the mid-19th century, moderately fast (112–120 bpm); see paragraph above for earlier usage</li> <li><i>Allegro moderato</i> – close to, but not quite <i>allegro</i> (116–120 bpm)</li> <li><i>Allegro</i> – fast and bright (120–156 bpm)</li> <li><i>Molto Allegro </i> or <i>Allegro vivace</i> – at least slightly faster and livelier than allegro, but always at its range (and no faster than vivace) (124–156 bpm)</li> <li><i>Vivace</i> – lively and fast (156–176 bpm)</li> <li><i>Vivacissimo and Allegrissimo</i> – very fast, lively and bright (172–176 bpm)</li> <li><i>Presto</i> – very fast (168–200 bpm)</li> <li><i>Prestissimo</i> – extremely fast (200 bpm and over)</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Common_qualifiers"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Additional_terms">Additional terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>A piacere</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">Ad libitum</a></i> in Latin – the performer may use their own discretion with regard to tempo and rhythm; literally "at pleasure"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel196942_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel196942-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Accelerando</i> – gradually play faster</li> <li><i>Assai</i> – (very) much</li> <li><i>A tempo</i> – resume previous tempo</li> <li><i>Con grazia</i> – with grace, or gracefully<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Con moto</i> – Italian for "with movement"; can be combined with a tempo indication, e.g., <i>Andante con moto</i></li> <li><i>Furioso</i> or <i>Furibondo</i> – 'furiously'<sup id="cite_ref-scholes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 349">: 349 </span></sup></li> <li><i>Lamentoso</i> – sadly, plaintively<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>L'istesso</i>, <i>L'istesso tempo</i>, or <i>Lo stesso tempo</i> – at the same speed; <i>L'istesso</i> is used when the actual speed of the music has not changed, despite apparent signals to the contrary, such as changes in time signature or note length (half notes in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> could change to whole notes in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, and they would all have the same duration)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ma non tanto</i> – but not so much; used in the same way and has the same effect as <i>Ma non troppo</i> (see immediately below) but to a lesser degree</li> <li><i>Ma non troppo</i> – but not too much; used to modify a basic tempo to indicate that the basic tempo should be reined in to a degree; for example, <i>Adagio ma non troppo</i> to mean "Slow, but not too much", <i>Allegro ma non troppo</i> to mean "Fast, but not too much"</li> <li><i>Maestoso</i> – majestically, stately<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Molto</i> – very</li> <li><i>Meno</i> – less</li> <li><i>Più</i> – more</li> <li><i>Poco</i> – little</li> <li><i>Rall.</i> or "Rallentando" – opposite of <i>Accelerando</i></li> <li><i>Subito</i> – suddenly</li> <li><i>Tempo comodo</i> – at a comfortable speed</li> <li><i>Tempo di...</i> – the speed of a ... (such as <i>Tempo di valse</i> (speed of a waltz, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="dotted quarter note"><img alt="dotted quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span>.</span></span> ≈ 60 bpm or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> ≈ 126 bpm), <i>Tempo di marcia</i> (speed of a <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">march</a>, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> ≈ 120 bpm))</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_giusto" title="Tempo giusto">Tempo giusto</a></i> – at a consistent speed, at the 'right' speed, in strict tempo</li> <li><i>Tempo primo</i> – resume the original (first) tempo</li> <li><i>Tempo semplice</i> – simple, regular speed, plainly</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_tempo_markings">French tempo markings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French tempo markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several composers have written markings in French, among them baroque composers <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Jean-Philippe Rameau</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen" title="Olivier Messiaen">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Maurice Ravel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Alexander Scriabin</a>. Common tempo markings in French are: </p> <ul><li><i>Au mouvement</i> – play the (first or main) tempo.</li> <li><i>Grave</i> – slowly and solemnly</li> <li><i>Lent</i> – slowly</li> <li><i>Moins</i> – less, as in <i>Moins vite</i> (less fast)</li> <li><i>Modéré</i> – at a moderate tempo</li> <li><i>Vif</i> – lively</li> <li><i>Très</i> – very, as in <i>Très vif</i> (very lively)</li> <li><i>Vite</i> – fast</li> <li><i>Rapide</i> – rapidly</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Erik_Satie" title="Erik Satie">Erik Satie</a> was known to write extensive tempo (and character) markings by defining them in a poetical and literal way, as in his Gnossiennes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_tempo_markings">German tempo markings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: German tempo markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many composers have used German tempo markings. Typical German tempo markings are: </p> <ul><li><i>Kräftig</i> – vigorous or powerful</li> <li><i>Langsam</i> – slowly</li> <li><i>Lebhaft</i> – lively (mood)</li> <li><i>Mäßig</i> – moderately</li> <li><i>Rasch</i> – quickly</li> <li><i>Schnell</i> – fast</li> <li><i>Bewegt</i> – animated, with motion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel196992_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel196992-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>One of the first German composers to use tempo markings in his native language was <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, but only sparsely. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> followed afterwards with increasingly specific markings, and later composers like <a href="/wiki/Hindemith" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindemith">Hindemith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahler">Mahler</a> would further elaborate on combined tempo and mood instructions in German. For example, the second <a href="/wiki/Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movement</a> of Mahler's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Mahler)">Symphony No. 9</a> is marked <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Im Tempo eines gemächlichen Ländlers, etwas täppisch und sehr derb</i></span>, indicating a slowish folk-dance-like movement, with some awkwardness and much vulgarity in the execution. Mahler would also sometimes combine German tempo markings with traditional Italian markings, as in the first movement of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Mahler)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)">sixth symphony</a>, marked <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Allegro energico, ma non troppo.</i></span> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heftig, aber markig</i></span> (Energetically quick, but not too much. Violent, but vigorous.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_tempo_markings">English tempo markings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English tempo markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English indications, for example 'quickly', have also been used, by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>, among many others. In <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> <a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">lead sheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fake_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Fake book">fake book</a> charts, terms like 'fast', 'laid back', 'steady rock', 'medium', 'medium-up', 'ballad', 'brisk', 'brightly', 'up', 'slowly', and similar style indications may appear. In some <a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">lead sheets</a> and fake books, both tempo and genre are indicated, e.g., 'slow blues', 'fast swing', or 'medium Latin'. The genre indications help <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm section</a> instrumentalists use the correct style. For example, if a song says 'medium shuffle', the drummer plays a <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">shuffle</a> drum pattern; if it says 'fast boogie-woogie', the piano player plays a <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a> bassline. </p><p>'Show tempo', a term used since the early days of <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, describes the traditionally brisk tempo (usually 160–170 bpm) of opening songs in <a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">stage revues</a> and musicals. </p><p>Humourist <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> uses facetious English tempo markings in his anthology <i>Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer</i>. For example, "National Brotherhood Week" is to be played 'fraternally'; "We Will All Go Together" is marked '<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatologically</a>'; and '<a href="/wiki/Masochism" class="mw-redirect" title="Masochism">Masochism</a> <a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a>' has the tempo 'painstakingly'. His English contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Flanders_and_Swann" title="Flanders and Swann">Flanders and Swann</a> have similarly marked scores, with the music for their song "The Whale (Moby Dick)" shown as 'oceanlike and vast'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variation_through_a_piece">Variation through a piece</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Variation through a piece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tempo is not necessarily fixed. Within a piece (or within a movement of a longer work), a composer may indicate a complete change of tempo, often by using a <a href="/wiki/Double_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Double bar">double bar</a> and introducing a new tempo indication, often with a new <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">key signature</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is also possible to indicate a more or less gradual change in tempo, for instance with an <i>accelerando</i> (speeding up) or <i>ritardando</i> (<i>rit</i>., slowing down) marking. Indeed, some compositions chiefly comprise <i>accelerando</i> passages, for instance <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1rd%C3%A1s_(Monti)" title="Csárdás (Monti)">Monti's <i>Csárdás</i></a>, or the Russian Civil War song <a href="/wiki/Echelon_Song" title="Echelon Song">Echelon Song</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the smaller scale, <a href="/wiki/Tempo_rubato" title="Tempo rubato">tempo rubato</a> refers to changes in tempo within a <a href="/wiki/Musical_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical phrase">musical phrase</a>, often described as some notes 'borrowing' time from others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_change_in_tempo">Terms for change in tempo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Terms for change in tempo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Composers may use expressive marks to adjust the tempo: </p> <ul><li><i>Accelerando</i> – speeding up (abbreviation: <i>accel.</i>); the opposite of ritardando. It is defined by gradually increasing the tempo until the next tempo mark is noted. It is either marked by a dashed line or simply its abbreviation.</li> <li><i>Affrettando</i> – speeding up with a suggestion of anxiety<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Allargando</i> – growing broader; decreasing tempo, usually near the end of a piece</li> <li><i>Calando</i> – going slower (and usually also softer)</li> <li><i>Doppio movimento</i> / <i>doppio più mosso</i> – double-speed</li> <li><i>Doppio più lento</i> – half-speed</li> <li><i>Lentando</i> – gradually slowing, and softer</li> <li><i>Meno mosso</i> – less movement; slower</li> <li><i>Meno moto</i> – less motion</li> <li><i>Più mosso</i> – more movement; faster</li> <li><i>Mosso</i> – movement, more lively; quicker, much like <i>più mosso</i>, but not as extreme</li> <li><i>Precipitando</i> – hurrying; going faster/forward</li> <li><i>Rallentando</i> – a gradual slowing down (abbreviation: <i>rall.</i>)</li> <li><i>Ritardando</i> – slowing down gradually; also see rallentando and ritenuto (abbreviations: <i>rit.</i>, <i>ritard.</i>) sometimes replaces allargando.</li> <li><i>Ritenuto</i> – slightly slower, but achieved more immediately than <i>rallentando or</i> <i>ritardando</i>; a sudden decrease in tempo; temporarily holding back.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Note that the abbreviation for <i>ritenuto</i> can also be <i>rit.</i> Thus a more specific abbreviation is <i>riten.</i> Also, sometimes <i>ritenuto</i> does not reflect a tempo change but rather a 'character' change.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubato" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubato">Rubato</a></i> – free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes, literally "stolen"—so more strictly, to take time from one beat to slow another</li> <li><i>Slargando</i> – gradually slowing down, literally "slowing down", "widening" or "stretching"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stretto" title="Stretto">Stretto</a></i> – in a faster tempo, often used near the conclusion of a section. (Note that in <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugal</a> compositions, the term <i>stretto</i> refers to the imitation of the subject in close succession, before the subject is completed, and as such, suitable for the close of the fugue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969809_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969809-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used in this context, the term is not necessarily related to tempo.)</li> <li><i>Stringendo</i> – pressing on faster, literally "tightening"</li> <li><i>Tardando</i> – slowing down gradually (same as <i>ritardando</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tempo Primo</i> – resume the original tempo<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the base tempo indication (such as <i>Allegro</i>) typically appears in large type above the <a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">staff</a>, adjustments typically appear below the staff or, in the case of keyboard instruments, in the middle of the grand staff. </p><p>They generally designate a <i>gradual</i> change in tempo; for immediate tempo shifts, composers normally just provide the designation for the new tempo. (Note, however, that when <i>Più mosso</i> or <i>Meno mosso</i> appears in large type above the staff, it functions as a new tempo, and thus implies an immediate change.) Several terms, e.g., <i>assai</i>, <i>molto</i>, <i>poco</i>, <i>subito</i>, control how large and how gradual a change should be (see <a href="#Common_qualifiers">common qualifiers</a>). </p><p>After a tempo change, a composer may return to a previous tempo in two ways: </p> <ul><li><i>a tempo</i> – returns to the base tempo after an adjustment (e.g. <i>ritardando ... a tempo</i> undoes the effect of the ritardando).</li> <li><i>Tempo primo</i> or <i>Tempo I<sup>o</sup></i> – denotes an immediate return to the piece's original base tempo after a section in a different tempo (e.g. <i>Allegro ... Lento ... Moderato ... Tempo I<sup>o</sup></i> indicates a return to the <i>Allegro</i>). This indication often functions as a structural marker in pieces in <a href="/wiki/Binary_form" title="Binary form">binary form</a>.</li></ul> <p>These terms also indicate an immediate, not a gradual, tempo change. Although they are Italian, composers tend to employ them even if they have written their initial tempo marking in another language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tempo–rhythm_interaction"><span id="Tempo.E2.80.93rhythm_interaction"></span>Tempo–rhythm interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tempo–rhythm interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tempo##" title="Talk:Tempo">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tempo%22">"Tempo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tempo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tempo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tempo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tempo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tempo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One difficulty in defining tempo is the dependence of its perception on rhythm, and, conversely, the dependence of rhythm perception on tempo. Furthermore, the tempo-rhythm interaction is context dependent, as explained by <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Tangian" title="Andranik Tangian">Andranik Tangian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Tanguiane1993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanguiane1993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tangian1994_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tangian1994-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using an example of the leading rhythm of ″Promenade″ from <a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Modest Mussorgsky</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pictures_at_an_Exhibition" title="Pictures at an Exhibition">Pictures at an Exhibition</a></i>: </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> <p>This rhythm is perceived as it is rather than as the first three events repeated at a double tempo (denoted as <b>R012</b> = repeat from 0, one time, twice faster): </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0em;margin: 3px;"><b>R012</b></div> <p>However, the motive with this rhythm in the Mussorgsky's piece </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> <p>is rather perceived as a repeat </p> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0em;margin: 3px;"><b>R012</b></div> <p>This context-dependent perception of tempo and rhythm is explained by the principle of correlative perception, according to which data are perceived in the simplest way. From the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Kolmogorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolmogorov">Kolmogorov</a>'s complexity theory, this means such a representation of the data that minimizes the amount of memory. </p><p>The example considered suggests two alternative representations of the same rhythm: as it is, and as the rhythm-tempo interaction — a two-level representation in terms of a generative rhythmic pattern and a "tempo curve". Table 1 displays these possibilities both with and without pitch, assuming that one duration requires one byte of information, one byte is needed for the pitch of one tone, and invoking the repeat algorithm with its parameters <b>R012</b> takes four bytes. As shown in the bottom row of the table, the rhythm without pitch requires fewer bytes if it is "perceived" as it is, without repetitions and tempo leaps. On the contrary, its melodic version requires fewer bytes if the rhythm is "perceived" as being repeated at a double tempo. </p> <table class="wikitable" width="auto" style="text-align:left;"> <caption>Complexity of representation of time events </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Rhythm only </th> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Rhythm with pitch </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Complete coding </th> <th>Coding as repeat </th> <td> </td> <th>Complete coding </th> <th>Coding as repeat </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> </th> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></div> R012 </th> <td> </td> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> <div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 0.2em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="eighth note"><img alt="eighth note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/10px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/15px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg/20px-Figure_rythmique_croche_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> </th> <th><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0em;background-color: transparent;color: black;letter-spacing: 1em;margin: 3px;"><sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span> <sup><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sup></sup> <sub><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="quarter note"><img alt="quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span></sub></div> R012 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Complexity of rhythmic pattern </th> <td>6 bytes</td> <td>3 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>12 bytes</td> <td>6 bytes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Complexity of its transformation </th> <td>0 bytes</td> <td>4 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>0 bytes</td> <td>4 bytes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total complexity </th> <td>6 bytes</td> <td>7 bytes</td> <td></td> <td>12 bytes</td> <td>10 bytes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thus, the loop of interdependence of rhythm and tempo is overcome due to the simplicity criterion, which "optimally" distributes the complexity of perception between rhythm and tempo. In the above example, the repetition is recognized because of additional repetition of the melodic contour, which results in a certain redundancy of the musical structure, making the recognition of the rhythmic pattern "robust" under tempo deviations. Generally speaking, the more redundant the "musical support" of a rhythmic pattern, the better its recognizability under augmentations and diminutions, that is, its distortions are perceived as tempo variations rather than rhythmic changes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By taking into account melodic context, homogeneity of accompaniment, harmonic pulsation, and other cues, the range of admissible tempo deviations can be extended further, yet still not preventing musically normal perception. For example, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a>'s own performance of his "Poem", Op. 32, No. 1, transcribed from a piano-roll recording contains tempo deviations within <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="dotted quarter note"><img alt="dotted quarter note" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/6px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/9px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg/12px-Figure_rythmique_noire_hampe_haut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="42" /></a></span>.</span></span> = 19/119, a span of 5.5 times.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such tempo deviations are strictly prohibited, for example, in Bulgarian or Turkish music based on so-called additive rhythms with complex duration ratios, which can also be explained by the principle of correlativity of perception. If a rhythm is not structurally redundant, then even minor tempo deviations are not perceived as <i>accelerando</i> or <i>ritardando</i> but rather given an impression of a change in rhythm, which implies an inadequate perception of musical meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangian1994480_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETangian1994480-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_classical_music">Modern classical music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">Twentieth-century classical music</a> introduced a wide range of approaches to tempo, particularly thanks to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modernism</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_music" title="Postmodern music">postmodernism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While many composers have retained traditional tempo markings, sometimes requiring greater precision than in any preceding period, others have begun to question basic assumptions of the classical tradition like the idea of a consistent, unified, repeatable tempo. <a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic scores</a> show tempo and rhythm in a variety of ways. <a href="/wiki/Polytempo" title="Polytempo">Polytemporal compositions</a> deliberately utilise performers playing at marginally different speeds. <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s compositions approach tempo in diverse ways. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3" title="4′33″">4′33″</a></i> has a defined duration, but no actual notes, while <a href="/wiki/As_Slow_as_Possible" title="As Slow as Possible">As Slow as Possible</a> has defined proportions but no defined duration, with one performance intended to last 639 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beatmatching">Beatmatching</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Beatmatching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">Beatmatching</a></div> <p>In popular music genres such as <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, beatmatching is a technique that <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> use that involves speeding up or slowing down a record (or <a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJ</a> player, a speed-adjustable <a href="/wiki/CD_player" title="CD player">CD player</a> for DJ use) to match the tempo of a previous or subsequent track, so both can be seamlessly mixed. Having beatmatched two songs, the DJ can either seamlessly <a href="/wiki/Fade_(audio_engineering)#Crossfading" title="Fade (audio engineering)">crossfade</a> from one song to another, or play both tracks simultaneously, creating a layered effect.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DJs often beatmatch the underlying tempos of recordings, rather than their strict bpm value suggested by the kick drum, particularly when dealing with high tempo tracks. A 240 bpm track, for example, matches the beat of a 120 bpm track without slowing down or speeding up, because both have an underlying tempo of 120 quarter notes per minute. Thus, some soul music (around 75–90 bpm) mixes well with a drum and bass beat (from 150 to 185 bpm). When speeding up or slowing down a record on a turntable, the pitch and tempo of a track are linked: spinning a disc 10% faster makes both pitch and tempo 10% higher. Software processing to change the pitch without changing the tempo is called <a href="/wiki/Audio_timescale-pitch_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio timescale-pitch modification">pitch-shifting</a>. The opposite operation, changing the tempo without changing the pitch, is called <a href="/wiki/Audio_timescale-pitch_modification" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio timescale-pitch modification">time-stretching</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_capriccio" title="A capriccio">A capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alla_breve" title="Alla breve">Alla breve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_Slow_as_Possible" title="As Slow as Possible">As Slow as Possible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-time_(music)" title="Half-time (music)">Half-time (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitemporal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Multitemporal music">Multitemporal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop-time" title="Stop-time">Stop-time</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some of these markings are today contentious, such as those on his <a href="/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No._29_(Beethoven)" title="Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)">"Hammerklavier" Sonata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a>, seeming to many to be almost impossibly fast, as is also the case for many of the works of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>. See "metronome" entry in <a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/music-101-what-is-tempo-how-is-tempo-used-in-music">"Music 101: What Is Tempo? How Is Tempo Used in Music?"</a>. <i>masterclass.com</i>. 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masterclass.com&rft.atitle=Music+101%3A+What+Is+Tempo%3F+How+Is+Tempo+Used+in+Music%3F&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Fmusic-101-what-is-tempo-how-is-tempo-used-in-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelankar2014" class="citation web cs1">Velankar, Makarland (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264212770">"A Pilot Study of Automatic Tempo Measurement in Rhythmic Music"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Pilot+Study+of+Automatic+Tempo+Measurement+in+Rhythmic+Music&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Velankar&rft.aufirst=Makarland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F264212770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worlddancesport.org/Document/9032164613/WDSF_Competition_Rules.pdf">"E. Rules for Competitions (Couples). Rule E.3 (Music)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>WDSF Competition Rules</i> (WDSF Rules & Regulations), <a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">World DanceSport Federation</a>, 2018-01-01, p. 19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-20</span></span>, <q>3.2 The tempi for each dance shall be: Waltz 28‒30 bars/min, Tango 31‒33 bars/min, Viennese Waltz 58‒60 bars/min, Slow Foxtrot 28‒30 bars/min, Quickstep 50‒52 bars/min; Samba 50‒52 bars/min, Cha-Cha-Cha 30‒32 bars/min, Rumba 25‒27 bars/min, Paso Doble 60‒62 bars/min, Jive 42‒44 bars/min.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E.+Rules+for+Competitions+%28Couples%29.+Rule+E.3+%28Music%29&rft.btitle=WDSF+Competition+Rules&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=World+DanceSport+Federation&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddancesport.org%2FDocument%2F9032164613%2FWDSF_Competition_Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/tempo-music">"Tempo | Definition, Music, Description, & Notation | Britannica"</a>. 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tempo+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Music%2C+Description%2C+%26+Notation+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Ftempo-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Randel, D.</a>, ed., <i>The New Harvard Dictionary of Music</i>, Harvard University Press, 1986, "Tempo"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haar_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaar2014" class="citation book cs1">Haar, James (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0lMABAAAQBAJ"><i>The Science and Art of Renaissance Music</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40-086471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40-086471-3"><bdi>978-1-40-086471-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+and+Art+of+Renaissance+Music&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-40-086471-3&rft.aulast=Haar&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0lMABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://symphonynovascotia.ca/faqs/symphony-101/how-do-musicians-know-how-fast-to-play-a-piece-and-why-are-the-terms-in-italian/">"How do musicians know how fast to play a piece? And why are the terms in Italian?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+do+musicians+know+how+fast+to+play+a+piece%3F+And+why+are+the+terms+in+Italian%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsymphonynovascotia.ca%2Ffaqs%2Fsymphony-101%2Fhow-do-musicians-know-how-fast-to-play-a-piece-and-why-are-the-terms-in-italian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heyman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heyman_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyman1994" class="citation book cs1">Heyman, Barbara B. (1994-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u6QGtHHtr6MC&q=second+movement+Samuel+Barber%27s+first+String+Quartet+is+an+Adagio.&pg=PA158"><i>Samuel Barber: the composer and his music</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509058-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509058-6"><bdi>0-19-509058-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Barber%3A+the+composer+and+his+music&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994-05-12&rft.isbn=0-19-509058-6&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du6QGtHHtr6MC%26q%3Dsecond%2Bmovement%2BSamuel%2BBarber%2527s%2Bfirst%2BString%2BQuartet%2Bis%2Ban%2BAdagio.%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a> suggests that many works marked "Allegretto" are nowadays played too quickly as a result of this confusion.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen, Charles</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApUUpgMzEPsC&pg=PA48"><i>Beethoven's Piano Sonatas: A Short Companion</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 48–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09070-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09070-6"><bdi>0-300-09070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beethoven%27s+Piano+Sonatas%3A+A+Short+Companion&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=48-95&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09070-6&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DApUUpgMzEPsC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dolmetsch.com/musictheory5.htm">"tempo"</a>, music theory online, Dolmetsch.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElson1909" class="citation book cs1">Elson, Louis Charles (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgQ6AAAAIAAJ"><i>Elson's Pocket Music Dictionary: The Important Terms Used in Music with Pronunciation and Concise Definition, Together with the Elements of Notation and a Biographical List of Over Five Hundred Noted Names in Music</i></a>. Oliver Ditson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elson%27s+Pocket+Music+Dictionary%3A+The+Important+Terms+Used+in+Music+with+Pronunciation+and+Concise+Definition%2C+Together+with+the+Elements+of+Notation+and+a+Biographical+List+of+Over+Five+Hundred+Noted+Names+in+Music&rft.pub=Oliver+Ditson&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Elson&rft.aufirst=Louis+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgQ6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_E._CaplinJames_HepokoskiJames_Webster2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Caplin" title="William Caplin">William E. Caplin</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Hepokoski" title="James Hepokoski">James Hepokoski</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Webster_(musicologist)" title="James Webster (musicologist)">James Webster</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhAgAJDAK9sC&q=marcia+moderato&pg=PT80"><i>Musical Form, Forms & Formenlehre: Three Methodological Reflections</i></a>. Leuven University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-905-867-822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-905-867-822-5"><bdi>978-905-867-822-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Musical+Form%2C+Forms+%26+Formenlehre%3A+Three+Methodological+Reflections&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-905-867-822-5&rft.au=William+E.+Caplin&rft.au=James+Hepokoski&rft.au=James+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhAgAJDAK9sC%26q%3Dmarcia%2Bmoderato%26pg%3DPT80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel196942-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel196942_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/con%20grazia">"Con grazia"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Con+grazia&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcon%2520grazia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scholes_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Scholes" title="Percy Scholes">Percy A. Scholes</a> (1944). <i>The Oxford Companion to Music, self-indexed and with a pronouncing glossary</i>, 5th ed. London; New York; Toronto: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lamentoso">"Lamentoso"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lamentoso&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Flamentoso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Istesso tempo" entry in <a href="#CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001">Sadie & Tyrrell 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a modern example of <i>L'istesso</i>, see measures 4 and 130 of "<a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_(Main_Title)" title="Star Wars (Main Title)">Star Wars (Main Title)</a>", <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1997">Williams 1997</a>, pp. 3, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/maestoso">"Maestoso"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maestoso&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmaestoso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Special:ImagefromIndex/03007">Gnossiennes music sheet</a>, IMSLP Music Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel196992-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel196992_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Affretando". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (14 ed.). 1930. p. 282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affretando&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pages=282&rft.edition=14&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ritenuto" entry in <a href="#CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001">Sadie & Tyrrell 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEApel1969809-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApel1969809_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFApel1969">Apel 1969</a>, p. 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Fallows" title="David Fallows">David Fallows</a>: "Ritardando", in <a href="#CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001">Sadie & Tyrrell 2001</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theonlinemetronome.com/metronome-tempo-markings-defined.html">"Tempo Markings – Common Tempos in Italian, German, and French"</a>. <i>theonlinemetronome.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theonlinemetronome.com&rft.atitle=Tempo+Markings+%E2%80%93+Common+Tempos+in+Italian%2C+German%2C+and+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheonlinemetronome.com%2Fmetronome-tempo-markings-defined.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanguiane1993-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanguiane1993_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanguiane_[Tangian]1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andranik_Tangian" title="Andranik Tangian">Tanguiane [Tangian], Andranick S.</a> (1993). <i>Artificial Perception and Music Recognition</i>. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 746. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-57394-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-57394-4"><bdi>978-3-540-57394-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Perception+and+Music+Recognition&rft.place=Berlin-Heidelberg&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-3-540-57394-4&rft.aulast=Tanguiane+%5BTangian%5D&rft.aufirst=Andranick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tangian1994-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tangian1994_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangian1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andranik_Tangian" title="Andranik Tangian">Tanguiane [Tangian], A. S.</a> (July 1994). "A principle of correlativity of perception and its application to music recognition". <i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 465–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40285634">10.2307/40285634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40285634">40285634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+Perception&rft.atitle=A+principle+of+correlativity+of+perception+and+its+application+to+music+recognition&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-502&rft.date=1994-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40285634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40285634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tanguiane+%5BTangian%5D&rft.aufirst=A.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrjabin1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Skrjabin, Alexander</a> (1960). <i>Poem for piano, Op. 32, No. 1. Transcribed by P. Lobanov</i>. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoye Muzykalnoye Izdatelstvo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poem+for+piano%2C+Op.+32%2C+No.+1.+Transcribed+by+P.+Lobanov&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Gosudarstvennoye+Muzykalnoye+Izdatelstvo&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Skrjabin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETangian1994480-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETangian1994480_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTangian1994">Tangian 1994</a>, p. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pirate.com/en/blog/how-to-beatmatch/">https://pirate.com/en/blog/how-to-beatmatch/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://blog.mixcloud.com/2023/10/02/a-guide-to-beatmatching/">https://blog.mixcloud.com/2023/10/02/a-guide-to-beatmatching/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dj.studio/blog/dj-beat-matching-techniques">https://dj.studio/blog/dj-beat-matching-techniques</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApel1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willi_Apel" title="Willi Apel">Apel, Willi</a>, ed. (1969). <i>Harvard Dictionary of Music</i> (2nd, revised and enlarged ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37501-7"><bdi>978-0-674-37501-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37501-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadieTyrrell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)" title="John Tyrrell (musicologist)">Tyrrell, John</a>, eds. (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (2nd ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-239-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-239-0"><bdi>1-56159-239-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56159-239-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">Williams, John</a> (1997). <i>Star Wars: Suite for Orchestra</i>. Milwaukee: Hal Leonard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-793-58208-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-793-58208-2"><bdi>978-0-793-58208-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Star+Wars%3A+Suite+for+Orchestra&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-793-58208-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Epstein_(conductor)" title="David Epstein (conductor)">Epstein, David</a> (1995). <i>Shaping Time: Music, the Brain, and Performance</i>. New York: Schirmer Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-873320-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-873320-7"><bdi>0-02-873320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaping+Time%3A+Music%2C+the+Brain%2C+and+Performance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schirmer+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-02-873320-7&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Marty" title="Jean-Pierre Marty">Marty, Jean-Pierre</a> (1988). <i>The Tempo Indications of Mozart</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03852-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03852-6"><bdi>0-300-03852-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tempo+Indications+of+Mozart&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-300-03852-6&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Sachs, Curt</a> (1953). <i>Rhythm and Tempo: A Study in Music History</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/391538">391538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythm+and+Tempo%3A+A+Study+in+Music+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F391538&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATempo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Snoman, Rick (2009). <i>The Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys, and Techniques</i>, 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748438-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9748438-4-9">0-9748438-4-9</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tempo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tempo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:tempo"><i>tempo</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704045909/http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/appendix/tempo/tempo1.html">Tempo Terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Tech</a> Department of Music</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Musical_notation" title="Template:Musical notation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_notation" title="Template talk:Musical notation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_notation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical notation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_notation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">Musical notation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staff_(music)" title="Staff (music)">Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">8<sup>va</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave#Ottava_alta_and_bassa" title="Octave">15<sup>ma</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation_(music)" title="Abbreviation (music)">Abbreviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">Da capo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_segno" title="Dal segno">Dal segno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_signature" title="Key signature">Key signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledger_line" title="Ledger line">Ledger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(music)" title="Mode (music)">Mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossia" title="Ossia">Ossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehearsal_letter" title="Rehearsal letter">Rehearsal letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeat_sign" title="Repeat sign">Repeat sign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">Time signature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposition_(music)" title="Transposition (music)">Transposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposing_instrument" title="Transposing instrument">Transposing instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Musical_note" title="Musical note">Musical notes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_(music)" title="Accidental (music)">Accidental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(music)" title="Flat (music)">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_(music)" title="Natural (music)">natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_(music)" title="Sharp (music)">sharp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cue_note" title="Cue note">Cue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotted_note" title="Dotted note">Dotted note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_value" title="Note value">Note value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(music)" title="Beam (music)">beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notehead" title="Notehead">Notehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(music)" title="Stem (music)">stem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rest_(music)" title="Rest (music)">Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacet" title="Tacet">Tacet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">Tuplet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">Tremolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_pitch_notation" title="Helmholtz pitch notation">Helmholtz pitch notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_notation" title="Letter notation">Letter notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">Scientific pitch notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">Articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_(music)" title="Accent (music)">Accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">Caesura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damping_(music)" title="Damping (music)">Damping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermata" title="Fermata">Fermata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(music)" title="Fingering (music)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legato" title="Legato">Legato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcato" title="Marcato">Marcato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">Ornament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appoggiatura" title="Appoggiatura">Appoggiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">Glissando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_note" title="Grace note">Grace note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordent" title="Mordent">Mordent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(musical_ornament)" title="Slide (musical ornament)">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_(music)" title="Trill (music)">Trill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portato" title="Portato">Portato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slur_(music)" title="Slur (music)">Slur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staccato" title="Staccato">Staccato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuto" title="Tenuto">Tenuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_(music)" title="Tie (music)">Tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguing" title="Tonguing">Tonguing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">Sheet music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music_publishing" title="History of music publishing">History of music publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_engraving" title="Music engraving">Music engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_chart" title="Chord chart">Chord chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chord_diagram_(music)" title="Chord diagram (music)">Chord diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_music" title="Eye music">Eye music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)" title="Graphic notation (music)">Graphic notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_sheet" title="Lead sheet">Lead sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Number_System" title="Nashville Number System">Nashville Number System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_musical_notation" title="Numbered musical notation">Numbered musical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klavarskribo" title="Klavarskribo">Klavarskribo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablature" title="Tablature">Tablature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsons_code" title="Parsons code">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_notation" title="Percussion notation">Percussion notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_music_notation" title="Simplified music notation">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_musical_notation" title="Chinese musical notation">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekphonetic_notation" title="Ekphonetic notation">Ekphonetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamelan_notation" title="Gamelan notation">Gamelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunkunshi" title="Kunkunshi">Kunkunshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neume" title="Neume">Neume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaralipi" title="Swaralipi">Swaralipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakuhachi_musical_notation" title="Shakuhachi musical notation">Shakuhachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant#Notation" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mensural_notation" title="Mensural notation">Mensural notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_stand" title="Music stand">Music stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Perfect pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight-reading" title="Sight-reading">Sight-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(music)" title="Transcription (music)">Transcription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_symbols" title="List of musical symbols">List of musical symbols</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_notation" title="Category:Musical notation">Category:Musical notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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id="Musical_terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Musical terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_musical_terminology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of musical terminology">Glossary of musical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interval_(music)" title="Interval (music)">Intervals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pitch_intervals" title="List of pitch intervals">List of pitch intervals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_prefix" title="Musical prefix">Musical prefix</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tempo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metre_(music)" title="Metre (music)">meter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_rhythm_and_divisive_rhythm" title="Additive rhythm and divisive rhythm">Additive and divisive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacrusis" title="Anacrusis">Anacrusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canter_rhythm" title="Canter rhythm">Canter rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colotomy" title="Colotomy">Colotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_(music)" title="Counting (music)">Counting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Count_off" title="Count off">Count off</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-beat" title="Cross-beat">Cross-beat</a></li> <li><a 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