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href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichrau" title="Kichrau – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichrau" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_chrau" title="Lenga chrau – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga chrau" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chrau" title="Língua chrau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chrau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Chrau</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_province" title="Đồng Nai province">Đồng Nai</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh_province" title="Tây Ninh province">Tây Ninh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_province" title="Bình Dương province">Bình Dương</a> provinces</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">26,900 <a href="/wiki/Chrau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrau people">Chrau people</a> (2009 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(7,000 cited 1995 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>South Bahnaric<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Stieng–Chrau<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Chrau</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/crw" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:crw">crw</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chra1242">chra1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1250">Chrau</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Chrau</b> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Charuo, Chauro</i>, also known as <i>Jro</i>, <i>Ro</i>, <i>Tamun</i>, <i>Cho Ro</i>, <i>Choro</i>, <i>Chíoro</i>, <i>Doro</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahnaric language">Bahnaric language</a> spoken by some of the 22,000 ethnic <a href="/wiki/Cho_Ro_people" title="Cho Ro people">Cho Ro people</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Unlike most languages of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, Chrau has no lexical <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a>, though it does have significant sentence <a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">intonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are fewer than 20,000 native speakers of Chrau.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people who speak Chrau are from the Southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%AAn_H%C3%B2a" title="Biên Hòa">Bien Hoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Tuy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bình Tuy Province">Binh Tuy</a>. </p><p>The language of Chrau has much Chinese influence, explaining its similarity to many other languages. In the later years after they began to sell crops to others in the area, the influence of Vietnamese would begin to appear in their language. Similarly to the Chinese and Vietnamese language, there are also certain tones in the Chrau language that are emphasized when speaking. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Chrau language is part of the South Bahnaric subgroup along with Kơho, Stiêng and the Mnon dialects. Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> see Kơho and Chrau as an independent subgroup but there is not much on that, however the distinction between the two is seen to be obvious. Since it is of Bahnaric origin, there are many cognates with other divisions in this group such as Jarai and Radê. There is also seen to be many influences from other Southeast Asian countries other than Vietnam like Laos and Cambodia as well as Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suspect the Chrau people were among the first inhabitants of now South Vietnam, however there has been some suspicion that some of the people may have been aboriginals. Before the Vietnamese had inhabited the country, the country was divided between the Malayo-Polynesian and Mon-Khmer speakers. With the Malayo-Polynesian people settling along the inland and high plateaus of Vietnam and the Mon-Khmer people living either North or South of the plateau. Although there is a gap in history between the two areas, many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> suspect that there could have been a Mon-Khmer invasion to the Malayo-Polynesian. Explaining why the Mon-Khmer language was more prevalent in Southern Vietnam. This has also sparked different stories by different groups of how the Chrau came about be it form the Cambodians of Chamic people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are changes happening due to the war forced resettlement of the Chrau, the Jro clan was one of the largest clans of the Chrau people which is why the language is sometimes referred to as Jro. As the Vietnamese began to settle in the area, the Chrau language slowly transformed into Vietnamese, which is why Chrau became an endangered language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Chrau language has become something that is exclusively spoken to with other people who know the language. In different situations, Vietnamese is what is typically being used in the markets and not much of the newer generation will not have known what Chrau is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrau is currently homogeneous because of the surround clans. Being spoken in the South Vietnam in an area 50 miles from the east of Saigon. Chrau people are known to stretch from the Langa River to the east of Tánhlinh, dividing the east of Chrau and west of Rơgali (another language being spoken). Most of the Chrau language is spoken along the seacoast from Hàmtân to Vũngtàu and Longthành but not farther than the Đồngnai River. Though there are no official cities that have Chrau as an official language, many areas around the Phướctuy and Biênhòa cities there are many who still speak the language there. Though Vietnamese is the major language in all areas. </p><p>Many of the people who do speak Chrau tend to lived in areas between the flat lands near the Mekong delta but also near mountainous areas of Vietnam. However, there seems to have been a shift if recent years to the highway areas of Vietnam because of the change in weather which makes traveling difficult for the Chrau people as well as financial stability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jro">Jro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is the Jro dialect which is spoken by the majority of the people who do know Chrau because they were the largest clan that existed at the time. It is spoken around the area of </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td>ph </td> <td>th </td> <td>chh </td> <td>kh </td> <td>p </td> <td>t </td> <td>ch </td> <td>l,r </td></tr> <tr> <td>c </td> <td>k </td> <td>q </td> <td>v </td> <td>d </td> <td>j </td> <td>g </td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>đ </td> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td>nh </td> <td>ng </td> <td>w </td> <td>s </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dialect separates "n" from "h" as well as saying "ư" is essentially a neutralization of "ĭ" and "ŭ" in certain environments. While "ĕ/ă" and "â/ŏ" neutralize in other environments. Allowing the open syllables to take only long vowels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prâng"><span id="Pr.C3.A2ng"></span>Prâng</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prâng"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This dialect is spoken in locations such as the Túctrung area, but many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> consider this dialect to be childish and a general mutual intelligibility in context. Although this is not the most popular dialect, there are a few records that are in this dialect. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Item </th> <th>Form </th> <th>Form </th></tr> <tr> <td>Meaning </td> <td>Main Dialect </td> <td>This Dialect </td></tr> <tr> <td>forest </td> <td>nggô </td> <td>vri </td></tr> <tr> <td>walk </td> <td>saq </td> <td>hăn </td></tr> <tr> <td>I </td> <td>ănh </td> <td>ĭnh </td></tr> <tr> <td>play </td> <td>lêng </td> <td>khlân </td></tr> <tr> <td>small </td> <td>ken </td> <td>vây </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even though there does not seem to be much correlation, it is due to the environment in which the Chrau were in, where they found themselves attempting to mix the two influences of Chinese as well as Vietnamese since the Prâng dialect was more to the west side of Vietnam where it bordered along Laos and Cambodia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sounds_and_phonology">Sounds and phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sounds and phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chrau there is only one main syllable that is stressed and may sometimes contain unstressed syllables that are considered presyllables. Usually the nouns, verbs, adjectives and such are either monosyllabic or disyllabic. While other parts such as connectives and verbal auxiliaries take are monosyllabic. </p><p>Presyllables in Chrau consist of a single initial consonant followed by a single neutral vowel while the main syllable has up to three consonants following a complex vowel in the end. </p><p>This results in a nasally sounding consonant followed by voiced stops or voiceless stops. A voiced stop is seen as a stop in the consonant which has more to do with the throat and vibrations in the vocal cords rather than an actual stop in speech. </p><p>Chrau is seen to be spoken in pitches much higher due to the nasal sounds as well as at a quicker pace because of the voiceless stops as well as the stressed and unstressed syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chrau has a major influence of monosyllables from the trend in eastern and southeastern Asia so there is little left that are some of the original words of Chrau. This can also be seen through the Mon-Khmer language. </p><p>Within the Chrau language there has been an evolution of reduplication. This can be seen with words that have similar spelling that describes an action. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>mlŭq mlăq </td> <td>dirty </td></tr> <tr> <td>mbăq mban </td> <td>unskillfully </td></tr> <tr> <td>rawênh rawai </td> <td>dizzy </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (August 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> find Chrau to be moving to a language that is a tonal language, which is based on the emphasis given to each letter in the word. Similarly to Vietnamese and Chinese. There also seems to be a tendency to where Chrau would weaken certain verbs in order to let them have more than one use like an adverb or a preposition. When it comes to pronouns and other nouns there is only a slight difference syntactically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Vietnamese </th> <th>Chrau </th></tr> <tr> <td>see </td> <td>xem </td> <td>sên </td></tr> <tr> <td>die </td> <td>chết </td> <td>chưt </td></tr> <tr> <td>house </td> <td>nhà </td> <td>nhi </td></tr> <tr> <td>squeeze </td> <td>bóp </td> <td>bop </td></tr> <tr> <td>green </td> <td>xanh </td> <td>sănh </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the Chrau is in Southern Vietnam, there has been influences from all ends such as the markets and roads that are being built. Although many words of the Chrau had originated as their own word, as the Vietnamese and Chinese influence began to seep in, their words became morph into something that was a combination of both languages. However, only the Chrau seemed to have understood the language that has formed. It is also noted that not all their words have been influenced by the Vietnamese, rather just a few.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sentence </th> <th>Literal Translation </th> <th>Proper Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Anh văt nĕh hao </td> <td>I lifted up it </td> <td>I lifted it up </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vơn an nĕh </td> <td>We gave to him </td> <td>We gave it to him </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vơn păh nĕh iưm glao măq lŭng </td> <td>We chop for him very big bamboo </td> <td>We chopped large bamboo for him </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The writing system tends to be more formal since it is neither a traditional culture or intimate conversation. There is a colloquial style that is used in ordinary conversation which is marked by short sentences and frequent ellipsis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbering_System">Numbering System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numbering System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>Number </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>muoːi / du </td> <td>11 </td> <td>maːt muoːi </td> <td>21 </td> <td>val ɟaːt muoːi </td> <td>40 </td> <td>puoːn ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>val </td> <td>12 </td> <td>maːt val </td> <td>22 </td> <td>val ɟaːt val </td> <td>50 </td> <td>prăm ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>pe </td> <td>13 </td> <td>maːt pe </td> <td>23 </td> <td>val ɟaːt pe </td> <td>60 </td> <td>prau ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>puoːn </td> <td>14 </td> <td>maːt puoːn </td> <td>24 </td> <td>val ɟaːt puoːn </td> <td>70 </td> <td>pŏh ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>prăm </td> <td>15 </td> <td>maːt prăm </td> <td>25 </td> <td>val ɟaːt prăm </td> <td>80 </td> <td>pʰam ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>prau </td> <td>16 </td> <td>maːt prau </td> <td>26 </td> <td>val ɟaːt prau </td> <td>90 </td> <td>suˀn ɟaːt </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>pŏh / paːh </td> <td>17 </td> <td>maːt pŏh </td> <td>27 </td> <td>val ɟaːt pŏh </td> <td>100 </td> <td>du rajĕŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>pʰam </td> <td>18 </td> <td>maːt pʰam </td> <td>28 </td> <td>val ɟaːt pʰam </td> <td>200 </td> <td>val rajĕŋ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>suˀn </td> <td>19 </td> <td>maːt suˀn </td> <td>29 </td> <td>val ɟaːt suˀn </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>du ravu < Chamic </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>maːt </td> <td>20 </td> <td>val ɟaːt </td> <td>30 </td> <td>pe ɟaːt </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>val ravu </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The numbering system is one example of the difference in the Chrau language to other languages, that even though there is a bit of Chamic and Mon-Khmer influence as well as others. It still has its own unique numbering system, that is only for it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/crw/">Chrau</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student’s Handbook</i>, Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas1966" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Dorothy M. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006044720/http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/2/thomas1966chrau.pdf">"Chrau intonation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/2/thomas1966chrau.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Chrau+intonation&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lc.mahidol.ac.th%2FDocuments%2FPublication%2FMKS%2F2%2Fthomas1966chrau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1250">"Did you know Chrau is vulnerable?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Chrau+is+vulnerable%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2F1250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/35771">"Vietnam word list (revised): Chrau Jro"</a>. <i>SIL International</i>. 2013-01-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Vietnam+word+list+%28revised%29%3A+Chrau+Jro&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F35771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192256/https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Chrau.htm">"Chrau"</a>. <i>mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Chrau.htm">the original</a> on 2017-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de&rft.atitle=Chrau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de%2Fnumeral%2FChrau.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cheeseman, Nathaniel; Herington, Jennifer; Sidwell, Paul (2013). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mksjournal.org/mks42cheeseman.pdf">'Bahnaric linguistic bibliography with selected annotations</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i> vol. 42 Mahidol University and SIL International.</li> <li>Một, L. (1971). <i>Vơn Gưt Sinlơ Sŭng Vri Heq</i>. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/30760">https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/30760</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkin1991" class="citation book cs1">Parkin, Robert (1991). <i>A Guide to Austroasiatic Speakers and Their Languages</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006738">20006738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Austroasiatic+Speakers+and+Their+Languages&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20006738%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1966" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Dorothy (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/thomas1966chrau.pdf">"Chrau intonation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Chrau+intonation&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fthomas1966chrau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1967" class="citation thesis cs1">Thomas, David Dunton (1 January 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI6809245"><i>Chrau grammar; a Mon-Khmer language of Vietnam</i></a>. <i>Dissertations Available from ProQuest</i> (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/302255459">302255459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Chrau+grammar%3B+a+Mon-Khmer+language+of+Vietnam&rft.date=1967-01-01&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+Dunton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fdissertations%2FAAI6809245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1969" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Dorothy M. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/thomas1969chrau.pdf">"Chrau affixes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">90–</span>107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=Chrau+affixes&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fthomas1969chrau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1971" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David D. (1971). <i>Chrau Grammar</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. i–258. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20019129">20019129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chrau+Grammar&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications&rft.pages=i-258&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20019129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1978" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Dorothy (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/thomas1978discourse.pdf">"The discourse level in Chrau"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i>. <b>7</b>: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mon-Khmer+Studies&rft.atitle=The+discourse+level+in+Chrau&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fthomas1978discourse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1980" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/7950">"Notes on Chrau Ethnogeography"</a>. In Gregerson, Marilyn; Thomas, Dorothy M. (eds.). <i>Notes from Indochina on Ethnic Minority Cultures</i>. SIL Museum of Anthropology. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88312-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88312-155-9"><bdi>978-0-88312-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Chrau+Ethnogeography&rft.btitle=Notes+from+Indochina+on+Ethnic+Minority+Cultures&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.pub=SIL+Museum+of+Anthropology&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-88312-155-9&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F7950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas1985" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David D (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/3669">"Reality and assurance in Chrau conditional sentences"</a>. In Rattanakun, Suriyā; Thomas, David D.; Prēmsīrat, Suwilai (eds.). <i>Southeast Asian Linguistic Studies: Presented to André-G. Haudricourt</i>. Mahidol University. pp. <span class="nowrap">525–</span>540.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reality+and+assurance+in+Chrau+conditional+sentences&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asian+Linguistic+Studies%3A+Presented+to+Andr%C3%A9-G.+Haudricourt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.pub=Mahidol+University&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F3669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZwicky1985" class="citation journal cs1">Zwicky, Arnold M. (1985). "Clitics and Particles". <i>Language</i>. <b>61</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">283–</span>305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414146">10.2307/414146</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414146">414146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Clitics+and+Particles&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zwicky&rft.aufirst=Arnold+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChrau+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/crw">Resources in and about the Chrau language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRJ7O6QRwrw">Chrau Parlametrics I</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mr70L1qNNMU">Chrau Parlametrics II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chrau Hma language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Languages of Vietnam</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1_people#Language" title="Mạ people">Maa (Mạ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_language" class="mw-redirect" title="May language">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chru_language" title="Chru language">Chru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroi_language" title="Haroi language">Haroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekong_Delta_Malay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekong Delta Malay (page does not exist)">Mekong Delta Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_language" title="Rade language">Rade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roglai_language" title="Roglai language">Roglai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Piu_language" title="Mo Piu language">Mo Piu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1-Meo_language" title="Ná-Meo language">Ná-Meo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghuu_language" title="Laghuu language">Xapho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mantsi Lolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caolan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Caolan language">Caolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_language" title="En language">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelao language">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachi_language" title="Lachi language">Lachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laha_language" title="Laha language">Laha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B9ng_language_(Tai)" title="Nùng language (Tai)">Nùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Di_language" title="Pa Di language">Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapa_language" title="Sapa language">Tày Sapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Daeng_language" title="Tai Daeng language">Tai Daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Hang_Tong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Hang Tong language">Tai Hang Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_language" title="Tày language">Tày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A0y_Tac_language" title="Tày Tac language">Tày Tac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Thu Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ts%CA%BB%C3%BCn-Lao_language" title="Tsʻün-Lao language">Lao Bóc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Vietnam" title="French language in Vietnam">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_B%E1%BB%93i_Pidgin_French" title="Tây Bồi Pidgin French">Tây Bồi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietglish" title="Vietglish">Vietglish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Haiphong Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austroasiatic_languages605" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Template talk:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austroasiatic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austroasiatic_languages605" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bahnaric_languages" title="Bahnaric languages">Bahnaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeh_language" title="Jeh language">Jeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halang_language" title="Halang language">Halang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayong_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayong language">Kayong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaco%CA%BC_language" title="Kacoʼ language">Kacoʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takua_language" title="Takua language">Takua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monom_language" title="Monom language">Monom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todrah_language" title="Todrah language">Todrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedang_language" title="Sedang language">Sedang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahnar_language" title="Bahnar language">Bahnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengao_language" title="Rengao language">Rengao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%AA_language" title="Hrê language">Hrê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Duan language (Austroasiatic)">Duan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katua_language" title="Katua language">Katua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavi_language" title="Lavi language">Lavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jru%27_language" title="Jru' language">Jru'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laven_language" title="Laven language">Laven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su%27_language" title="Su' language">Su'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juk_language" title="Juk language">Juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaheun_language" title="Nyaheun language">Nyaheun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuan_language" title="Sapuan language">Sapuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oi_language" title="Oi language">Oi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brao_language" title="Brao language">Brao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alak_language" title="Alak language">Alak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariang_language" title="Tariang language">Tariang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampuan_language" title="Tampuan language">Tampuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koho_language" title="Koho language">Koho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stieng_language" title="Stieng language">Stieng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%CA%BCong_language" title="Raʼong language">Raʼong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnong_language" title="Mnong language">Mnong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel-Khaonh_language" title="Mel-Khaonh language">Mel-Khaonh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thmon_language" title="Thmon language">Thmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cua_language_(Austroasiatic)" title="Cua language (Austroasiatic)">Cua</a> (East)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Katuic_languages" title="Katuic languages">Katuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuy_language" title="Kuy language">Kuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bru_language" title="Bru language">Bru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Katu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katu_language" title="Katu language">Katu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuong_language" title="Phuong language">Phuong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacoh_language" title="Pacoh language">Pacoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27Oi_language" title="Ta'Oi language">Ta'Oi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietic_languages" title="Vietic languages">Vietic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viet-Muong</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese dialects">Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Vi%E1%BB%87t" class="extiw" title="vi:Phương ngữ tiếng Việt">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese language in China">in China</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kinh_t%E1%BA%A1i_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" class="extiw" title="vi:Tiếng Kinh tại Trung Quốc">vi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language_in_the_United_States" title="Vietnamese language in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_language" title="Mường language">Mường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngu%E1%BB%93n_language" title="Nguồn language">Nguồn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chut_languages" title="Chut languages">Chut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem_language" title="Arem language">Arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0y_language" title="Mày language">Mày</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruc_language" title="Ruc language">Ruc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sach_language" title="Sach language">Sach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maleng_language" title="Maleng language">Maleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kri_language" title="Kri language">Kri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavung_language" title="Thavung language">Thavưng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phong–Liha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phong_language" title="Phong language">Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liha_language" title="Liha language">Liha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%91i_language" title="Cuối language">Cuối</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khmuic_languages" title="Khmuic languages">Khmuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phay-Pram</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prai_language" title="Prai language">Prai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_language" title="Mal language">Mal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ksingmul_language" title="Ksingmul language">Ksingmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCdu_language" title="Oʼdu language">Oʼdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kniang_language" title="Kniang language">Phong-Kniang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mlabri_language" title="Mlabri language">Mlabri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pearic_languages" title="Pearic languages">Pearic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_language" title="Pear language">Pear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western<br />(Chong)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Central Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samre_language_of_Pursat" title="Samre language of Pursat">Samre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasong_dialect" title="Kasong dialect">Kasong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suoy_language" title="Suoy language">Suoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27och_language" title="Sa'och language">Sa'och</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somray_language" title="Somray language">Somray</a> (Northern Chong)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong_language" title="Chong language">Western Chong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasi%E2%80%93Palaungic_languages" title="Khasi–Palaungic languages">Khasi–<br />Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khasic_languages" title="Khasic languages">Khasic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnar_language" title="Pnar language">Pnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyngngam_language" title="Lyngngam language">Lyngngam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharam_language" title="Maharam language">Maharam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_language" title="War language">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaungic_languages" title="Palaungic languages">Palaungic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angkuic_languages" title="Angkuic languages">Angkuic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mok_language" title="Mok language">Mok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waic_languages" title="Waic languages">Waic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawa_language" title="Lawa language">Lawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meung_Yum_language" title="Meung Yum language">Meung Yum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savaiq_language" title="Savaiq language">Savaiq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bit%E2%80%93Khang_languages" title="Bit–Khang languages">Bit-Khang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_L%C3%A2m_language" title="Quảng Lâm language">Quảng Lâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A1ng_language" title="Kháng language">Kháng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lamet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamet_language" title="Lamet language">Lamet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiorr_language" title="Kiorr language">Kiorr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_language" title="Danau language">Danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Loi_language" title="Tai Loi language">Tai Loi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kherwarian_languages" title="Kherwarian languages">Kherwarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mundaric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korwa_language" title="Korwa language">Korwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asur_language" title="Asur language">Asur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birjia_language" title="Birjia language">Birjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birhor_language" title="Birhor language">Birhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koda_language" title="Koda language">Koda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhwar_language" title="Majhwar language">Majhwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turi_language" title="Turi language">Turi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agariya_language" title="Agariya language">Agariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Santalic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Bangladesh)" title="Kol language (Bangladesh)">Kol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sora-Gorum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorum_language" title="Gorum language">Gorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juray_language" title="Juray language">Juray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodhi_language" title="Lodhi language">Lodhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gutob-Remo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonda_language" title="Bonda language">Bonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutob_language" title="Gutob language">Gutob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gta%CA%BC_language" title="Gtaʼ language">Gtaʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juang_language" title="Juang language">Juang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chaura-Teresa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaura_language" title="Chaura language">Chaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teressa_language" title="Teressa language">Teressa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Nicobarese_languages" title="Central Nicobarese languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancowry_language" title="Nancowry language">Nancowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camorta_language" title="Camorta language">Camorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katchal_language" title="Katchal language">Katchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_language" title="Car language">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nicobarese_language" title="Southern Nicobarese language">Southern Nicobarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aslian_languages" title="Aslian languages">Aslian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jahaic_languages" title="Jahaic languages">Jahaic</a> (Northern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_language" title="Batek language">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_language" title="Cheq Wong language">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_language" title="Jahai language">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedek_language" title="Jedek language">Jedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu_language" title="Kensiu language">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq_language" title="Kintaq language">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minriq_language" title="Minriq language">Minriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil_language" title="Mintil language">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten%27edn" title="Ten'edn">Ten'edn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wila%27_language" title="Wila' language">Wila'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senoic_languages" title="Senoic languages">Senoic</a> (Central)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_language" title="Lanoh language">Lanoh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sab%C3%BCm_language" title="Sabüm language">Sabüm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semai_language" title="Semai language">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnam_language" title="Semnam language">Semnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_language" title="Temiar language">Temiar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semelaic (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Aslian_languages" title="Southern Aslian languages">Southern</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_language" title="Mah Meri language">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_language" title="Semaq Beri language">Semaq Beri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_language" title="Semelai language">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_language" title="Temoq language">Temoq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_language" title="Jah Hut language">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i> (unclassified; possibly a language isolate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Khmer_dialect" title="Northern Khmer dialect">Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Khmer_dialect" title="Western Khmer dialect">Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Khe_dialect" title="Khmer Khe dialect">Khmer Khe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monic_languages" title="Monic languages">Monic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyah_Kur_language" title="Nyah Kur language">Nyah Kur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakanic_languages" title="Pakanic languages">Pakanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a> (Pakan)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Austroasiatic language">Proto-Austroasiatic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Palaungic_language" title="Proto-Palaungic language">Proto-Palaungic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Khmeric_language" title="Proto-Khmeric language">Proto-Khmeric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Aslian_language" title="Proto-Aslian language">Proto-Aslian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Munda_language" title="Proto-Munda language">Proto-Munda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li><li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&oldid=1270636792">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrau_language&oldid=1270636792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bahnaric_languages" title="Category:Bahnaric 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