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id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iron Age subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_literary_and_geographic_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_literary_and_geographic_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early literary and geographic accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_literary_and_geographic_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_in_Vedic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_in_Vedic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bengal in Vedic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_in_Vedic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_geopolitical_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_geopolitical_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ancient geopolitical divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_geopolitical_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_under_Magadha_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_under_Magadha_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bengal under Magadha empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_under_Magadha_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nanda_Empire_(c._345_–_322_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanda_Empire_(c._345_–_322_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanda_Empire_(c._345_–_322_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(c._322_–_185_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauryan_Empire_(c._322_–_185_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Mauryan Empire (c. 322 – 185 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauryan_Empire_(c._322_–_185_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shunga_Empire_and_Kanva_dynasty_(c._185_–_28_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shunga_Empire_and_Kanva_dynasty_(c._185_–_28_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Shunga Empire and Kanva dynasty (c. 185 – 28 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shunga_Empire_and_Kanva_dynasty_(c._185_–_28_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classical Bengal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_Bengal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical Bengal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gupta_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gupta Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gauda_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauda_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gauda kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauda_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varman_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varman_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Varman dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varman_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khadga_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khadga_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Khadga dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khadga_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pala_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pala_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Pala Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pala_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chandra_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chandra_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Chandra dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chandra_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sena_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sena_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Sena Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sena_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deva_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deva_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Deva dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deva_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islamic Era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_Era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic Era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghurids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghurids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ghurids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghurids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khalijis_of_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khalijis_of_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Khalijis of Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khalijis_of_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate_(1204–1352)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delhi_Sultanate_(1204–1352)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Delhi Sultanate (1204–1352)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delhi_Sultanate_(1204–1352)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_sultanates_(1338–1352)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_sultanates_(1338–1352)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Small sultanates (1338–1352)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_sultanates_(1338–1352)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_Sultanate_(1352–1576)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_Sultanate_(1352–1576)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_Sultanate_(1352–1576)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty_(1342–1414_and_1435–1487)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty_(1342–1414_and_1435–1487)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414 and 1435–1487)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty_(1342–1414_and_1435–1487)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu-Muslim_usurpers_(1414–1435)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu-Muslim_usurpers_(1414–1435)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Hindu-Muslim usurpers (1414–1435)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu-Muslim_usurpers_(1414–1435)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hussain_Shahi_dynasty_(1494–1538)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hussain_Shahi_dynasty_(1494–1538)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hussain_Shahi_dynasty_(1494–1538)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suri_interruption_(1539–1564)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suri_interruption_(1539–1564)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Suri interruption (1539–1564)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suri_interruption_(1539–1564)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karrani_dynasty_(1564–1576)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karrani_dynasty_(1564–1576)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.5</span> <span>Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karrani_dynasty_(1564–1576)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mughal Period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mughal_Period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mughal Period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baro-Bhuyans_(1576–1610)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baro-Bhuyans_(1576–1610)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Baro-Bhuyans (1576–1610)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baro-Bhuyans_(1576–1610)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subedar_period_(1574–1727)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subedar_period_(1574–1727)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Subedar period (1574–1727)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subedar_period_(1574–1727)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_in_the_Mughal_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_in_the_Mughal_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Bengal in the Mughal economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_in_the_Mughal_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nawabs_of_Bengal_(1717–1772)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nawabs_of_Bengal_(1717–1772)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1772)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nawabs_of_Bengal_(1717–1772)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nasiri_dynasty_(1717–1740)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasiri_dynasty_(1717–1740)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Nasiri dynasty (1717–1740)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasiri_dynasty_(1717–1740)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afsar_dynasty_(1740–1757)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afsar_dynasty_(1740–1757)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Afsar dynasty (1740–1757)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afsar_dynasty_(1740–1757)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maratha_Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha_Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Maratha Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maratha_Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindu_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindu_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Hindu states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindu_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Settlements_in_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Settlements_in_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>European Settlements in Bengal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_Settlements_in_Bengal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European Settlements in Bengal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_Settlements_in_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Chittagong_(1528–1666)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Chittagong_(1528–1666)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Portuguese Chittagong (1528–1666)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Chittagong_(1528–1666)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_settlements_(1610–1824)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_settlements_(1610–1824)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Dutch settlements (1610–1824)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_settlements_(1610–1824)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_English_settlements_(1600s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_English_settlements_(1600s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Early English settlements (1600s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_English_settlements_(1600s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_settlements_(1692–1952)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_settlements_(1692–1952)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>French settlements (1692–1952)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_settlements_(1692–1952)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danish_settlements_(1625–1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danish_settlements_(1625–1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Danish settlements (1625–1845)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danish_settlements_(1625–1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_settlement_(1700s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_settlement_(1700s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Austrian settlement (1700s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_settlement_(1700s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_East_India_Company_(1772–1858)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_East_India_Company_(1772–1858)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>British East India Company (1772–1858)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_East_India_Company_(1772–1858)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_crown_rule_(1858–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_crown_rule_(1858–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>British crown rule (1858–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_crown_rule_(1858–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bengal_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.1</span> <span>Bengal renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_Legislative_Council_(1862–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_Legislative_Council_(1862–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.2</span> <span>Bengal Legislative Council (1862–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_Legislative_Council_(1862–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_(1905–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_(1905–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.3</span> <span>Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_(1905–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.4</span> <span>Rebel activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_(1937–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_(1937–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.5</span> <span>Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_(1937–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.6</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8.7</span> <span>Partition of Bengal (1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-partition_and_contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-partition_and_contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-partition and contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاريخ البنغال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ البنغال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="বাংলার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাংলার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Beng%C3%A1lska" title="Dějiny Bengálska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Bengálska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="बंगाल का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बंगाल का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Benggala" title="Sejarah Benggala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Benggala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalijos_istorija" title="Bengalijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bengalijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Бенгалии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Бенгалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_Bengalit" title="Historia e Bengalit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e Bengalit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="வங்காள வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வங்காள வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Історія Бенгалії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Бенгалії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Bengal" title="Lịch sử Bengal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Bengal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947. For the history of the Indian subcontinent, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a>. For focus on modern Indian Bengal, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">History of West Bengal</a>. For focus on modern Bangladesh, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History of Bangladesh</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Bengal" title="Category:History of Bengal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Bengal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Bengal, 1880"><img alt="Map of Bengal, 1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/150px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/225px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg/300px-Pope1880BengalPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="941" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhma">Suhma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarha">Rarha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotisha">Pragjyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical Dynasties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhulua_Kingdom" title="Bhulua Kingdom">Bhulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda dynasty">Nandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya dynasty">Mayuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Guptas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gaudiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gour_Kingdom" title="Gour Kingdom">Gour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Laur Kingdom">Laur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallabhum">Mallabhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadra_dynasty" title="Bhadra dynasty">Bhadras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Devas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taraf_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Taraf Kingdom">Taraf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Islamic Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balban" title="Balban">House of Balban</a></li> <li>City states: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ganesha" title="House of Ganesha">House of Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Twelve Bhuyan Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaintia_Kingdom" title="Jaintia Kingdom">Jaintia Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapgarh_Kingdom" title="Pratapgarh Kingdom">Pratapgarh Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tripura">Kingdom of Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Kingdom of Bhurshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_Raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan Raj">Burdwan Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Raj" title="Rajshahi Raj">Rajshahi Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettiah_Raj" title="Bettiah Raj">Bettiah Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindars_of_Bengal" title="Zamindars of Bengal">Zamindars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_expeditions_in_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha expeditions in Bengal">Maratha expeditions in Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial Bengal</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Chittagong" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Chittagong">Portuguese Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">French Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Danish Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankipur_(Bengal)" title="Bankipur (Bengal)">Austrian Bengal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">British Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Santal Revolt">Santal Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuar_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuar rebellion">Chuar rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_of_1857" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Mutiny of 1857">Indian Mutiny of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_famine_of_1873%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihar famine of 1873–74">Bihar famine of 1873–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Post-partition era</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>/<a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>(1947–1971) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan" title="History of East Pakistan">History of East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_East_Pakistan_riots" title="1964 East Pakistan riots">1964 East Pakistan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">West Bengal</a> 1947–present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> 1971–present</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:beige; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengali_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bengali literature">History of Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">History of the taka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bengal_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bengal Presidency">List of governors of Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – 489 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Timeline of South Asian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Bengal</b> is intertwined with the history of the broader <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and the surrounding regions of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It includes modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a>, located in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, at the <a href="/wiki/Apex_(geometry)" title="Apex (geometry)">apex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Fertility_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility (soil)">fertile</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganges_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges delta">Ganges delta</a>. The region was known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></i>, a powerful kingdom whose war elephant forces led the withdrawal of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> from India. Some historians have identified Gangaridai with other parts of India. The <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in India">rivers</a> act as a geographic marker of the region, but also connects the region to the broader Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg-e.org_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-e.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal, at times, has played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">history of the Indian subcontinent</a>. </p><p>The area's early history featured a succession of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Indian empires</a>, internal squabbling, and a tussle between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> for dominance. Ancient Bengal was the site of several major <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a> (kingdoms), while the earliest cities date back to the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> of the historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gutenberg-e.org_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gutenberg-e.org-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient Bengal had strong trade links with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and the Mediterranean that focused on its lucrative cotton <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> textiles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was a part of several ancient pan-Indian empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Mauryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryans">Mauryans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>. It was also a bastion of regional kingdoms. The citadel of <a href="/wiki/Gauda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda (city)">Gauda</a> served as capital of the <a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a>, the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (eighth to 11th century), the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a> (11th–12th century) and the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Empire</a> (12th-13th century). This era saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">architecture</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent</a> absorbed Bengal into the medieval Islamic and <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate</a> worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1204 and 1352, Bengal was a province of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton1996_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton1996-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This era saw the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_taka" title="History of the taka">taka</a> as monetary currency, which has endured into the modern era. An independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> was formed in 1346 and ruled the region for two centuries, during which <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hussain2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hussain2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling elite also turned Bengal into the easternmost haven of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultans exerted influence in the <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> region of Southeast Asia, where Buddhist kings copied the sultanate's governance, currency and fashion. A relationship with <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a> flourished under the sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-ElizaldeJianlang2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElizaldeJianlang2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bengal Sultanate was notable for its Hindu aristocracy, including the rise of <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a> as usurpers. Hindus served in the royal administration as prime ministers and poets. Under the patronage of Sultans like <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a>, Bengali literature began replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. Hindu <a href="/wiki/Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities">principalities</a> included the <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallabhum">Kingdom of Mallabhum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhurshut" title="Bhurshut">Kingdom of Bhurshut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Tripura">Kingdom of Tripura</a>; and the realm of powerful Hindu <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajas</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kedar_Ray" title="Kedar Ray">Kedar Ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray" title="Raja Sitaram Ray">Raja Sitaram Ray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the decline of the sultanate, Bengal came under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, as its wealthiest province. Under the Mughals, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> rose to global prominence in industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rayA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its economy in the 18th century exceeding in size any of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>'s empires.<sup id="cite_ref-harrison_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This growth of manufacturing has been seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, similar to that in western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bengal's capital <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> is said to contained over a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-star_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire led to quasi-independent states under the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>, subsequent to the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Maratha invasions of Bengal</a>, and finally the conquest by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. </p><p>The East India Company took control of the region from the late 18th century. The company consolidated their hold on the region following the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757 and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> in 1764 and by 1793 took complete control of the region. Capital amassed from Bengal by the East India Company was invested in various industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacturing</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> during the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sengupta_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Company policies in Bengal also led to the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> of the Bengali textile industry during Company rule.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (or Calcutta) served for many years as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British controlled territories in India</a>. The early and prolonged exposure to the British colonial administration resulted in the expansion of Western-style education, culminating in development of science, institutional education, and social reforms in the region, including what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a>. A hotbed of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> through the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Bengal was partitioned</a> during <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">India's independence</a> in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal—a state of India—and <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>—a part of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> that later became the independent nation of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 1971. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Bengal" title="Names of Bengal">Names of Bengal</a></div> <p>The exact origin of the word <i>Bangla</i> is unknown, though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe <i>Bang/Banga</i> that settled in the area around the year 1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other accounts speculate that the name is derived from <i>Venga</i> (<i>Bôngo</i>), which came from the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> word "Bonga" meaning the Sun-god. According to the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsha">Harivamsha</a>, Vanga was one of the adopted sons of King Vali who founded the <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a>. It was either under Magadh or under Kalinga Rules except few years under Pals. The earliest reference to "Vangala" (<i>Bangala</i>) has been traced in the Nesari plates (805 CE) of <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a> which speak of <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Bengal" title="Dharmapala of Bengal">Dharmapala</a> as the king of "Vangala". The records of <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a>, who invaded Bengal in the 11th century, use the term <i>Vangaladesa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Bangalah</i> is one of the precursors to the modern terms <i>Bengal</i> and <i>Bangla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bangalah</i> was the most widely used term for Bengal during the medieval and early modern periods. The <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Bengal">Sultan of Bengal</a> was styled as the <i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> of Bangalah</i>. The Mughal province of Bengal was termed <i>Subah-i-Bangalah</i>. An interesting theory of the origin of the name is provided by <i><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl">Abu'l-Fazl</a></i> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i>. According to him, "[T]he original name of Bengal was Bung, and the suffix <i>"al"</i> came to be added to it from the fact that the ancient rajahs of this land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". From this suffix added to the Bung, the name Bengal arose and gained currency".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_(39).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg/440px-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC_%2839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of the city wall in <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a>, one of the oldest urban settlements in Bengal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> tools found in the region indicate human habitation for over 20,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remnants of <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> settlements, including pit dwellings, date back 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal was settled by <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic tribes">Indo-Aryans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burmans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian people">Dravidians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatics</a> in consecutive waves of migration.<sup id="cite_ref-congress_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bharadwaj2003-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological evidence</a> confirms that by the second millennium BCE, the Bengal delta was inhabited by rice-cultivating communities, with people living in systemically-aligned housing and producing pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmaputra">Brahmaputra</a> were used for transport while maritime trade flourished in the Bay of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a>, metal weapons, agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large urban settlements formed in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/First_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="First millennium BCE">first millennium BCE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> culture dominated the northern part of Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-PierisRaven2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PierisRaven2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Alexander Cunningham</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a>, identified the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh</a> as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra Kingdom</a> mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_literary_and_geographic_accounts">Early literary and geographic accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early literary and geographic accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Bengal region features prominently in legendary history of India, Sri Lanka, Siam, Indonesia, Cambodia, Burma, Nepal, Tibet, China and Malaya. According to the Indian epic <i>Mahabharata</i>, the Vanga Kingdom was located in Bengal. Vanga was described as a thalassocracy with colonies in Southeast Asia. According to Sri Lankan history, the first king of Sri Lanka was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> who led a fleet from India to conquer the island of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>. Prince Vijaya's ancestral home was Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>, accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a> Kingdom are considered by historians to have referred to Bengal. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s invasion of India, the collective might of the <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> deterred the Greek army. The Gangaridai army was stated to have a <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> cavalry of 6000 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari-Bateshwar">Wari-Bateshwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a> are linked to the Gangaridai kingdom. In <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a>, the emporium of Sounagoura (<a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>) was located in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-google1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman geographers also noted the existence of a large <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbour</a> in southeastern Bengal, corresponding to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_District" title="Chittagong District">Chittagong</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_in_Vedic_period">Bengal in Vedic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bengal in Vedic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></div> <p>Ancient Bengal was often divided between various kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a>. At times, the region was unified into a single realm; while it was also ruled by pan-Indian empires. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Vedic_Culture_(1100-500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/220px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/330px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png/440px-Late_Vedic_Culture_%281100-500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Kingdoms</a> in Bengal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahajanapadas_(c._500_BCE).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/220px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/330px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png/440px-Mahajanapadas_%28c._500_BCE%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Bengal and kingdoms in c. 500 BCE</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_geopolitical_divisions">Ancient geopolitical divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient geopolitical divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/220px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/330px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg/440px-Ancient_Political_Divisions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption>A map showing some of the ancient geopolitical divisions in Bengal</figcaption></figure> <p>The following table lists the geopolitical divisions of ancient Bengal. The table includes a list of corresponding modern regions, which formed the core areas of the geopolitical units. The territories of the geopolitical divisions expanded and receded through the centuries. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ancient region</th> <th>Modern region </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajshahi_Division" title="Rajshahi Division">Rajshahi Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rangpur_Division" title="Rangpur Division">Rangpur Division</a> in Bangladesh; <a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in India </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barisal_Division" title="Barisal Division">Barisal Division</a> in Bangladesh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirabhukti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirabhukti">Tirabhukti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a> area of India and Nepal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhma" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhma">Suhma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a>, Medinipur division and Presidency division of West Bengal in India </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Radha</a></td> <td>Location unclear; probable location in southern West Bengal and parts of Jharkhand of India </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata">Samatata</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Division" title="Dhaka Division">Dhaka Division</a>, Barisal Division and <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> in Bangladesh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a>, Chittagong Division, Dhaka Division and Barisal Division in Bangladesh </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotisha Kingdom">Pragjyotisha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karimganj_district" title="Karimganj district">Karimganj district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Barak_Valley" title="Barak Valley">Barak Valley</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> in India; Sylhet Division and Dhaka Division in Bangladesh </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_under_Magadha_empires">Bengal under Magadha empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bengal under Magadha empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magadha" title="Magadha">Magadha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/220px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/330px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Magadha_Expansion_1.gif/440px-Magadha_Expansion_1.gif 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Bengal under Magadha dynesties</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nanda_Empire_(c._345_–_322_BCE)"><span id="Nanda_Empire_.28c._345_.E2.80.93_322_BCE.29"></span>Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></div> <p>The Nanda empire under <a href="/wiki/Mahapadma_Nanda" title="Mahapadma Nanda">Mahapadma Nanda</a> extended to its peak. Mahapadma Nanda started imperial conquest of <a href="/wiki/Bharatvarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatvarsh">Bharatvarsh</a>. He invaded and defeated local kingdoms of Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nanda empire appears to have stretched from present-day <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Jain tradition, the Nanda minister subjugated the entire country up to the coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mauryan_Empire_(c._322_–_185_BCE)"><span id="Mauryan_Empire_.28c._322_.E2.80.93_185_BCE.29"></span>Mauryan Empire (c. 322 – 185 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mauryan Empire (c. 322 – 185 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> unified most of the Indian subcontinent into one state for the first time and was one of the largest empires in subcontinental history.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_2006_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_2006-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire was established by <a href="/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya" title="Chandragupta Maurya">Chandragupta Maurya</a>. Under Mauryan rule, the economic system benefited from the creation of a single efficient system of finance, administration, and security. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> ushered an era of social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of knowledge. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries to various parts of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mauryans built the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Road" title="Grand Trunk Road">Grand Trunk Road</a>, one of Asia's oldest and longest major roads connecting the Indian subcontinent with Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A passage from Pliny suggests that the "Palibothri" or the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, held dominion over the entire region along the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a>. Chinese traveler <a href="/wiki/Hiuen_Tsang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiuen Tsang">Hiuen Tsang</a> observed stupas attributed to Ashoka in various locations, including <a href="/wiki/Tamralipti" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamralipti">Tamralipti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karnasuvarna" title="Karnasuvarna">Karnasuvarna</a> in West Bengal, <a href="/wiki/Samata%E1%B9%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samataṭa">Samataṭa</a> in East Bengal, and <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a> in North Bengal (currently in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>), indicating the widespread influence of the Mauryan Empire during Ashoka's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Ashoka's time, Tamralipta served as the principal port of the Gupta Empire, facilitating communication between <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (modern Sri Lanka) and Magadha. <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> is known to have visited Bengal, and he likely traveled to Tamralipta on at least one occasion. According to the Ceylonese chronicle, the Mahavamsa, Ashoka visited Tamralipta when <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a> embarked on their voyage to <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala Kingdom">Sinhala</a>, carrying a holy branch of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>. This event occurred during the reign of the pious King <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Devanampriya Tissa of Ceylon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahasthan_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahasthan_inscription.jpg/220px-Mahasthan_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahasthan_inscription.jpg/330px-Mahasthan_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mahasthan_inscription.jpg/440px-Mahasthan_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>The Mauryan period Mahasthan inscription in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmi">Brahmi</a>, recording a land grant.<sup id="cite_ref-SH_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SH-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">Mahasthangarh inscription</a> is an important piece of evidence that supports the presence of Mauryan rule in Bengal. Mahasthangarh, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bogra_District" title="Bogra District">Bogra District</a> in Bangladesh, was an ancient city known as Pundranagara. The site holds great historical significance as one of the earliest urban centers in Bengal. The inscription, discovered at Mahasthangarh, is written in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, which was widely used during the Mauryan period.<sup id="cite_ref-Hossain_3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hossain_3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mauryans, had their capital in Pāțaliputra, created two major bases in the <a href="/wiki/Mahasthangarh" title="Mahasthangarh">east-Mahasthan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangarh" title="Bangarh">Bangarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2023_MAHA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2023_MAHA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shunga_Empire_and_Kanva_dynasty_(c._185_–_28_BCE)"><span id="Shunga_Empire_and_Kanva_dynasty_.28c._185_.E2.80.93_28_BCE.29"></span>Shunga Empire and Kanva dynasty (c. 185 – 28 BCE)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shunga Empire and Kanva dynasty (c. 185 – 28 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></div> <p>Ancient Bengal was often ruled by dynasties based in the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Bengal">Classical Bengal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classical Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta_Empire">Gupta Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gupta Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandraketugarth,_bengala_occ.le,nascita_di_siddharta,_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG/220px-Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG/330px-Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG/440px-Chandraketugarth%2C_bengala_occ.le%2Cnascita_di_siddharta%2C_I_sec_ac.-III_sec_dc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture of ancient Bengal found in <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a> in subcontinental history. It was marked by extensive scientific and cultural advancements that crystallised the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu numeral system, a positional numeral system, originated during Gupta rule and was later transmitted to the West through the Arabs. Early Hindu numerals had only nine symbols, until 600 to 800 CE, when a symbol for zero was developed for the numeral system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> was an important province of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. The discovery of Gupta era coins across <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> point to a monetised economy.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauda_kingdom">Gauda kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gauda kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gauda_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda kingdom">Gauda kingdom</a></div> <p>King <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a> is considered by some scholars to be the pioneering king of a unified Bengali state. Shashanka established a kingdom in the citadel of Gauda. His reign lasted between 590 and 625. The <a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a> traces its origin to Shashanka's reign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varman_dynasty">Varman dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Varman dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> ruled parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a> and the Sylhet region. The area was a melting pot of the <a href="/wiki/Bengali-Assamese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali-Assamese languages">Bengali-Assamese languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khadga_dynasty">Khadga dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Khadga dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a> was a Buddhist dynasty of eastern Bengal. One of the legacies of the dynasty is its gold coinage inscribed with the names of rulers such as Rajabhata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pala_Empire">Pala Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pala Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara,_May_2017_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg/300px-Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg/450px-Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg/600px-Ruins_of_Somapura_Mahavihara%2C_May_2017_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2287" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>, once the largest monastery in the Indian subcontinent and now a UNESCO World Heritage Site</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> (750–1120 CE) was a Bengali empire and the last Buddhist imperial power on the Indian subcontinent. The Palas were followers of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> schools of Buddhism. <a href="/wiki/Gopala_I" title="Gopala I">Gopala I</a> (750–770) was its first ruler. He came to power in 750 through an election by chieftains in <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(region)" title="Gauḍa (region)">Gauḍa</a>. Gopala reigned from about 750–770 and consolidated his position by extending his control over all of Bengal. </p><p>The Pala dynasty lasted for four centuries and ushered in a period of stability and prosperity in Bengal. They created many temples and works of art as well as supported the important <a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">ancient higher-learning institutions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Emperor Dharmapala</a> is the greatest Buddhist monastery in the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>The empire reached its peak under Emperor Dharmapala (770–810) and <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a> (810–850). Dharmapala extended the empire into the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent. According to Pala copperplate inscriptions, his successor Devapala exterminated the Utkalas, invade the <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamarupa Kingdom">Kamarupa Kingdom</a> of Assam, shattered the pride of the <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna people</a> and humbled the lords of <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chandra_dynasty">Chandra dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chandra dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalvan_Vihara,_February_2014_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg/220px-Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg/330px-Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg/440px-Shalvan_Vihara%2C_February_2014_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Mainamati" title="Mainamati">Mainamati</a> was a religious center used by the Chandra dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a> ruled southeastern Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a> between the 10t CE.<sup id="cite_ref-TopichLeitich2013_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TopichLeitich2013-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty was powerful enough to withstand the Pala Empire to the northwest. The Chandra kingdom covered the <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> region, which was known as the Kingdom of Ruhmi to <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab traders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynasty's realm was a bridge between India and Southeast Asia. During this period, the port of <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a> developed banking and shipping industries.<sup id="cite_ref-RingWatson2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RingWatson2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last ruler of the Chandra Dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Govindachandra_(Chandra_dynasty)" title="Govindachandra (Chandra dynasty)">Govindachandra</a>, was defeated by the south Indian Emperor Rajendra Chola I of the maritime Chola dynasty in the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sena_Empire">Sena Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sena Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengala,_epoca_pala-sena,_vishnu_vasudeva,_xii_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG/150px-Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG/225px-Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG/300px-Bengala%2C_epoca_pala-sena%2C_vishnu_vasudeva%2C_xii_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture of the Hindu deity Vishnu from the Sena period</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pala dynasty was replaced by the resurgent Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> which hailed from south India; they and their feudatories are referred to in history books as the "Kannada kings". In contrast to the Pala dynasty who championed Buddhism, the Sena dynasty were staunchly Hindu. They brought about a revival of Hinduism and cultivated <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit literature</a> in eastern India. They succeeded in bringing Bengal under one ruler during the 12th century. <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Sena" title="Vijaya Sena">Vijaya Sena</a>, second ruler of the dynasty, defeated the last Pala emperor, <a href="/wiki/Madanapala_(Pala_dynasty)" title="Madanapala (Pala dynasty)">Madanapala</a>, and established his reign formally. <a href="/wiki/Ballala_Sena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballala Sena">Ballala Sena</a>, third ruler of the dynasty, was a scholar and philosopher king. He is said to have invited Brahmins from both south India and north India to settle in Bengal, and aid the resurgence of Hinduism in his kingdom. He married a <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a> princess and concentrated on building his empire eastwards, establishing his rule over nearly all of Bengal and large areas of lower Assam. Ballala Sena made <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a> his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth Sena king, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana Sena</a>, son of Ballala Sena, was the greatest king of his line. He expanded the empire beyond Bengal into <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, Assam, Odisha and likely <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>. Lakshmana was later defeated by the nomadic Turkic Muslims and fled to eastern Bengal, where he ruled few more years. It is proposed by some Bengali authors that <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, the famous Sanskrit poet and author of <a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a>, was one of the <i>Pancharatnas</i> or "five Gems" of the court of Lakshmana Sena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deva_dynasty">Deva dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Deva dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva dynasty</a> was a Hindu dynasty of medieval Bengal that ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse of Sena Empire. The capital of this dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Munshiganj_District" title="Munshiganj District">Munshiganj District</a> of Bangladesh. The inscriptional evidences show that his kingdom was extended up to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Comilla_District" title="Comilla District">Comilla</a>–<a href="/wiki/Noakhali_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhali district">Noakhali</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chittagong_District" title="Chittagong District">Chittagong</a> region. A later ruler of the dynasty <i>Ariraja-Danuja-Madhava</i> Dasharatha-Deva extended his kingdom to cover much of East Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Deva dynasty endured after Muslim conquests but eventually died out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_Era">Islamic Era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islamic Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghurids">Ghurids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ghurids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_invasion_of_Bengal" title="Ghurid invasion of Bengal">Ghurid invasion of Bengal</a></div> <p>The Ghurid invasion of Bengal in 1202 was a military campaign of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>. Bakhtiyar Khalji emerged victorious in the campaign and subsequently annexed <a href="/wiki/Nabadwip" title="Nabadwip">Nabadwip</a>, a significant portion of the territory controlled by the Sena Dynasty. Following their defeat, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana Sena</a>, the ruler of the Sena dynasty, retreated to the southeastern region of Bengal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khalijis_of_Bengal">Khalijis of Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Khalijis of Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_(Bengal)" title="Khalji dynasty (Bengal)">Khalji dynasty (Bengal)</a></div> <p>The Khalji dynasty was a Turko-Afghan dynasty which was the first independent Muslim Bengali State it lasted between 1204–1231 and was eventually annexed by the Delhi Sultanate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delhi_Sultanate_(1204–1352)"><span id="Delhi_Sultanate_.281204.E2.80.931352.29"></span>Delhi Sultanate (1204–1352)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Delhi Sultanate (1204–1352)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></div> <p>The Islamic conquest of Bengal began with the capture of <a href="/wiki/Gaur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaur, West Bengal">Gauda</a> from the Sena dynasty in 1204. Led by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiar Khilji">Bakhtiar Khilji</a>, an army of several thousand horsemen from the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> overwhelmed Bengali Hindu forces during a blitzkrieg campaign. After victory, the Delhi Sultanate maintained a strong vigil on Bengal. Coins were inscribed in gold with the Sanskrit inscription <i>Gaudiya Vijaye</i>, meaning "On the conquest of Gauda (Bengal)". Several governors of Delhi in Bengal attempted to break away and create an independent state. But the Delhi Sultanate managed to suppress Bengal's Muslim separatists for a century.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually, eastern Bengal was absorbed into Muslim rule by the 14th century, such as through the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Sylhet" title="Conquest of Sylhet">Conquest of Sylhet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a> played a role in the Islamic absorption of Bengal. During the <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughluq dynasty">Tughluq dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Taka">taka</a> was introduced as the imperial currency.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_sultanates_(1338–1352)"><span id="Small_sultanates_.281338.E2.80.931352.29"></span>Small sultanates (1338–1352)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Small sultanates (1338–1352)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shahi_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shahi Dynasty">Mubarak Shahi Dynasty</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/220px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/330px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg/440px-Bengal_Sultanate_before_unification.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>City states of Bengal prior to unification.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the middle of the 14th century, three break away sultanates emerged in the Delhi Sultanate's province of Bengal. These included a realm led by <a href="/wiki/Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah">Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah</a> (and later his son) in <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a realm led by <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Ali_Shah" title="Alauddin Ali Shah">Alauddin Ali Shah</a> in Gauda (also called <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Lakhnauti</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a realm led by <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Satgaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Satgaon">Satgaon</a>. The Moroccan traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited Sonargaon during the reign of Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah. Ibn Battua also visited the Sufi leader <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a> in Sylhet, who had earlier defeated the Hindu ruler Govinda.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bengal_Sultanate_(1352–1576)"><span id="Bengal_Sultanate_.281352.E2.80.931576.29"></span>Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Adina_Mosque" title="Adina Mosque">Adina Mosque</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 276.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 274.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Adina Mosque was India's largest mosque."><img alt="The Adina Mosque was India's largest mosque." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/412px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/617px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg/823px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="3750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Adina Mosque was India's largest mosque.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the prayer hall"><img alt="Ruins of the prayer hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/405px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/608px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg/810px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the prayer hall</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sultan's upper floor gallery"><img alt="The Sultan's upper floor gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg/405px-Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg/608px-Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg/810px-Adina_Masjid_Badshah_Ki_Takht_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sultan's upper floor gallery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central mihrab"><img alt="Central mihrab" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg/177px-Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg/265px-Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg/354px-Adina_Mosque_central_mihrab_on_large_basalt_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3558" data-file-height="5426" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central mihrab</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior design"><img alt="Exterior design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg/171px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg/256px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg/341px-Adina_Mosque_at_Malda_district_of_West_Bengal_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3749" data-file-height="5928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior design</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty_(1342–1414_and_1435–1487)"><span id="Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty_.281342.E2.80.931414_and_1435.E2.80.931487.29"></span>Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414 and 1435–1487)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1342–1414 and 1435–1487)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ilyas_Shahi_dynasty" title="Ilyas Shahi dynasty">Ilyas Shahi dynasty</a></div> <p>In 1352, Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah unified the three small sultanates in Bengal into a single government. Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the "Shah of Bangalah". His son <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah" title="Sikandar Shah">Sikandar Shah</a> defeated the Sultan of Delhi and secured recognition of Bengal's sovereignty after the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate-Delhi_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate-Delhi Sultanate War</a>. The largest mosque in India was built in Bengal to project the new sultanate's imperial ambitions. The sultans advanced civic institutions and became more responsive and "native" in their outlook. Considerable architectural projects were undertaken which induced the influence of <a href="/wiki/Persian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian architecture">Persian architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab architecture">Arab architecture</a> and Byzantine architecture in Bengal. The dynasty was a promoter of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a>. One of the sultans, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Azam_Shah" title="Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah">Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah</a>, kept a correspondence with the renowned Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>. </p><p>The early Bengal Sultanate was notable for its diplomatic relationships. Embassies were sent to <a href="/wiki/Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming China">Ming China</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yongle" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Yongle">Emperor Yongle</a>. China responded by sending envoys, including the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_voyages" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure voyages">Treasure voyages</a>; and mediating in regional disputes. There are also records of the sultans' relations with Egypt, Herat and some kingdoms in Africa. </p><p>The Ilyas Shahi Dynasty was interrupted in 1414 by a native uprising but was restored by <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_(Sultan_of_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah (Sultan of Bengal)">Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah</a> in 1433. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindu-Muslim_usurpers_(1414–1435)"><span id="Hindu-Muslim_usurpers_.281414.E2.80.931435.29"></span>Hindu-Muslim usurpers (1414–1435)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hindu-Muslim usurpers (1414–1435)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ilyas Shahi reign was interrupted by an uprising orchestrated by the sultan's premier <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ganesha" title="Raja Ganesha">Raja Ganesha</a>, a Hindu aristocrat. Ganesha installed his son Jadu to the throne but his son was influenced to convert to Islam <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by the court's Sufi clergy. Jadu took the title of <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Muhammad_Shah" title="Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah">Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah</a>. His reign saw native Bengali elements promoted in the court's culture. Bengali influences were incorporated into the kingdom's architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate-Jaunpur_Sultanate_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War">Bengal Sultanate-Jaunpur Sultanate War</a> ended after mediation from China and the Timurids. Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah also pursued the <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconquest of Arakan">Reconquest of Arakan</a> to reinstall Arakan's king to the throne after he had been deposed by Burmese forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hussain_Shahi_dynasty_(1494–1538)"><span id="Hussain_Shahi_dynasty_.281494.E2.80.931538.29"></span>Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Shahi_dynasty" title="Hussain Shahi dynasty">Hussain Shahi dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/250px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/375px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png/500px-Hussain_Shahis_of_Bengal.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hussain Shahi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/220px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/330px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg/440px-India_in_1525_Joppen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Bengal Sultanate and the neighbouring kingdoms (1525 CE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png/220px-Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png/330px-Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png/440px-Chaitanya%27s_Life_and_Teachings_p28.png 2x" data-file-width="1977" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>A Hindu revival movement led by <a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a> emerged during the Hussain Shahi dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bengal Sultanate's territory reached its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Hussain_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauddin Hussain Shah">Alauddin Hussain Shah</a>, founder of the Hussain Shahi dynasty. The dynasty is regarded by several historians as a golden age in which a syncretic Bengali culture evolved including elements of Muslim and Hindu traditions. For example, the Muslim sultan promoted the translation of Sanskrit epics like the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> into the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>. The promotion of <a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> under the dynasty led to Bengali replacing the strong influence of Sanskrit in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suri_interruption_(1539–1564)"><span id="Suri_interruption_.281539.E2.80.931564.29"></span>Suri interruption (1539–1564)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Suri interruption (1539–1564)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Suri_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Suri Empire">Suri Empire</a></div> <p>In the 16th century, the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> was forced to take shelter in Persia as the conqueror <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a> rampaged through the subcontinent. Bengal was brought the control of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Suri_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Suri Empire">Suri Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Karrani_dynasty_(1564–1576)"><span id="Karrani_dynasty_.281564.E2.80.931576.29"></span>Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Karrani dynasty (1564–1576)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani dynasty</a></div> <p>An Afghan dynasty was the last royal house of the Bengal Sultanate. The capital of the dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sonargaon</a>. The dynasty also ruled parts of Bihar and Orissa. Its eastern boundary was formed by the Brahmaputra River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_Period">Mughal Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mughal Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></div> <p>The Mughal absorption of Bengal began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Battle of Ghaghra</a> in 1529, in which the Mughal army was led by the first Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>. The second Mughal emperor Humayun occupied the Bengali capital <a href="/wiki/Gaur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaur, West Bengal">Gaur</a> for six months.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Battle of Tukaroi</a> oversaw a similar fate for the Bengal Sultanate with Mughal victory and parts of Bengal was annexed by the Mughals and some other parts were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the collapse of the Bengal Sultanate in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Battle of Raj Mahal</a> in 1576, the Bengal region was brought under Mughal control as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baro-Bhuyans_(1576–1610)"><span id="Baro-Bhuyans_.281576.E2.80.931610.29"></span>Baro-Bhuyans (1576–1610)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Baro-Bhuyans (1576–1610)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></div><p> A confederation of twelve <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindar</a> families resisted the expansion of the Mughal Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. The zamindars included Muslims and Hindus. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Isa Khan of Bengal">Isa Khan of Bengal</a>. Many prominent figures like the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Hindu">Bengali Hindu</a> jessore king <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a> rose up and carved their own kingdoms within the Bhati. The Baro-Bhuyans defeated the Mughal navy during several engagements in Bengal's rivers. Eventually, the Mughals subdued the zamindar rebellion and brought all of Bengal under imperial control.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg/220px-Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg/330px-Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Akbar_prays_after_Bengal_victory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Mughal miniature showing emperor Akbar rejoicing upon the Mughal conquest of Bengal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subedar_period_(1574–1727)"><span id="Subedar_period_.281574.E2.80.931727.29"></span>Subedar period (1574–1727)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Subedar period (1574–1727)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subedars were the Mughal viceroys in Bengal. The Bengal Subah was part of a larger prosperous empire and shaped by imperial policies of pluralistic government. The Mughals built the provincial capital in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1610 with fortifications, gardens, tombs, palaces and mosques. Dhaka was also named in honour of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Jahangir" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Jahangir">Emperor Jahangir</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jahangirnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahangirnagar">Jahangirnagar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a>'s conquest of Chittagong in 1666 defeated the (Burmese) Kingdom of Arakan and reestablished Bengali control of the port city. The Chittagong Hill Tracts frontier region was made a tributary state of Mughal Bengal and a treaty was signed with the <a href="/wiki/Chakma_people" title="Chakma people">Chakma Circle</a> in 1713. </p><p>Members of the imperial family were often appointed to the position of Subedar. Raja <a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber" title="Kingdom of Amber">Kingdom of Amber</a> was the only Hindu subedar. One subedar was Prince <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a>, who was the son of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>. During the struggle for succession with his brothers Prince <a href="/wiki/Aurangazeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurangazeb">Aurangazeb</a>, Prince Dara Shikoh and Prince Murad Baksh, Prince Shuja proclaimed himself as the Mughal Emperor in Bengal. He was eventually defeated by the army of Aurangazeb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_in_the_Mughal_economy">Bengal in the Mughal economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bengal in the Mughal economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/250px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/375px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg/500px-Renaldis_muslin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5876" data-file-height="4675" /></a><figcaption>A Bengali woman in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> clad in fine Dhaka <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a>, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslin_trade_in_Bengal" title="Muslin trade in Bengal">Muslin trade in Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy of the Mughal Empire</a></div> <p>Under the Mughal Empire, Bengal was an affluent province with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority. According to economic historian Indrajit Ray, it was globally prominent in industries such as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding.<sup id="cite_ref-rayA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rayA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital Dhaka had a population exceeding a million people, and with an estimated 80,000 skilled textile weavers. It was an exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, <a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>, and agricultural and industrial produce.<sup id="cite_ref-star_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-star-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengali farmers and agriculturalists were quick to adapt to profitable new crops between 1600 and 1650. <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengali</a> agriculturalists rapidly learned techniques of mulberry cultivation and sericulture, establishing Bengal as a major silk-producing region of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-richards_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Mughal rule, Bengal was a center of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> and silk trades. During the Mughal era, the most important center of cotton production was Bengal, particularly around its capital city of Dhaka, leading to muslin being called "daka" in distant markets such as Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestically, much of India depended on Bengali products such as rice, silks and cotton textiles. Overseas, Europeans depended on Bengali products such as cotton textiles, silks and opium; Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, for example, including more than 50% of textiles and around 80% of silks.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakash_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakash-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Bengal, saltpetre was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-richards95_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards95-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bengal had a large shipbuilding industry. Indrajit Ray estimates shipbuilding output of Bengal during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries at 223,250 tons annually, compared with 23,061 tons produced in thirteen colonies in North America from 1769 to 1771.<sup id="cite_ref-ray174_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray174-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nawabs_of_Bengal_(1717–1772)"><span id="Nawabs_of_Bengal_.281717.E2.80.931772.29"></span>Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1772)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1772)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></div> <p>By the 18th century, Mughal Bengal became a de-facto independent country under the nominal rule of the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a>. The subedar was elevated to the status of a hereditary Nawab Nazim. The Nawabs maintained <i>de facto</i> control of Bengal while minting coins in the name of the emperor in Delhi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_Nawabs_of_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>The Map of Bengal under the de-facto independent rulers known as the Nawabs of Bengal.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasiri_dynasty_(1717–1740)"><span id="Nasiri_dynasty_.281717.E2.80.931740.29"></span>Nasiri dynasty (1717–1740)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Nasiri dynasty (1717–1740)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dynasty was founded by the first Nawab of Bengal <a href="/wiki/Murshid_Quli_Khan" title="Murshid Quli Khan">Murshid Quli Khan</a>. Its other rulers included <a href="/wiki/Sarfaraz_Khan" title="Sarfaraz Khan">Sarfaraz Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Din_Muhammad_Khan" title="Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan">Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afsar_dynasty_(1740–1757)"><span id="Afsar_dynasty_.281740.E2.80.931757.29"></span>Afsar dynasty (1740–1757)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Afsar dynasty (1740–1757)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dynasty was founded by <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a>. His grandson and successor <a href="/wiki/Siraj-ud-daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj-ud-daulah">Siraj-ud-daulah</a> was the last independent Nawab of Bengal due to his defeat to British forces at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Najafi dynasty Nawabs continued to rule as semi-independent till 1772 after which British East India Company took complete control of this former Mughal province. </p><p>Nawab Alivardi Khan took the throne after a bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Giria" title="Battle of Giria">Battle at Giria</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/Sarfaraz_Khan" title="Sarfaraz Khan">Sarfaraz Khan</a> and usurping power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maratha_Invasions">Maratha Invasions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Maratha Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Maratha invasions of Bengal</a></div> <p>The resurgent <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> emerging from <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> quickly repulsed the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> and subjugated them to the confines of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. It was during this period they were at the doorsteps of the independent <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, particularly Orissa. They conducted raids within Bengal and plundered cities and villages and caused widespread devastation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marathas initially succeeded against the Bengali forces at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jaipur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jaipur (page does not exist)">Battle of Jaipur</a> however, throughout all of their attempts the Marathas were never able to succeed in occupying Orissa or any part of Bengal without being kicked out by Nawab <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> shortly after.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The raids lasted almost yearly between 1742 and 1751. Nawab Alivardi Khan fought the Maratha forces many times for the safeguarding of Orissa. The Bengali forces and <a href="/wiki/Bargis" title="Bargis">Bargis</a> (Marathas) fought face to face on many occasions such as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Katwa" title="First Battle of Katwa">First Battle of Katwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Katwa" title="Second Battle of Katwa">Second Battle of Katwa</a>, Battle of Birbhum, First Battle of Midnapur, <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Midnapur_(1746)" title="Second Battle of Midnapur (1746)">Second Battle of Midnapur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burdwan" title="Battle of Burdwan">Battle of Burdwan</a>where <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> repelled all their attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During their raids, the Marathas killed close to 400,000 people in western Bengal and Bihar. This devastated Bengal's economy, as many of the people killed in the Maratha raids included merchants, textile weavers, silk winders, and <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> cultivators.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri253_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri253-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossimbazar_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossimbazar factory (page does not exist)">Cossimbazar factory</a> reported in 1742, for example, that the Marathas burnt down many of the houses along with weavers' looms.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudhuri253_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudhuri253-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plundering has been considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However due to their relentless attacks and raids the Nawab would be more partial towards signing the treaty eventually agreeing to cede <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha Confederacy</a> to ensure peace for both states.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu_states">Hindu states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hindu states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Kantajew_Temple" title="Kantajew Temple">Kantajew Temple</a></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Front of the temple"><img alt="Front of the temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg/405px-Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg/608px-Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg/810px-Kantajew_Temple-front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Front of the temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta river scene"><img alt="Terracotta river scene" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg/405px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg/608px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg/810px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_%28%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta river scene</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta Kalki"><img alt="Terracotta Kalki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg/405px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg/608px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg/810px-Kantajew_Temple-Terracotta_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terracotta <a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple pillar"><img alt="Temple pillar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg/406px-Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="271" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg/609px-Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg/812px-Kantanagar_Mandir_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple pillar</div> </li> </ul> <p>There were several Hindu states established in and around Bengal during the medieval and early modern periods. These kingdoms contributed a lot to the economic and cultural landscape of Bengal. Extensive land reclamation in forested and marshy areas were carried out and intrastate trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. Militarily, they served as bulwarks against Portuguese and Burmese attacks. These states includes the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratap Aditya</a> of Jessore, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Sitaram_Ray" title="Raja Sitaram Ray">Raja Sitaram Ray</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burdwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Burdwan">Burdwan</a>, Raja <a href="/wiki/Krishnachandra_Roy" title="Krishnachandra Roy">Krishnachandra Roy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallabhum">Kingdom of Mallabhum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bhurishrestha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhurishrestha">Kingdom of Bhurshut</a> was a medieval Hindu kingdom spread across what is now Howrah and Hooghly in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Rudranarayan" title="Rudranarayan">Rudranarayan</a> consolidated the dynasty and expanded the kingdom and converted it into one of the most powerful Hindu kingdom of the time. His wife <a href="/wiki/Maharani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharani">Maharani</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhavashankari" title="Bhavashankari">Bhavashankari</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pathan</a> resurgence in Bengal<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her reign brought power, prosperity and grandeur to <a href="/wiki/Bhurishrestha_Rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhurishrestha Rajya">Bhurishrestha Kingdom</a>. Their son, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Pratapnarayan" title="Pratapnarayan">Pratapnarayan</a>, patronised literature and art, trade & commerce, as well as welfare of his subjects. Afterwards, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Naranarayan_of_Bhurishrestha" title="Naranarayan of Bhurishrestha">Naranarayan</a> maintained the integrity and sovereignty of the kingdom by diplomatically averting the occupation of the kingdom by the Mughal forces. His son, Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Lakshminarayan_of_Bhurishrestha" title="Lakshminarayan of Bhurishrestha">Lakshminarayan</a>, failed to maintain the sovereignty of the kingdom due to sabotage from within. The <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Bihar Kingdom</a> in the northern Bengal, flourished during the period of 16th and the 17th centuries as well as weathered the Mughals and survived till the advent of the British.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Burdwan Raj</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Sangam_Rai_Kapoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam Rai Kapoor">Maharaja Sangam Rai Kapoor</a> was a <i><a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindari</a></i> estate that flourished from about 1657 to 1955, first under the Mughals and then under the British in the province of Bengal in British-India. At the peak of its prosperity in the 18th century, the estate extended to around 5,000 square miles (13,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even up to the early 20th century paid an annual revenue to the government in excess of 3,300,000 <a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration">Immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengal received many immigrants from West Asia, Central Asia, the Horn of Africa and North India during the sultanate and Mughal periods. Many came as refugees due to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a>. Others found Bengal's fertile land suitable for economic production and commerce. The Arabs were among the earliest settlers, especially in coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> settled in Bengal to become clerics, missionaries, lawyers, teachers, soldiers, administrators and poets.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Bangladesh">Armenian</a> community from the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Empire">Safavid Empire</a> migrated to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also many <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> were the earliest Europeans to settle in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Arakanese</a> escaped persecution in Burma and settled in southern Bengal during the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Manipuris</a> settled in eastern Bengal during the 18th century after fleeing from conflict-ridden areas in Assam.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Marwari_people" title="Marwari people">Marwari</a> community continues to be influential in West Bengal's economic sectors. The Marwaris migrated from <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> in western India. In Bangladesh, a <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari Ismaili">Nizari Ismaili</a> community with diverse origins continues to play a significant role in economic sectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_Settlements_in_Bengal">European Settlements in Bengal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: European Settlements in Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg/220px-Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg/330px-Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg/440px-Dutch_VOC_ships_in_Chittagong_or_Arakan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>European ships in Chittagong, 1702</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Chittagong_(1528–1666)"><span id="Portuguese_Chittagong_.281528.E2.80.931666.29"></span>Portuguese Chittagong (1528–1666)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Portuguese Chittagong (1528–1666)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first European colonial settlement in Bengal was the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese settlement in Chittagong</a>. The settlement was established after the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> granted permission to embassies from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> for the creation of a trading post. The Portuguese settlers in Chittagong included <a href="/wiki/Bureaucrat" title="Bureaucrat">bureaucrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">sailors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave traders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a>. They controlled the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chittagong" title="Port of Chittagong">port of Chittagong</a> and forced all <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a> to acquire a Portuguese trade licence. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> was established in Bengal by the Portuguese in Chittagong, when the first <a href="/wiki/Vicar_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar Apostolic">Vicar Apostolic</a> was appointed in the port city. </p><p>The Portuguese eventually came under the protection of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> as the Bengal Sultanate lost control of the Chittagong region. In 1666, the Mughal conquest of Chittagong resulted in the expulsion of Portuguese and Arakanese forces in the port city. The Portuguese also migrated to other parts of Bengal, including <a href="/wiki/Bandel" title="Bandel">Bandel</a> and Dhaka. </p><p>The Portuguese brought with them exotic fruits, flowers and plants, which quickly became part of Bengali life: <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chilli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carambola" title="Carambola">Carambola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Averrhoa_carambola" title="Averrhoa carambola">Averrhoa carambola</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_mango" title="Alphonso mango">Alphonso mango</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoe</a>, among others, showing their zeal for agri-horticulture. Even the Krishna Kali flower (<a href="/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa" title="Mirabilis jalapa">Mirabilis jalapa</a>) plant, with its varied colours, was a gift of the Portuguese. From their arrival, the Portuguese married local women, as a result, many Portuguese words like janala, almari, verandah, chabi, balti, perek, alpin, toalia came into the Bengali vocabulary. They also developed a great interest in the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>. The first printed book in <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> in Bengali was by a Portuguese, as was the first <a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_Assump%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Manuel da Assumpção">Manuel da Assumpção</a> took on this monumental task, it was the first step to standardising and printing in the Bangla language, which slowly helped break the hegemony of the Persian language.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Till today most <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi Christian">Bangladeshi Christians</a> have <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_settlements_(1610–1824)"><span id="Dutch_settlements_.281610.E2.80.931824.29"></span>Dutch settlements (1610–1824)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Dutch settlements (1610–1824)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Dutch_East_India_Company.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Dutch East India Company</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> operated a directorate in Bengal for nearly two centuries. The directorate later became a colony of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> in 1725. Dutch territories in Bengal were ceded to Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1824" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824</a>. Dutch settlements in Bengal included the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_settlement_in_Rajshahi" title="Dutch settlement in Rajshahi">Dutch settlement in Rajshahi</a>, the main Dutch port in Baliapal, as well as factories in <a href="/wiki/Chhapra" title="Chhapra">Chhapra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saltpetre" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpetre">saltpetre</a>), Dhaka (muslin), <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>, Patna, <a href="/wiki/Cossimbazar" title="Cossimbazar">Cossimbazar</a>, Malda, <a href="/wiki/Mirzapur,_Bardhaman" title="Mirzapur, Bardhaman">Mirzapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a>, Rajmahal and Sherpur. </p><p>Bengal once accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, particularly in terms of silk and <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> goods.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_English_settlements_(1600s)"><span id="Early_English_settlements_.281600s.29"></span>Early English settlements (1600s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Early English settlements (1600s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> established its first settlements in Bengal around <a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chinsura" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugli-Chinsura">Hooghly</a> during the 1630s.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It received an official permission to trade from Mughal viceroy <a href="/wiki/Shah_Shuja_(Mughal_prince)" title="Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)">Shah Shuja</a> in 1651.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1689, the company attempted to take Chittagong and make it the headquarters of their Bengal trade but the English expedition found the port heavily defended.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1696, the English built <a href="/wiki/Fort_William,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William, India">Fort William</a> on the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a>. Fort William served as the British headquarters in India for centuries. The area around Fort William eventually grew into the city of Calcutta. English factories were established throughout Bengal. The port in Fort William became one of the most important British naval bases in Asia from where expeditions were sent to China and Southeast Asia. The English language began to be used for commerce and government in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banglapedia1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_settlements_(1692–1952)"><span id="French_settlements_.281692.E2.80.931952.29"></span>French settlements (1692–1952)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: French settlements (1692–1952)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French establishments in India</a> included colonies and factories in Bengal. After permission from Mughal viceroy <a href="/wiki/Shaista_Khan" title="Shaista Khan">Shaista Khan</a> in 1692, the French set up a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Chandernagore" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandernagore">Chandernagore</a>. The French also had a large presence in Dhaka, where a neighbourhood called <a href="/wiki/Farashganj" title="Farashganj">Farashganj</a> developed in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dhaka" title="Old Dhaka">old city</a>. One of the notable properties of the French included the land of the <a href="/wiki/Ahsan_Manzil" title="Ahsan Manzil">Ahsan Manzil</a>, where the French administrative building was located. The property was sold to Bengali aristocrats, who exchanged the property several times until it became the property of the <a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Nawab_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka Nawab Family">Dhaka Nawab Family</a>. The French built a garden in <a href="/wiki/Tejgaon_Thana" title="Tejgaon Thana">Tejgaon</a>. Cossimbazar and Balasore also hosted French factories.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French took the side of Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah during the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Eventually, the French presence in Bengal was only restricted to the colony of Chandernagore, which was administered by the governor in <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>. After India's independence in 1947, a referendum in Chandernagore gave a mandate to end colonial rule. The French transferred sovereignty in 1952. In 1955, Chandernagore became part of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danish_settlements_(1625–1845)"><span id="Danish_settlements_.281625.E2.80.931845.29"></span>Danish settlements (1625–1845)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Danish settlements (1625–1845)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company" title="Danish East India Company">Danish East India Company</a> in Bengal was established in Pipli in 1625. The Danish company later gained permission from Nawab <a href="/wiki/Alivardi_Khan" title="Alivardi Khan">Alivardi Khan</a> to establish a trading post in <a href="/wiki/Serampore" title="Serampore">Serampore</a> in 1755. The first representative of the Danish crown was appointed in 1770. The town was named Fredericknagore. The Danish also operated colonies on the Nicobar Islands in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. Territories in Bengal and the Bay of Bengal were part of <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a> until 1845, when Danish colonies were ceded to Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_settlement_(1700s)"><span id="Austrian_settlement_.281700s.29"></span>Austrian settlement (1700s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Austrian settlement (1700s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Company" title="Ostend Company">Ostend Company</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> operated a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Bankipur_(Bengal)" title="Bankipur (Bengal)">Bankipur</a>, Bengal during the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_East_India_Company_(1772–1858)"><span id="British_East_India_Company_.281772.E2.80.931858.29"></span>British East India Company (1772–1858)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: British East India Company (1772–1858)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/220px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/330px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg/440px-Lord_Clive_meeting_with_Mir_Jafar_after_the_Battle_of_Plassey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> conferring with <a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar" title="Mir Jafar">Mir Jafar</a>, the Bengali traitor who betrayed the last independent Nawab</figcaption></figure> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> began strengthening the defences at Fort William (Calcutta), the Nawab, <a href="/wiki/Siraj_Ud_Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj Ud Daulah">Siraj Ud Daulah</a>, at the encouragement of the French, attacked. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a>, British troops and their local allies captured Chandernagore in March 1757 and seriously defeated the Nawab on 23 June 1757 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>, when the Nawab's soldiers betrayed him. The Nawab was assassinated in Murshidabad, and the British installed their own Nawab for Bengal and extended their direct control in the south. Chandernagore was restored to the French in 1763. The Bengalis attempted to regain their territories in 1765 in alliance with the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a>, but were defeated again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a> (1765). As part of the treaty with the British East India Company, East India Company was given the right to collect taxes from the province. Thus, the company became imperial tax collector, while the local Mughal Emperor appointed Nawabs continued to govern the province. In 1772 this arrangement of local rule was abolished and East India Company took complete control of the province. The center of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to Calcutta when the Mughal Empire fell. </p><p>Capital amassed from Bengal by the East India Company was invested in various industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacturing</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> during the initial stages of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sengupta_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sengupta-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Company policies in Bengal also led to the <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a> of the Bengali textile industry during Company rule.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the period of Company rule, a devastating <a href="/wiki/Famine_in_India" title="Famine in India">famine</a> occurred <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1770" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal famine of 1770">1770</a>, which killed millions. The famine devastated the region as well as the economy of the East India Company, forcing them to rely on subsidies from the British government, an act which would contribute to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_crown_rule_(1858–1947)"><span id="British_crown_rule_.281858.E2.80.931947.29"></span>British crown rule (1858–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: British crown rule (1858–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg/220px-Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg/330px-Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg/440px-Victoria_Memorial_Kolkata_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6681" data-file-height="4454" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial,_Kolkata" title="Victoria Memorial, Kolkata">Victoria Memorial</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Kolkata" title="St. Paul's Cathedral, Kolkata">St. Paul's Cathedral</a> in Kolkata, India. The city was the former British capital of India.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> replaced rule by the Company with the direct control of Bengal by the British Crown. Fort William continued to be the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British-held territories in India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Bengal">Governor of Bengal</a> was concurrently the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a> for many years. In 1877, when <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Victoria</a> took the title of "<a href="/wiki/Empress_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress of India">Empress of India</a>", the British declared Calcutta the capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. The colonial capital developed in Calcutta's municipality, which served as the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of India">capital of India</a> for decades. A centre of rice cultivation and the world's main source of <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a> fibre; Bengal was one of India's largest industrial centers. From the 1850s, industry was centered around the capital Calcutta. The railway was created in Britain in 1825. It was introduced in the United States in 1833, Germany in 1835, Italy in 1839, France in 1844 and Spain in 1848. The British government introduced the railway to Bengal in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several rail companies were established in Bengal during the 19th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_Railway" title="Eastern Bengal Railway">Eastern Bengal Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam_Bengal_Railway" title="Assam Bengal Railway">Assam Bengal Railway</a>. The largest seaport in British Bengal was the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Calcutta">Port of Calcutta</a>, one of the busiest ports in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Stock_Exchange" title="Calcutta Stock Exchange">Calcutta Stock Exchange</a> was established in 1908. Other ports in Bengal included the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Narayanganj" title="Port of Narayanganj">Port of Narayanganj</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Chittagong" title="Port of Chittagong">Port of Chittagong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Dhaka" title="Port of Dhaka">Port of Dhaka</a>. Bengali ports were often <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> ports which welcomed ships from across the world. There was extensive shipping with <a href="/wiki/British_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="British Burma">British Burma</a>. Two universities were established in Bengal during British rule, including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dacca</a>. Numerous colleges and schools were established in each district. Most of the Bengali population nevertheless remained dependent on agriculture, and despite Bengali social and political leaders playing a major role in Indian political and intellectual activity, the province included some very undeveloped districts. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg/800px-Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="589" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg/1200px-Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg/1600px-Bengalpresidency_1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">At its greatest extent, the Bengal Presidency covered north and north-east India, as well as <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bengal Presidency had the highest gross domestic product in British India.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bengal hosted the most advanced cultural centers in British India.<sup id="cite_ref-Minahan2012_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2012-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cosmopolitan, eclectic cultural atmosphere took shape. There were many <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">anglophiles</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Naib_Nazim_of_Dhaka" title="Naib Nazim of Dhaka">Naib Nazim of Dhaka</a>. A Portuguese missionary published the first book on <a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali grammar</a>. A Hindu scholar produced a Bengali translation of the Quran. However, Bengalis were also divided by religion due to the political situation in the rest of India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_renaissance">Bengal renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bengal renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Renaissance">Bengali Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_%284%29.jpg/220px-Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_%284%29.jpg/330px-Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Rabindranath_Tagore_portrait_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>'s influence on Bengali and Indian literature has been compared to Shakespeare's influence in the English-speaking world. Tagore was the first Asian Nobel laureate in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bengal renaissance refers to a social reform movement during the 19th and early 20th centuries in the region of Bengal in <a href="/wiki/Undivided_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Undivided India">undivided India</a> during the period of British rule. Historian <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> describes it as having started with reformer and humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a> (1775–1833), and ended with Asia's first Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> (1861–1941).<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This flowering of religious and social reformers, scholars, and writers is described by historian <a href="/wiki/David_Kopf" title="David Kopf">David Kopf</a> as "one of the most creative periods in Indian history".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_Legislative_Council_(1862–1947)"><span id="Bengal_Legislative_Council_.281862.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Bengal Legislative Council (1862–1947)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bengal Legislative Council (1862–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Council" title="Bengal Legislative Council">Bengal Legislative Council</a> was the principal lawmaking body in the province. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1861" title="Indian Councils Act 1861">Indian Councils Act 1861</a> and reformed under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1892" title="Indian Councils Act 1892">Indian Councils Act 1892</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Councils_Act_1909" title="Indian Councils Act 1909">Indian Councils Act 1909</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>. Initially an advisory council with mostly European members, native Bengali representation gradually increased in the early 20th century. In 1935, it became the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the provincial legislature alongside the lower house in the Bengal Legislative Assembly. The Governor of Bengal, who was concurrently the Governor-General of India, often sat on the council. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_(1905–1912)"><span id="Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_.281905.E2.80.931912.29"></span>Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Eastern Bengal and Assam (1905–1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/220px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/330px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg/440px-All_India_Muslim_league_conference_1906_attendees_in_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>The All India Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dacca, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>The British government argued that Bengal, being India's most populous province, was too large and difficult to govern. Bengal was divided by the British rulers for administrative purposes in 1905 into an overwhelmingly Hindu west (including present-day Bihar and Odisha) and a predominantly Muslim east (including <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>). Hindu – Muslim conflict became stronger through this partition. While Hindu Indians disagreed with the partition saying it was a way of dividing a Bengal which is united by language and history, Muslims supported it by saying it was a big step forward for Muslim society where Muslims will be majority and they can freely practice their religion as well as their culture. But owing to strong Hindu agitation, the British reunited East and West Bengal in 1912, and made <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa</a> a separate province </p><p>The short lived province of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam">Eastern Bengal and Assam</a> provided impetus to a growing movement for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> among British-Indian Muslim subjects. The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a> was created during a conference on <a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">liberal education</a> hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Dhaka" title="Nawab of Dhaka">Nawab of Dhaka</a> in Eastern Bengal and Assam. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bengal_and_Assam_Legislative_Council" title="Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council">Eastern Bengal and Assam Legislative Council</a> was the lawmaking body of the province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebel_activities">Rebel activities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Rebel activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg/220px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg/330px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg/440px-Subhas_Chandra_Bose_in_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bengal played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a>), in which <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">revolutionary groups</a> such as <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></span></span> and <a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a> were dominant. Bengalis also played a notable role in the Indian independence movement. Many of the early proponents of independence, and subsequent leaders in movement were Bengalis. Some notable freedom fighters from Bengal were <a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benoy_Basu" title="Benoy Basu">Binoy</a>–<a href="/wiki/Badal_Gupta" title="Badal Gupta">Badal</a>–<a href="/wiki/Dinesh_Gupta" title="Dinesh Gupta">Dinesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batukeshwar_Dutt" title="Batukeshwar Dutt">Batukeshwar Dutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurobindo_Ghosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurobindo Ghosh">Aurobindo Ghosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashbehari_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashbehari Bose">Rashbehari Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.N._Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="M.N. Roy">M.N. Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Ahmad" title="Muzaffar Ahmad">Muzaffar Ahmed</a> and many more. Some of these leaders, such as Netaji, did not subscribe to the view that non-violent civil disobedience was the only way to achieve Indian Independence, and allied with Japan to fight against the British. During the Second World War Netaji escaped to Germany from house arrest in India and there he founded the Indian Legion an army to fight against the British Government, but the turning of the war compelled him to come to South-East Asia and there he became the co-founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> (distinct from the army of British India) that challenged British forces in several parts of India. He was also the head of state of a parallel regime named 'The Provisional Government of Free India' or <a href="/wiki/Arzi_Hukumat-e-Azad_Hind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind">Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind</a>, that was recognised and supported by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis power">Axis powers</a>. Bengal was also the fostering ground for several prominent revolutionary movements like the <a href="/wiki/Indigo_revolt" title="Indigo revolt">Indigo revolt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a>. A large number of Bengalis died in the independence struggle and many were exiled in <a href="/wiki/Cellular_Jail" title="Cellular Jail">Cellular Jail</a>, the much dreaded prison located in <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_(1937–1947)"><span id="Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_.281937.E2.80.931947.29"></span>Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937–1947)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Bengal Legislative Assembly (1937–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengal_PMs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bengal_PMs.png/220px-Bengal_PMs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bengal_PMs.png/330px-Bengal_PMs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bengal_PMs.png/440px-Bengal_PMs.png 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Ministers of Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="Bengal Legislative Assembly">Bengal Legislative Assembly</a> was British India's largest legislature. It was created by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> as the lower house of the provincial parliament. The assembly was elected on the basis of the so-called "separate electorate" system created by the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a>. Seats were reserved for different religious, social and professional communities. Major parties in the assembly included the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">All India Muslim League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Farmers and Tenants Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a> was a member of the assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bengal was used as a base for <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Bengal was strategically important during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign">Burma Campaign</a> and Allied assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> to fight off the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese invasions</a>. The Imperial Japanese Air Force bombed Chittagong in April and May 1942; and Calcutta in December 1942. The Japanese aborted a planned invasion of Bengal from Burma. The <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> was constructed between Bengal and China through Allied controlled areas in northern Burma to supply the forces led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai_Shek" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai Shek">Chiang Kai Shek</a>. Units of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittagong Airfield">Chittagong Airfield</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944-1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma Campaign 1944-1945">Burma Campaign 1944-1945</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maurer,_Maurer_1983_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maurer,_Maurer_1983-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonwealth forces included troops from Britain, India, Australia and New Zealand. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a> occurred during World War II and caused the death of an estimated 2.1–3 million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"><span id="Partition_of_Bengal_.281947.29"></span>Partition of Bengal (1947)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Partition of Bengal (1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></div> <p>The partition of Bengal in 1947 left a deep impact on the people of Bengal. The breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Muslim unity">Hindu-Muslim unity</a> caused the All India Muslim League to demand the partition of India in line with the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>, which called for Bengal to be included in a Muslim-majority homeland. Hindu nationalists in Bengal were determined to make Hindu-majority districts a part of the Indian dominion. A majority of members in the Bengal Legislative Assembly voted to keep Bengal undivided. The Prime Minister of Bengal, supported by Hindu and Muslim politicians, proposed a <a href="/wiki/United_Bengal" title="United Bengal">United Bengal</a> as a sovereign state. However, the Indian National Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha on one side and the Muslim League on the other forced the British viceroy <a href="/wiki/Earl_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Mountbatten">Earl Mountbatten</a> to partition Bengal along religious lines. As a result, Bengal was divided into the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> of India and the province of <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a> under Pakistan, renamed <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> in 1955. The Sylhet region in Assam joined East Bengal after a referendum on 6 July 1947. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-partition_and_contemporary_era">Post-partition and contemporary era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Post-partition and contemporary era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bengal_(India)"><span id="West_Bengal_.28India.29"></span><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (India)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: West Bengal (India)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Bengal" title="History of West Bengal">History of West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tripura_(India)"><span id="Tripura_.28India.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> (India)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Tripura (India)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tripura#Post-Independence_(1947_CE_-_present)" title="History of Tripura">History of Tripura § Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Pakistan" title="History of East Pakistan">History of East Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_(1971-present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh (1971-present)">History of Bangladesh (1971-present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">List of rulers of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li></ul> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:white"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:white"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 252.57116894473px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 88.161859236319px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:75.011106963046px 66.131186532365px 0 0; border-top-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Groups in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (Population: 10 crores <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">West Bengalis</a>) (2021) </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a> (63.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a> (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Different ethnic Hindus</a> (7.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Non-Bengali Muslims</a> (4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Santali origin</a> (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:White"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 88.161859236319px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 106.48918403248px 100px 0; border-right-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:19.098300562505px; border-width:0 0 80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px; border-bottom-color:pink"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Groups among the <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (Percentage: 86.5% <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">West Bengal</a>) (2021) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:pink; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Pakistani East Bengali Refugee (from 14 August 1947 to present) Bengali Hindus</a> (15%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">West Bengali Native Bengali Muslims</a> (23%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">West Bengali Native Bengali Hindus</a> (48.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Migrant Non-Bengalis</a> (11.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Punjabi Sikhs</a> (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Santali origin</a> (1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gutenberg-e.org-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg-e.org_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg-e.org_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYang2008" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Bin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf"><i>Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14254-0"><bdi>978-0-231-14254-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122045/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Winds+and+Clouds%3A+The+Making+of+Yunnan&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14254-0&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Bin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fyang%2Fpdf%2Fyang-chapter2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/37449">"Silk Road and Muslin Road"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. Dhaka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019171803/http://www.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/37449">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Silk+Road+and+Muslin+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindependentbd.com%2Fprintversion%2Fdetails%2F37449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranicaonline.org-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranicaonline.org_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">"Bengal"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180854/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton1996-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eaton1996_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (31 July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA32"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996-07-31&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2011_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lewis2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lewis (academic)">David Lewis</a> (31 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA44"><i>Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-50257-3"><bdi>978-1-139-50257-3</bdi></a>. <q>In 1346 ... what became known as the Bengal Sultanate began and continued for almost two centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-139-50257-3&rft.au=David+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hussain2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hussain2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Ejaz_Hussain2003" class="citation book cs1">Syed Ejaz Hussain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qFyd95ECLwkC"><i>The Bengal Sultanate: Politics, Economy and Coins (A.D. 1205–1576)</i></a>. Manohar. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-482-3"><bdi>978-81-7304-482-3</bdi></a>. <q>The rulers of the Sultanate Bengal are often blamed for promoting Islam as state sponsored religion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bengal+Sultanate%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Coins+%28A.D.+1205%E2%80%931576%29&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-482-3&rft.au=Syed+Ejaz+Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqFyd95ECLwkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElizaldeJianlang2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ElizaldeJianlang2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaría_Dolores_ElizaldeWang_Jianlang2017" class="citation book cs1">María Dolores Elizalde; Wang Jianlang (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjI9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>China's Development from a Global Perspective</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-0417-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-0417-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Development+from+a+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-0417-2&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADa+Dolores+Elizalde&rft.au=Wang+Jianlang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjI9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Isa_Khan">"Isa Khan"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328192142/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Isa_Khan">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Isa+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIsa_Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rayA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rayA_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rayA_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 57, 90, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116112335/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=57%2C+90%2C+174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.au=Indrajit+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harrison-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harrison_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_E._Harrison,_Peter_L._Berger2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Harrison_(academic)" title="Lawrence Harrison (academic)">Lawrence E. Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Peter L. Berger</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ"><i>Developing cultures: case studies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415952798" title="Special:BookSources/9780415952798"><bdi>9780415952798</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111743/https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+cultures%3A+case+studies&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415952798&rft.au=Lawrence+E.+Harrison%2C+Peter+L.+Berger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRB0oAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-star-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-star_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-star_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284">"Which India is claiming to have been colonised?"</a>. <i>The Daily Star</i> (Opinion). 31 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Which+India+is+claiming+to+have+been+colonised%3F&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2Fop-ed%2Fpolitics%2Fwhich-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tong_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tong_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tong_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tong_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTong2016" class="citation book cs1">Tong, Junie T. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.aulast=Tong&rft.aufirst=Junie+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">"Great Britain"</a>. <i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516520-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111739/https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Great+Britain&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111751/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757-1857%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sengupta-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sengupta_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shombit Sengupta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/">Bengals plunder gifted the British Industrial Revolution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801120317/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bengals-plunder-gifted-the-british-industrial-revolution/576476/">Archived</a> 1 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Financial_Express_(India)" title="The Financial Express (India)">The Financial Express</a></i>, 8 February 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congress_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congress_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlood1989" class="citation book cs1">Blood, Peter R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/4.htm">"Early History, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202"</a>. In Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/"><i>Bangladesh: A Country Study</i></a>. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+History%2C+1000+B.C.%E2%80%93A.D.+1202&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Blood&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbangladesh%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2012" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Helal Uddin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History">"History"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929104319/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=History">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Helal+Uddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220"><i>India: A History</i></a></span>. Atlantic Monthly Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiahistory00keay/page/220">220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-800-2"><bdi>978-0-87113-800-2</bdi></a>. <q>In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-800-2&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiahistory00keay%2Fpage%2F220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllanHaigDodwell1934" class="citation book cs1">Allan, J.; Haig, T. Wolseley; Dodwell, H. H. (1934). <a href="/wiki/H._H._Dodwell" title="H. H. Dodwell">Dodwell, H. H.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145"><i>The Cambridge Shorter History of India</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111744/https://books.google.com/books?id=9_48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA145">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>[Rājendra Chola I], after conquering eastern Bengal (Vangāladesa),</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shorter+History+of+India&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Haig%2C+T.+Wolseley&rft.au=Dodwell%2C+H.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_48AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [First published 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111745/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA281">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=281&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2004" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23"><i>Bangladesh: Past and Present</i></a>. APH Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8176484695" title="Special:BookSources/978-8176484695"><bdi>978-8176484695</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8176484695&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Salahuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSzfqq7ruqWgC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"But the most important development of this period was that the country for the first time received a name, ie Bangalah." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Banglapedia: Islam, Bengal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091245/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Islam,_Bengal">Archived</a> 23 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Sircar, D.C.</a> (1971) [First published 1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC"><i>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</i></a> (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0690-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0690-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230206161603/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqKw1Mn8WcwC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Geography+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0690-0&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAqKw1Mn8WcwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Land of Two Rivers, <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bharadwaj2003-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bharadwaj2003_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBharadwaj2003" class="citation book cs1">Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC (ed.). <i>History of Bengal</i>. B.R. Publishing Corp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+Period&rft.btitle=History+of+Bengal&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corp&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bharadwaj&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google5_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton,_R.M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, R.M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520205079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520205079"><bdi>978-0520205079</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116111746/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520205079&rft.au=Eaton%2C+R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Lewis (academic)">Lewis, David</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lH40gT7xvYC&pg=PA42"><i>Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139502573" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139502573"><bdi>978-1139502573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bangladesh%3A+Politics%2C+Economy+and+Civil+Society&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1139502573&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lH40gT7xvYC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PierisRaven2010-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PierisRaven2010_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierisRaven2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pieris, Sita; Raven, Ellen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&pg=PA116"><i>ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index</i></a>. Vol. Three. Brill. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004191488" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004191488"><bdi>978-9004191488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABIA%3A+South+and+Southeast+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology+Index&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004191488&rft.aulast=Pieris&rft.aufirst=Sita&rft.au=Raven%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCL8pjd0JVMC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam2012" class="citation book cs1">Alam, Shafiqul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan">"Mahasthan"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210618/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mahasthan">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahasthan&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Shafiqul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMahasthan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2012" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Suchandra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana">"Pundravardhana"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623150622/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pundravardhana">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pundravardhana&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Suchandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPundravardhana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka/History#ref388477">"Sri Lanka – History"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 14 February 1966. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121233550/https://www.britannica.com/place/Sri-Lanka/History#ref388477">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sri+Lanka+%E2%80%93+History&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1966-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSri-Lanka%2FHistory%23ref388477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/ancient-greeks-facts-homer-troy-achilles-aristotle-thucydides/">"Facts about the Ancient Greeks: who was Homer, which gods did the ancient Greeks believe in, what was life like in Ancient Greece?"</a>. History Extra. 23 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232748/https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/ancient-greeks-facts-homer-troy-achilles-aristotle-thucydides/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+Ancient+Greeks%3A+who+was+Homer%2C+which+gods+did+the+ancient+Greeks+believe+in%2C+what+was+life+like+in+Ancient+Greece%3F&rft.pub=History+Extra&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fancient-greece%2Fancient-greeks-facts-homer-troy-achilles-aristotle-thucydides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2006" class="citation book cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efaOR_-YsIcC&pg=PA6"><i>Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199775071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199775071"><bdi>978-0199775071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0199775071&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefaOR_-YsIcC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingSalkinLa_Boda1994" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; La Boda, Sharon (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA186"><i>International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964046" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964046"><bdi>978-1884964046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1884964046&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Salkin%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=La+Boda%2C+Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLRxJEU49EC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, H. C.</a> (1988) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11">"India in the Age of the Nandas"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> (ed.). <i>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas</i> (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0466-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+in+the+Age+of+the+Nandas&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Nandas+and+Mauryas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0466-1&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoAwor58utYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronkhorst2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Bronkhorst, Johannes</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA17"><i>Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism</i></a>. BRILL. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20140-8"><bdi>978-90-04-20140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Shadow+of+Brahmanism&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20140-8&rft.aulast=Bronkhorst&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBaX58-E5-3MC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Raychaudhuri, H. C.</a> (1988) [1967]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11">"India in the Age of the Nandas"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">K. A. Nilakanta Sastri</a> (ed.). <i>Age of the Nandas and Mauryas</i> (Second ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0466-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0466-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817145952/https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+in+the+Age+of+the+Nandas&rft.btitle=Age+of+the+Nandas+and+Mauryas&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=17&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0466-1&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoAwor58utYC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_2006-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_2006_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall2006" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">"East–West Orientation of Historical Empires"</a>. <i>Journal of World-Systems Research</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 223. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World-Systems+Research&rft.atitle=East%E2%80%93West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulkeRothermund2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kulke" title="Hermann Kulke">Kulke, H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Rothermund" title="Dietmar Rothermund">Rothermund, D.</a> (2004) [First published 1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA67"><i>A History of India</i></a> (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=67&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.aulast=Kulke&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Rothermund%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandari2016" class="citation web cs1">Bhandari, Shirin (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/">"Dinner on the Grand Trunk Road"</a>. Roads & Kingdoms. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415081342/https://roadsandkingdoms.com/2016/dinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dinner+on+the+Grand+Trunk+Road&rft.pub=Roads+%26+Kingdoms&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.aulast=Bhandari&rft.aufirst=Shirin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froadsandkingdoms.com%2F2016%2Fdinner-on-the-grand-trunk-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri1996" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalhistory0000rayc/page/275/mode/1up"><i>Political history of ancient India : from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty</i></a>. Internet Archive. Delhi; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563789-2"><bdi>978-0-19-563789-2</bdi></a>. <q>A passage of Pliny clearly suggests that the "Palibothri," i.e., the rulers of Pataliputra, dominated the whole tract along the Ganges. That the Magadhan kings retained their hold on Bengal as late as the time of Aśoka is suggested by the testimony of the Divyavadāna and of Hiuen Tsang who saw Stupas of that monarch near Tamralipti and Karnasuvarna (in West Bengal), in Samataṭa (East Bengal) as well as in Pundravardhana (North Bengal).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+history+of+ancient+India+%3A+from+the+accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+extinction+of+the+Gupta+dynasty&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Delhi%3B+New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563789-2&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalhistory0000rayc%2Fpage%2F275%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrobarty" class="citation book cs1">Chakrobarty, Ashim Kumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461127/page/n13/mode/1up"><i>Life In Ancient Bengal Before The Rise Of The Palas</i></a>. p. 14. <q>A large number of monasteries had been established in different parts of Bengal (Samatata, Pundravardhana, Tamralipta etc.) during the time of Asoka. This is known from Hiuen Tasng who had seen them when he visited Bengal... In Asoka's time <a href="/wiki/Tamralipta" title="Tamralipta">Tamralipta</a> was the chief port of the Mauryan empire and the communication between Ceylon and Magadha was maintained through Tamralipta. Asoka paid his visit to Bengal and at least once he came to Tamralipta. From the Ceylonese chronicle, the Mahavamsa, we come to know how Asoka visited Tamralipta on the occasion of the voyage of Mahendra and Sanghamitra with the holy branch of the Bodhi tree to Sinhala (modern Srilanka) at the time of the rule of the pious king Devanampriya Tissa of Ceylon .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+In+Ancient+Bengal+Before+The+Rise+Of+The+Palas&rft.pages=14&rft.aulast=Chakrobarty&rft.aufirst=Ashim+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.461127%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SH-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SH_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1931" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Hirananda (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580"><i>Epigraphia Indica vol.21</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9580/page/n119">83</a>–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+vol.21&rft.pages=83-89&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Hirananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.9580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hossain_3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hossain_3_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hossain, Md. Mosharraf, pp. 56–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2023_MAHA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2023_MAHA_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2023" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Susmita Basu (9 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E0e1EAAAQBAJ"><i>Mahasthan Record Revisited: Querying the Empire from a Regional Perspective</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-90518-2"><bdi>978-1-000-90518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahasthan+Record+Revisited%3A+Querying+the+Empire+from+a+Regional+Perspective&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft.isbn=978-1-000-90518-2&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Susmita+Basu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE0e1EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981206001744/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA.HTM">"The Age of the Guptas and After"</a>. Washington State University. 6 June 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ANCINDIA/GUPTA.HTM">the original</a> on 6 December 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+Guptas+and+After&rft.pub=Washington+State+University&rft.date=1999-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FANCINDIA%2FGUPTA.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOre1988" class="citation book cs1">Ore, Oystein (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/numbertheoryitsh0000orey"><i>Number Theory and Its History</i></a></span>. Courier Dover Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/numbertheoryitsh0000orey/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65620-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-65620-5"><bdi>978-0-486-65620-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Number+Theory+and+Its+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65620-5&rft.aulast=Ore&rft.aufirst=Oystein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnumbertheoryitsh0000orey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty">"Gupta dynasty (Indian dynasty)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330100325/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/249590/Gupta-dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gupta+dynasty+%28Indian+dynasty%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F249590%2FGupta-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gupta_Rule">"Gupta Rule"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034414/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gupta_Rule">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Gupta+Rule&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DGupta_Rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TopichLeitich2013-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TopichLeitich2013_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_J._TopichKeith_A._Leitich2013" class="citation book cs1">William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17"><i>The History of Myanmar</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35725-1"><bdi>978-0-313-35725-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Myanmar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35725-1&rft.au=William+J.+Topich&rft.au=Keith+A.+Leitich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIuaa5yKv-sC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela">"Harikela"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125332/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Harikela&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHarikela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RingWatson2012-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RingWatson2012_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_RingNoelle_WatsonPaul_Schellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA189"><i>Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</i></a>. Routledge. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.au=Trudy+Ring&rft.au=Noelle+Watson&rft.au=Paul+Schellinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopaedia of North-East India by T. Raatan p.143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nadia' Jillar Purakirti by Archaeological Survey of India, West Bengal, 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, Niharranjan (1993). <i>Bangalir Itihas: Adiparba</i> Calcutta: Dey's Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7079-270-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7079-270-3">81-7079-270-3</a>, pp.408–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_M._Eaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Richard M. Eaton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA32"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20507-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20507-9&rft.au=Richard+M.+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoaib_Daniyal2016" class="citation news cs1">Shoaib Daniyal (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos">"History revisited: How Tughlaq's currency change led to chaos in 14th century India"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114508/https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=History+revisited%3A+How+Tughlaq%27s+currency+change+led+to+chaos+in+14th+century+India&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.au=Shoaib+Daniyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F821406%2Fdemonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah">"Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702003354/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Fakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Fakhruddin+Mubarak+Shah&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFakhruddin_Mubarak_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alauddin_Ali_Shah">"Alauddin Ali Shah"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190121232939/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Alauddin_Ali_Shah">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Alauddin+Ali+Shah&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAlauddin_Ali_Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattuta2018" class="citation book cs1">Battuta, Muhammad Ibn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TbSmtQEACAAJ&q=ibn+battuta+bengal"><i>In Bengal – Muhammad Ibn Battuta</i></a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781986693011" title="Special:BookSources/9781986693011"><bdi>9781986693011</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409130048/https://books.google.com/books?id=TbSmtQEACAAJ&q=ibn%20battuta%20bengal">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Bengal+%E2%80%93+Muhammad+Ibn+Battuta&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781986693011&rft.aulast=Battuta&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTbSmtQEACAAJ%26q%3Dibn%2Bbattuta%2Bbengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Wise1873" class="citation journal cs1">J. Wise (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CboIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PG280">"Note on Sháh Jalál, the patron saint of Silhaț"</a>. <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>42</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409125900/https://books.google.com/books?id=CboIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PG280">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=Note+on+Sh%C3%A1h+Jal%C3%A1l%2C+the+patron+saint+of+Silha%C8%9B&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=1873&rft.au=J.+Wise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCboIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPG280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun">"Humayun"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622123946/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Humayun">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Humayun&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DHumayun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharyya1966" class="citation book cs1">Acharyya, N.N. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7cKAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Medieval Assam, from the Thirteenth to the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. New Delhi: Omsons Publ. p. 205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Medieval+Assam%2C+from+the+Thirteenth+to+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Omsons+Publ.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Acharyya&rft.aufirst=N.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7cKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richards_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA190"><i>The Mughal Empire</i>, page 190</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Maxwell Eaton (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i>, page 202</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204143956/https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC&pg=PA202">Archived</a> 4 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Om Prakash</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">Empire, Mughal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320">Archived</a> 18 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>History of World Trade Since 1450</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">John J. McCusker</a>, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, <i>World History in Context</i>. Retrieved 3 August 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards95-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richards95_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">John F. Richards</a> (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&pg=PA202"><i>The Mughal Empire</i>, page 202</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray174-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ray174_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</i></a>. Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirti_N2006" class="citation book cs1">Kirti N, Chaudhuri (2006). <i>The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660-1760</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521031592" title="Special:BookSources/9780521031592"><bdi>9780521031592</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+World+of+Asia+and+the+English+East+India+Company%3A+1660-1760&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521031592&rft.aulast=Kirti+N&rft.aufirst=Chaudhuri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.J" class="citation book cs1">P.J, Marshall. <i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521028226" title="Special:BookSources/9780521028226"><bdi>9780521028226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740-1828&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780521028226&rft.aulast=P.J&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i>. Penguin Books India. 2011. pp. <span class="nowrap">158–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143416784" title="Special:BookSources/9780143416784"><bdi>9780143416784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780143416784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._Marshall2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">P. J. Marshall</a> (2006) [First published 1987]. <i>Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740–1828</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02822-6"><bdi>978-0-521-02822-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal%3A+The+British+Bridgehead%3A+Eastern+India+1740%E2%80%931828&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02822-6&rft.au=P.+J.+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudhuri253-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri253_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaudhuri253_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirti_N._Chaudhuri2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kirti_N._Chaudhuri" title="Kirti N. Chaudhuri">Kirti N. Chaudhuri</a> (2006) [First published 1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9xt7Fgzq9e8C&pg=PA253"><i>The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-03159-2"><bdi>978-0-521-03159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trading+World+of+Asia+and+the+English+East+India+Company%3A+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03159-2&rft.au=Kirti+N.+Chaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9xt7Fgzq9e8C%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._C._Davies1957" class="citation book cs1">C. C. Davies (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555">"Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/J._O._Lindsay" title="J. O. Lindsay">J. O. Lindsay</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_Modern_History" title="The New Cambridge Modern History"><i>The New Cambridge Modern History</i></a>. Vol. VII. Cambridge University Press. p. 555. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04545-2"><bdi>978-0-521-04545-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423154207/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXIII%3A+Rivalries+in+India&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04545-2&rft.au=C.+C.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ejh1RnNDt4C%26pg%3DPG555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghosh, <i>Paschimbanger Sanskriti</i>, Volume II, pp. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2016" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Dr. Sujit (2016). <i>Colonial Economy in North Bengal: 1833–1933</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Arabs%2C+The&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArabs%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The">"Iranians, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 8 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011005/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Iranians,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Iranians%2C+The&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DIranians%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The">"Armenians, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 17 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140831/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Armenians,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Armenians%2C+The&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DArmenians%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Turks,_The">"Turks, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 31 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203182119/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Turks,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Turks%2C+The&rft.date=2014-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTurks%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The">"Portuguese, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 9 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425132827/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Portuguese%2C+The&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPortuguese%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rakhain,_The">"Rakhain, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 8 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119011018/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rakhain,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Rakhain%2C+The&rft.date=2015-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRakhain%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The">"Manipuri, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 2 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308022703/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Manipuri,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Manipuri%2C+The&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DManipuri%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The"><i>The Portuguese</i></a>, Banglapedia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425132827/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Portuguese,_The">archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portuguese&rft.pub=Banglapedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPortuguese%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahim2014" class="citation news cs1">Rahim, AK (25 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/2014/jan/25/voc%25C3%25AA-fala-bangla">"Você fala Bangla?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Tribune" title="Dhaka Tribune">Dhaka Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dhaka+Tribune&rft.atitle=Voc%C3%AA+fala+Bangla%3F&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft.aulast=Rahim&rft.aufirst=AK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhakatribune.com%2Ffeature%2F2014%2Fjan%2F25%2Fvoc%2525C3%2525AA-fala-bangla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Om Prakash, "Empire, Mughal", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by John J. McCusker, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banglapedia1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-banglapedia1_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=English">"English"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 8 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808073434/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=English">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=English&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DEnglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmanyMazid2012" class="citation book cs1">Osmany, Shireen Hasan; Mazid, Muhammad Abdul (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port">"Chittagong Port"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209212533/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Port">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chittagong+Port&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Osmany&rft.aufirst=Shireen+Hasan&rft.au=Mazid%2C+Muhammad+Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DChittagong_Port&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter,_William_Wilson1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">Hunter, William Wilson</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_315.gif"><i>Imperial Gazetteer of India</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 308, 309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012437/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V10_315.gif">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Gazetteer+of+India&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=308%2C+309&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Hunter%2C+William+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fgazetteer%2Fpager.html%3Fobjectid%3DDS405.1.I34_V10_315.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=French,_The">"French, The"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. 5 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122043923/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=French,_The">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=French%2C+The&rft.date=2014-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFrench%2C_The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem_van_Schendel2009" class="citation book cs1">Willem van Schendel (12 February 2009). <i>A History of Bangladesh</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511997419" title="Special:BookSources/9780511997419"><bdi>9780511997419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Bangladesh&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-02-12&rft.isbn=9780511997419&rft.au=Willem+van+Schendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway">"Railway"</a>. <i>Banglapedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143242/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Railway">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banglapedia&rft.atitle=Railway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DRailway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795">"Reimagining the Colonial Bengal Presidency Template (Part I)"</a>. <i>Daily Sun</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202195430/https://www.daily-sun.com/home/printnews/218795">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sun&rft.atitle=Reimagining+the+Colonial+Bengal+Presidency+Template+%28Part+I%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daily-sun.com%2Fhome%2Fprintnews%2F218795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2012-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2012_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_B._Minahan2012" class="citation book cs1">James B. Minahan (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT56"><i>Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-660-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-660-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+South+Asia+and+the+Pacific%3A+An+Encyclopedia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-660-7&rft.au=James+B.+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOQkpcVcd9AC%26pg%3DPT56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitish_Sengupta2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a> (2001). <i>History of the Bengali-speaking People</i>. UBS Publishers' Distributors. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7476-355-6"><bdi>978-81-7476-355-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Bengal Renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1775-1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Bengali-speaking+People&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=UBS+Publishers%27+Distributors&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7476-355-6&rft.au=Nitish+Sengupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopf1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kopf" title="David Kopf">Kopf, David</a> (December 1994). "Amiya P. Sen. Hindu Revivalism in Bengal 1872". <i>American Historical Review</i> (Book review). <b>99</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1741–</span>1742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2168519">10.2307/2168519</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2168519">2168519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Amiya+P.+Sen.+Hindu+Revivalism+in+Bengal+1872&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1741-%3C%2Fspan%3E1742&rft.date=1994-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2168519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2168519%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maurer,_Maurer_1983-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maurer,_Maurer_1983_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurer, Maurer. Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Office of Air Force History, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89201-092-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89201-092-4">0-89201-092-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal, Mahitosh (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96">"Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India"</a>. <i>Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26812%2Fcaste.v3i1.367">10.26812/caste.v3i1.367</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809123730/https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Caste%3A+A+Global+Journal+on+Social+Exclusion&rft.atitle=Dalit+Resistance+during+the+Bengal+Renaissance%3A+Five+Anti-Caste+Thinkers+from+Colonial+Bengal%2C+India&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26812%2Fcaste.v3i1.367&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=Mahitosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.library.brandeis.edu%2Findex.php%2Fcaste%2Farticle%2Fview%2F367%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalimtr._from_PersianAbdus_Salam1902" class="citation book cs1">Salim, Gulam Hussain; tr. from Persian; Abdus Salam (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi02indigoog#page/n6/mode/1up"><i>Riyazu-s-Salatin: History of Bengal</i></a>. Asiatic Society, Baptist Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riyazu-s-Salatin%3A+History+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society%2C+Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Salim&rft.aufirst=Gulam+Hussain&rft.au=tr.+from+Persian&rft.au=Abdus+Salam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbibliothecaindi02indigoog%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.C._Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="R.C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R. C.</a> <i>The History of Bengal</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7646-237-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7646-237-3">81-7646-237-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiya_Sen1993" class="citation book cs1">Amiya Sen (1993). <i>Hindu Revivalism in Bengal 1872–1905: Some Essays in Interpretation</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Revivalism+in+Bengal+1872%E2%80%931905%3A+Some+Essays+in+Interpretation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Amiya+Sen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Bengal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967) Dynastic History of Bengal, c. 750–1200 A.D, Dacca: The Asiatic Society of Pakistan, 1967, Pages: 310, ASIN: B0006FFATA</li> <li>Iftekhar Iqbal (2010) The Bengal Delta: Ecology, State and Social Change, 1840–1943, Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies, Palgrave Macmillan, Pages: 288, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0230231837" title="Special:BookSources/0230231837">0230231837</a></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (edited) (2004) Socio-Economic History of Bangladesh: essays in memory of Professor Shafiqur Rahman, 1st Edition, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/156800811">156800811</a></li> <li>M. Mufakharul Islam (2007), Bengal Agriculture 1920–1946: A Quantitative Study, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press, Pages: 300, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521049857" title="Special:BookSources/0521049857">0521049857</a></li> <li>Meghna Guhathakurta & Willem van Schendel (Edited) (2013) The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics (The World Readers), Duke University Press Books, Pages: 568, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822353040" title="Special:BookSources/0822353040">0822353040</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (edited) (1997) History of Bangladesh 1704–1971 (Three Volumes: Vol 1: Political History, Vol 2: Economic History Vol 3: Social and Cultural History), 2nd Edition (Revised New Edition), The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 1846, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9845123376" title="Special:BookSources/9845123376">9845123376</a></li> <li>Sirajul Islam (Chief Editor) (2003) Banglapedia: A National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh.(10 Vols. Set), (written by 1300 scholars & 22 editors) The Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Pages: 4840, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9843205855" title="Special:BookSources/9843205855">9843205855</a></li> <li>Samares Kar: <i>The Millennia Long Migration into Bengal: Rich Genetic Material and Enormous Promise in the Face of Chaos, Corruption, and Criminalization</i>. In: <i>Spaces & Flows: An International Journal of Urban & Extra Urban Studies</i>. Vol. 2 Issue 2, 2012, S. 129–143 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268037570_The_Millennia_Long_Migration_into_Bengal_Rich_Genetic_Material_and_Enormous_Promise_in_the_Face_of_Chaos_Corruption_and_Criminalization">Fulltext</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121033716/http://www.researchgate.net/publication/268037570_The_Millennia_Long_Migration_into_Bengal_Rich_Genetic_Material_and_Enormous_Promise_in_the_Face_of_Chaos_Corruption_and_Criminalization">Archived</a> 21 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> see <i><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a> Network</i>).</li> <li>Dr. Sujit Ghosh, (2016) <i>Colonial Economy in North Bengal: 1833–1933</i>, Kolkata: Paschimbanga Anchalik Itihas O Loksanskriti Charcha Kendra, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-926316-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-926316-6-0">978-81-926316-6-0</a></li> <li>Om Prakash (1985), <i>The Dutch East India Company and the Economy of Bengal 1630–1720</i>, Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69105-447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69105-447-6">978-0-69105-447-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofbengal.com/">History of Bengal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal652" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime history of Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Cuisine" title="West Bengal Cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bangladesh_articles577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bangladesh_topics" title="Template talk:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bangladesh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bangladesh_articles577" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bangladeshi_history" title="Timeline of Bangladeshi history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh#History_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh-related_topics" title="List of Bangladesh-related topics">Topics</a>:</i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation_in_Bangladesh" title="History of aviation in Bangladesh">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Military history of Bangladesh">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Bengal" title="Maritime history of Bengal">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Bangladesh" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Bangladesh">Postal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bengal" title="List of rulers of Bengal">Rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladesh_tropical_cyclones" title="List of Bangladesh tropical cyclones">Cyclones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Bangladesh" title="List of years in Bangladesh">Years</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anga" title="Anga">Anga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundra_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pundra Kingdom">Pundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhma_kingdom" title="Suhma kingdom">Suhma kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical and Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Founding kingdom:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Classical empires:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Sultanates:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Raj" title="History of the British Raj">Colonial</a> and Pakistan era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Portuguese Bengala</a></li> <li><i>British Bengal:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Sepoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bengal" title="Prime Minister of Bengal">Prime Minister of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_legislative_election,_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bengali legislative election, 1954">Legislative election in 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_point_movement" title="Six point movement">Six point movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Mass_uprising_in_East_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan">1969 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_general_election,_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani general election, 1970">General election in 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Bangladeshi_Independence" title="Proclamation of Bangladeshi Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Provisional Government of Bangladesh">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bangladesh_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Bangladesh genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Timeline of the Bangladesh Liberation War">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh_after_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bangladesh after independence">Republic of Bangladesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_famine_of_1974" title="Bangladesh famine of 1974">Famine of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_coups_in_Bangladesh" title="Military coups in Bangladesh">Military coups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ziaur_Rahman" title="Assassination of Ziaur Rahman">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Bangladesh_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1982 Bangladesh coup d'état">1982</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Mass_Uprising_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh">1990 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Bangladeshi_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis">Political crisis in 2006–08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Rifles_revolt" title="Bangladesh Rifles revolt">Bangladesh Rifles revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Begums" title="Battle of Begums">Battle of Begums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Bangladesh_violence" title="2013 Bangladesh violence">Protests in 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%E2%80%93People%27s_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Student–People's uprising">Student–People's uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bangladesh_quota_reform_movement" title="2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement">Quota reform movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(2024)" title="Non-cooperation movement (2024)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_massacre" title="July massacre">Massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Bangladesh">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chittagong" title="History of Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dhaka" title="History of Dhaka">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jessore" title="History of Jessore">Jessore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Noakhali" title="History of Noakhali">Noakhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rangpur" title="History of Rangpur">Rangpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sylhet" title="History of Sylhet">Sylhet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Geography of Bangladesh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_Bangladesh" title="Administrative geography of Bangladesh">Administrative:</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Bangladesh" title="Divisions of Bangladesh">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of districts of Bangladesh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Sub-districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bangladesh" title="List of cities and towns in Bangladesh">Cities and towns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Bangladesh" title="Template:Borders of Bangladesh">Borders</a></li> <li><i>Nature:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Islands of Bangladesh">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Lakes of Bangladesh">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Mountains of Bangladesh">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parks_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Parks in Bangladesh">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of rivers of Bangladesh">Rivers</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Places:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Fan" title="Bengal Fan">Bengal Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts">Chittagong Hill Tracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazar" title="Cox's Bazar">Cox's Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatirjheel" title="Hatirjheel">Hatirjheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bangladesh" title="Politics of Bangladesh">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bangladesh" title="Government of Bangladesh">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Executive:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bangladesh" title="President of Bangladesh">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Bangladesh" title="List of presidents of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bangladesh" title="List of prime ministers of Bangladesh">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Bangladesh" title="Cabinet of Bangladesh">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Elections in Bangladesh">Elections</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Election_Commission" title="Bangladesh Election Commission">Election Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:General elections in Bangladesh">General elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Bangladesh" title="Presidential elections in Bangladesh">Presidential elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bangladesh" title="List of political parties in Bangladesh">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bangladesh" title="Foreign relations of Bangladesh">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of Bangladesh">Foreign policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Jatiya Sangsad">Jatiya Sangsad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(parliament)</span>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in Bangladesh">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Jatiya_Sangsad" title="Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Bangladesh" title="Local government in Bangladesh">Local government</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_City_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of City Corporations of Bangladesh">City corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Municipal_Corporations_of_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Municipal Corporations of Bangladesh">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upazilas_of_Bangladesh#Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Upazilas of Bangladesh">Upazila Parishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_councils_of_Bangladesh" title="Union councils of Bangladesh">Union councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Bangladesh">Law</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Bangladesh" title="Supreme Court of Bangladesh">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court Division">High Court Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Crimes_Tribunal_(Bangladesh)" title="International Crimes Tribunal (Bangladesh)">International Crimes Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Bangladesh" title="Chief Justice of Bangladesh">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Bangladesh" title="Attorney General of Bangladesh">Attorney General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Human rights</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance in Bangladesh">Forced disappearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bangladesh">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_in_Bangladesh" title="Category:Law enforcement in Bangladesh">enforcement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Armed_Forces" title="Bangladesh Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Army" title="Bangladesh Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Navy" title="Bangladesh Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Air_Force" title="Bangladesh Air Force">Air Force</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paramilitary_forces_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Paramilitary forces of Bangladesh">Paramilitary</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_Guards_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Guards Bangladesh">Border Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Coast_Guard" title="Bangladesh Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Ansar" title="Bangladesh Ansar">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Party">Village Defence Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Guard_Regiment" title="President Guard Regiment">President Guard Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_Force" title="Special Security Force">Special Security Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_intelligence_community" title="Bangladeshi intelligence community">Intelligence</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Intelligence" title="National Security Intelligence">NSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_General_of_Forces_Intelligence" title="Directorate General of Forces Intelligence">DGFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Counter Terrorism and Intelligence Bureau">CTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Bangladesh)" title="Special Branch (Bangladesh)">Special Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Police" title="Bangladesh Police">Police</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Police_Battalion" title="Armed Police Battalion">APBn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Bangladesh)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Bangladesh)">CID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_and_Transnational_Crime" title="Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime">CTTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Police Bureau of Investigation">PBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Action_Battalion" title="Rapid Action Battalion">RAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Security_and_Protection_Battalion" title="Special Security and Protection Battalion">SPBn</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Planning_Commission" title="Bangladesh Planning Commission">Bangladesh Planning Commission</a></li> <li><i>Industries:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Automotive industry in Bangladesh">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Ceramics industry in Bangladesh">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Electronics industry in Bangladesh">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Food industry in Bangladesh">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Bangladesh">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Textile industry in Bangladesh">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Bangladesh" title="Shipbuilding in Bangladesh">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Bangladesh" title="Steel industry in Bangladesh">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Tea production in Bangladesh">Tea production</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Finance sectors:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Bangladesh" title="Banking in Bangladesh">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Bank" title="Bangladesh Bank">Bangladesh Bank <span style="font-size:85%;">(central bank)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_taka" title="Bangladeshi taka">Bangladeshi taka <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system_in_Bangladesh" title="Financial system in Bangladesh">Financial system</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Stock Exchange:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Stock_Exchange" title="Chittagong Stock Exchange">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaka_Stock_Exchange" title="Dhaka Stock Exchange">Dhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bangladesh_share_market_scam" title="2011 Bangladesh share market scam">2011 scam</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Energy and resources:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Bangladesh" title="Energy policy of Bangladesh">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh" title="Electricity sector in Bangladesh">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_and_petroleum_in_Bangladesh" title="Natural gas and petroleum in Bangladesh">Natural gas and petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Nuclear energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Bangladesh" title="Renewable energy in Bangladesh">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority" title="Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority">Export Processing Zones</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bangladesh" title="Agriculture in Bangladesh">Agriculture</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_Bangladesh" title="Poultry farming in Bangladesh">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Bangladesh">Fishing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Bangladesh" title="Forestry in Bangladesh">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bangladesh" title="Tourism in Bangladesh">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Poverty</a></li> <li><i>Infrastructure:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Post_Office" title="Bangladesh Post Office">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Bangladesh" title="Real estate in Bangladesh">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh" title="Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bangladesh" title="Transport in Bangladesh">Transport</a>:</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Bangladesh" title="List of airports in Bangladesh">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Bangladesh" title="List of airlines of Bangladesh">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Railway" title="Bangladesh Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Bangladesh" title="List of roads in Bangladesh">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ports_and_harbours_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Ports and harbours of Bangladesh">Ports</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Category:Society of Bangladesh">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh" title="Demographics of Bangladesh">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bangladesh">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis" title="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bangladesh" title="Crime in Bangladesh">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Bangladesh" title="Corruption in Bangladesh">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Bangladesh" title="Human trafficking in Bangladesh">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Bangladesh" title="Terrorism in Bangladesh">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bangladesh" title="Education in Bangladesh">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bangladesh" title="List of schools in Bangladesh">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh" title="List of universities in Bangladesh">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bangladesh" title="Health in Bangladesh">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_Bangladesh" title="Hunger in Bangladesh">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_society" title="Bangladeshi society">Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bangladesh" title="Architecture of Bangladesh">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangaliana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangaliana">Bangaliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendars">Calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_studies" title="Bengal studies">Bengal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bangladesh" title="Public holidays in Bangladesh">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bangladesh" title="Sport in Bangladesh">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_theatre" title="Bengali theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bangladesh" title="Television in Bangladesh">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Bangladesh" title="Sexuality in Bangladesh">Sexuality</a></li> <li>Marriage</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bangladesh" title="National symbols of Bangladesh">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Shonar_Bangla" class="mw-redirect" title="Amar Shonar Bangla">Amar Shonar Bangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal fire">Bengal fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_tiger" title="Bengal tiger">Bengal tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bangladesh" title="Flag of Bangladesh">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Bangladesh" title="Government Seal of Bangladesh">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_cat" title="Bengal cat">Bengal cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_Bangladesh" title="National Emblem of Bangladesh">National Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Martyrs%27_Memorial" title="National Martyrs' Memorial">National Martyrs' Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notuner_Gaan" title="Notuner Gaan">Notuner Gaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_magpie-robin" title="Oriental magpie-robin">Oriental magpie-robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaea_nouchali" title="Nymphaea nouchali">Water lily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Bangladeshi inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bangladesh" title="Outline of Bangladesh">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bangladesh" title="Category:Bangladesh">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bangladesh" title="Portal:Bangladesh">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&oldid=1273315718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bengal&oldid=1273315718</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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