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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cast glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crown glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cylinder_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cylinder glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawn_Sheet_glass_(Fourcault_process)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawn_Sheet_glass_(Fourcault_process)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Drawn Sheet glass (Fourcault process)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawn_Sheet_glass_(Fourcault_process)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cast_plate_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cast_plate_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cast plate glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cast_plate_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polished_plate_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polished_plate_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Polished plate glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polished_plate_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolled_plate_(figured)_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolled_plate_(figured)_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Rolled plate (figured) glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolled_plate_(figured)_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Float_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Float_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Float glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Float_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toughened_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toughened_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Toughened glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toughened_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prism_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prism_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Prism glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prism_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Glass block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annealed_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annealed_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Annealed glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annealed_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laminated_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laminated_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Laminated glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laminated_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat-strengthened_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat-strengthened_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Heat-strengthened glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-strengthened_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemically_strengthened_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemically_strengthened_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Chemically strengthened glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemically_strengthened_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-emissivity_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-emissivity_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Low-emissivity glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-emissivity_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heatable_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heatable_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Heatable glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heatable_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-cleaning_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-cleaning_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Self-cleaning glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-cleaning_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insulating_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insulating_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Insulating glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insulating_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evacuated_glazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evacuated_glazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Evacuated glazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evacuated_glazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_reduction_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_reduction_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Heat reduction glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_reduction_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Seismic requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reflected_sunlight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reflected_sunlight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reflected sunlight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reflected_sunlight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Building material</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Architectural_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Architectural glass">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Architectural+glass%22">"Architectural glass"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Architectural+glass%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Architectural+glass%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Architectural+glass%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Architectural+glass%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Architectural+glass%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg/290px-Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg/435px-Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg/580px-Canterbury_001_Queen_Elizabeths_guestchamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A building in Canterbury, England, which displays its long history in different building styles and glazing of every century from the 16th to the 20th included.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Architectural glass</b> is glass that is used as a <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>. It is most typically used as transparent <a href="/wiki/Glazing_in_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazing in architecture">glazing</a> material in the <a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">building envelope</a>, including windows in the external walls. <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a <a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">safety type</a>, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline_of_modern_architectural_glass_development">Timeline of modern architectural glass development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Timeline of modern architectural glass development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1226: "<a href="/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass" title="Broad sheet glass">Broad Sheet</a>" first produced in <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginn2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginn2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1330: "<a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a>" for art work and vessels first produced in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Broad Sheet" also produced. Both were also supplied for export.</li> <li>1500s: A method of making <a href="/wiki/Mirrors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirrors">mirrors</a> out of plate glass was developed by Venetian glassmakers on the island of <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>, who covered the back of the glass with a mercury-tin <a href="/wiki/Amalgam_(chemistry)" title="Amalgam (chemistry)">amalgam</a>, obtaining near-perfect and undistorted reflection.</li> <li>1620s: "<a href="/wiki/Blown_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Blown plate">Blown plate</a>" first produced in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginn2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginn2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used for mirrors and coach plates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1678: "<a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a>" first produced in London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process dominated until the 19th century.</li> <li>1843: An early form of "<a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">float glass</a>" invented by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bessemer" title="Henry Bessemer">Henry Bessemer</a>, pouring glass onto liquid tin. Expensive and not a commercial success.</li> <li>1874: <a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a> is developed by Francois Barthelemy Alfred Royer de la Bastie (1830–1901) of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, by quenching almost molten glass in a heated bath of oil or grease.</li> <li>1888: Machine-rolled glass introduced, allowing patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1898: Wired-cast glass first commercially produced by Pilkington<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for use where safety or security was an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1959: Float glass launched in UK. Invented by Sir <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Pilkington" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CrownGlass_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrownGlass-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cast_glass">Cast glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cast glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_glass" title="History of glass">Glass casting</a> is the process in which <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> objects are <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> by directing molten glass into a <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">mould</a> where it solidifies. The technique has been used since the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> period. Modern cast glass is formed by a variety of processes such as kiln casting, or casting into sand, graphite or metal moulds. Cast <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> windows, albeit with poor optical qualities, began to appear in the most important buildings in Rome and the most luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_glass">Crown glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crown glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Window_Glass_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Window_Glass_01.JPG/220px-Window_Glass_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Window_Glass_01.JPG/330px-Window_Glass_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Window_Glass_01.JPG/440px-Window_Glass_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The concentric arcs that distort some of these panes indicate they are crown glass, possibly of the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass (window)</a></div> <p>One of the earliest methods of glass window manufacture was the <i>crown glass</i> method. Hot blown glass was cut open opposite the pipe, then rapidly spun on a table before it could cool. Centrifugal force shaped the hot globe of glass into a round, flat sheet. The sheet would then be broken off the pipe and trimmed to form a rectangular window to fit into a frame. </p><p>At the center of a piece of crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown bottle neck would remain, hence the name "bullseye". Optical distortions produced by the bullseye could be reduced by grinding the glass. The development of <a href="/wiki/Diapering" title="Diapering">diaper</a> latticed windows was in part because three regular diamond-shaped panes could be conveniently cut from a piece of Crown glass, with minimum waste and with minimum distortion. </p><p>This method for manufacturing <a href="/wiki/Flat_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat glass">flat glass</a> panels was very expensive and could not be used to make large panes. It was replaced in the 19th century by the cylinder, sheet, and rolled plate processes, but it is still used in traditional construction and restoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cylinder_glass">Cylinder glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cylinder glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder blown sheet">Cylinder blown sheet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_drawn_cylinder_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine drawn cylinder sheet">Machine drawn cylinder sheet</a></div> <p>In this manufacturing process, glass is blown into a cylindrical iron mould. The ends are cut off and a cut is made down the side of the cylinder. The cut cylinder is then placed in an oven where the cylinder unrolls into a flat glass sheets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawn_Sheet_glass_(Fourcault_process)"><span id="Drawn_Sheet_glass_.28Fourcault_process.29"></span>Drawn Sheet glass (Fourcault process)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Drawn Sheet glass (Fourcault process)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg/220px-DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg/330px-DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg/440px-DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>The uneven surface of old glass is visible in the reflection on this window pane.</figcaption></figure> <p>Drawn Sheet glass was made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up while a film of glass hardened just out of the vat – this is known as the <a href="/wiki/Fourcault_process" title="Fourcault process">Fourcault process</a>. This film or ribbon was pulled up continuously held by tractors on both edges while it cooled. After 12 metres or so it was cut off the vertical ribbon and tipped down to be further cut. This glass is clear but has thickness variations due to small temperature changes just out of the vat as it was hardening. These variations cause lines of slight distortions. This glass may still be seen in older houses. Float glass replaced this process. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irving_Wightman_Colburn" title="Irving Wightman Colburn">Irving Wightman Colburn</a> development a similar method independently. He began experimenting with the method in 1899, and started production in 1906. He went bankrupt, but was bought by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Owens" title="Michael Joseph Owens">Michael Joseph Owens</a>. Because the method was imperfect, they kept refining it till 1916 when they felt it was perfect, and opened a glass factory based on the technology the year after.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cast_plate_glass">Cast plate glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cast plate glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Architectural_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Architectural glass">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1838, <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Wood_and_Co" title="Hartley Wood and Co">James Hartley</a> was granted a patent for Hartley's Patent Rolled Plate, manufactured by a new cast glass process. The glass is taken from the furnace in large iron ladles, which are carried upon slings running on overhead rails; from the ladle the glass is thrown upon the cast-iron bed of a rolling-table; and is rolled into sheet by an iron roller, the process being similar to that employed in making plate-glass, but on a smaller scale. The sheet thus rolled is roughly trimmed while hot and soft, so as to remove those portions of glass which have been spoiled by immediate contact with the ladle, and the sheet, still soft, is pushed into the open mouth of an annealing tunnel or temperature-controlled oven called a <a href="/wiki/Lehr_(glassmaking)" title="Lehr (glassmaking)">lehr</a>, down which it is carried by a system of rollers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polished_plate_glass">Polished plate glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polished plate glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polished_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polished plate">Polished plate</a></div> <p>The polished plate glass process starts with sheet or rolled plate glass. This glass is dimensionally inaccurate and often created visual distortions. These rough panes were ground flat and then polished clear. This was a fairly expensive process. </p><p>Before the float process, mirrors were plate glass as sheet glass had visual distortions that were akin to those seen in amusement park or funfair mirrors. </p><p>In 1918 the Belgian engineer Emil Bicheroux improved the plate glass manufacturing by pouring molten glass between two rollers, which resulted in more even thickness and fewer undulations, and reduced the need for grinding and polishing. This process was further improved in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolled_plate_(figured)_glass"><span id="Rolled_plate_.28figured.29_glass"></span>Rolled plate (figured) glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rolled plate (figured) glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG/220px-Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG/330px-Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG/440px-Domestic_glass_bathroom_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Figure rolled glass</figcaption></figure> <p>The elaborate patterns found on <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">figured (or 'Cathedral') rolled-plate glass</a> are produced in a similar fashion to the <a href="/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass" title="Rolled plate glass">rolled plate glass</a> process except that the plate is cast between two rollers, one of which carries a pattern. On occasion, both rollers can carry a pattern. The pattern is impressed upon the sheet by a printing roller which is brought down upon the glass as it leaves the main rolls while still soft. This glass shows a pattern in high relief. The glass is then annealed in a <a href="/wiki/Lehr_(glassmaking)" title="Lehr (glassmaking)">lehr</a>. </p><p>The glass used for this purpose is typically whiter in colour than the clear glasses used for other applications. </p><p>Only some of the figured glasses may be toughened, dependent on the depth of the embossed pattern. Single rolled figured glass, where the pattern is only imprinted into one surface, may be laminated to produce a safety glass. The much less common 'double rolled figured glass', where the pattern is embossed into both surfaces, can not be made into a safety glass but will already be thicker than average figured plate to accommodate both patterned faces. The finished thickness being dependent on the imprinted design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Float_glass">Float glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Float glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></div> <p>Ninety percent of the world's flat glass is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">float glass</a> process<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> invented in the 1950s by Sir <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Pilkington" title="Alastair Pilkington">Alastair Pilkington</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pilkington_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilkington Glass">Pilkington Glass</a>, in which molten glass is poured onto one end of a molten <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> bath. The glass floats on the tin, and levels out as it spreads along the bath, giving a smooth face to both sides. The glass cools and slowly solidifies as it travels over the molten tin and leaves the tin bath in a continuous ribbon. The glass is then annealed by cooling in an oven called a <a href="/wiki/Lehr_(glassmaking)" title="Lehr (glassmaking)">lehr</a>. The finished product has near-perfect parallel surfaces. </p><p>The side of the glass that has been in contact with the tin has a very small amount of the tin embedded in its surface. This quality makes that side of the glass easier to be coated in order to turn it into a mirror, however that side is also softer and easier to scratch. </p><p>Glass is produced in standard metric thicknesses of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19 and 25 mm, with 10mm being the most popular sizing in the architectural industry. Molten glass floating on tin in a nitrogen/hydrogen atmosphere will spread out to a thickness of about 6 mm and stop due to <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a>. Thinner glass is made by stretching the glass while it floats on the tin and cools. Similarly, thicker glass is pushed back and not permitted to expand as it cools on the tin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toughened_glass">Toughened glass</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Toughened glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toughened (or tempered) glass is made from standard Float Glass to create an impact resistant, safety glass. Broken float glass yields sharp, hazardous shards. The toughening process introduces tensions between internal and external surfaces to increase its strength and ensure in the case of breakages the glass shatters into small, harmless pieces of glass. The cut glass panels are put into a toughening furnace. Here the glass panels are heated to upward of 600 degrees C and then the surfaces are cooled rapidly with cold air. This produces tensile stresses on the surface of the glass with the warmer internal glass particles. As the top thickness of the glass cools it contracts and forces the corresponding glass elements to contract to introduce stresses into the glass panel and increasing strength.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prism_glass">Prism glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prism glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prism_lighting" title="Prism lighting">Prism lighting</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prism_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Prism glass">Prism glass</a> is architectural glass which bends light. It was frequently used around the turn of the 20th century to provide natural light to underground spaces and areas far from windows.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prism glass can be found on sidewalks, where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Vault_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Vault light">vault lighting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in windows, partitions, and canopies, where it is known as <a href="/wiki/Prism_tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Prism tiles">prism tiles</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Deck_prism" title="Deck prism">deck prisms</a>, which were used to light spaces below deck on sailing ships. It could be highly ornamented; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> created over forty different designs for prism tiles.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern architectural <a href="/wiki/Prism_lighting" title="Prism lighting">prism lighting</a> is generally done with a plastic film applied to ordinary window glass. <sup id="cite_ref-DoD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_block">Glass block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Glass block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG/220px-D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG/330px-D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG/440px-D-BW-Kressbronn_aB_-_alte_Festhalle_-_Zwischenwand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Glass bricks used in a wall</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glass_brick" title="Glass brick">Glass brick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg/220px-BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg/330px-BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg/440px-BurlingtonHousePavementWindow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>Sidewalk skylight (also named '<a href="/wiki/Pavement_light" title="Pavement light">pavement light</a>') outside <a href="/wiki/Burlington_House" title="Burlington House">Burlington House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Glass block, also known as glass brick, is an architectural element made from <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> used in areas where privacy or visual obscuration is desired while admitting light, such as underground parking garages, washrooms, and municipal swimming baths. Glass block was originally developed in the early 1900s to provide natural light in <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">industrial factories</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annealed_glass">Annealed glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Annealed glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">Annealed glass</a> is glass without internal stresses caused by heat treatment, i.e., rapid cooling, or by toughening or heat strengthening. Glass becomes annealed if it is heated above a transition point then allowed to cool slowly, without being quenched. Float glass is annealed during the process of manufacture. However, most toughened glass is made from float glass that has been specially heat-treated. </p><p>Annealed glass breaks into large, jagged shards that can cause serious injury and is considered a hazard in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural</a> applications. <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building codes</a> in many parts of the world restrict the use of annealed glass in areas where there is a high <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> of breakage and <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">bathrooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Door" title="Door">door</a> panels, <a href="/wiki/Fire_exit" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire exit">fire exits</a> and at low heights in <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> or domestic houses. <a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">laminated</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toughened_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Toughened glass">tempered</a> must be used in these settings to reduce risk of injury. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laminated_glass">Laminated glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Laminated glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laminated_glass" title="Laminated glass">Laminated glass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG/220px-Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG/330px-Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG/440px-Broken_Laminated_glass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Broken tempered laminated glass "wet blanket effect"</figcaption></figure> <p>Laminated glass is manufactured by bonding two or more layers of glass together with an interlayer, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyral" title="Polyvinyl butyral">PVB</a>, under heat and pressure, to create a single sheet of glass. When broken, the interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded and prevents it from breaking apart. The interlayer can also give the glass a higher <a href="/wiki/Sound_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound insulation">sound insulation</a> rating. </p><p>There are several types of laminated glasses manufactured using different types of glass and interlayers which produce different results when broken. </p><p>Laminated glass that is made up of annealed glass is normally used when safety is a concern, but tempering is not an option. <a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">Windshields</a> are typically laminated glasses. When broken, the PVB layer prevents the glass from breaking apart, creating a "spider web" cracking pattern. </p><p>Tempered laminated glass is designed to shatter into small pieces, preventing possible injury. When both pieces of glass are broken it produces a "wet blanket" effect and it will fall out of its opening. </p><p>Heat strengthened laminated glass is stronger than annealed, but not as strong as tempered. It is often used where security is a concern. It has a larger break pattern than tempered, but because it holds its shape (unlike the "wet blanket" effect of tempered laminated glass) it remains in the opening and can withstand more force for a longer period of time, making it much more difficult to get through. </p><p>Laminated glass has similar properties to <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_glass" title="Bulletproof glass">ballistic glass</a>, but the two should not be confused. Both are made using a PVB interlayer, but they have drastically different tensile strength. Ballistic glass and laminated glass are both rated to different standards and have a different shatter pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat-strengthened_glass">Heat-strengthened glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heat-strengthened glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Heat-strengthened glass, or tempered glass, is glass that has been heat treated to induce surface compression, but not to the extent of causing it to "dice" on breaking in the manner of tempered glass. On breaking, heat-strengthened glass breaks into sharp pieces that are typically somewhat smaller than those found on breaking annealed glass, and is intermediate in strength between annealed and toughened glasses. </p><p>Heat-strengthened glass can take a strong direct hit without shattering, but has a weak edge. By simply tapping the edge of heat-strengthened glass with a solid object, it is possible to shatter the entire sheet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemically_strengthened_glass">Chemically strengthened glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chemically strengthened glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemically_strengthened_glass" title="Chemically strengthened glass">Chemically strengthened glass</a></div> <p>Chemically strengthened glass is a type of glass that has increased strength. When broken it still shatters in long pointed splinters similar to float (annealed) glass. For this reason, it is not considered a safety glass and must be laminated if a safety glass is required. Chemically strengthened glass is typically six to eight times the strength of annealed glass. </p><p>The glass is chemically strengthened by submerging the glass in a bath containing a potassium salt (typically potassium nitrate) at 450 °C (842 °F). This causes sodium ions in the glass surface to be replaced by potassium ions from the bath solution. </p><p>Unlike toughened glass, chemically strengthened glass may be cut after strengthening, but loses its added strength within the region of approximately 20 mm of the cut. Similarly, when the surface of chemically strengthened glass is deeply scratched, this area loses its additional strength. </p><p>Chemically strengthened glass was used on some <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">canopies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-emissivity_glass">Low-emissivity glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Low-emissivity glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Low-emissivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-emissivity">Low-emissivity</a></div> <p>Glass coated with a low-emissivity substance can reflect radiant infrared energy, encouraging radiant heat to remain on the same side of the glass from which it originated, while letting visible light pass. This often results in more efficient windows because radiant heat originating from indoors in winter is reflected back inside, while infrared heat radiation from the sun during summer is reflected away, keeping it cooler inside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heatable_glass">Heatable glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heatable glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heatable_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatable glass">Heatable glass</a></div> <p>Electrically heatable <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> is a relatively new product, which helps to find solutions while designing buildings and vehicles. The idea of heating glass is based on usage of <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy-efficient</a> <a href="/wiki/Low_emissivity" title="Low emissivity">low-emissive</a> glass that is generally simple <a href="/wiki/Silicate_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate glass">silicate glass</a> with special metallic <a href="/wiki/Oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxides">oxides</a> coating. Heatable glass can be used in all kinds of standard <a href="/wiki/Glazing_(window)" title="Glazing (window)">glazing</a> systems, made of wood, plastic, aluminum or steel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-cleaning_glass">Self-cleaning glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Self-cleaning glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A recent (2001 Pilkington Glass) innovation is so-called <a href="/wiki/Self-cleaning_glass" title="Self-cleaning glass">self-cleaning glass</a>, aimed at building, automotive and other technical applications. A nanometre-scale coating of <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a> on the outer surface of glass introduces two mechanisms which lead to the self-cleaning property. The first is a photo-catalytic effect, in which <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet">ultra-violet</a> rays catalyse the breakdown of organic compounds on the window surface; the second is a <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> effect in which water is attracted to the surface of the glass, forming a thin sheet which washes away the broken-down organic compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insulating_glass">Insulating glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Insulating glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insulating_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulating glass">Insulating glass</a></div> <p>Insulating glass, or double glazing, consists of a <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">window</a> or glazing element of two or more layers of glazing separated by a spacer along the edge and sealed to create a dead air space between the layers. This type of glazing has functions of thermal insulation and <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">noise reduction</a>. When the space is filled with an inert gas it is part of <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable architecture</a> design for <a href="/wiki/Low_energy_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Low energy building">low energy buildings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evacuated_glazing">Evacuated glazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Evacuated glazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1994 innovation for insulated glazing is evacuated glass, which as yet is produced commercially only in Japan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extreme thinness of evacuated glazing offers many new architectural possibilities, particularly in building conservation and historicist architecture, where evacuated glazing can replace traditional single glazing, which is much less energy-efficient. </p><p>An evacuated glazing unit is made by sealing the edges of two glass sheets, typically by using a solder glass, and evacuating the space inside with a vacuum pump. The evacuated space between the two sheets can be very shallow and yet be a good insulator, yielding insulative window glass with nominal thicknesses as low as 6 mm overall. The reasons for this low thickness are deceptively complex, but the potential insulation is good essentially because there can be no convection or gaseous conduction in a vacuum. </p><p>Unfortunately, evacuated glazing does have some disadvantages; its manufacture is complicated and difficult. For example, a necessary stage in the manufacture of evacuated glazing is <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>; that is, heating it to liberate any gases adsorbed on the inner surfaces, which could otherwise later escape and destroy the vacuum. This heating process currently means that evacuated glazing cannot be toughened or heat-strengthened. If an evacuated safety glass is required, the glass must be laminated. The high temperatures necessary for outgassing also tend to destroy the highly effective "soft" <a href="/wiki/Low-emissivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-emissivity">low-emissivity</a> coatings that are often applied to one or both of the internal surfaces (i.e. the ones facing the air gap) of other forms of modern insulative glazing, in order to prevent loss of heat through <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation. Slightly less effective "hard" coatings are still suitable for evacuated glazing, however. </p><p>Furthermore, because of the atmospheric pressure present on the outside of an evacuated glazing unit, its two glass sheets must somehow be held apart in order to prevent them flexing together and touching each other, which would defeat the object of evacuating the unit. The task of holding the panes apart is performed by a grid of spacers, which typically consist of small stainless steel discs that are placed around 20 mm apart. The spacers are small enough that they are visible only at very close distances, typically up to 1 m. However, the fact that the spacers will conduct some heat often leads in cold weather to the formation of temporary, grid-shaped patterns on the surface of an evacuated window, consisting either of small circles of interior condensation centred around the spacers, where the glass is slightly colder than average, or, when there is dew outside, small circles on the exterior face of the glass, in which the dew is absent because the spacers make the glass near them slightly warmer. </p><p>The conduction of heat between the panes, caused by the spacers, tends to limit evacuated glazing's overall insulative effectiveness. Nevertheless, evacuated glazing is still as insulative as much thicker conventional double glazing and tends to be stronger, since the two constituent glass sheets are pressed together by the atmosphere, and hence react practically as one thick sheet to bending forces. Evacuated glazing also offers very good sound insulation in comparison with other popular types of window glazing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_reduction_glass">Heat reduction glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Heat reduction glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One type of heat reduction glass uses radiative cooling. This glass includes a 1.2 micron-thick their transparent radiative cooler (TRC) layer of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titanium_oxide" title="Titanium oxide">titanium oxide</a> upon glass coated with <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">contact lens</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>. The layer permits only <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> to cross, cutting buildings’ cooling costs by as much as one-third. The developers used <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a> to rapidly test models and identify the best. alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismic_requirements">Seismic requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Seismic requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most current building code enforced in most jurisdictions in the United States is the 2006 International Building Code (IBC, 2006). The 2006 IBC references for the 2005 edition of the standard Minimum Design Loads for buildings and other Structures prepared by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE, 2005) for its seismic provisions. ASCE 7-05 contains specific requirements for nonstructural components including requirements for architectural glass.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflected_sunlight">Reflected sunlight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reflected sunlight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If incorrectly designed, <a href="/wiki/Concave_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Concave mirror">concave</a> surfaces with extensive amounts of glass can act as <a href="/wiki/Solar_concentrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar concentrator">solar concentrators</a> depending on the angle of the sun, potentially injuring people and damaging property.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG/220px-Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG/330px-Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG/440px-Domestic_glass_door_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Reinforced figure-rolled glass in "amber" colour</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Building construction">Building construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_in_green_buildings" title="Glass in green buildings">Glass in green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_museums_and_galleries" title="Category:Glass museums and galleries">Glass museums and galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazing_(window)" title="Glazing (window)">Glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_glazing" title="Quadruple glazing">Quadruple glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatable_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Heatable Glass">Heatable glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_glazing" title="Insulated glazing">Insulated glazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">Leadlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">Solar thermal collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_%E2%80%93_British_glass,_1811%E2%80%931918" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918">Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Noel C. Stokes; <i>The Glass and Glazing Handbook</i>; <a href="/wiki/Standards_Australia" title="Standards Australia">Standards Australia</a>; SAA HB125-1998</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ginn2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ginn2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ginn2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGinnGoodman2013" class="citation book cs1">Ginn, Peter; Goodman, Ruth (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6clWAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT336"><i>Tudor Monastery Farm: Life in rural England 500 years ago</i></a>. Random House. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-4172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-4172-2"><bdi>978-1-4481-4172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Monastery+Farm%3A+Life+in+rural+England+500+years+ago&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-4172-2&rft.aulast=Ginn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6clWAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridgwoodLennie2013" class="citation book cs1">Bridgwood, Barry; Lennie, Lindsay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddTZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT334"><i>History, Performance and Conservation</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07899-8"><bdi>978-1-134-07899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Performance+and+Conservation&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07899-8&rft.aulast=Bridgwood&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Lennie%2C+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DddTZAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSillimanGoodrich1854" class="citation book cs1">Silliman, Benjamin; Goodrich, Charles Rush (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofsciencear00sill"><i>The World of Science, Art, and Industry: Illustrated from Examples in the New-York Exhibition, 1853–54</i></a>. G.P. Putnam. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofsciencear00sill/page/n174">151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Science%2C+Art%2C+and+Industry%3A+Illustrated+from+Examples+in+the+New-York+Exhibition%2C+1853%E2%80%9354&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Silliman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Goodrich%2C+Charles+Rush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofsciencear00sill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney2008" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, Barbara Burlison (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mKW6lS9MgIC&pg=PA36"><i>Prodigy Houses of Virginia: Architecture and the Native Elite</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2673-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-2673-5"><bdi>978-0-8139-2673-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodigy+Houses+of+Virginia%3A+Architecture+and+the+Native+Elite&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-2673-5&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Burlison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7mKW6lS9MgIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsyth2013" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPrRovtnjmIC&q=1888+machine-rolled+glass&pg=PT391"><i>Materials and Skills for Historic Building Conservation</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-65866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-65866-6"><bdi>978-1-118-65866-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Skills+for+Historic+Building+Conservation&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-118-65866-6&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWPrRovtnjmIC%26q%3D1888%2Bmachine-rolled%2Bglass%26pg%3DPT391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenderGodfraind2012" class="citation book cs1">Pender, Robyn; Godfraind, Sophie, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC&q=1898%3A+Wired-cast+glass+invented+by+Pilkington&pg=PT18"><i>Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4557-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-4557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Building+Conservation%3A+Glass+and+glazing&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4557-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm3dqs6zRCcEC%26q%3D1898%253A%2BWired-cast%2Bglass%2Binvented%2Bby%2BPilkington%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeillPomeranz2015" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, John; Pomeranz, Kenneth (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRL0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208"><i>The Cambridge World History: Volume 7, Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750–Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29812-1"><bdi>978-1-316-29812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History%3A+Volume+7%2C+Production%2C+Destruction+and+Connection%2C+1750%E2%80%93Present%2C+Part+1%2C+Structures%2C+Spaces%2C+and+Boundary+Making&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29812-1&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pomeranz%2C+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRL0CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrownGlass-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrownGlass_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Glass Manufacture: London Crown Glass co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gG4MAQAAIAAJ&q=1959:+Float+glass+launched+in+UK.+Invented+by+Sir+Alastair+Pilkington"><i>Notes on Science and Technology in Britain</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Scientists+use+quantum+computing+to+create+glass+that+cuts+the+need+for+AC+by+a+third&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Ftechnology%2Fquantum-computer-heat-window-glass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehr2009" class="citation book cs1">Behr, R A (2009). <i>Architectural glass to resist seismic and extreme climatic events</i>. 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href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/03/world/europe/uk-london-building-melts-car/index.html">"Reflected light from London skyscraper melts car"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Reflected+light+from+London+skyscraper+melts+car&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft.aulast=Smith-Spark&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F09%2F03%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fuk-london-building-melts-car%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArchitectural+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824192615/http://www.smu.ac.uk/index.php/potential-students/faculty-of-applied-design-and-engineering/welsh-school-of-architectural-glass">Welsh School of Architectural Glass, Swansea</a> – UK's leading centre for teaching and research in architectural glass founded in 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/scheerba/glas/glas.html"><i>Glasarchitektur</i></a> (Glass architecture, 1914; German)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_production_techniques" title="Template talk:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_production_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_production_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritted_glass" title="Fritted glass">Fritted glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Forming_process" title="Glass production">Blowing and pressing (containers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_(fiber)#Fiber_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (fiber)">Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber#Manufacturing" title="Optical fiber">Drawing (optical fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_glass_moulding" title="Precision glass moulding">Precision glass moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_downdraw_method" title="Overflow downdraw method">Overflow downdraw method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_glass" title="Pressed glass">Pressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_polishing" title="Flame polishing">Flame polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">Chemical polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_turning" title="Diamond turning">Diamond turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass" title="Rolled plate glass">Rolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and<br />historic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_glass" title="Art glass">Art glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_plate_glass" title="Blown plate glass">Blown plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass" title="Broad sheet glass">Broad sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caneworking" title="Caneworking">Caneworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cased_glass" title="Cased glass">Cased glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_glass" title="Cut glass">Cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet_glass" title="Cylinder blown sheet glass">Cylinder blown sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_glass" title="Engraved glass">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">Flashed glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourcault_process" title="Fourcault process">Fourcault process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fusing" title="Glass fusing">Fusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampworking" title="Lampworking">Lampworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_drawn_cylinder_sheet_glass" title="Machine drawn cylinder sheet glass">Machine drawn cylinder sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_plate_glass" title="Polished plate glass">Polished plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rippled_glass" title="Rippled glass">Rippled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Kiriko_cut_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Kiriko cut glass">Satsuma Kiriko cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumping" title="Slumping">Slumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_in_nature" title="Category:Glass in nature">Natural processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_with_embedded_metal_and_sulfides" title="Glass with embedded metal and sulfides">Radiative processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_glass" title="Sea glass">Sea glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_metamorphism" title="Shock metamorphism">Shock metamorphic glass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">Impactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_sand" title="Vitrified sand">Vitrified sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">Volcanic glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_glass_art_terms" title="Glossary of glass art terms">Glossary of glass art terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&oldid=1254677600">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architectural_glass&oldid=1254677600</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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