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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cylinder_or_mouth-blown_('muff')_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cylinder_or_mouth-blown_('muff')_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Cylinder or mouth-blown ('muff') glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cylinder_or_mouth-blown_('muff')_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crown_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crown_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Crown glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crown_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolled_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolled_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rolled glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolled_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flashed_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flashed_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Flashed glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flashed_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_production_of_traditional_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_production_of_traditional_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern production of traditional glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_production_of_traditional_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Pot_metal"_and_flashed_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pot_metal"_and_flashed_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Pot metal" and flashed glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Pot_metal"_and_flashed_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass_paint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass_paint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Glass paint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass_paint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver_stain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver_stain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Silver stain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver_stain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Sanguine"_or_"Cousin's_rose"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Sanguine"_or_"Cousin's_rose""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Sanguine" or "Cousin's rose"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Sanguine"_or_"Cousin's_rose"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cold painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scratching_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scratching_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Scratching techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scratching_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Pot_glass"_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Pot_glass"_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>"Pot glass" colours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Pot_glass"_colours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle "Pot glass" colours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-"Pot_glass"_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transparent_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparent_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Transparent glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparent_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Green glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blue_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blue_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Blue glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blue_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Red glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Yellow glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purple_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purple_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Purple glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purple_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>White glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_stained-glass_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_stained-glass_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Creating stained-glass windows</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creating_stained-glass_windows-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creating stained-glass windows subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creating_stained-glass_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selecting_and_painting_the_glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selecting_and_painting_the_glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Selecting and painting the glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selecting_and_painting_the_glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly_and_mounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_and_mounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Assembly and mounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_and_mounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Southwest_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Southwest_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In Southwest Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Southwest_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_glass_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_glass_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medieval glass in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_glass_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance,_Reformation_and_Classical_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance,_Reformation_and_Classical_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Renaissance, Reformation and Classical windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance,_Reformation_and_Classical_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>In Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Revival in Great Britain and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_in_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_in_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Revival in France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_in_Germany,_Austria_and_beyond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_in_Germany,_Austria_and_beyond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Revival in Germany, Austria and beyond</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_in_Germany,_Austria_and_beyond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations_in_Britain_and_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations_in_Britain_and_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Innovations in Britain and Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations_in_Britain_and_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Innovations in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_and_21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>20th and 21st centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_and_21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combining_ancient_and_modern_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combining_ancient_and_modern_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Combining ancient and modern traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combining_ancient_and_modern_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings_incorporating_stained_glass_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_incorporating_stained_glass_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Buildings incorporating stained glass windows</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings_incorporating_stained_glass_windows-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buildings incorporating stained glass windows subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings_incorporating_stained_glass_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Places of worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mausolea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausolea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Mausolea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausolea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Houses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Houses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Houses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Houses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_and_commercial_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_and_commercial_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Public and commercial buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_and_commercial_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stained glass</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82" title="زجاج معشق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زجاج معشق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidrera" title="Vidrera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vidrera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitral" title="Vitral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vitral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Вітраж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вітраж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Вітраж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вітраж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Стъклопис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стъклопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrall" title="Vitrall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitrall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A1%C5%BE" title="Vitráž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitráž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwydr_lliw" title="Gwydr lliw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwydr lliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasmaleri" title="Glasmaleri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glasmaleri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraa%C5%BE" title="Vitraaž – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vitraaž" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Υαλογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υαλογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitral" title="Vitral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitralo" title="Vitralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vitralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirate" title="Beirate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beirate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ویترای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویترای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrail" title="Vitrail – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitrail" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloine_dhaite" title="Gloine dhaite – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gloine dhaite" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidreira_g%C3%B3tica" title="Vidreira gótica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vidreira gótica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%93%9C%EA%B8%80%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4" title="스테인드글라스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스테인드글라스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AA" title="Վիտրաժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտրաժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9A" title="अभिरंजित काँच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिरंजित काँच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitralio" title="Vitralio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vitralio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_patri" title="Kaca patri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaca patri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetrata" title="Vetrata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vetrata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%27" title="ויטראז' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטראז'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98" title="ვიტრაჟი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიტრაჟი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kioo_cha_rangi" title="Kioo cha rangi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kioo cha rangi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C4%81%C5%BEa" title="Vitrāža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vitrāža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitra%C5%BEas" title="Vitražas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vitražas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cvegfest%C3%A9s" title="Üvegfestés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Üvegfestés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="चित्रकाच – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चित्रकाच" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82" title="زجاج معشق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زجاج معشق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_berwarna" title="Kaca berwarna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaca berwarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasraam" title="Glasraam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glasraam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="ステンドグラス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステンドグラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassmaleri" title="Glassmaleri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glassmaleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasm%C3%A5leri" title="Glasmåleri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Glasmåleri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitral" title="Vitral – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vitral" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veirial" title="Veirial – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Veirial" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9A" title="ਰੰਗੀਨ ਕੱਚ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੰਗੀਨ ਕੱਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witra%C5%BC" title="Witraż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witraż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitral" title="Vitral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraliu" title="Vitraliu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vitraliu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stained glass" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A1%C5%BE_(chr%C3%A1m)" title="Vitráž (chrám) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vitráž (chrám)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitraj" title="Vitraj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitraj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaca_patri" title="Kaca patri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaca patri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasimaalaus" title="Lasimaalaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lasimaalaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasm%C3%A5lning" title="Glasmålning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glasmålning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="งานกระจกสี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานกระจกสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Витраж – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Витраж" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitray" title="Vitray – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vitray" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colored glass and the works that are made from it</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stained glass (disambiguation)">Stained glass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/300px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/450px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/600px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="4466" /></a><figcaption>The north <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France), donated by <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a>. It represents the Virgin Mary, surrounded by Biblical kings and prophets. Below is <a href="/wiki/St_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="St Anne">St Anne</a>, mother of the Virgin, with four righteous leaders. The window includes the arms of France and Castile.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stained glass</b> is colored <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> as a material or works created from it. Although, it is traditionally made in flat panels and used as windows, the creations of modern stained <a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">glass artists</a> also include three-dimensional structures and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term "stained glass" to include domestic <a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">lead light</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Objet_d%27art" title="Objet d'art">objets d'art</a></i> created from <a href="/wiki/Came_glasswork" title="Came glasswork">foil glasswork</a> exemplified in the famous lamps of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a>. </p><p>As a material <i>stained glass</i> is glass that has been colored by adding <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">metallic salts</a> during its manufacture, and usually then further decorating it in various ways. The colored glass is crafted into <i>stained glass windows</i> in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead, called cames or calms, and supported by a rigid frame. <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Painted</a> details and yellow <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">stain</a> are often used to enhance the design. The term <i>stained glass</i> is also applied to windows in <a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">enamelled glass</a> in which the colors have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln; very often this technique is only applied to parts of a window. </p><p>Stained glass, as an <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>, requires the artistic skill to conceive an appropriate and workable design, and the engineering skills to assemble the piece. A window must fit snugly into the space for which it is made, must resist wind and rain, and also, especially in the larger windows, must support its own weight. Many large windows have withstood the test of time and remained substantially intact since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, together with <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, they constitute the major form of medieval pictorial art to have survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building to see the world outside or even primarily to admit light but rather to control it. For this reason stained glass windows have been described as "illuminated wall decorations". </p><p>The design of a window may be abstract or figurative; may incorporate narratives drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, history, or literature; may represent saints or patrons, or use symbolic motifs, in particular armorial. Windows within a building may be thematic, for example: within a church – episodes from the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">life of Christ</a>; within a parliament building – shields of the constituencies; within a college hall – figures representing the arts and sciences; or within a home – flora, fauna, or landscape. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glass_production">Glass production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Glass production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stained_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Stained glass">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a>, glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>, the essential material for glass manufacture. Silica requires a very high temperature to melt, something not all glass factories were able to achieve. Such materials as <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">soda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> can be added to lower the melting temperature. Other substances, such as <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>, are added to make the glass more stable. Glass is coloured by adding metallic oxide powders or finely divided metals while it is in a molten state.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper oxides produce green or bluish green, cobalt makes deep blue, and gold produces wine red and violet glass. Much of modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass coloured while in the clay pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">flashed glass</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cylinder_or_mouth-blown_('muff')_glass"><span id="Cylinder_or_mouth-blown_.28.27muff.27.29_glass"></span>Cylinder or mouth-blown ('muff') glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cylinder or mouth-blown ('muff') glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Using a blow-pipe</a>, a glass maker will gather a glob of molten glass that was taken from the pot heating in the furnace. The 'gather' is formed to the correct shape and a bubble of air blown into it. Using metal tools, molds of wood that have been soaking in water, and gravity, the gather is manipulated to form a long, cylindrical shape. As it cools, it is reheated so that the manipulation can continue. During the process, the bottom of the cylinder is removed. Once brought to the desired size it is left to cool. One side of the cylinder is opened, and the cylinder is then put into another oven to quickly heat and flatten it, and then placed in an <a href="/wiki/Annealing_(glass)" title="Annealing (glass)">annealer</a> to cool at a controlled rate, making the material more stable. "Hand-blown" or "mouth-blown" cylinder (also called muff glass) and crown glass were the types used in the traditional fabrication of stained-glass windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_glass">Crown glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Crown glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a> is hand-blown glass created by blowing a bubble of air into a gather of molten glass and then spinning it, either by hand or on a table that revolves rapidly like a <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a> causes the molten bubble to open up and flatten. It can then be cut into small sheets. Glass formed this way can be either coloured and used for stained-glass windows, or uncoloured as seen in small paned windows in 16th- and 17th-century houses. Concentric, curving waves are characteristic of the process. The centre of each piece of glass, known as the "bull's-eye", is subject to less acceleration during spinning, so it remains thicker than the rest of the sheet. It also has the <a href="/wiki/Pontil_mark" title="Pontil mark">pontil mark</a>, a distinctive lump of glass left by the "pontil" rod, which holds the glass as it is spun out. This lumpy, refractive quality means the bulls-eyes are less transparent, but they have still been used for windows, both domestic and ecclesiastical. Crown glass is still made today, but not on a large scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolled_glass">Rolled glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rolled glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass#Rolled_plate_(figured)_glass" title="Architectural glass">Rolled glass</a> (sometimes called "table glass") is produced by pouring molten glass onto a metal or <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> table and immediately rolling it into a sheet using a large metal cylinder, similar to rolling out a pie crust. The rolling can be done by hand or by machine. Glass can be "double rolled", which means it is passed through two cylinders at once (similar to the clothes wringers on older washing machines) to yield glass of a specified thickness (typically about 1/8" or 3mm). The glass is then annealed. Rolled glass was first commercially produced around the mid-1830s and is widely used today. It is often called <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">cathedral glass</a>, but this has nothing to do with medieval cathedrals, where the glass used was hand-blown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flashed_glass">Flashed glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flashed glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Architectural glass must be at least <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> of an inch (3 mm) thick to survive the push and pull of typical wind loads. However, in the creation of red glass, the colouring ingredients must be of a certain concentration, or the colour will not develop. This results in a colour so intense that at the thickness of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">8</span></span>⁠</span> inch (3 mm), the red glass transmits little light and appears black. The method employed to create red stained glass is to laminate a thin layer of red glass to a thicker body of glass that is clear or lightly tinted, forming "<a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">flashed glass</a>". </p><p>A lightly coloured molten gather is dipped into a pot of molten red glass, which is then blown into a sheet of laminated glass using either the cylinder (muff) or the crown technique described above. Once this method was found for making red glass, other colours were made this way as well. A great advantage is that the double-layered glass can be engraved or <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abraded</a> to reveal the clear or tinted glass below. The method allows rich detailing and patterns to be achieved without needing to add more lead-lines, giving artists greater freedom in their designs. A number of artists have embraced the possibilities flashed glass gives them. For instance, 16th-century heraldic windows relied heavily on a variety of flashed colours for their intricate crests and creatures. In the medieval period the glass was abraded; later, <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> was used to remove the flash in a chemical reaction (a very dangerous technique), and in the 19th century sandblasting started to be used for this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_production_of_traditional_glass">Modern production of traditional glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern production of traditional glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of glass factories, notably in Germany, the United States, England, France, Poland and Russia, which produce high-quality glass, both hand-blown (cylinder, muff, crown) and rolled (cathedral and opalescent). Modern stained-glass artists have a number of resources to use and the work of centuries of other artists from which to learn as they continue the tradition in new ways. In the late 19th and 20th centuries there have been many innovations in techniques and in the types of glass used. Many new types of glass have been developed for use in stained glass windows, in particular <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalle_de_verre" title="Dalle de verre">dalle de verre</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Pot_metal"_and_flashed_glass"><span id=".22Pot_metal.22_and_flashed_glass"></span>"Pot metal" and flashed glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Pot metal" and flashed glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary method of including colour in stained glass is to use glass, originally colourless, that has been given colouring by mixing with metal oxides in its melted state (in a crucible or "pot"), producing glass sheets that are coloured all the way through; these are known as "pot metal" glass.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second method, sometimes used in some areas of windows, is <a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">flashed glass</a>, a thin coating of coloured glass fused to colourless glass (or coloured glass, to produce a different colour). In medieval glass flashing was especially used for reds, as glass made with gold compounds was very expensive and tended to be too deep in colour to use at full thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass_paint">Glass paint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Glass paint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg/220px-Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg/330px-Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg/440px-Magi_Herod_MNMA_Cl23532.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a> stained glass (15th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Another group of techniques give additional colouring, including lines and shading, by treating the surfaces of the coloured sheets, and often fixing these effects by a light firing in a furnace or kiln. These methods may be used over broad areas, especially with silver stain, which gave better yellows than other methods in the Middle Ages. Alternatively they may be used for painting linear effects, or polychrome areas of detail. The most common method of adding the black linear painting necessary to define stained glass images is the use of what is variously called "glass paint", "vitreous paint", or "<a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a> paint". This was applied as a mixture of powdered glass, iron or rust filings to give a black colour, clay, and oil, vinegar or water for a brushable texture, with a binder such as <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>. This was painted on the pieces of coloured glass, and then fired to burn away the ingredients giving texture, leaving a layer of the glass and colouring, fused to the main glass piece.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver_stain">Silver stain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Silver stain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Silver stain", introduced soon after 1300, produced a wide range of yellow to orange colours; this is the "stain" in the term "stained glass". <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> compounds (notably <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are mixed with binding substances, applied to the surface of glass, and then fired in a furnace or kiln.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can produce a range of colours from <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>-red to yellow. Used on blue glass they produce greens. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colours produced by these compounds. The chemistry involved is complex and not well understood. The chemicals actually penetrate the glass they are added to a little way, and the technique therefore gives extremely stable results. By the 15th century it had become cheaper than using pot metal glass and was often used with glass paint as the only colour on transparent glass.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver stain was applied to the opposite face of the glass to silver paint, as the two techniques did not work well one on top of the other. The stain was usually on the exterior face, where it appears to have given the glass some protection against weathering, although this can also be true for paint. They were also probably fired separately, the stain needing a lower heat than the paint.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Sanguine"_or_"Cousin's_rose""><span id=".22Sanguine.22_or_.22Cousin.27s_rose.22"></span>"Sanguine" or "Cousin's rose"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: "Sanguine" or "Cousin's rose""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Sanguine", "carnation", "Rouge <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cousin_the_Elder" title="Jean Cousin the Elder">Jean Cousin</a>" or "Cousin's rose", after its supposed inventor,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an iron-based fired paint producing red colours, mainly used to highlight small areas, often on flesh. It was introduced around 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper stain, similar to silver stain but using copper compounds, also produced reds, and was mainly used in the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_painting">Cold painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cold painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Cold paint" is various types of paint that were applied without firing. Contrary to the optimistic claims of the 12th century writer <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus Presbyter</a>, cold paint is not very durable, and very little medieval paint has survived.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scratching_techniques">Scratching techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scratching techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as painting, scratched <a href="/wiki/Sgraffito" title="Sgraffito">sgraffito</a> techniques were often used. This involved painting a colour over pot metal glass of another colour, and then before firing selectively scratching the glass paint away to make the design, or the lettering of an inscription. This was the most common method of making inscriptions in early medieval glass, giving white or light letters on a black background, with later inscriptions more often using black painted letters on a transparent glass background.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from a 13th-century window in the Basilica of Saint-Quentin depicting the creation of a stained-glass window in Middle Ages."><img alt="Detail from a 13th-century window in the Basilica of Saint-Quentin depicting the creation of a stained-glass window in Middle Ages." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png/200px-D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png/300px-D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png/400px-D%C3%A9tail_vitrail_st_Etienne_photo.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from a 13th-century window in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Basilica of Saint-Quentin">Basilica of Saint-Quentin</a> depicting the creation of a stained-glass window in Middle Ages.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance roundel using only black or brown glass paint, and silver stain. The bishop-saint Lambrecht of Maastricht stands in an extensive landscape, 1510–20. Diameter 8+3⁄4 in (22 cm). Designed to be placed low, close to the viewer."><img alt="Renaissance roundel using only black or brown glass paint, and silver stain. The bishop-saint Lambrecht of Maastricht stands in an extensive landscape, 1510–20. Diameter 8+3⁄4 in (22 cm). Designed to be placed low, close to the viewer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg/200px-Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg/300px-Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg/400px-Roundel_with_Saint_Lambrecht_of_Maastricht_MET_cdi32-24-48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="2420" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance roundel using only black or brown glass paint, and silver stain. The bishop-saint <a href="/wiki/Lambrecht_of_Maastricht" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambrecht of Maastricht">Lambrecht of Maastricht</a> stands in an extensive landscape, 1510–20. Diameter <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in (22 cm). Designed to be placed low, close to the viewer.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of German panel (1444) of Visitation; pot metal, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and olive-green enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. Restored with new lead cames."><img alt="Detail of German panel (1444) of Visitation; pot metal, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and olive-green enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. Restored with new lead cames." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/200px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/300px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg/400px-Stained_Glass_Panel_with_the_Visitation_MET_MED700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of German panel (1444) of <i><a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></i>; pot metal, including white glass, black vitreous paint, yellow silver stain, and olive-green enamel. The plant patterns in the red sky are formed by scratching away black paint from the red glass before firing. Restored with new lead cames.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecce_Homo_(one_of_a_pair)_MET_DT279321_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="German glass, Nuremberg, after a drawing by Sebald Beham, c. 1525. Silver stain produces a range of yellows and gold, and painted on the reverse of the blue sky, gives the dark green of the cross.[13]"><img alt="German glass, Nuremberg, after a drawing by Sebald Beham, c. 1525. Silver stain produces a range of yellows and gold, and painted on the reverse of the blue sky, gives the dark green of the cross.[13]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Ecce_Homo_%28one_of_a_pair%29_MET_DT279321_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="2326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">German glass, <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, after a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Sebald_Beham" title="Sebald Beham">Sebald Beham</a>, c. 1525. Silver stain produces a range of yellows and gold, and painted on the reverse of the blue sky, gives the dark green of the cross.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Pot_glass"_colours"><span id=".22Pot_glass.22_colours"></span>"Pot glass" colours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Pot glass" colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the colours in which the glass itself is made, as opposed to colours applied to the glass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparent_glass">Transparent glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Transparent glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordinary <a href="/wiki/Soda_lime_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda lime glass">soda-lime glass</a> appears colourless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron oxide impurities produce a green tint which becomes evident in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. A number of additives are used to reduce the green tint, particularly if the glass is to be used for plain window glass, rather than stained glass windows. These additives include <a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">manganese dioxide</a> which produces <a href="/wiki/Sodium_permanganate" title="Sodium permanganate">sodium permanganate</a>, and may result in a slightly mauve tint, characteristic of the glass in older houses in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> has been used for the same purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_glass">Green glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Green glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While very pale green is the typical colour of transparent glass, deeper greens can be achieved by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a> which results in a bluish-green glass. Together with <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> it gives glass of a richer green colour, typical of the glass used to make <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">wine bottles</a>. The addition of chromium yields dark green glass, suitable for flashed glass.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with tin oxide<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="There are multiple Tin Oxides (April 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and arsenic it yields <a href="/wiki/Emerald_(color)#Emerald" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald (color)">emerald green</a> glass. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blue_glass">Blue glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Blue glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In medieval times, blue glass was made by adding <a href="/wiki/Cobalt_blue" title="Cobalt blue">cobalt blue</a>, which at a concentration of 0.025% to 0.1% in soda-lime glass achieves the brilliant blue characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>.</li> <li>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> to boron-rich <a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">borosilicate glasses</a> imparts a blue colour.</li> <li>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Copper_oxide" title="Copper oxide">copper oxide</a> at 2–3% produces a <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">turquoise</a> colour.</li> <li>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, at different concentrations, produces blue, violet, or black glass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_glass">Red glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Red glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Metallic <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, in very low concentrations (around 0.001%), produces a rich ruby-coloured glass ("ruby gold"); in even lower concentrations it produces a less intense red, often marketed as "<a href="/wiki/Cranberry_glass" title="Cranberry glass">cranberry glass</a>". The colour is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with tin added.</li> <li>Pure metallic <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> produces a very dark red, opaque glass. Glass created in this manner is generally "flashed" (laminated glass). It was used extensively in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and exploited for the decorative effects that could be achieved by sanding and engraving.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> is an important agent to make pink and red glass. When used together with cadmium sulphide, it yields a brilliant red colour known as "Selenium Ruby".<sup id="cite_ref-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_glass">Yellow glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Yellow glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>This was very often achieved by "silver stain" applied externally to the sheets of glass (see above).</li> <li>The addition of sulphur, together with <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulphides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black. With <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> it yields a deep yellow colour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adding <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellowish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a> glass. Titanium is rarely used on its own and is more often employed to intensify and brighten other additives.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> together with sulphur results in deep yellow colour, often used in glazes. However, cadmium is toxic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> (0.1% to 2%) can be added to give glass a fluorescent yellow or green colour.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uranium_glass" title="Uranium glass">Uranium glass</a> is typically not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> enough to be dangerous, but if ground into a powder, such as by polishing with sandpaper, and inhaled, it can be <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a>. When used with lead glass with a very high proportion of lead, it produces a deep red colour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purple_glass">Purple glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Purple glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The addition of <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> gives an <a href="/wiki/Amethyst_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amethyst (color)">amethyst</a> colour. Manganese is one of the oldest glass additives, and purple manganese glass has been used since early Egyptian history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a>, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or <a href="/wiki/Violet_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Violet (colour)">violet</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a> glass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lead_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead crystal">Lead crystal</a> with added nickel acquires a purplish colour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_glass">White glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: White glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tin_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin dioxide">Tin dioxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/Antimony_trioxide" title="Antimony trioxide">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic</a> oxides produce an opaque <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a> glass, first used in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> to produce an imitation <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>. White glass was used extensively by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> to create a range of <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">opalescent, mottled and streaky glasses</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass."><img alt="13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG/200px-Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG/300px-Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG/400px-Chartres_-_Vitrail_de_la_Vie_de_Joseph.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2653" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">13th-century window from Chartres showing extensive use of the ubiquitous cobalt blue with green and purple-brown glass, details of amber and borders of flashed red glass.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poligny_(Jura)_Collegiale_150223.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896)."><img alt="A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG/200px-Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG/300px-Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG/400px-Poligny_%28Jura%29_Collegiale_150223.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 19th-century window illustrates the range of colours common in both Medieval and Gothic Revival glass, Lucien Begule, Lyon (1896).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A 16th-century window by Arnold of Nijmegen showing the combination of painted glass and intense colour common in Renaissance windows."><img alt="A 16th-century window by Arnold of Nijmegen showing the combination of painted glass and intense colour common in Renaissance windows." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG/200px-N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG/300px-N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG/400px-N-D_de_Tournai_Tax_on_food_stalls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 16th-century window by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_of_Nijmegen" title="Arnold of Nijmegen">Arnold of Nijmegen</a> showing the combination of painted glass and intense colour common in Renaissance windows.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A late 20th-century window showing a graded range of colours. Ronald Whiting, Chapel Studios. Tattershall Castle, UK."><img alt="A late 20th-century window showing a graded range of colours. Ronald Whiting, Chapel Studios. Tattershall Castle, UK." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg/96px-Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg/145px-Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg/193px-Stained_glass_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1461459.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A late 20th-century window showing a graded range of colours. Ronald Whiting, Chapel Studios. Tattershall Castle, UK.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A window by Tiffany illustrating the development and use of multi-coloured flashed, streaky glasses at the end of the 19th century."><img alt="A window by Tiffany illustrating the development and use of multi-coloured flashed, streaky glasses at the end of the 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg/150px-John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg/225px-John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg/299px-John-the-baptist-by-tiffany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1991" data-file-height="2659" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A window by Tiffany illustrating the development and use of multi-coloured flashed, streaky glasses at the end of the 19th century.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creating_stained-glass_windows">Creating stained-glass windows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Creating stained-glass windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Stained_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Stained glass">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg/220px-Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg/330px-Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg/440px-Muzeum_Su%C5%82kowskich_-_Zabytkowy_Witra%C5%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>Swiss armourial glass of the <a href="/wiki/Standesscheibe" title="Standesscheibe">Arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Unterwalden" title="Unterwalden">Unterwalden</a>, 1564, with typical painted details, extensive <i>silver stain</i>, <i>Cousin's rose</i> on the face, and flashed <i>ruby glass</i> with abraded white motif.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first stage in the production of a window is to make, or acquire from the architect or owners of the building, an accurate template of the window opening that the glass is to fit. </p><p>The subject matter of the window is determined to suit the location, a particular theme, or the wishes of the patron. A small design called a <i>Vidimus</i> (from Latin "we have seen") is prepared which can be shown to the patron. A scaled model <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquette</a> may also be provided. The designer must take into account the design, the structure of the window, the nature and size of the glass available and his or her own preferred technique. </p><p>A traditional narrative window has panels which relate a story. A figurative window could have rows of saints or dignitaries. Scriptural texts or mottoes are sometimes included and perhaps the names of the patrons or the person to whose memory the window is dedicated. In a window of a traditional type, it is usually left to the discretion of the designer to fill the surrounding areas with borders, floral motifs and canopies. </p><p>A full-sized cartoon is drawn for every "light" (opening) of the window. A small church window might typically have two lights, with some simple <a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">tracery</a> lights above. A large window might have four or five lights. The east or west window of a large <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> might have seven lights in three tiers, with elaborate tracery. In medieval times the cartoon was drawn directly on the surface of a whitewashed table, which was then used as a pattern for cutting, painting and assembling the window. The cartoon is then divided into a patchwork, providing a template for each small glass piece. The exact position of the lead which holds the glass in place is also noted, as it is part of the calculated visual effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selecting_and_painting_the_glass">Selecting and painting the glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Selecting and painting the glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each piece of glass is selected for the desired colour and cut to match a section of the template. An exact fit is ensured by "grozing" the edges with a tool which can nibble off small pieces. Details of faces, hair and hands can be painted onto the inner surface of the glass using a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground glass, gum arabic and a medium such as wine, vinegar or (traditionally) urine. The art of painting details became increasingly elaborate and reached its height in the early 20th century. </p><p>From 1300 onwards, artists started using "silver stain" which was made with <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>. It gave a yellow effect ranging from pale lemon to deep orange. It was usually painted onto the outside of a piece of glass, then fired to make it permanent. This yellow was particularly useful for enhancing borders, canopies and haloes, and turning blue glass into green glass. By about 1450, a stain known as "Cousin's rose" was used to enhance flesh tones. </p><p>In the 16th century, a range of glass stains were introduced, most of them coloured by ground glass particles. They were a form of <a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">enamelled glass</a>. Painting on glass with these stains was initially used for small heraldic designs and other details. By the 17th century a style of stained glass had evolved that was no longer dependent upon the skilful cutting of coloured glass into sections. Scenes were painted onto glass panels of square format, like tiles. The colours were then annealed to the glass before the pieces were assembled. </p><p>A method used for embellishment and gilding is the decoration of one side of each of two pieces of thin glass, which are then placed back to back within the lead <a href="/wiki/Came" title="Came">came</a>. This allows for the use of techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Angel_gilding" title="Angel gilding">Angel gilding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eglomise" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglomise">Eglomise</a> to produce an effect visible from both sides but not exposing the decorated surface to the atmosphere or mechanical damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_and_mounting">Assembly and mounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Assembly and mounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the glass is cut and painted, the pieces are assembled by slotting them into H-sectioned lead cames. All the joints are then soldered together and the glass pieces are prevented from rattling and the window made weatherproof by forcing a soft oily cement or <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">mastic</a> between the glass and the cames. In modern windows, copper foil is now sometimes used instead of lead.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For further technical details, see <a href="/wiki/Came_glasswork" title="Came glasswork">Came glasswork</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, when a window was inserted into the window space, iron rods were put across it at various points to support its weight. The window was tied to these rods with lead strips or, more recently, with copper wires. Some very large early Gothic windows are divided into sections by heavy metal frames called <i>ferramenta</i>. This method of support was also favoured for large, usually painted, windows of the Baroque period. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerycaption">Technical details</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heaton,_Butler_and_Bayne01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Maquette by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, 19th-century English manufacturers"><img alt="Maquette by Heaton, Butler and Bayne, 19th-century English manufacturers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png/111px-Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png/166px-Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png/221px-Heaton%2C_Butler_and_Bayne01.png 2x" data-file-width="1461" data-file-height="2638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maquette by <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Butler_and_Bayne" title="Heaton, Butler and Bayne">Heaton, Butler and Bayne</a>, 19th-century English manufacturers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior of a window at Sé Velha de Coimbra, Portugal, showing a modern steel armature"><img alt="Exterior of a window at Sé Velha de Coimbra, Portugal, showing a modern steel armature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg/176px-Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg/264px-Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg/352px-Pt-coimbra-sevelha3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior of a window at <a href="/wiki/Old_Cathedral_of_Coimbra" title="Old Cathedral of Coimbra">Sé Velha de Coimbra</a>, Portugal, showing a modern steel armature</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Becket window from Canterbury showing the pot metal and painted glass, lead H-sectioned cames, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments"><img alt="Thomas Becket window from Canterbury showing the pot metal and painted glass, lead H-sectioned cames, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG/150px-Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG/225px-Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG/300px-Canterbury_Cathedral_012_window_showing_leading_and_support.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> window from <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> showing the <i>pot metal</i> and painted glass, lead H-sectioned <i>cames</i>, modern steel rods and copper wire attachments</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skilled glass cutting and leading in a 19th-century window at Meaux Cathedral, France"><img alt="Skilled glass cutting and leading in a 19th-century window at Meaux Cathedral, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg/180px-Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg/270px-Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg/360px-Meaux_Vitrail_1867_30808_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="2364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skilled glass cutting and leading in a 19th-century window at <a href="/wiki/Meaux_Cathedral" title="Meaux Cathedral">Meaux Cathedral</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyneburg_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from a 19th or 20th-century window in Eyneburg, Belgium, showing detailed polychrome painting of face."><img alt="Detail from a 19th or 20th-century window in Eyneburg, Belgium, showing detailed polychrome painting of face." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eyneburg_7.jpg/200px-Eyneburg_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eyneburg_7.jpg/300px-Eyneburg_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Eyneburg_7.jpg/400px-Eyneburg_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail from a 19th or 20th-century window in <a href="/wiki/Eyneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyneburg">Eyneburg</a>, Belgium, showing detailed polychrome painting of face.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coloured glass has been produced since ancient times. Both the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> excelled at the manufacture of small colored glass objects. <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> was important in glass manufacture with its chief centres <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. The <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> holds two of the finest Roman pieces, the <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a>, which is a murky mustard color but glows purple-red to transmitted light, and the <a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">cameo glass</a> <a href="/wiki/Portland_vase" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland vase">Portland vase</a> which is midnight blue, with a carved white overlay. </p><p>In early Christian churches of the 4th and 5th centuries, there are many remaining windows which are filled with ornate patterns of thinly-sliced <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> set into wooden frames, giving a stained-glass like effect.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of stained-glass windows in churches and monasteries in Britain can be found as early as the 7th century. The earliest known reference dates from 675 AD when <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Biscop" title="Benedict Biscop">Benedict Biscop</a> imported workmen from France to glaze the windows of the monastery of St Peter which he was building at <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a>. Hundreds of pieces of coloured glass and lead, dating back to the late 7th century, have been discovered here and at <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Middle East, the glass industry of Syria continued during the Islamic period with major centres of manufacture at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and the most important products being highly transparent colourless glass and gilded glass, rather than coloured glass.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A perfume flask from 100 BC to 200 AD"><img alt="A perfume flask from 100 BC to 200 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg/118px-Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg/177px-Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg/236px-Alabastron_Italy_Louvre_S2375.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="2060" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a> flask from 100 BC to 200 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Portland Vase, a rare example of Roman flashed glass"><img alt="The Portland Vase, a rare example of Roman flashed glass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg/132px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg/198px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg/264px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Portland_Vase" title="Portland Vase">Portland Vase</a>, a rare example of Roman flashed glass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orvieto083.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An alabaster window in Orvieto Cathedral, Italy"><img alt="An alabaster window in Orvieto Cathedral, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Orvieto083.jpg/150px-Orvieto083.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Orvieto083.jpg/226px-Orvieto083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Orvieto083.jpg/301px-Orvieto083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An alabaster window in <a href="/wiki/Orvieto_Cathedral" title="Orvieto Cathedral">Orvieto Cathedral</a>, Italy</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Southwest_Asia">In Southwest Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In Southwest Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The creation of stained glass in <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> began in ancient times. One of the region's earliest surviving formulations for the production of colored glass comes from the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, dating to the 7th-century BC. The <i>Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna</i>, attributed to the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in Islam">alchemist</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a>, discusses the production of colored glass in ancient Babylon and Egypt. The <i>Kitab al-Durra al-Maknuna</i> also describes how to create colored glass and artificial gemstones made from high-quality stained glass.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of stained glass manufacture has continued, with mosques, palaces, and public spaces being decorated with stained glass throughout the Islamic world. The stained glass of Islam is generally non-pictorial and of purely geometric design, but may contain both floral motifs and text. </p><p>Stained glass creation had flourished in Persia (now Iran) during the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> (1501–1736 A.D.), and <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a> (1751–1794 A.D.).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Persia stained glass <a href="/wiki/Sash_window" title="Sash window">sash windows</a> are called Orosi windows (or transliterated as Arasi, and Orsi), and were once used for decoration, as well as controlling the incoming sunlight in the hot and semi-arid climate.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extensive stained glasses of Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque in Shiraz, Iran, and the light passing through them"><img alt="Extensive stained glasses of Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque in Shiraz, Iran, and the light passing through them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/200px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/300px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/400px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4538" data-file-height="3513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Extensive stained glasses of <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ol-Molk_Mosque" title="Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque">Nasir-ol-Molk Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran, and the light passing through them</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass at Dowlat Abad Garden in Yazd, Iran"><img alt="Stained glass at Dowlat Abad Garden in Yazd, Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg/190px-Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg/284px-Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg/379px-Stained_glass_Photo_From_Sahand_Ace..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass at Dowlat Abad Garden in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_(12393551704).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="From a mosque in Jerusalem, this window contains highly detailed text."><img alt="From a mosque in Jerusalem, this window contains highly detailed text." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg/100px-Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg/151px-Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg/201px-Stained_glass_window_in_a_mosque_in_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem_%2812393551704%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="3762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">From a mosque in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, this window contains highly detailed text.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_glass_in_Europe">Medieval glass in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Medieval glass in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French Gothic stained glass windows</a></div> <p>Stained glass, as an art form, reached its height in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> when it became a major pictorial form used to illustrate the narratives of the Bible to a largely illiterate populace. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> period, from about 950 to 1240, the untraceried windows demanded large expanses of glass which of necessity were supported by robust iron frames, such as may be seen at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> and at the eastern end of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> developed into a more ornate form, windows grew larger, affording greater illumination to the interiors, but were divided into sections by vertical shafts and tracery of stone. This elaboration of form reached its height of complexity in the <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> style in Europe, and windows grew still larger with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpendicular style">Perpendicular style</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Rayonnant" title="Rayonnant">Rayonnant</a> style in France. </p><p>Integrated with the lofty verticals of Gothic cathedrals and parish churches, glass designs became more daring. The circular form, or <a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">rose window</a>, developed in France from relatively simple windows with openings pierced through slabs of thin stone to wheel windows, as exemplified by the west front of Chartres Cathedral, and ultimately to designs of enormous complexity, the tracery being drafted from hundreds of different points, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris and the "Bishop's Eye" at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>. </p><p>While stained glass was widely manufactured, <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a> was the greatest centre of stained glass manufacture, producing glass of unrivalled quality.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerycaption">Medieval glass in France</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a 13th-century window from Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="Detail of a 13th-century window from Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/200px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/300px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg/400px-Vitrail_Chartres_210209_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="2089" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a 13th-century window from <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Charlemagne from a Romanesque window in Strasbourg Cathedral"><img alt="Charlemagne from a Romanesque window in Strasbourg Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG/102px-Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG/153px-Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG/204px-Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG_1465_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="2707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Charlemagne</i> from a Romanesque window in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_Cathedral" title="Strasbourg Cathedral">Strasbourg Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poitiers,_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crucifixion window of Poitiers Cathedral"><img alt="The Crucifixion window of Poitiers Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG/96px-Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG/144px-Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG/193px-Poitiers%2C_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Pierre_-PM_34985_lighter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">Crucifixion</a> window of <a href="/wiki/Poitiers_Cathedral" title="Poitiers Cathedral">Poitiers Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Gothic Tree of Jesse window from Evreux Cathedral"><img alt="Late Gothic Tree of Jesse window from Evreux Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg/134px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg/202px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg/269px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Evreux_22_02_09_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Gothic <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a> window from <a href="/wiki/Evreux_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Evreux Cathedral">Evreux Cathedral</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The south transept windows from Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="The south transept windows from Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/126px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/188px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/251px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="4402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The south transept windows from Chartres Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerycaption">Medieval glass in Germany and Austria</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="King David from Augsburg Cathedral (early 12th century). One of the oldest examples in situ."><img alt="King David from Augsburg Cathedral (early 12th century). One of the oldest examples in situ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG/92px-King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG/138px-King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG/185px-King_David_in_Augsburg_Cathedral_light.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1622" data-file-height="3510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>King David</i> from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> Cathedral (early 12th century). One of the oldest examples in situ.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion with Ss Catherine, George and Margaret, Leechkirche, Graz, Austria"><img alt="Crucifixion with Ss Catherine, George and Margaret, Leechkirche, Graz, Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG/150px-Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG/225px-Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG/300px-Graz_Leechkirche_20061105_adjusted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Crucifixion with Ss Catherine, George and Margaret</i>, Leechkirche, <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Austria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The windows of the choir of Cologne Cathedral (early 14th century)"><img alt="The windows of the choir of Cologne Cathedral (early 14th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg/133px-Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg/200px-Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg/266px-Koeln-Hohe_Domkirche_St_Peter_und_Maria-Zentrum_des_Chorobergadens_mit_Koenigsfenstern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The windows of the choir of <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (early 14th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Crucifixion and Virgin and Child in Majesty, Cologne Cathedral (1340)"><img alt="The Crucifixion and Virgin and Child in Majesty, Cologne Cathedral (1340)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG/171px-Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG" decoding="async" width="171" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG/256px-Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG/341px-Kapellenfenster_K%C3%B6ln_um_1340_KGM_paste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Crucifixion</i> and <i>Virgin and Child in Majesty</i>, Cologne Cathedral (1340)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ulm Munster, The Last Judgement by Hans Acker (1430)"><img alt="Ulm Munster, The Last Judgement by Hans Acker (1430)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG/108px-Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG/162px-Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG/217px-Ulm-Muenster-BessererKapelle-SuedFenster_adjusted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Munster" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulm Munster">Ulm Munster</a>, <i>The Last Judgement</i> by Hans Acker (1430)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerycaption">Medieval glass in England</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a Tree of Jesse from York Minster (c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England"><img alt="Detail of a Tree of Jesse from York Minster (c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/195px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG" decoding="async" width="195" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/292px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG/389px-England_YorkMinster_JesseTree_c1170.JPG 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a> from <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> (c. 1170), the oldest stained-glass window in England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Poor Man's Bible window from Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="The Poor Man's Bible window from Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/106px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/158px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG/211px-Canterbury_Cathedral_020_Poor_Mans_Bbible_Window_01_adj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="4536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a> window from <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="South transept window at Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)"><img alt="South transept window at Canterbury Cathedral (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG/106px-Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG/159px-Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG/212px-Canterbury_Cathedral_window_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="3603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South transept window at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The west window of York Minster (1338–39)"><img alt="The west window of York Minster (1338–39)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG/107px-York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG/161px-York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG/215px-York_York_minster_windows_003_crop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west window of York Minster (1338–39)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Last Judgement, St Mary's Church, Fairford, Barnard Flower (1500–17)[30]"><img alt="The Last Judgement, St Mary's Church, Fairford, Barnard Flower (1500–17)[30]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg/138px-Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg/208px-Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg/277px-Fairford_st_mary_011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Last Judgement</i>, St Mary's Church, <a href="/wiki/Fairford" title="Fairford">Fairford</a>, Barnard Flower (1500–17)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance,_Reformation_and_Classical_windows"><span id="Renaissance.2C_Reformation_and_Classical_windows"></span>Renaissance, Reformation and Classical windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Renaissance, Reformation and Classical windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Probably the earliest scheme of stained glass <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a> that was created during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> was that for Florence Cathedral, devised by <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme includes three ocular windows for the dome and three for the facade which were designed from 1405 to 1445 by several of the most renowned artists of this period: <a href="/wiki/Ghiberti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiberti">Ghiberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Uccello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Castagno" title="Andrea del Castagno">Andrea del Castagno</a>. Each major ocular window contains a single picture drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Christ_in_art" title="Life of Christ in art">Life of Christ</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_the_Virgin" title="Life of the Virgin">Life of the Virgin Mary</a>, surrounded by a wide floral border, with two smaller facade windows by Ghiberti showing the martyred deacons, <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="St Stephen">St Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="St Lawrence">St Lawrence</a>. One of the cupola windows has since been lost, and that by Donatello has lost nearly all of its painted details.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe, stained glass continued to be produced; the style evolved from the Gothic to the Classical, which is well represented in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, despite the rise of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>. In France, much glass of this period was produced at the <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> factory, and in Italy at <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a>, where stained glass and faceted <a href="/wiki/Lead_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead crystal">lead crystal</a> are often coupled together in the same window. The French Revolution brought about the neglect or destruction of many windows in France. Nonetheless, the country still holds the largest set of Renaissance stained glass in its churches, particularly in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> where there were vivid ateliers in many cities until the early 17th century with the stained glass painter <a href="/wiki/Linard_Gonthier" title="Linard Gonthier">Linard Gonthier</a> being active in <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> until <a href="/wiki/1642" title="1642">1642</a>. There are 1042 preserved 16th-century windows in the <a href="/wiki/Aube" title="Aube">Aube</a> department alone.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a> in England, large numbers of medieval and Renaissance windows were smashed and replaced with plain glass. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and the injunctions of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> against "abused images" (the object of veneration) resulted in the loss of thousands of windows. Few remain undamaged; of these the windows in the private chapel at <a href="/wiki/Hengrave_Hall" title="Hengrave Hall">Hengrave Hall</a> in Suffolk are among the finest. With the latter wave of destruction the traditional methods of working with stained glass died, and were not rediscovered in England until the early 19th century. See <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_%E2%80%93_British_glass,_1811%E2%80%931918" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918">Stained glass – British glass, 1811–1918</a> for more details. </p><p>In the Netherlands a rare scheme of glass has remained intact at <a href="/wiki/Sint_Janskerk" title="Sint Janskerk">Grote Sint-Jan</a> Church, <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>. The windows, some of which are 18 metres (59 feet) high, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Crabeth">Dirck Crabeth</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wouter Crabeth">Wouter</a>. Many of the original cartoons still exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidimus1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidimus1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paolo_uccello,_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Resurrection, Paolo Uccello (1443–1445), one of a series in the dome of Florence Cathedral designed by renowned Renaissance artists"><img alt="The Resurrection, Paolo Uccello (1443–1445), one of a series in the dome of Florence Cathedral designed by renowned Renaissance artists" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg/200px-Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg/300px-Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg/400px-Paolo_uccello%2C_vetrata_della_resurrezione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Resurrection</i>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a> (1443–1445), one of a series in the dome of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> designed by renowned Renaissance artists</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_di_Domenico,_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation,_1498-1503,_NGA_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Angel of the Annunciation, Giovanni di Domenico (1498–1503), National Gallery of Art"><img alt="The Angel of the Annunciation, Giovanni di Domenico (1498–1503), National Gallery of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg/83px-Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg/124px-Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg/165px-Giovanni_di_Domenico%2C_The_Angel_of_the_Annunciation%2C_1498-1503%2C_NGA_1472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Angel of the Annunciation</i>, Giovanni di Domenico (1498–1503), <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De-moles-vitrail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance stained glass, Auch Cathedral, France, Arnaud de Moles (detail, 1507–1513)"><img alt="Renaissance stained glass, Auch Cathedral, France, Arnaud de Moles (detail, 1507–1513)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/De-moles-vitrail.jpg/200px-De-moles-vitrail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/De-moles-vitrail.jpg/300px-De-moles-vitrail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/De-moles-vitrail.jpg/400px-De-moles-vitrail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance stained glass, <a href="/wiki/Auch_Cathedral" title="Auch Cathedral">Auch Cathedral</a>, France, Arnaud de Moles (detail, 1507–1513)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="East window of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Galyon Hone (1515–1531)"><img alt="East window of King's College Chapel, Cambridge, Galyon Hone (1515–1531)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg/105px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg/158px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg/210px-King%27s_College_Chapel%2C_Cambridge_-_The_Great_East_Window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="4465" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">East window of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galyon_Hone" title="Galyon Hone">Galyon Hone</a> (1515–1531)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Passion of Christ: the Capture and Crucifixion, Saint-Pierre, Limours, France (1520)"><img alt="The Passion of Christ: the Capture and Crucifixion, Saint-Pierre, Limours, France (1520)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG/122px-Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG" decoding="async" width="122" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG/183px-Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG/244px-Limours_Saint-Pierre_738_adjusted.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="3518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion of Christ">Passion of Christ</a></i>: the Capture and Crucifixion, Saint-Pierre, <a href="/wiki/Limours" title="Limours">Limours</a>, France (1520)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beauvais_(60),_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne,_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tree of Jesse window, Church of St-Étienne, Beauvais, France, Engrand Le Prince (1522–1524)"><img alt="Tree of Jesse window, Church of St-Étienne, Beauvais, France, Engrand Le Prince (1522–1524)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg/150px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg/225px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg/300px-Beauvais_%2860%29%2C_%C3%A9glise_Saint-%C3%89tienne%2C_baie_n%C2%B0_5_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a></i> window, Church of St-Étienne, <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, France, Engrand Le Prince (1522–1524)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Death and Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Church of SS Ägidius and Koloman, Steyr, Austria (1523)"><img alt="The Death and Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Church of SS Ägidius and Koloman, Steyr, Austria (1523)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG/117px-Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG/175px-Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG/234px-Stadtpfarrkirche_Steyr_-_Renaissancefenster_crop_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="2188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption of the Virgin">Death and Assumption</a> of the Virgin Mary</i>, Church of SS Ägidius and Koloman, <a href="/wiki/Steyr" title="Steyr">Steyr</a>, Austria (1523)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chalons-en-Champagne_(81-A)_straight.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Adam and Eve from the Cathedral of St-Etienne, Châlons-en-Champagne, France"><img alt="Detail of Adam and Eve from the Cathedral of St-Etienne, Châlons-en-Champagne, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG/141px-Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG/212px-Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG/283px-Chalons-en-Champagne_%2881-A%29_straight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> from the Cathedral of St-Etienne, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Domestic window by Dirck Crabeth for the house of Adriaen Dircxzoon van Crimpen of Leiden (1543). The windows show scenes from the lives of the Prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul. Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.[33]"><img alt="Domestic window by Dirck Crabeth for the house of Adriaen Dircxzoon van Crimpen of Leiden. (1543) The windows show scenes from the lives of the Prophet Samuel and the Apostle Paul. Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG/199px-Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG" decoding="async" width="199" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG/299px-Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG/398px-Paris_ArtsD%C3%A9coratifs_Paulus_54.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="2185" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Domestic window by <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Crabeth">Dirck Crabeth</a> for the house of Adriaen Dircxzoon van Crimpen of Leiden (1543). The windows show scenes from the lives of the Prophet <a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a> and the Apostle <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a>. Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidimus1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidimus1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo,_Vicente_Menardo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Window of the Conversion of St Paol, Chapel od St James, Seville Cathedral, Spain, Visente Mentdo (1560)"><img alt="Window of the Conversion of St Paol, Chapel od St James, Seville Cathedral, Spain, Visente Mentdo (1560)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg/150px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg/225px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg/300px-Conversi%C3%B3n_de_San_Pablo%2C_Vicente_Menardo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Window of the Conversion of St Paol, Chapel od St James, <a href="/wiki/Seville_Cathedral" title="Seville Cathedral">Seville Cathedral</a>, Spain, Visente Mentdo (1560)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_(Venice).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Renaissance window in the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo, Venice (16th century)"><img alt="Renaissance window in the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo, Venice (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg/145px-Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg/218px-Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg/291px-Stained_glass_window_of_right_transept_of_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo_%28Venice%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4904" data-file-height="6747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Renaissance window in the church of SS Giovanni and Paolo, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The story of how the Crown of Thorns passed from John of Brienne and Baldwin II of Constantinople to Saint Louis IX of France, Moulins Cathedral, France (16th century)"><img alt="The story of how the Crown of Thorns passed from John of Brienne and Baldwin II of Constantinople to Saint Louis IX of France, Moulins Cathedral, France (16th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg/179px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg/268px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg/358px-Vitrail_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Moulins_160609_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="2143" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The story of how the <i><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Thorns">Crown of Thorns</a></i> passed from <a href="/wiki/John_of_Brienne" title="John of Brienne">John of Brienne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin II of Constantinople">Baldwin II of Constantinople</a> to Saint <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moulins_Cathedral" title="Moulins Cathedral">Moulins Cathedral</a>, France (16th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Triumph of Freedom of Conscience, Sint Janskerk, maker Adriaen Gerritszoon de Vrije (Gouda); design Joachim Wtewael (Utrecht), Netherlands (1595–1600)"><img alt="The Triumph of Freedom of Conscience, Sint Janskerk, maker Adriaen Gerritszoon de Vrije (Gouda); design Joachim Wtewael (Utrecht), Netherlands (1595–1600)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg/96px-Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg/144px-Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg/192px-Gouda-Sint-Janskerk-Glas01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="2146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Triumph of Freedom of Conscience</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Janskerk" title="Sint Janskerk">Sint Janskerk</a>, maker Adriaen Gerritszoon de Vrije (<a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda</a>); design Joachim Wtewael (<a href="/wiki/Utrecht" title="Utrecht">Utrecht</a>), Netherlands (1595–1600)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glass painting depicting Mordnacht (murder night) on 23/24 February 1350 and heraldry of the first Meisen guild's Zunfthaus, Zürich, Switzerland (c. 1650)"><img alt="Glass painting depicting Mordnacht (murder night) on 23/24 February 1350 and heraldry of the first Meisen guild's Zunfthaus, Zürich, Switzerland (c. 1650)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg/156px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg/234px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg/312px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Mordnacht_1350_Wappenscheibe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glass painting depicting Mordnacht (murder night) on 23/24 February 1350 and heraldry of the first Meisen guild's Zunfthaus, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, Switzerland (c. 1650)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Latin_America">In Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_in_Chile" title="Stained glass in Chile">Stained glass in Chile</a></div> <p>Stained glass was first imported to Latin America during the 17th–18th centuries by Portuguese and Spanish settlers. By the 20th century, many European artists had begun to establish their own studios within Latin America and had started up local production. With these new local studios came inventive techniques and less traditional imagery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of these more modern works of art are the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourde and the Templo Vótivo de Maipú both located in Chile. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Largest rose window in the Basílica del Voto Nacional located in Quito, Ecuador"><img alt="Largest rose window in the Basílica del Voto Nacional located in Quito, Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg/150px-Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg/225px-Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg/300px-Quito%E2%80%99s_Basilica_del_Voto_Nacional.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Largest rose window in the <a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_del_Voto_Nacional" title="Basílica del Voto Nacional">Basílica del Voto Nacional</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas%C3%ADlica_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large stained glass window at the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourdes. Located in Buenos Aires, Argentina"><img alt="Large stained glass window at the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourdes. Located in Buenos Aires, Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bas%C3%ADlica_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes.jpg/126px-Bas%C3%ADlica_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/Bas%C3%ADlica_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Lourdes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large stained glass window at the Basílica Nuestra Señora de Lourdes. Located in Buenos Aires, Argentina</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">Revival in Great Britain and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Revival in Great Britain and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_stained_glass_(1811%E2%80%931918)" title="British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)">British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)</a></div> <p>The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> to be "the true Catholic style". The architectural movement was led by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Welby Pugin</a>. Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about a great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making. </p><p>Among the earliest 19th-century English manufacturers and designers were <a href="/wiki/William_Warrington" title="William Warrington">William Warrington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">John Hardman</a> of Birmingham, whose nephew, John Hardman Powell, had a commercial eye and exhibited works at the Philadelphia Exhibition of 1876, influencing stained glass in the United States of America. Other manufacturers included <a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ward_and_Hughes" title="Ward and Hughes">Ward and Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell" title="Clayton and Bell">Clayton and Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Butler_and_Bayne" title="Heaton, Butler and Bayne">Heaton, Butler and Bayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eamer_Kempe" title="Charles Eamer Kempe">Charles Eamer Kempe</a>. A Scottish designer, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cottier" title="Daniel Cottier">Daniel Cottier</a>, opened firms in Australia and the US. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail, Apostles John and Paul, Hardman of Birmingham (1861–1867), typical of Hardman in its elegant arrangement of figures and purity of colour. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney"><img alt="Detail, Apostles John and Paul, Hardman of Birmingham (1861–1867), typical of Hardman in its elegant arrangement of figures and purity of colour. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg/106px-St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg/160px-St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg/213px-St_Andrews_window_08_6_west_John_and_Paul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail, <i>Apostles John and Paul</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hardman_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardman of Birmingham">Hardman of Birmingham</a> (1861–1867), typical of Hardman in its elegant arrangement of figures and purity of colour. <a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of England's largest windows, the east window of Lincoln Cathedral, Ward and Nixon (1855), is a formal arrangement of small narrative scenes in roundels"><img alt="One of England's largest windows, the east window of Lincoln Cathedral, Ward and Nixon (1855), is a formal arrangement of small narrative scenes in roundels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg/150px-Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg/225px-Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg/300px-Lincoln_Cathedral_East_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of England's largest windows, the east window of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Nixon" title="James Henry Nixon">Ward and Nixon</a> (1855), is a formal arrangement of small narrative scenes in roundels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="William Wailes. This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament, and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm. St Mary's, Chilham"><img alt="William Wailes. This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament, and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm. St Mary's, Chilham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/139px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/208px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG/278px-Chilham_StMarys_EastWindow19thC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1059" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a>. This window has the bright pastel colour, wealth of inventive ornament, and stereotypical gestures of windows by this firm. St Mary's, Chilham</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Clayton and Bell. A narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations. Peterborough Cathedral"><img alt="Clayton and Bell. A narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations. Peterborough Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG/121px-Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG/182px-Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG/242px-Peterborough_Cathedral_glass_02_b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1286" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell" title="Clayton and Bell">Clayton and Bell</a>. A narrative window with elegant forms and colour which is both brilliant and subtle in its combinations. <a href="/wiki/Peterborough_Cathedral" title="Peterborough Cathedral">Peterborough Cathedral</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_in_France">Revival in France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Revival in France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_stained_glass_manufacturers" title="List of French stained glass manufacturers">List of French stained glass manufacturers</a></div> <p>In France there was a greater continuity of stained glass production than in England. In the early 19th century most stained glass was made of large panes that were extensively painted and fired, the designs often being copied directly from oil paintings by famous artists. In 1824 the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a> porcelain factory began producing stained glass to supply the increasing demand. In France many churches and cathedrals suffered despoliation during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. During the 19th century a great number of churches were restored by <a href="/wiki/Viollet-le-Duc" class="mw-redirect" title="Viollet-le-Duc">Viollet-le-Duc</a>. Many of France's finest ancient windows were restored at that time. From 1839 onwards much stained glass was produced that very closely imitated medieval glass, both in the artwork and in the nature of the glass itself. The pioneers were Henri Gèrente and André Lusson.<sup id="cite_ref-GC_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other glass was designed in a more Classical manner, and characterised by the brilliant cerulean colour of the blue backgrounds (as against the purple-blue of the glass of Chartres) and the use of pink and mauve glass. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of a "Tree of Jesse" window in Reims Cathedral designed in the 13th-century style by L. Steiheil and painted by Coffetier for Viollet-le-Duc (1861)"><img alt="Detail of a "Tree of Jesse" window in Reims Cathedral designed in the 13th-century style by L. Steiheil and painted by Coffetier for Viollet-le-Duc (1861)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg/154px-Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg/232px-Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg/309px-Vitrail_du_19%C3%A8me_si%C3%A8cle_Reims_020208_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of a "Tree of Jesse" window in <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> designed in the 13th-century style by L. Steiheil and painted by Coffetier for Viollet-le-Duc (1861)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_(10).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St Louis administering Justice by Lobin in the painterly style, Church of St Medard, Thouars (19th century)"><img alt="St Louis administering Justice by Lobin in the painterly style, Church of St Medard, Thouars (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG/108px-Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG/163px-Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG/217px-Thouars_%C3%A9glise_St_M%C3%A9dard_%2810%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2717" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Louis administering Justice</i> by Lobin in the painterly style, Church of St Medard, <a href="/wiki/Thouars" title="Thouars">Thouars</a> (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A brightly coloured window at Cassagnes-Bégonhès, Aveyron"><img alt="A brightly coloured window at Cassagnes-Bégonhès, Aveyron" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG/133px-Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG/200px-Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG/267px-Cassagnes_vitrail_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A brightly coloured window at <a href="/wiki/Cassagnes-B%C3%A9gonh%C3%A8s" title="Cassagnes-Bégonhès">Cassagnes-Bégonhès</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aveyron" title="Aveyron">Aveyron</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West window from Saint-Urbain, Troyes (c. 1900)"><img alt="West window from Saint-Urbain, Troyes (c. 1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg/170px-Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg/254px-Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg/339px-Vitrail_Saint-Urbain_Troyes_110208_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West window from <a href="/wiki/Saint-Urbain,_Troyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Urbain, Troyes">Saint-Urbain, Troyes</a> (c. 1900)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_in_Germany,_Austria_and_beyond"><span id="Revival_in_Germany.2C_Austria_and_beyond"></span>Revival in Germany, Austria and beyond</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Revival in Germany, Austria and beyond"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the mid- to late 19th century, many of Germany's ancient buildings were restored, and some, such as <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a>, were completed in the medieval style. There was a great demand for stained glass. The designs for many windows were based directly on the work of famous engravers such as <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>. Original designs often imitate this style. Much 19th-century German glass has large sections of painted detail rather than outlines and details dependent on the lead. The Royal Bavarian Glass Painting Studio was founded by Ludwig I in 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-GC_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major firm was <a href="/wiki/Mayer_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayer of Munich">Mayer of Munich</a>, which commenced glass production in 1860, and is still operating as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayer-of-munich.com/"><i>Franz Mayer of Munich, Inc.</i></a>. German stained glass found a market across Europe, in America and Australia. Stained glass studios were also founded in Italy and Belgium at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-GC_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GC-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, one of the leading stained glass artists was Carl Geyling, who founded his studio in 1841. His son would continue the tradition as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Geyling%27s_Erben" title="Carl Geyling's Erben">Carl Geyling's Erben</a>, which still exists today. Carl Geyling's Erben completed numerous stained glass windows for major churches in Vienna and elsewhere, and received an imperial and <a href="/wiki/Royal_warrant_of_appointment" title="Royal warrant of appointment">royal warrant of appointment</a> from emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_window,_interior_view_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of five windows donated by Ludwig II of Bavaria to Cologne Cathedral (19th century)"><img alt="One of five windows donated by Ludwig II of Bavaria to Cologne Cathedral (19th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/84px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/126px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg/169px-Cologne_Cathedral_window%2C_interior_view_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1888" data-file-height="4470" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of five windows donated by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> (19th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three scenes of the Legend of the Sacrament of Miracle, Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, Brussels, Belgium (c. 1870)"><img alt="Three scenes of the Legend of the Sacrament of Miracle, Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, Brussels, Belgium (c. 1870)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg/200px-Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg/300px-Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg/400px-Bruxels_April_2012-11a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5251" data-file-height="3395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three scenes of the <i>Legend of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Miracle">Sacrament of Miracle</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium (c. 1870)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_of_Sweden_(1568)_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Catherine of Sweden (1568) with two pages, Turku Cathedral, Finland (c. 1875)"><img alt="Queen Catherine of Sweden (1568) with two pages, Turku Cathedral, Finland (c. 1875)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg/176px-Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg/264px-Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg/352px-Catherine_of_Sweden_%281568%29_%26_pages_c_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="2737" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Queen <a href="/wiki/Karin_M%C3%A5nsdotter" title="Karin Månsdotter">Catherine of Sweden</a> (1568) with two pages, <a href="/wiki/Turku_Cathedral" title="Turku Cathedral">Turku Cathedral</a>, Finland (c. 1875)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche,_Olomouc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A window in the Late Gothic style, St Maurice's Church, Olomouc, Czech Republic (early 20th century)"><img alt="A window in the Late Gothic style, St Maurice's Church, Olomouc, Czech Republic (early 20th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg/200px-Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg/300px-Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg/400px-Stained_glass_in_Saint_Maurice_churche%2C_Olomouc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2901" data-file-height="2081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A window in the Late Gothic style, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Maurice_(Olomouc)" title="Church of Saint Maurice (Olomouc)">St Maurice's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olomouc" title="Olomouc">Olomouc</a>, Czech Republic (early 20th century)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations_in_Britain_and_Europe">Innovations in Britain and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Innovations in Britain and Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most innovative English designers were the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> (1834–1898) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> (1833–1898), whose work heralds the influential <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>, which regenerated stained glass throughout the English-speaking world. Amongst its most important exponents in England was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Whall" title="Christopher Whall">Christopher Whall</a> (1849–1924), author of the classic craft manual 'Stained Glass Work' (published London and New York, 1905), who advocated the direct involvement of designers in the making of their windows. His masterpiece is the series of windows (1898–1910) in the Lady Chapel at Gloucester Cathedral. Whall taught at London's Royal College of Art and Central School of Arts and Crafts: his many pupils and followers included Karl Parsons, Mary Lowndes, Henry Payne, Caroline Townshend, Veronica Whall (his daughter) and Paul Woodroffe.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish artist Douglas Strachan (1875–1950), who was much influenced by Whall's example, developed the Arts & Crafts idiom in an expressionist manner, in which powerful imagery and meticulous technique are masterfully combined. In Ireland, a generation of young artists taught by Whall's pupil Alfred Child at Dublin's Metropolitan School of Art created a distinctive national school of stained glass: its leading representatives were Wilhelmina Geddes, Michael Healy and Harry Clarke. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Belle_Epoque" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle Epoque">Belle Epoque</a> stained glass design flourished in France, and Eastern Europe, where it can be identified by the use of curving, sinuous lines in the lead, and swirling motifs. In France it is seen in the work of Francis Chigot of Limoges. In Britain it appears in the refined and formal <a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">leadlight</a> designs of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh" title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh">Charles Rennie Mackintosh</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon,_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris,_Trinity_Church,_Boston,_Massachusetts.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="David's charge to Solomon shows the strongly linear design and use of flashed glass for which Burne-Jones' designs are famous. Trinity Church, Boston, US, (1882)"><img alt="David's charge to Solomon shows the strongly linear design and use of flashed glass for which Burne-Jones' designs are famous. Trinity Church, Boston, US, (1882)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/200px-David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/300px-David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG/400px-David%27s_Charge_to_Solomon%2C_by_Burne-Jones_and_Morris%2C_Trinity_Church%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>David's charge to Solomon</i> shows the strongly linear design and use of flashed glass for which Burne-Jones' designs are famous. Trinity Church, Boston, US, (1882)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="God the Creator by Stanisław Wyspiański, this window has no glass painting, but relies entirely on leadlines and skilful placement of colour and tone. Franciscan Church, Kraków, Poland (c. 1900)"><img alt="God the Creator by Stanisław Wyspiański, this window has no glass painting, but relies entirely on leadlines and skilful placement of colour and tone. Franciscan Church, Kraków, Poland (c. 1900)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg/101px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg/152px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg/202px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Church_of_St._Francis_-_Stained_glass_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="2878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>God the Creator</i> by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Wyspiański">Stanisław Wyspiański</a>, this window has no glass painting, but relies entirely on leadlines and skilful placement of colour and tone. Franciscan Church, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Window by Alfons Mucha, Saint Vitus Cathedral Prague, has a montage of images, rather than a tightly organised visual structure, creating an Expressionistic effect."><img alt="Window by Alfons Mucha, Saint Vitus Cathedral Prague, has a montage of images, rather than a tightly organised visual structure, creating an Expressionistic effect." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG/150px-Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG/225px-Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG/300px-Mucha_window_in_St_Vitus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Window by <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Mucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfons Mucha">Alfons Mucha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vitus_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vitus Cathedral">Saint Vitus Cathedral</a> Prague, has a montage of images, rather than a tightly organised visual structure, creating an Expressionistic effect.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Art Nouveau by Jacques Grüber, the glass harmonising with the curving architectural forms that surround it, Musée de l'École de Nancy (1904)."><img alt="Art Nouveau by Jacques Grüber, the glass harmonising with the curving architectural forms that surround it, Musée de l'École de Nancy (1904)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg/150px-Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg/225px-Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg/300px-Aquarium_de_l%27Ecole_de_Nancy_04_by_Line1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Art Nouveau by Jacques Grüber, the glass harmonising with the curving architectural forms that surround it, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27%C3%89cole_de_Nancy" title="Musée de l'École de Nancy">Musée de l'École de Nancy</a> (1904).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations_in_the_United_States">Innovations in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Innovations in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany glass</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J%26R_Lamb_Studios" title="J&R Lamb Studios">J&R Lamb Studios</a>, established in 1857 in New York City, was the first major decorative arts studio in the United States and for many years a major producer of ecclesiastical stained glass. </p><p>Notable American practitioners include <a href="/wiki/John_La_Farge" title="John La Farge">John La Farge</a> (1835–1910), who invented opalescent glass and for which he received a U.S. patent on 24 February 1880, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a> (1848–1933), who received several patents for variations of the same opalescent process in November of the same year and he used the copper foil method as an alternative to lead in some windows, lamps and other decorations. Sanford Bray of Boston patented the use of copper foil in stained glass in 1886,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a reaction against the aesthetics and technique of opalescent windows - led initially by architects such as Ralph Adams Cram - led to a rediscovery of traditional stained glass in the early 1900s. Charles J. Connick (1875–1945), who founded his Boston studio in 1913, was profoundly influenced by his study of medieval stained glass in Europe and by the Arts & Crafts philosophy of Englishman Christopher Whall. Connick created hundreds of windows throughout the US, including major glazing schemes at Princeton University Chapel (1927-9) and at Pittsburgh's Heinz Memorial Chapel (1937-8).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other American artist-makers who espoused a medieval-inspired idiom included Nicola D'Ascenzo of Philadelphia, Wilbur Burnham and Reynolds, Francis & Rohnstock of Boston and Henry Wynd Young and J. Gordon Guthrie of New York. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company,_c._1890.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Many of the distinctive types of glass invented by Tiffany are demonstrated within this single small panel including "fracture-streamer glass" and "drapery glass"."><img alt="Many of the distinctive types of glass invented by Tiffany are demonstrated within this single small panel including "fracture-streamer glass" and "drapery glass"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG/150px-Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG/225px-Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG/300px-Girl_with_Cherry_Blossoms_-_Tiffany_Glass_%26_Decorating_Company%2C_c._1890.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Many of the distinctive types of glass invented by Tiffany are demonstrated within this single small panel including "<a href="/wiki/Fracture-streamer_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fracture-streamer glass">fracture-streamer glass</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Drapery_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapery glass">drapery glass</a>".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_LaFarge,_Angel_of_Help_(North_Easton,_MA).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Angel of Help, John La Farge, North Easton, MA, shows the use of tiny panes contrasting with large areas of opalescent glass. Window restored by Victor Rothman Stained Glass, Yonkers NY."><img alt="The Angel of Help, John La Farge, North Easton, MA, shows the use of tiny panes contrasting with large areas of opalescent glass. Window restored by Victor Rothman Stained Glass, Yonkers NY." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG/154px-John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG/231px-John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG/308px-John_LaFarge%2C_Angel_of_Help_%28North_Easton%2C_MA%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2363" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Angel of Help</i>, <a href="/wiki/John_La_Farge" title="John La Farge">John La Farge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Massachusetts" title="Easton, Massachusetts">North Easton, MA</a>, shows the use of tiny panes contrasting with large areas of opalescent glass. Window restored by Victor Rothman Stained Glass, Yonkers NY.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Religion Enthroned, J&R Lamb Studios, designer Frederick Stymetz Lamb (c. 1900). Brooklyn Museum. Symmetrical design, "Aesthetic Style", a limited palette and extensive use of mottled glass."><img alt="Religion Enthroned, J&R Lamb Studios, designer Frederick Stymetz Lamb (c. 1900). Brooklyn Museum. Symmetrical design, "Aesthetic Style", a limited palette and extensive use of mottled glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg/134px-Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg/201px-Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Religion_Enthroned_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Religion Enthroned</i>, <a href="/wiki/J%26R_Lamb_Studios" title="J&R Lamb Studios">J&R Lamb Studios</a>, designer Frederick Stymetz Lamb (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>). <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. Symmetrical design, "Aesthetic Style", a limited palette and extensive use of mottled glass.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy City by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1905). This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow etched glass for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water."><img alt="The Holy City by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1905). This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow etched glass for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Holy_City.jpg/124px-The_Holy_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Holy_City.jpg/186px-The_Holy_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/The_Holy_City.jpg/248px-The_Holy_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Holy City</i> by Louis Comfort Tiffany (1905). This 58-panel window has brilliant red, orange, and yellow <a href="/wiki/Etching_(glass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Etching (glass)">etched glass</a> for the sunrise, with textured glass used to create the effect of moving water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A trompe l'oeil glass (c. 1884), Eugène Stanislas Oudinot, design Richard Morris Hunt, for home of Henry Gurdon Marquand, New York City."><img alt="A trompe l'oeil glass (c. 1884), Eugène Stanislas Oudinot, design Richard Morris Hunt, for home of Henry Gurdon Marquand, New York City." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg/163px-Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg/244px-Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg/325px-Henry_G._Marquand_House_Conservatory_Stained_Glass_Window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="3175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A trompe l'oeil glass (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>), Eugène Stanislas Oudinot, design <a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt" title="Richard Morris Hunt">Richard Morris Hunt</a>, for home of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gurdon_Marquand" title="Henry Gurdon Marquand">Henry Gurdon Marquand</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_and_21st_centuries">20th and 21st centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 20th and 21st centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many 19th-century firms failed early in the 20th century as the Gothic movement was superseded by newer styles. At the same time there were also some interesting developments where stained glass artists took studios in shared facilities. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/The_Glass_House_(Fulham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glass House (Fulham)">Glass House</a> in London set up by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lowndes" title="Mary Lowndes">Mary Lowndes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Drury_(stained_glass_artist)" title="Alfred Drury (stained glass artist)">Alfred J. Drury</a> and <a href="/wiki/An_T%C3%BAr_Gloine" title="An Túr Gloine">An Túr Gloine</a> in Dublin, which was run by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Purser" title="Sarah Purser">Sarah Purser</a> and included artists such as <a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a>. </p><p>A revival occurred in the middle of the century because of a desire to restore thousands of church windows throughout Europe destroyed as a result of World War II bombing. German artists led the way. Much work of the period is mundane and often was not made by its designers, but industrially produced. </p><p>Other artists sought to transform an ancient art form into a contemporary one, sometimes using traditional techniques while exploiting the medium of glass in innovative ways and in combination with different materials. The use of slab glass, a technique known as <a href="/wiki/Dalle_de_verre" title="Dalle de verre">dalle de verre</a>, where the glass is set in <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> or epoxy resin, was a 20th-century innovation credited to <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaudin_(glass_artist)" title="Jean Gaudin (glass artist)">Jean Gaudin</a> and brought to the UK by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fourmaintraux" title="Pierre Fourmaintraux">Pierre Fourmaintraux</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source for role of Fourmaintraux ? (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the most prolific glass artists using this technique was the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine monk</a> <a href="/wiki/Dom_Charles_Norris" title="Dom Charles Norris">Dom Charles Norris</a> OSB of <a href="/wiki/Buckfast_Abbey" title="Buckfast Abbey">Buckfast Abbey</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gemmail" title="Gemmail">Gemmail</a>, a technique developed by the French artist Jean Crotti in 1936 and perfected in the 1950s, is a type of stained glass where adjacent pieces of glass are overlapped without using lead <a href="/wiki/Came" title="Came">cames</a> to join the pieces, allowing for greater diversity and subtlety of colour.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many famous works by late 19th- and early 20th-century painters, notably <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a>, have been reproduced in gemmail.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major exponent of this technique is the German artist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Womacka" title="Walter Womacka">Walter Womacka</a>. </p><p>Among the early well-known 20th-century artists who experimented with stained glass as an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> form were <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>. In the 1960s and 1970s the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> produced designs for many stained glass windows that are intensely coloured and crammed with symbolic details. Important 20th-century stained glass artists include <a href="/wiki/John_Hayward_(stained_glass_maker)" title="John Hayward (stained glass maker)">John Hayward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Strachan" title="Douglas Strachan">Douglas Strachan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ervin_Bossanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin Bossanyi">Ervin Bossanyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Davis_(painter)" title="Louis Davis (painter)">Louis Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Geddes" title="Wilhelmina Geddes">Wilhelmina Geddes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Parsons" title="Karl Parsons">Karl Parsons</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Reyntiens" title="Patrick Reyntiens">Patrick Reyntiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Schreiter" title="Johannes Schreiter">Johannes Schreiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Woodroffe" title="Paul Woodroffe">Paul Woodroffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine" title="Jean René Bazaine">Jean René Bazaine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Saint-S%C3%A9verin_(Paris)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Séverin (Paris)">Saint Séverin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_de_Castro_(artist)" title="Sergio de Castro (artist)">Sergio de Castro</a> at Couvrechef- La Folie (<a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamburg-Dulsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamburg-Dulsberg (page does not exist)">Hamburg-Dulsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romont" title="Romont">Romont</a> (Switzerland), and the Loire Studio of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Loire" title="Gabriel Loire">Gabriel Loire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>. The west windows of England's <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Cathedral" title="Manchester Cathedral">Manchester Cathedral</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hollaway" title="Tony Hollaway">Tony Hollaway</a>, are some of the most notable examples of symbolic work. </p><p>In Germany, stained glass development continued with the inter-war work of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Thorn_Prikker" title="Johan Thorn Prikker">Johan Thorn Prikker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josef_Albers" title="Josef Albers">Josef Albers</a>, and the post-war achievements of Joachim Klos, Johannes Schreiter and Ludwig Shaffrath. This group of artists, who advanced the medium through the abandonment of figurative designs and painting on glass in favour of a mix of biomorphic and rigorously geometric abstraction, and the calligraphic non-functional use of leads,<sup id="cite_ref-Harrod-p452_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrod-p452-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are described as having produced "the first authentic school of stained glass since the Middle Ages".<sup id="cite_ref-20th_century_stained_glass_-_Britannica_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20th_century_stained_glass_-_Britannica-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of Ludwig Schaffrath demonstrate the late 20th-century trends in the use of stained glass for architectural purposes, filling entire walls with coloured and textured glass. In the 1970s young British stained-glass artists such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a> were influenced by the large scale and abstraction in German twentieth-century glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrod-p452_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrod-p452-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, the professional organisation for stained glass artists has been the British Society of Master Glass Painters, founded in 1921. Since 1924 the BSMGP has published an annual journal, The Journal of Stained Glass. It continues to be Britain's only organisation devoted exclusively to the art and craft of stained glass. From the outset, its chief objectives have been to promote and encourage high standards in stained glass painting and staining, to act as a locus for the exchange of information and ideas within the stained glass craft and to preserve the invaluable stained glass heritage of Britain. See www.bsmgp.org.uk for a range of stained glass lectures, conferences, tours, portfolios of recent stained glass commissions by members, and information on courses and the conservation of stained glass. Back issues of The Journal of Stained Glass are listed and there is a searchable index for stained glass articles, an invaluable resource for stained glass researchers. </p><p>After the First World War, stained glass window memorials were a popular choice among wealthier families, examples can be found in churches across the UK. </p><p>In the United States, there is a 100-year-old trade organization, The Stained Glass Association of America, whose purpose is to function as a publicly recognized organization to assure survival of the craft by offering guidelines, instruction and training to craftspersons. The SGAA also sees its role as defending and protecting its craft against regulations that might restrict its freedom as an architectural art form. The current president is Kathy Bernard. Today there are academic establishments that teach the traditional skills. One of these is Florida State University's Master Craftsman Program, which recently completed a 30 ft (9.1 m) high stained-glass windows, designed by Robert Bischoff, the program's director, and Jo Ann, his wife and installed to overlook <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden_Field_at_Doak_Campbell_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium">Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Knowledge" title="Roots of Knowledge">Roots of Knowledge</a></i> installation at <a href="/wiki/Utah_Valley_University" title="Utah Valley University">Utah Valley University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orem,_Utah" title="Orem, Utah">Orem, Utah</a> is 200 feet (61 m) long and has been compared to those in several European cathedrals, including the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> in France, and <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_20161208_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn_20161208-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also contemporary stained glass artists in the US who are creating stained glass windows based on grids, rather than recognizable images.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="De Stijl abstraction by Theo van Doesburg, Netherlands (1917)"><img alt="De Stijl abstraction by Theo van Doesburg, Netherlands (1917)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG/200px-Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG/300px-Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG/400px-Theo_van_Doesburg_-_Composition_with_window_with_coloured_glass_III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a> abstraction by <a href="/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg" title="Theo van Doesburg">Theo van Doesburg</a>, Netherlands (1917)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tudeley_church_window.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Expressionist window by Marc Chagall, at All Saints' Church, Tudeley, Kent, UK"><img alt="Expressionist window by Marc Chagall, at All Saints' Church, Tudeley, Kent, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tudeley_church_window.jpg/130px-Tudeley_church_window.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tudeley_church_window.jpg/195px-Tudeley_church_window.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tudeley_church_window.jpg/259px-Tudeley_church_window.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="2018" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> window by <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, at All Saints' Church, <a href="/wiki/Tudeley" title="Tudeley">Tudeley</a>, Kent, UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitro_buckfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ of the Eucharist, slab glass designed by Dom Charles Norris from Buckfast Abbey, Devon, UK"><img alt="Christ of the Eucharist, slab glass designed by Dom Charles Norris from Buckfast Abbey, Devon, UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vitro_buckfast.jpg/200px-Vitro_buckfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vitro_buckfast.jpg/300px-Vitro_buckfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vitro_buckfast.jpg/400px-Vitro_buckfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Christ of the Eucharist</i>, slab glass designed by <a href="/wiki/Dom_Charles_Norris" title="Dom Charles Norris">Dom Charles Norris</a> from <a href="/wiki/Buckfast_Abbey" title="Buckfast Abbey">Buckfast Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>, UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_de_Castro,_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abstract, detail of Jonah window by Sergio de Castro for the Collegiate of Romont, Switzerland"><img alt="Abstract, detail of Jonah window by Sergio de Castro for the Collegiate of Romont, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg/126px-Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg/189px-Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg/252px-Sergio_de_Castro%2C_vitrail_de_Jonas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract</a>, detail of <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> window by Sergio de Castro for the Collegiate of <a href="/wiki/Romont" title="Romont">Romont</a>, Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postmodernist symbolism, Tree of Life at Christinae Church, Alingsås, Sweden"><img alt="Postmodernist symbolism, Tree of Life at Christinae Church, Alingsås, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg/105px-Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg/158px-Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg/211px-Christinae_kyrka_tree_of_life01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="2494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernist symbolism</a>, <i>Tree of Life</i> at Christinae Church, <a href="/wiki/Alings%C3%A5s" title="Alingsås">Alingsås</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thin slices of agate set into lead and glass by Sigmar Polke, Grossmünster, Zürich, Switzerland (2009)"><img alt="Thin slices of agate set into lead and glass by Sigmar Polke, Grossmünster, Zürich, Switzerland (2009)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg/133px-Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg/200px-Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg/266px-Grossm%C3%BCnster_-_Innenansicht_IMG_6434_ShiftN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="3206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thin slices of <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> set into lead and glass by Sigmar Polke, <a href="/wiki/Grossm%C3%BCnster" title="Grossmünster">Grossmünster</a>, Zürich, Switzerland (2009)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combining_ancient_and_modern_traditions">Combining ancient and modern traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Combining ancient and modern traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Madonna and Child by Joseph Ehrismann, late 1910s. (Église Saint-André, Meistratzheim). Combines a traditional representation in a mandorla with an Art Nouveau style celestial background."><img alt="Madonna and Child by Joseph Ehrismann, late 1910s. (Église Saint-André, Meistratzheim). Combines a traditional representation in a mandorla with an Art Nouveau style celestial background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG/200px-Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG/300px-Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG/400px-Meistratzheim_StAndr%C3%A9_60.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Madonna and Child</i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ehrismann" title="Joseph Ehrismann">Joseph Ehrismann</a>, late 1910s. (Église Saint-André, <a href="/wiki/Meistratzheim" title="Meistratzheim">Meistratzheim</a>). Combines a traditional representation in a <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style celestial background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mid-20th-century window showing a continuation of ancient and 19th-century methods applied to a modern historical subject. Florence Nightingale window at St Peters, Derby, made for the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary"><img alt="Mid-20th-century window showing a continuation of ancient and 19th-century methods applied to a modern historical subject. Florence Nightingale window at St Peters, Derby, made for the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG/105px-Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG" decoding="async" width="105" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG/158px-Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG/211px-Derby_DRI_stained_glass_window_at_St_Peters_squared.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="3338" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mid-20th-century window showing a continuation of ancient and 19th-century methods applied to a modern historical subject. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> window at St Peters, Derby, made for the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Figurative design using the lead lines and minimal glass paint in the 13th-century manner combined with the texture of Cathedral glass, Ins, Switzerland"><img alt="Figurative design using the lead lines and minimal glass paint in the 13th-century manner combined with the texture of Cathedral glass, Ins, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg/133px-Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg/200px-Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg/266px-Ins_Kirchenfenster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Figurative design using the lead lines and minimal glass paint in the 13th-century manner combined with the texture of <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">Cathedral glass</a>, Ins, Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal,_College_Hill,_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Michael and the Devil at the church of St Michael Paternoster Row, by English artist John Hayward combines traditional methods with a distinctive use of shard-like sections of glass."><img alt="St Michael and the Devil at the church of St Michael Paternoster Row, by English artist John Hayward combines traditional methods with a distinctive use of shard-like sections of glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg/96px-St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg/144px-St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg/192px-St_Michael_Paternoster_Royal%2C_College_Hill%2C_London_EC4_-_Window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1085224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>St Michael and the Devil</i> at the church of St Michael Paternoster Row, by English artist John Hayward combines traditional methods with a distinctive use of shard-like sections of glass.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The principal window of the Temple of Maipú, Chile, depicting the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, by Adolfo Winternitz, showing the traditional use of blue as the predominant colour, emphasising an association with Heaven and creating an ambience in the interior."><img alt="The principal window of the Temple of Maipú, Chile, depicting the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, by Adolfo Winternitz, showing the traditional use of blue as the predominant colour, emphasising an association with Heaven and creating an ambience in the interior." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG/150px-Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG/225px-Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG/300px-Vitral_Templo_Maipu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The principal window of the Temple of Maipú, Chile, depicting the Virgin Mary and Christ Child, by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Winternitz" title="Adolfo Winternitz">Adolfo Winternitz</a>, showing the traditional use of blue as the predominant colour, emphasising an association with <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and creating an ambience in the interior. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings_incorporating_stained_glass_windows">Buildings incorporating stained glass windows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Buildings incorporating stained glass windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stained glass windows were commonly used in churches for decorative and informative purposes. Many windows are donated to churches by members of the congregation as memorials of loved ones. For more on the use of stained glass to depict religious subjects, see <a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a>. </p> <ul><li>Important examples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Chartres">Cathedral of Chartres</a>, in France, 11th to 13th-century glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, in England, 12th to 15th century plus 19th- and 20th-century glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, in England, 11th to 15th-century glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, in Paris, 13th and 14th-century glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a> in France, 13th to 16th-century glass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a>, Italy, 15th-century glass designed by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Uccello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Ghiberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janskerk_(Gouda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Janskerk (Gouda)">Janskerk (Gouda)</a>, The Netherlands, date from 1555 to the early 1600s; the earliest is the work of <a href="/wiki/Dirck_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirck Crabeth">Dirck Crabeth</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wouter Crabeth">Wouter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney</a>, Australia, early complete cycle of 19th-century glass, Hardman of Birmingham.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg_Cathedral" title="Fribourg Cathedral">Fribourg Cathedral</a>, Switzerland, complete cycle of glass 1896–1936, by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Mehoffer" title="Józef Mehoffer">Józef Mehoffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a>, England, mid-20th-century glass by various designers, the large baptistry window being by <a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Memorial_Presbyterian_Church" title="Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church">Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church</a>, extensive collection of windows by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany" title="Louis Comfort Tiffany">Louis Comfort Tiffany</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogues">Synagogues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to Christian churches, stained glass windows have been incorporated into Jewish temple architecture for centuries. Jewish communities in the United States saw this emergence in the mid-19th century, with such notable examples as the sanctuary depiction of the Ten Commandments in New York's Congregation Anshi Chesed. From the mid-20th century to the present, stained glass windows have been a ubiquitous feature of American synagogue architecture. Styles and themes for synagogue stained glass artwork are as diverse as their church counterparts. As with churches, synagogue stained glass windows are often dedicated by member families in exchange for major financial contributions to the institution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_worship">Places of worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Places of worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The dazzling display of medieval glass at Sainte-Chapelle, Paris"><img alt="The dazzling display of medieval glass at Sainte-Chapelle, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG/200px-Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG/300px-Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG/400px-Sainte-Chapelle_Choeur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The dazzling display of medieval glass at <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunlight shining through stained glass onto coloured carpet of Nasir ol Molk Mosque"><img alt="Sunlight shining through stained glass onto coloured carpet of Nasir ol Molk Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/200px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/300px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg/400px-Nasir-al_molk_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4538" data-file-height="3513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunlight shining through stained glass onto coloured carpet of <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ol_Molk_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir ol Molk Mosque">Nasir ol Molk Mosque</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The stained glass windows and dome flanking the Torah ark of the Holocaust Memorial Synagogue, Darmstadt, designed by artist Brian Clarke"><img alt="The stained glass windows and dome flanking the Torah ark of the Holocaust Memorial Synagogue, Darmstadt, designed by artist Brian Clarke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg/162px-New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg/244px-New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg/325px-New_Synagogue_Darmstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The stained glass windows and dome flanking the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Torah ark</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Darmstadt)" title="New Synagogue (Darmstadt)">Holocaust Memorial Synagogue, Darmstadt</a>, designed by artist <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save,_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Stained Glass of Saint Sava, Serbian Orthodox Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Subotica"><img alt="The Stained Glass of Saint Sava, Serbian Orthodox Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Subotica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg/156px-Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg/234px-Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg/313px-Vitra%C5%BE_Svetog_Save%2C_Srpska_pravoslavna_crkva_Svetog_Vaznesenja_Gospodnjeg_u_Subotici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Stained Glass of Saint Sava, Serbian Orthodox Church of the Ascension of the Lord in <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_(Moschea_blu)_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul."><img alt="Interior of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/150px-DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/225px-DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/300px-DSC04484_Istanbul_-_Sultan_Ahmet_camii_%28Moschea_blu%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the Blue Mosque, Istanbul.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar,_Kashmir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass windows in the Mosque of Srinagar, Kashmir"><img alt="Stained glass windows in the Mosque of Srinagar, Kashmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/200px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/300px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg/400px-Muslims_praying_in_mosque_in_Srinagar%2C_Kashmir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass windows in the Mosque of Srinagar, Kashmir</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sint Janskerk in Gouda, South Holland, The Netherlands"><img alt="Sint Janskerk in Gouda, South Holland, The Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg/200px-St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg/300px-St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg/400px-St._Jan_te_Gouda_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2005" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sint_Janskerk" title="Sint Janskerk">Sint Janskerk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gouda,_South_Holland" title="Gouda, South Holland">Gouda, South Holland</a>, The Netherlands </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney has a cycle of 19th-century windows by Hardman of Birmingham"><img alt="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney has a cycle of 19th-century windows by Hardman of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg/200px-St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg/300px-St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg/400px-St_Andrews_Sydney_07_across_the_nave_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1436" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney</a> has a cycle of 19th-century windows by <a href="/wiki/Hardman_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardman of Birmingham">Hardman of Birmingham</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Savannah, Georgia"><img alt="Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Savannah, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg/132px-Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg/198px-Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg/265px-Savannah_cathedral_2015_17_046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3095" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Savannah,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (Savannah, Georgia)">Cathedral of St. John the Baptist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coventry Cathedral England, has a series of windows by different designers."><img alt="Coventry Cathedral England, has a series of windows by different designers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/200px-Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/300px-Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg/400px-Stained_Glass_Windows_-_Coventry_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a> England, has a series of windows by different designers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass,_Ascalon_Studios,_David_Ascalon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late 20th-century stained glass from Temple Ohev Sholom, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by Ascalon Studios."><img alt="Late 20th-century stained glass from Temple Ohev Sholom, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by Ascalon Studios." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg/180px-Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg/270px-Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg/360px-Temple_Ohev_Sholom_Stained_Glass%2C_Ascalon_Studios%2C_David_Ascalon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late 20th-century stained glass from Temple Ohev Sholom, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania by <a href="/wiki/Ascalon_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascalon Studios">Ascalon Studios</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mausolea">Mausolea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Mausolea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mausolea, whether for general community use or for private family use, may employ stained glass as a comforting entry for natural light, for memorialization, or for display of religious imagery. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass in the crypt Mausoleum of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)"><img alt="Stained glass in the crypt Mausoleum of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg/200px-LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg/300px-LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg/400px-LA_Cathedral_Mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass in the crypt Mausoleum of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Angels_(Los_Angeles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels (Los Angeles)</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead,_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery,_Des_Plaines,_Illinois.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commemoration of War Dead, Community Mausoleum of All Saints Cemetery, Des Plaines, Illinois"><img alt="Commemoration of War Dead, Community Mausoleum of All Saints Cemetery, Des Plaines, Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg/80px-Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg/120px-Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg/160px-Stained_glass_commemorating_the_war_dead%2C_Community_Mausoleum_of_All_Saints_Cemetery%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1964" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commemoration of War Dead, Community Mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Cemetery" title="All Saints Cemetery">All Saints Cemetery</a>, Des Plaines, Illinois</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_stained_glass,_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum,_Des_Plaines,_Illinois,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel stained glass showing the Resurrection of Jesus, All Saints Cemetery Community Mausoleum, Des Plaines, Illinois"><img alt="Chapel stained glass showing the Resurrection of Jesus, All Saints Cemetery Community Mausoleum, Des Plaines, Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/200px-Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/300px-Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg/400px-Chapel_stained_glass%2C_All_Saints_Cemetery_Community_Mausoleum%2C_Des_Plaines%2C_Illinois%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel stained glass showing the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Cemetery" title="All Saints Cemetery">All Saints Cemetery</a> Community Mausoleum, Des Plaines, Illinois</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained-glass window in the Benedum mausoleum, Homewood Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"><img alt="Stained-glass window in the Benedum mausoleum, Homewood Cemetery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg/123px-2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg/185px-2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg/247px-2014-08-25-Homewood-Cemetery-Benedum-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained-glass window in the Benedum mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Homewood_Cemetery" title="Homewood Cemetery">Homewood Cemetery</a>, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Houses">Houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stained glass windows in houses were particularly popular in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and many domestic examples survive. In their simplest form they typically depict birds and flowers in small panels, often surrounded with machine-made <i><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">cathedral glass</a></i> which, despite what the name suggests, is pale-coloured and textured. Some large homes have splendid examples of secular pictorial glass. Many small houses of the 19th and early 20th centuries have <a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">leadlight</a> windows. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_School" title="Prairie School">Prairie style</a> homes</li> <li>The houses of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shabaka (stained glass) at the Palace of Shaki Khans"><img alt="Shabaka (stained glass) at the Palace of Shaki Khans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/200px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/300px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg/400px-Shaki_khan_palace_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shabaka_(window)" title="Shabaka (window)">Shabaka</a> (stained glass) at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Shaki_Khans" title="Palace of Shaki Khans">Palace of Shaki Khans</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur,_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam,_trapbordes,_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman,_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Domestic stained glass of a hunting scene by Bogtman of Haarlem, Netherlands"><img alt="Domestic stained glass of a hunting scene by Bogtman of Haarlem, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg/133px-Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg/200px-Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg/266px-Interieur%2C_overzicht_van_glas_in_loodraam%2C_trapbordes%2C_van_de_Haarlemse_glazenier_Bogtman%2C_een_jachttafereel_voorstellende_-_Steenwijk_-_20389213_-_RCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Domestic stained glass of a hunting scene by Bogtman of Haarlem, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Corning_Museum_of_Glass_-_20220312_-_42_-_Stained-glass_window_with_landscape_scene_from_Rochroane_Castle,_Irvington-on-Hudson,_New_York_(Louis_C._Tiffany,_1905).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiffany glass Window from Rochroane Castle, now in the Corning Glass Museum"><img alt="Tiffany glass Window from Rochroane Castle, now in the Corning Glass Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Corning_Museum_of_Glass_-_20220312_-_42_-_Stained-glass_window_with_landscape_scene_from_Rochroane_Castle%2C_Irvington-on-Hudson%2C_New_York_%28Louis_C._Tiffany%2C_1905%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Corning_Museum_of_Glass_-_20220312_-_42_-_Stained-glass_window_with_landscape_scene_from_Rochroane_Castle%2C_Irvington-on-Hudson%2C_New_York_%28Louis_C._Tiffany%2C_1905%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Corning_Museum_of_Glass_-_20220312_-_42_-_Stained-glass_window_with_landscape_scene_from_Rochroane_Castle%2C_Irvington-on-Hudson%2C_New_York_%28Louis_C._Tiffany%2C_1905%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tiffany_glass" title="Tiffany glass">Tiffany glass</a> Window from Rochroane Castle, now in the Corning Glass Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dividing screen in a household of musicians, by Jeffrey Hamilton, (2021), Sydney, Australia. (permission of JHamilton)"><img alt="A dividing screen in a household of musicians, by Jeffrey Hamilton, (2021), Sydney, Australia. (permission of JHamilton)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg/133px-Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg/200px-Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg/267px-Internal_stained_glass_screen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dividing screen in a household of musicians, by Jeffrey Hamilton, (2021), Sydney, Australia. (permission of JHamilton)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_and_commercial_buildings">Public and commercial buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Public and commercial buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stained glass has often been used as a decorative element in public buildings, initially in places of learning, government or justice but increasingly in other public and commercial places such as banks, retailers and railway stations. <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">Public houses</a> in some countries make extensive use of stained glass and leaded lights to create a comfortable atmosphere and retain privacy. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass skylight at Palau de la música catalana in Barcelona, Spain"><img alt="Stained glass skylight at Palau de la música catalana in Barcelona, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg/158px-Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg/237px-Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg/317px-Skylight_and_ceiling_at_Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3819" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass skylight at <a href="/wiki/Palau_de_la_m%C3%BAsica_catalana" title="Palau de la música catalana">Palau de la música catalana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberec,_radnice_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass in the Town Hall, Liberec, Czech Republic"><img alt="Stained glass in the Town Hall, Liberec, Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg/200px-Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg/300px-Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg/400px-Liberec%2C_radnice_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2527" data-file-height="1516" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass in the Town Hall, <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Liberec</a>, Czech Republic </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass dome in the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"><img alt="Stained glass dome in the Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg/133px-Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg/200px-Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg/267px-Real_Gabinete_Portugu%C3%AAs_de_Leitura_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2670" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass dome in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Portuguese_Cabinet_of_Reading" title="Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading">Royal Portuguese Cabinet of Reading</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stained glass window in the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil in Belo Horizonte, Brazil"><img alt="Stained glass window in the Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil in Belo Horizonte, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg/133px-Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg/200px-Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg/266px-Vitral_da_Lei_no_Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil_de_Belo_Horizonte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2453" data-file-height="3680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stained glass window in the <a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Banco_do_Brasil" title="Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil">Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HungarianroomWindows.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windows of the Hungarian Room, University of Pittsburgh"><img alt="Windows of the Hungarian Room, University of Pittsburgh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HungarianroomWindows.jpg/200px-HungarianroomWindows.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HungarianroomWindows.jpg/300px-HungarianroomWindows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/HungarianroomWindows.jpg/400px-HungarianroomWindows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windows of the Hungarian Room, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Federalpalace-dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Federal Palace, Switzerland"><img alt="The Federal Palace, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Federalpalace-dome.jpg/200px-Federalpalace-dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Federalpalace-dome.jpg/300px-Federalpalace-dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Federalpalace-dome.jpg/400px-Federalpalace-dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Federal Palace, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Montreal-Metro,_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abstract design by Marcelle Ferron at a Metro station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada"><img alt="Abstract design by Marcelle Ferron at a Metro station in Montreal, Quebec, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg/200px-Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg/300px-Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg/400px-Montreal-Metro%2C_Champ-de-Mars-20050329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Abstract design by <a href="/wiki/Marcelle_Ferron" title="Marcelle Ferron">Marcelle Ferron</a> at a Metro station in <a href="/wiki/Montreal,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal, Quebec">Montreal, Quebec</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Windows by Mordecai Ardon at the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem"><img alt="Windows by Mordecai Ardon at the Jewish National and University Library, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg/200px-Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg/300px-Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg/400px-Ardon_Windows_JNUL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Windows by <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Ardon" title="Mordecai Ardon">Mordecai Ardon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_and_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish National and University Library">Jewish National and University Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke,1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The abstract stained glass ceiling of the Victoria Quarter, Leeds (1990) by Brian Clarke, which spans the 400 foot length of the street to form a covered arcade"><img alt="The abstract stained glass ceiling of the Victoria Quarter, Leeds (1990) by Brian Clarke, which spans the 400 foot length of the street to form a covered arcade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg/153px-Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg/229px-Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg/306px-Victoria_Quarter_Leeds_modern_abstract_stained_glass_canopy_by_Brian_Clarke%2C1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="2934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The abstract stained glass ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Leeds" title="Victoria Leeds">Victoria Quarter, Leeds</a> (1990) by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a>, which spans the 400 foot length of the street to form a covered arcade</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculpture">Sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="font-size:95%;line-height:1.35"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Four Seasons (1978) by Leonard French at La Trobe University Sculpture Park in Melbourne. Australia"><img alt="The Four Seasons (1978) by Leonard French at La Trobe University Sculpture Park in Melbourne. Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg/200px-Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg/300px-Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg/400px-Leonard_French_La_Trobe_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Four Seasons</i> (1978) by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_French" title="Leonard French">Leonard French</a> at <a href="/wiki/La_Trobe_University" title="La Trobe University">La Trobe University</a> Sculpture Park in Melbourne. Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_en_verre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fused glass sculpture (2012) by Carlo Roccella [fr] Glass Sculpture in Paris. France"><img alt="Fused glass sculpture (2012) by Carlo Roccella [fr] Glass Sculpture in Paris. France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sculpture_en_verre.jpg/150px-Sculpture_en_verre.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sculpture_en_verre.jpg/225px-Sculpture_en_verre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sculpture_en_verre.jpg/300px-Sculpture_en_verre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fused glass sculpture (2012) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Roccella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Roccella (page does not exist)">Carlo Roccella</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Roccella" class="extiw" title="fr:Carlo Roccella">fr</a>]</sup> Glass Sculpture in Paris. France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Free-standing Glasshenge series (2013/2014) by Tomasz Urbanowicz at Wrocław Airport, Poland"><img alt="Contemporary Free-standing Glasshenge series (2013/2014) by Tomasz Urbanowicz at Wrocław Airport, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg/200px-ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg/300px-ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg/400px-ARCHIGLASS_Tomasz_Urbanowicz_Artistic-glass-exhibition-glasshenge-wroclaw-airport-poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Contemporary Free-standing Glasshenge series (2013/2014) by <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Urbanowicz" title="Tomasz Urbanowicz">Tomasz Urbanowicz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Airport_Wroc%C5%82aw" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus Airport Wrocław">Wrocław Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">Architectural glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_glass" title="Art Nouveau glass">Art Nouveau glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_stained_glass" title="Autonomous stained glass">Autonomous stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveled_glass" title="Beveled glass">Beveled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_stained_glass_(1811%E2%80%931918)" title="British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)">British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="English Gothic stained glass windows">English Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Glass beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stained_glass_windows_in_the_Janskerk,_Gouda" title="List of stained glass windows in the Janskerk, Gouda">List of stained glass windows in the Janskerk, Gouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagrada_(board_game)" title="Sagrada (board game)">Sagrada (board game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass conservation">Stained glass conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncatcher" title="Suncatcher">Suncatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_glass" title="Venetian glass">Venetian glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">Window</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/glas/hd_glas.htm">"Stained Glass in Medieval Europe"</a>. <i>Department of Medieval Art and The Cloisters</i>. The Metropolitain Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Medieval+Art+and+The+Cloisters&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass+in+Medieval+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fglas%2Fhd_glas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2013/02/10/facts-about-glass-creating-coloured-glass-pot-metal-glass/">"Facts about Glass – Creating Coloured Glass; Pot-metal glass"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Investigations in Medieval Stained Glass: Materials, Methods, and Expressions</i>, xvii, eds., Brigitte Kurmann-Schwarz, Elizabeth Pastan, 2019, BRILL, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004395717" title="Special:BookSources/9004395717">9004395717</a>, 9789004395718, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UueDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/facts-about-glass-early-glass-painting/">"Facts about Glass: Early Glass Painting"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 287-288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhoff1973" class="citation book cs1">Steinhoff, Frederick Louis (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFQ4AQAAIAAJ&q=Silver+compounds+(notably+silver+nitrate)+are+used+as+stain+applied+to+the+surface+of+glass+and+fired+on"><i>Ceramic Industry</i></a>. Industrial Publications, Incorporated.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramic+Industry&rft.pub=Industrial+Publications%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Steinhoff&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFQ4AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DSilver%2Bcompounds%2B%28notably%2Bsilver%2Bnitrate%29%2Bare%2Bused%2Bas%2Bstain%2Bapplied%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bsurface%2Bof%2Bglass%2Band%2Bfired%2Bon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X2fQAAAAMAAJ&q=Silver+compounds+(notably+silver+nitrate)+are+used+as+stain+applied+to+the+surface+of+glass+and+fired+on"><i>Chambers's encyclopaedia</i></a>. Pergamon Press. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers%27s+encyclopaedia&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX2fQAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSilver%2Bcompounds%2B%28notably%2Bsilver%2Bnitrate%29%2Bare%2Bused%2Bas%2Bstain%2Bapplied%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bsurface%2Bof%2Bglass%2Band%2Bfired%2Bon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2013/07/28/facts-about-glass-silver-stain/">"Facts about Glass: Silver Stain"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass</i>, section 7.3.3.5, 2013, ed. Koen H. A. Janssens, Wiley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1118314204" title="Special:BookSources/1118314204">1118314204</a>, 9781118314203, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OunNskEvXYC&pg=PT803">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cousin_the_Elder" title="Jean Cousin the Elder">Jean Cousin the Elder</a> was only born in 1500, at the same time as the tehnique; claims that he was the first French painter in oils might be more valid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2013/07/21/facts-about-glass-sanguine-and-carnation/">"Facts about Glass: Sanguine and Carnation"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums; Historic England, 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Historic England, 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2014/12/09/examples-of-writing-in-stained-glass/">"Examples of Writing in Stained Glass"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Butts, Lee Hendrix and others, <i>Painting on Light: Drawings and Stained Glass in the Age of Dürer and Holbein</i>, 183, 2001, Getty Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089236579X" title="Special:BookSources/089236579X">089236579X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892365791" title="Special:BookSources/9780892365791">9780892365791</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kiA2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Illustrated_Glass_Dictionary_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205233650/http://www.glassonline.com/infoserv/dictionary/355.html">Illustrated Glass Dictionary</a> www.glassonline.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speclab.com/elements/chromium.htm">Chemical Fact Sheet – Chromium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815033017/http://www.speclab.com/elements/chromium.htm">Archived</a> 15 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.speclab.com. Retrieved 3 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2008" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Theresa Flores (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5abGjJ54mSoC&q=The+addition+of+nickel%2C+at+different+concentrations%2C+produces+blue%2C+violet%2C+or+black+glass.&pg=PA108"><i>The Illustrated Bead Bible: Terms, Tips & Techniques</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402723537" title="Special:BookSources/9781402723537"><bdi>9781402723537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Bead+Bible%3A+Terms%2C+Tips+%26+Techniques&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402723537&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Theresa+Flores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5abGjJ54mSoC%26q%3DThe%2Baddition%2Bof%2Bnickel%252C%2Bat%2Bdifferent%2Bconcentrations%252C%2Bproduces%2Bblue%252C%2Bviolet%252C%2Bor%2Bblack%2Bglass.%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305020112/http://1st.glassman.com/articles/glasscolouring.html">Substances Used in the Making of Coloured Glass</a> 1st.glassman.com (David M Issitt). Retrieved 3 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418061335/http://www.glassassociation.org.uk/Journal/uranium.htm">Uranium Glass</a> www.glassassociation.org.uk (Barrie Skelcher). Retrieved 3 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boppardconservationproject.wordpress.com/2014/09/15/facts-about-glass-assembling-a-stained-glass-panel/">"Facts about glass: Assembling a stained-glass panel"</a>, Boppard Conservation Project – Glasgow Museums</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/stained-glass/Subject-matter">"Stained Glass"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fstained-glass%2FSubject-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalderstone2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Balderstone, Susan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43535625">"Early Church Architectural Forms: a Theologically Contextual Typology for the Eastern Churches of the 4th–6th Centuries"</a>. <i>Buried History</i>. Monograph no. 7. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granddictionnaire.com/btml/fra/R_MotClef/index800_1.asp">the original</a> on 2 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+grand+dictionnaire+Qu%26%23233bec+government%27s+online+dictionary+entry+for+gemmail+%28in+French%29&rft.date=2003-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.granddictionnaire.com%2Fbtml%2Ffra%2FR_MotClef%2Findex800_1.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/228139/gemmail">Gemmail</a>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622115255/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,809295,00.html">[1]</a>, Gemmail <i>Time</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrod-p452-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrod-p452_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrod-p452_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrod, Tanya, <i>The Crafts in Britain in the 20th Century</i>, Yale University Press (4 Feb 1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300077803" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300077803">978-0300077803</a>, p. 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20th_century_stained_glass_-_Britannica-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20th_century_stained_glass_-_Britannica_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Stained glass: 20th century". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stained+glass%3A+20th+century&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn_20161208-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_20161208_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hear2016" class="citation web cs1">O'Hear, Natasha (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420144720/http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/08/arts/roots-of-knowledge-stained-glass/">"History illuminated: The evolution of knowledge told through 60,000 pieces of glass"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/08/arts/roots-of-knowledge-stained-glass/">the original</a> on 20 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+illuminated%3A+The+evolution+of+knowledge+told+through+60%2C000+pieces+of+glass&rft.pub=CNN.com&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=O%27Hear&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Farts%2Froots-of-knowledge-stained-glass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koestlé-Cate, Jonathan. "Grids: A Kraussian Perspective on New Windows for the Church." <i>Religion and the Arts</i> 18, no. 5 (2014): 672-699.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>"Historic England" = <i>Practical Building Conservation: Glass and glazing</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>, 2011, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0754645576" title="Special:BookSources/0754645576">0754645576</a>, 9780754645573, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3dqs6zRCcEC&pg=PA290">google books</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Presbyter" title="Theophilus Presbyter">Theophilus</a> (ca 1100). <i>On Divers Arts</i>, translated from Latin by <a href="/wiki/John_G._Hawthorne" title="John G. Hawthorne">John G. Hawthorne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Stanley_Smith" title="Cyril Stanley Smith">Cyril Stanley Smith</a>, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23784-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23784-2">0-486-23784-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harrison_(art_historian)" title="Martin Harrison (art historian)">Martin Harrison</a>, <i>Victorian Stained Glass</i>, Barrie & Jenkins, 1980 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0214206890" title="Special:BookSources/0214206890">0214206890</a></li> <li><i>The Journal of Stained Glass</i>, Burne-Jones Special Issue, Vol. XXXV, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B0%2B9568762%2B1%2B8" title="Special:BookSources/978+0+9568762+1+8">978 0 9568762 1 8</a></li> <li><i>The Journal of Stained Glass</i>, Scotland Issue, Vol. XXX, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9540457-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9540457-6-0">978-0-9540457-6-0</a></li> <li><i>The Journal of Stained Glass</i>, Special Issue, The Stained Glass Collection of Sir John Soane's Museum, Vol. XXVII, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9540457%2B3%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/0+9540457+3+4">0 9540457 3 4</a></li> <li>The Journal of Stained Glass, America Issue, Vol. XXVIII, 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B9540457%2B4%2B2" title="Special:BookSources/0+9540457+4+2">0 9540457 4 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a> (editor) <i>Architectural Stained Glass</i> (1979). Johannes Schreiter, Martin Harrison, Ludwig Schaffrath, John Piper, and Patrick Reyntiens. Architectural Record Books. London: McGraw-Hill Education, 1979 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-3657-1">978-0-7195-3657-1</a></li> <li>Peter Cormack, 'Arts & Crafts Stained Glass', Yale University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20970-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-20970-9">978-0-300-20970-9</a></li> <li>Caroline Swash, 'The 100 Best Stained Glass Sites in London', Malvern Arts Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9541055-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9541055-2-5">978-0-9541055-2-5</a></li> <li>Nicola Gordon Bowe, 'Wilhelmina Geddes, Life and Work', Four Courts Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-532-3">978-1-84682-532-3</a></li> <li>Lucy Costigan and Michael Cullen (2010). <i>Strangest Genius: The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke</i>, The History Press, Dublin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-971-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-971-5">978-1-84588-971-5</a></li> <li>Elizabeth Morris (1993). <i>Stained and Decorative Glass</i>, Tiger Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86824-324-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86824-324-8">0-86824-324-8</a></li> <li>Sarah Brown (1994). <i>Stained Glass- an Illustrated History</i>, Bracken Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85891-157-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85891-157-5">1-85891-157-5</a></li> <li>Painton Cowen (1985). <i>A Guide to Stained Glass in Britain</i>, Michael Joseph, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-2567-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-2567-3">0-7181-2567-3</a></li> <li>Husband, TB (2000). <i>The Luminous Image: Painted Glass Roundels in the Lowlands, 1480-1560</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lee" title="Lawrence Lee">Lawrence Lee</a>, George Seddon, and Francis Stephens (1976). <i>Stained Glass</i>, Mitchell Beazley, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-600-56281-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-600-56281-6">0-600-56281-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a> (2000). <i>England's Thousand Best Churches</i>, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9281-6">0-7139-9281-6</a></li> <li>Robert Eberhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainedglassrecords.org/home.asp">Database: <i>Church Stained Glass Windows</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070329051317/http://www.stainedglassrecords.org/home.asp">Archived</a> 29 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Cliff and Monica Robinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bucksstainedglass.org.uk/">Database: <i>Buckinghamshire Stained Glass</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905192058/http://www.bucksstainedglass.org.uk/">Archived</a> 5 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Stained Glass Association of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainedglass.org/html/SGAAhistorySG.htm"><i>History of Stained Glass</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100212180133/http://www.stainedglass.org/html/SGAAhistorySG.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kehlmann" title="Robert Kehlmann">Robert Kehlmann</a> (1992). <i>20th Century Stained Glass: A New Definition</i>, Kyoto Shoin Co., Ltd., Kyoto, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7636-2075-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-7636-2075-4">4-7636-2075-4</a></li> <li>Kisky, Hans (1959). <i>100 Jahre Rheinische Glasmalerei</i>, Neuss : Verl. Gesellschaft für Buchdruckerei OCLC 632380232</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sowers" title="Robert Sowers">Robert Sowers</a> (1954). <i>The Lost Art</i>, George Wittenborn Inc., New York, OCLC 1269795</li> <li>Robert Sowers (1965). <i>Stained Glass: An Architectural Art</i>, Universe Books, Inc., New York, OCLC 21650951</li> <li>Robert Sowers (1981). <i>The Language of Stained Glass</i>, Timber Press, Forest Grove, Oregon, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-917304-61-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-917304-61-6">0-917304-61-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Jane (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/66508"><i><span></span></i>English and French medieval stained glass in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872501370" title="Special:BookSources/1872501370"><bdi>1872501370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+and+French+medieval+stained+glass+in+the+collection+of+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1872501370&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F66508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirginia_Chieffo_Raguin2013" class="citation book cs1">Virginia Chieffo Raguin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.getty.edu/products/stained-glass-radiant-art-978-1606061534"><i><span></span></i>Stained Glass: Radiant Art<i><span></span></i></a>. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606061534" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606061534"><bdi>978-1606061534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stained+Glass%3A+Radiant+Art&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1606061534&rft.au=Virginia+Chieffo+Raguin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.getty.edu%2Fproducts%2Fstained-glass-radiant-art-978-1606061534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Conrad Rudolph (2011). 'Inventing the Exegetical Stained-Glass Window: Suger, Hugh, and a New Elite Art', <i>Art Bulletin</i>, <b>93</b>, 399–422</li> <li>Conrad Rudolph (2015). 'The Parabolic Discourse Window and the Canterbury Roll: Social Change and the Assertion of Elite Status at Canterbury Cathedral', <i>Oxford Art Journal</i>, <b>38</b>, 1–19</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stained_glass&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass" class="extiw" title="commons:Stained glass"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Stained glass</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsmgp.org.uk">BSMGP | The home of British Stained Glass</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgaaonline.com/pdf/071-LaFarge.pdf">SGAA Sourcebook Find a Studio – The Stained Glass Association of America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701062148/http://www.sgaaonline.com/pdf/071-LaFarge.pdf">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115100255/http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/tps/briefs/brief33.htm">Preservation of Stained Glass</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainedglassrecords.org/home.asp?NOC=NOC">Church Stained Glass Window Database recorded by Robert Eberhard</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912203906/http://www.stainedglassrecords.org/home.asp?NOC=NOC">Archived</a> 12 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, covering ≈ 2800 churches in the southeast of England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glassincanada.org/">Institute for Stained Glass in Canada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307045122/https://www.glassincanada.org/">Archived</a> 7 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, over 10,000 photos; a multi-year photographic survey of Canada's stained glass from many countries; 1856 to present</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stainedglassmuseum.com/">The Stained Glass Museum</a> (Ely, England)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vitromusee.ch/en/">Vitromusée Romont</a> (Romont (FR), Switzerland)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glassworkshop.co.uk">Stained glass workshops</a> (UK)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukcraftfairs.com/guides/stained-glass">Stained glass guide</a> (UK)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121223130632/http://www.vam.ac.uk/contentapi/logotron/stained-glass">"Stained Glass"</a>. <i>Glass</i>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/stained-glass/">the original</a> on 23 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glass&rft.atitle=Stained+Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fpage%2Fs%2Fstained-glass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStained+glass" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gloine.ie/">Gloine – Stained glass in the Church of Ireland</a> Research carried out by David Lawrence on behalf of the Representative Church Body of the Church of Ireland, partially funded by the Heritage Council</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/126036027">Stained-glass windows by Sergio de Castro in France, Germany and Switzerland</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Chinese_paper_cutting" title="Chinese paper cutting">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_paper_cutting" title="Jewish paper cutting">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wycinanki" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycinanki">Slavic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-up book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrapbooking" title="Scrapbooking">Scrapbooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bentwood" title="Bentwood">Bentwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Wood burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">Azulejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_china" title="Bone china">Bone china</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">Stoneware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_glass" title="Cameo glass">Cameo glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_work" title="Chip work">Chip work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Glass etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stained glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andiron" title="Andiron">Andiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_milling" title="Chemical milling">Chemical milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_brass_ornamental_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze and brass ornamental work">Bronze and brass ornamental work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">Ironwork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_modelling" title="Balloon modelling">Balloon modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_carving" title="Bone carving">Bone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_decorating" title="Egg decorating">Egg decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraved gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faux_painting" title="Faux painting">Faux painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">Grotesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath_art" title="Lath art">Lath art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_crafting" title="Leather crafting">Leatherworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Miniatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromosaic" title="Micromosaic">Micromosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_painting_in_H%C3%A4lsingland" title="Decorative painting in Hälsingland">Painting in Hälsingland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargeting" title="Pargeting">Pargeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietra_dura" title="Pietra dura">Pietra dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_press" title="Private press">Private press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_flower_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressed flower craft">Pressed flower craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrimshaw" title="Scrimshaw">Scrimshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_marquetry" title="Straw marquetry">Straw marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_decal" title="Wall decal">Wall decal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glass_production_techniques" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glass_production_techniques" title="Template:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glass_production_techniques" title="Template talk:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glass_production_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glass production techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glass_production_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a> techniques</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritted_glass" title="Fritted glass">Fritted glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production#Forming_process" title="Glass production">Blowing and pressing (containers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_(fiber)#Fiber_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (fiber)">Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber#Manufacturing" title="Optical fiber">Drawing (optical fibers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_glass_moulding" title="Precision glass moulding">Precision glass moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overflow_downdraw_method" title="Overflow downdraw method">Overflow downdraw method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressed_glass" title="Pressed glass">Pressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_casting" title="Glass casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_polishing" title="Flame polishing">Flame polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Etching (microfabrication)">Chemical polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_turning" title="Diamond turning">Diamond turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolled_plate_glass" title="Rolled plate glass">Rolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artistic and<br />historic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_glass" title="Art glass">Art glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_plate_glass" title="Blown plate glass">Blown plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass" title="Broad sheet glass">Broad sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caneworking" title="Caneworking">Caneworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cased_glass" title="Cased glass">Cased glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)" title="Crown glass (window)">Crown glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_glass" title="Cut glass">Cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_blown_sheet_glass" title="Cylinder blown sheet glass">Cylinder blown sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_glass" title="Engraved glass">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_etching" title="Glass etching">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enamelled_glass" title="Enamelled glass">Enamelled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashed_glass" title="Flashed glass">Flashed glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_glass" title="Forest glass">Forest glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourcault_process" title="Fourcault process">Fourcault process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fusing" title="Glass fusing">Fusing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_mosaic" title="Glass mosaic">Glass mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glassware" title="List of glassware">Glassware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampworking" title="Lampworking">Lampworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_drawn_cylinder_sheet_glass" title="Machine drawn cylinder sheet glass">Machine drawn cylinder sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millefiori" title="Millefiori">Millefiori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polished_plate_glass" title="Polished plate glass">Polished plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">Porous glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rippled_glass" title="Rippled glass">Rippled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Kiriko_cut_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma Kiriko cut glass">Satsuma Kiriko cut glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slumping" title="Slumping">Slumping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempered_glass" title="Tempered glass">Tempered glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Glass_in_nature" title="Category:Glass in nature">Natural processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_with_embedded_metal_and_sulfides" title="Glass with embedded metal and sulfides">Radiative processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_glass" title="Sea glass">Sea glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_metamorphism" title="Shock metamorphism">Shock metamorphic glass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impactite" title="Impactite">Impactite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrified_sand" title="Vitrified sand">Vitrified sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">Volcanic glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_glass_art_terms" title="Glossary of glass art terms">Glossary of glass art terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_and_Irish_stained_glass" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Template:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Template talk:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_and_Irish_stained_glass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British and Irish stained glass"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_and_Irish_stained_glass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">British and Irish stained glass</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_and_Irish_stained_glass_(1811%E2%80%931918)" title="British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)">British and Irish stained glass (1811–1918)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History of stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_stained_glass" title="Medieval stained glass">Medieval stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Man%27s_Bible" title="Poor Man's Bible">Poor Man's Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_European_cathedral_architecture" title="List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture">Regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Artistic movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aesthetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Camden_Society" title="Cambridge Camden Society">Cambridge Camden Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Renaissance">Early Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">Exoticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Glass_House_(Fulham)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Glass House (Fulham)">The Glass House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Club" title="Hogarth Club">Hogarth Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Architectural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Loughborough_Pearson" title="John Loughborough Pearson">John Loughborough Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pugin" title="Augustus Pugin">Augustus Pugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott" title="George Gilbert Scott">George Gilbert Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Thomson" title="Alexander Thomson">Alexander Thomson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Almquist" title="Carl Almquist">Carl Almquist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Carl_Almquist" title="List of works by Carl Almquist">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Liddall_Armitage" title="Edward Liddall Armitage">Edward Liddall Armitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Arnold" title="Hugh Arnold">Hugh Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burges" title="William Burges">William Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Child" title="Alfred E. Child">Alfred E. Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chilton" title="Margaret Chilton">Margaret Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Clarke" title="Brian Clarke">Brian Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Clokey" title="Walter Francis Clokey">Walter Francis Clokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edmund_Clutterbuck" title="Charles Edmund Clutterbuck">Charles Edmund Clutterbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trena_Cox" title="Trena Cox">Trena Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Davis_(painter)" title="Louis Davis (painter)">Louis Davis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Louis_Davis" title="List of works by Louis Davis">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Montmorency" title="Rachel de Montmorency">Rachel de Montmorency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Drury_(stained_glass_artist)" title="Alfred Drury (stained glass artist)">Alfred Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Esplin" title="Mabel Esplin">Mabel Esplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moira_Forsyth" title="Moira Forsyth">Moira Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Geddes" title="Wilhelmina Geddes">Wilhelmina Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Gray_(stained_glass_artist)" title="Jane Gray (stained glass artist)">Jane Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Hallward" title="Reginald Hallward">Reginald Hallward</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Reginald_Hallward" title="List of works by Reginald Hallward">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hendrie" title="Herbert Hendrie">Herbert Hendrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Humphries_Hogan" title="James Humphries Hogan">James Humphries Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Hone" title="Evie Hone">Evie Hone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Howson" title="Joan Howson">Joan Howson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Townshend_and_Howson" title="List of works by Townshend and Howson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Holmes_Jewitt" title="Edward Holmes Jewitt">Edward Holmes Jewitt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Edward_Holmes_Jewitt" title="List of works by Edward Holmes Jewitt">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kemp" title="Marjorie Kemp">Marjorie Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eamer_Kempe" title="Charles Eamer Kempe">Charles Eamer Kempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lowndes" title="Mary Lowndes">Mary Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_O%27Brien_(artist)" title="Catherine O'Brien (artist)">Catherine O’Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Parsons" title="Karl Parsons">Karl Parsons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Karl_Parsons" title="List of works by Karl Parsons">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Payne_(artist)" title="Henry Payne (artist)">Henry Payne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Henry_Payne" title="List of works by Henry Payne">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Josephine_Pocock" title="Lilian Josephine Pocock">Lilian Josephine Pocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Piper_(artist)" title="John Piper (artist)">John Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pollen" title="Patrick Pollen">Patrick Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Purser" title="Sarah Purser">Sarah Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Rhind" title="Ethel Rhind">Ethel Rhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wathen_Robinson" title="Arnold Wathen Robinson">Arnold Wathen Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Arnold_Wathen_Robinson" title="List of works by Arnold Wathen Robinson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arild_Rosenkrantz" title="Arild Rosenkrantz">Arild Rosenkrantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Skeat" title="Francis Skeat">Francis Skeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Francis_Skeat" title="List of works by Francis Skeat">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Townshend" title="Caroline Townshend">Caroline Townshend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Townshend_and_Howson" title="List of works by Townshend and Howson">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Webb" title="Christopher Webb">Christopher Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Webb_(artist)" title="Geoffrey Webb (artist)">Geoffrey Webb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Geoffrey_Webb" title="List of works by Geoffrey Webb">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Westlake" title="Nathaniel Westlake">Nathaniel Westlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Whall" title="Christopher Whall">Christopher Whall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Christopher_Whall" title="List of works by Christopher Whall">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Whall" title="Veronica Whall">Veronica Whall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Veronica_Whall" title="List of works by Veronica Whall">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willement" title="Thomas Willement">Thomas Willement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_(artist)" title="William Wilson (artist)">William Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Woodroffe" title="Paul Woodroffe">Paul Woodroffe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Paul_Woodroffe" title="List of works by Paul Woodroffe">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Woore" title="Edward Woore">Edward Woore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Edward_Woore" title="List of works by Edward Woore">works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_stained_glass_artists_and_manufacturers" title="Category:British stained glass artists and manufacturers">British stained-glass artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_stained_glass_artists_and_manufacturers" title="Category:Irish stained glass artists and manufacturers">Irish stained-glass artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Harrison_(curator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Harrison (curator)">Martin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_T%C3%BAr_Gloine" title="An Túr Gloine">An Túr Gloine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton,_Kinder_and_Alderson" title="Barton, Kinder and Alderson">Barton, Kinder and Alderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlison_and_Grylls" title="Burlison and Grylls">Burlison and Grylls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Clarke" title="Harry Clarke">Harry Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell" title="Clayton and Bell">Clayton and Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_Clokey" title="Walter Francis Clokey">Walter Francis Clokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cottier" title="Daniel Cottier">Daniel Cottier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardman_%26_Co." title="Hardman & Co.">John Hardman & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaton,_Butler_and_Bayne" title="Heaton, Butler and Bayne">Heaton, Butler and Bayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hincks_and_Burnell" title="Hincks and Burnell">Hincks and Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavers,_Barraud_and_Westlake" title="Lavers, Barraud and Westlake">Lavers, Barraud and Westlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_%26_Co." title="Morris & Co.">Morris & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Powell_and_Sons" title="James Powell and Sons">James Powell and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrigley_and_Hunt" title="Shrigley and Hunt">Shrigley and Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wailes" title="William Wailes">William Wailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warrington" title="William Warrington">William Warrington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Cathedral" title="Coventry Cathedral">Coventry Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairford_stained_glass" title="Fairford stained glass">Fairford stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Four_Green_Fields" title="My Four Green Fields">My Four Green Fields</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">Fleur-de-lis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_glass" title="Architectural glass">Architectural glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_glass" title="Art glass">Art glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beveled_glass" title="Beveled glass">Beveled glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Came_glasswork" title="Came glasswork">Came glasswork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_glass" title="Cathedral glass">Cathedral glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvilinear_coordinates" title="Curvilinear coordinates">Curvilinear coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_art" title="Glass art">Glass art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_beadmaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass beadmaking">Glass beadmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">Grisaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_window" title="Lancet window">Lancet window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadlight" title="Leadlight">Leadlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">Mandorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullion" title="Mullion">Mullion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontil">Pontil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatrefoil" title="Quatrefoil">Quatrefoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_window" title="Rose window">Rose window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">Roundel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stained glass conservation">Stained glass conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_glass" title="Studio glass">Studio glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracery" title="Tracery">Tracery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Commons:</li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stained-glass_windows_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stained-glass windows in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stained-glass_windows_in_Ireland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stained-glass windows in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a 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