Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change | Scientists and Research

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Factors that guide research are discussed, from obtaining funding, to planning research projects, to conducting research in the field."> <meta name="keywords" content="science, education, STEM, math, biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, online learning"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, shrink-to-fit=no"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="D8E20F39AD48052260032E56DE409970"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://visionlearning.com/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183" }, "name": "Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change", "headline": "Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change: The work of Kevin Arrigo", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Gina Lappé" } , { "@type": "Person", "name": "Anne E. Egger, Ph.D." }], "datePublished": "2011-02-23 10:49:33", "dateModified": "2017-02-12T08:30:00+05:00", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_183-23061210063833.jpeg", "width": 696, "height": 464 }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc.", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "http://visionlearning.com/images/logo.png", "width": 278, "height": 60 } }, "description": "Biological oceanographer Kevin Arrigo investigates questions about changes in polar ecosystems due to a changing climate. This research profile explores Arrigo's expeditions in the Arctic Ocean and examines the different influences on Arrigo’s research projects and his career in general. Factors that guide research are discussed, from obtaining funding, to planning research projects, to conducting research in the field.", "keywords": "science, education, STEM, math, biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, online learning", "inLanguage": { "@type": "Language", "name": "English", "alternateName": "en" }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Visionlearning, Inc." }, "copyrightYear": "2011"} </script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://visionlearning.com/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183"> <meta property="og:title" content="Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change | Scientists and Research | Visionlearning" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Visionlearning"> <meta property="og:description" content="Biological oceanographer Kevin Arrigo investigates questions about changes in polar ecosystems due to a changing climate. 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class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-environmental-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-environmental-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Environmental Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-environmental-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-environmental-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-ecology" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-ecology" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ecology </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ecology" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ecology" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-i/276">Biodiversity I</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/biodiversity-ii/281">Biodiversity II</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/ecosystem-services/279">Ecosystem Services</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/population-biology/287">Population Biology</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-earth-cycles" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-earth-cycles" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Earth Cycles </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-earth-cycles" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-earth-cycles" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-nitrogen-cycle/98">The Nitrogen Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-carbon-cycle/95">The Carbon Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/the-phosphorus-cycle/197">The Phosphorus Cycle</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li class="current">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</li> <li><a href="/en/library/environmental-science/61/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-general-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-general-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> General Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-general-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-general-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-scientific-method/45">The Scientific Method</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-measurement" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-measurement" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Measurement </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-measurement" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-measurement" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/the-metric-system/47">The Metric System</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physical-properties" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physical-properties" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physical Properties </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physical-properties" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physical-properties" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/temperature/48">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/general-science/3/density-and-buoyancy/37">Density and Buoyancy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-math-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-math-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Math in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" 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href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/scientific-notation/250">Scientific Notation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/measurement/257">Measurement</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-statistics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-statistics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Statistics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-statistics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-statistics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-descriptive-statistics/218">Introduction to Descriptive Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/introduction-to-inferential-statistics/224">Introduction to Inferential Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/statistical-techniques/239">Statistical Techniques</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Trigonometric Functions </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-trigonometric-functions" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-trigonometric-functions" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/math-in-science/62/wave-mathematics/131">Wave Mathematics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-physics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-physics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Physics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-physics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-physics" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-light-and-optics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-light-and-optics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Light and Optics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-light-and-optics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-light-and-optics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/the-nature-of-light/132">The Nature of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/electromagnetism-and-light/138">Electromagnetism and Light</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-mechanics" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-mechanics" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Mechanics </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-mechanics" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-mechanics" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/defining-energy/199">Defining Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/waves-and-wave-motion/102">Waves and Wave Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/gravity/118">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/physics/24/thermodynamics-i/200">Thermodynamics I</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-process-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-process-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Process of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-process-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-process-of-science" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-introduction" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-introduction" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Introduction </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-introduction" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-introduction" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-process-of-science/176">The Process of Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> The Culture of Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-the-culture-of-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-the-culture-of-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-nature-of-scientific-knowledge/185">The Nature of Scientific Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientists-and-the-scientific-community/172">Scientists and the Scientific Community</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-ethics/161">Scientific Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-institutions-and-societies/162">Scientific Institutions and Societies</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Ideas in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-ideas-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-ideas-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/theories-hypotheses-and-laws/177">Theories, Hypotheses, and Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/scientific-controversy/181">Scientific Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/creativity-in-science/182">Creativity in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-research-methods" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-research-methods" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Research Methods </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-research-methods" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-research-methods" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-practice-of-science/148">The Practice of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/experimentation-in-scientific-research/150">Experimentation in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/description-in-scientific-research/151">Description in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/comparison-in-scientific-research/152">Comparison in Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/modeling-in-scientific-research/153">Modeling in Scientific Research</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-data" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-data" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Data </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-data" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-data" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/data-analysis-and-interpretation/154">Data Analysis and Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/uncertainty-error-and-confidence/157">Uncertainty, Error, and Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/statistics-in-science/155">Statistics in Science</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/using-graphs-and-visual-data-in-science/156">Using Graphs and Visual Data in Science</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-communication" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-communication" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Communication </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-communication" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-communication" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/understanding-scientific-journals-and-articles/158">Understanding Scientific Journals and Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/utilizing-the-scientific-literature/173">Utilizing the Scientific Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/peer-review-in-scientific-publishing/159">Peer Review in Scientific Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/process-of-science/49/the-how-and-why-of-scientific-meetings/186">The How and Why of Scientific Meetings</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientists and Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientists-and-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientists-and-research" role="region"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li class="current">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205">Ruth Benerito</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-díaz/219">Franklin Chang Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-córdova/230">France Anne-Dominic Córdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li>  <button class="button" data-toggle="dropdown">Scientists and Research </button> <div class="nav__dropdown box-shadow-1 padding-1"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary font-size-sm"> <div class="accordion accordion--secondary"> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-scientific-research" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-scientific-research" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Scientific Research </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-scientific-research" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-scientific-research" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li class="current">Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change</li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/from-stable-chromosomes-to-jumping-genes/184">From Stable Chromosomes to Jumping Genes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/an-elegant-experiment-to-test-the-process-of-dna-replication/187">An Elegant Experiment to Test the Process of DNA Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/the-founding-of-neuroscience/233">The Founding of Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/tracking-endangered-jaguars-across-the-border/189">Tracking Endangered Jaguars across the Border</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/atmospheric-chemistry-research-that-changed-global-policy/211">Atmospheric Chemistry Research that Changed Global Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/revolutionizing-medicine-with-monoclonal-antibodies/220">Revolutionizing Medicine with Monoclonal Antibodies</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/uncovering-the-mysteries-of-chronic-mountain-sickness/238">Uncovering the Mysteries of Chronic Mountain Sickness</a></li> </ul> </div> <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-sub-button-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-sub-panel-profiles-in-science" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="accordion__button__label"> Profiles in Science </span> </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-sub-panel-profiles-in-science" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-sub-button-profiles-in-science" role="region"> <ul class="nav text-color-link"> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-e.-miramontes/232">Luis E. Miramontes</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/bernardo-houssay/237">Bernardo Houssay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/craig-lee/256">Craig Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/david-ho/241">David Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/louis-tompkins-wright/244">Louis Tompkins Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/carlos-j.-finlay/217">Carlos J. Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/cecilia-payne/290">Cecilia Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/jazmin-scarlett/291">Jazmin Scarlett</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ramari-stewart/292">Ramari Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/johnson-cerda/300">Johnson Cerda</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ellen-ochoa/201">Ellen Ochoa</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/ruth-benerito/205">Ruth Benerito</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/franklin-chang-díaz/219">Franklin Chang Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/percy-lavon-julian/221">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/luis-walter-alvarez/229">Luis Walter Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/france-anne-dominic-córdova/230">France Anne-Dominic Córdova</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="theTop"></div> <main id="skip-header-content"> <div class="margin-bottom-5"> <article class="container wide module"> <header class="grid grid--sidebar-right module__header"> <div class="module__header__title"> <span class="subcategory"> <strong><em>Scientific Research</em></strong> </span> <h1>Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change: <sub><em>The work of Kevin Arrigo</em></sub></h1> <p class="byline">by Gina Lappé, Anne E. Egger, Ph.D.</p> <nav class="module__header__tabs"> <ul class="tabs-nav tabs-nav--horizontal library"> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183/reading" aria-current="page" >Reading</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183/quiz">Quiz</a> </li> <li> <a href="/en/library/scientists-and-research/58/collaborative-research-in-the-arctic-towards-understanding-climate-change/183/resources">Teach with this</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <hr class="divider"/>   <div class="grid grid--sidebar-right grid--divider"> <div class="order-2 order-1--lg module__main"> <div class="narrow margin-x-auto margin-y-5"> <div class="accordion margin-bottom-5">  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-key-concepts" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-key-concepts" aria-expanded="true" tabindex="0"> Did you know? </button> <div class="accordion__panel shown show" id="acc-panel-key-concepts" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-key-concepts" role="region"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <p>Did you know that the Arctic sea ice is shrinking as a result of climate change? The ICESCAPE project, funded by NASA, investigates how climate change in the Arctic Ocean may impact the region. Studies such as this provide valuable information about the changing global climate and its effect on our planet and the life it supports.</p> </div> </div>  <button class="accordion__button" id="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="button" aria-controls="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> Terms you should know </button> <div class="accordion__panel" id="acc-panel-terms-you-should-know" data-accordion="panel" aria-labelledby="acc-button-terms-you-should-know" role="region" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="accordion__panel__content"> <dl> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem">ecosystem </a></dt> <dd> the living organisms and nonliving things that exist in a particular environment and function as an interrelated system. </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/primary+production">primary production </a></dt> <dd> the process of forming new organic material from carbon dioxide, generally through photosynthesis; the process by which plants take in carbon dioxide, water, and light to form sugar and release oxygen </dd> <dt><a href="/en/glossary/view/sampling">sampling </a></dt> <dd> the process of collecting data to be studied; gathering a representative part of a larger group in order to determine characteristics of the entire population</dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <hr class="border-color-dark" /> <section> <div class="container narrow"> <p>Studying <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change is challenging. Climate is influenced by many factors, including things such as the shape of Earth's orbit around the sun and the <mark class="term" data-term="concentration" data-term-def="The amount of one substance in relation to other components within a given area." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/concentration/8733">concentration</mark> of trace gases in the <mark class="term" data-term="atmosphere" data-term-def="The collective mass of gases that surrounds the Earth or another planet." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atmosphere/8529">atmosphere</mark>. In turn, climate influences many things on Earth's <mark class="term" data-term="surface" data-term-def="The outside or external part; the topside face of something." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/surface/8275">surface</mark>, including everything from large-scale <mark class="term" data-term="circulation" data-term-def="Generally, movement within a system. 1. [Atmospheric] the movement of air masses within the troposphere, driven by the redistribution of energy&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/circulation/10355">circulation</mark> in the oceans to the distribution and functioning of <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystems</mark> on the planet. How does an individual scientist go about doing <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> on such a complex system? Kevin Arrigo (Figure 1), a biological <mark class="term" data-term="oceanographer" data-term-def="a scientist who studies the ocean, including marine life, ecosystems, ocean circulation, and the chemical and physical properties of the water" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/oceanographer/12616">oceanographer</mark> and professor at Stanford University, has two key strategies: He uses multiple research <mark class="term" data-term="method" data-term-def="A procedure or process; a systematic way of performing a task or conducting research." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/method/8238">methods</mark> in combination, and he collaborates with many other scientists. In his work, Arrigo uses laboratory <mark class="term" data-term="experiment" data-term-def="A test or trial carried out under controlled conditions so that specific actions can be performed and the results can be observed." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/experiment/8292">experiments</mark> on <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark>, <mark class="term" data-term="analysis" data-term-def="The careful study of data to look for patterns." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/analysis/8553">analysis</mark> of satellite imagery, computer modeling, and field <mark class="term" data-term="observation" data-term-def="1. The act of noticing something. 2. A record of that which has been noticed." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/observation/8255">observations</mark>. He shares the results obtained through these multiple research methods with scientists in other disciplines to put together big ideas about how climate affects a given ecosystem.</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5394.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5394-110223090241.jpg" alt="Figure 1: Kevin Arrigo on the ice in the Arctic Circle" /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 1:</b> Kevin Arrigo on the ice in the Arctic Circle</p> <span class="credit">image ©Gert van Dijken</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>In 2010, his work brought him to the Arctic Ocean, where he served as lead scientist on a large, collaborative, NASA-funded <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> cruise. What does leading such a significant scientific undertaking involve, and how did Arrigo end up there? Arrigo's path to the Arctic Ocean and the day-to-day challenges they encountered on the cruise illustrate many important aspects of the <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark> of science, including the collaborative nature of science, the influence of society, chance, and scientific institutions on research directions, and the variety of roles that scientists play in their work.</p> <p><section id="toc_1" class=""> <h2>The path to the Arctic</h2></p> <p>Arrigo always knew he wanted to be a scientist, but he attributes his early interest in <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystems</mark> and ocean science to an unlikely origin: a local travel show broadcast in his hometown of suburban Detroit, <em>George Pierrot Presents</em>. Sometimes the show featured footage of coral reefs as the backdrop to a Caribbean vacation, and it was the jawfish (Figure 2) that hooked him. Jawfish are known for being entertaining aquarium fish because of the burrows they build using gravel and because of their tendency to spit gravel at fish that come too close. He says, "I was fascinated by the jawfish. They were just the coolest things and that is when I got the bug."</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5395.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5395-110223090252.jpg" alt="Figure 2: A yellow-headed jawfish (Opistognathus aurifrons) in a coral reef." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 2:</b> A yellow-headed jawfish (<em>Opistognathus aurifrons</em>) in a coral reef.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Creative Commons</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>While jawfish might have been his start, it wasn't just one animal that kept him coming back for more. He wanted to understand how all the <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark>, from fish down to microbes, interacted with each other and with their <mark class="term" data-term="environment" data-term-def="The conditions that surround and affect an organism." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/environment/8270">environment</mark>. Growing up, he describes buying fish tanks and setting them up as realistically as possible to watch the species interact. "People are always fascinated by the big stuff," Arrigo says. "They want to see the turtle and the sharks, but I like to go and just sit at a coral head and watch all the interactions between the <mark class="term" data-term="invertebrate" data-term-def="An organism without a backbone. Invertebrates account for 95-99% of all animal species on Earth and include organisms like worms, insects,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/invertebrate/5270">invertebrates</mark>."</p><p>"All the interactions" is one way to describe a whole <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystem</mark>. An ecosystem includes all the living <mark class="term" data-term="organism" data-term-def="Any connected living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium. Organisms may be composed of a single cell or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/organism/2171">organisms</mark> in a particular area as well as the abiotic factors – that is, the non-living factors – that the organisms rely on. These abiotic factors include things like the amount of sunlight and rainfall an area receives, or the temperature and salinity of the ocean around the reef. </p><p>Looking at the whole <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystem</mark>, as opposed to just one <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> within it, helps scientists understand how plants and animals interact with each other and with the <mark class="term" data-term="environment" data-term-def="The conditions that surround and affect an organism." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/environment/8270">environment</mark>. One of Arrigo's motivations in studying ecosystems is that, if we understand how the whole ecosystem functions, we can become better equipped to protect or preserve it effectively. Arrigo's early <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> focused on how the Southern Ocean ecosystem functions; specifically, he used satellite imagery to describe and estimate the distribution of <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark>. Phytoplankton are also called primary producers in the ocean, which means that they are able to <mark class="term" data-term="photosynthesize" data-term-def="The act of performing photosynthesis." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/photosynthesize/7077">photosynthesize</mark>, taking <mark class="term" data-term="energy" data-term-def="An abstract property defined as the capacity to do work. The basic forms of energy include chemical, electrical, mechanical, nuclear, and&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/energy/1497">energy</mark> from the sun in combination with CO<sub>2</sub> and converting it to oxygen. As a result, Arrigo can use the estimate of phytoplankton distribution to determine the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> taken up through <mark class="term" data-term="primary production" data-term-def="The process of forming new organic material from carbon dioxide, generally through photosynthesis; the process by which plants take in carbon&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/primary+production/8528">primary production</mark> in the region (Arrigo and McClain, 1994). Arrigo is still interested in ecosystems and how they function, and he shares that interest with Stanford undergraduates by teaching a course on coral reef ecosystems in Australia every fall.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form class="" name="cc6472"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">An <em>ecosystem</em> refers to</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6472-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6472" type="radio" value="the plants and animals in a particular environment." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> the plants and animals in a particular environment. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6472-0"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6472-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6472" type="radio" value="all living and non-living things in a particular environment." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> all living and non-living things in a particular environment. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6472-1"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_2"> <h2>A shift in focus: Biogeochemistry</h2><p>More recently, Arrigo's <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> focus has shifted towards biogeochemistry, or the study of the biological, geological, and chemical processes that interact within a <mark class="term" data-term="system" data-term-def="A group of interacting, interrelated or interdependent components that form a complex whole. The size of the system is defined for&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/system/3904">system</mark>. This field places particular emphasis on how <mark class="term" data-term="element" data-term-def="One of fewer than 118 pure chemical substances. An element is a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/element/1510">elements</mark> and <mark class="term" data-term="nutrient" data-term-def="A chemical substance (e.g., minerals, vitamins, proteins) that is needed by an organism to survive and grow. See also: macronutrient and micronutrient." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/nutrient/7058">nutrients</mark> like nitrogen, carbon, and sulfur cycle through the <mark class="term" data-term="atmosphere" data-term-def="The collective mass of gases that surrounds the Earth or another planet." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atmosphere/8529">atmosphere</mark>, <mark class="term" data-term="hydrosphere" data-term-def="All the water available on Earth and within Earth’s atmosphere, including (but not limited to) lakes, rivers, oceans, glaciers, aquifers, ice&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/hydrosphere/7063">hydrosphere</mark>, <mark class="term" data-term="biosphere" data-term-def="All of the living organisms on Earth." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/biosphere/2177">biosphere</mark>, and <mark class="term" data-term="geosphere" data-term-def="The solid portion of Earth, including the crust and mantle." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/geosphere/2178">geosphere</mark> on both long and short timescales: These processes are known as <mark class="term" data-term="biogeochemical" data-term-def="Of or relating to the partitioning and cycling of chemical elements and compounds between the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/biogeochemical/2179">biogeochemical</mark> cycles (see our modules on <a href="http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=95&l=">The Carbon Cycle</a> and <a href="http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=98&l=">The Nitrogen Cycle</a>). Arrigo attributes the shift in part to pressure from the general academic and scientific communities. "To write a successful grant proposal to get funding for research," something he says he spends a lot of his time doing, "you have to mention <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change or carbon cycling." In other words, Arrigo is following his interests, but also responding to the influence of scientific institutions and funding agencies (see our module on <a href="http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=162&l=">Scientific Institutions and Societies</a>), which are emphasizing climate change because of society's need for more scientific knowledge in this area.</p><p>While still focusing on the Southern and Arctic oceans, the shift to include <mark class="term" data-term="biogeochemical" data-term-def="Of or relating to the partitioning and cycling of chemical elements and compounds between the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/biogeochemical/2179">biogeochemical</mark> cycles in his <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> brought new questions, <mark class="term" data-term="method" data-term-def="A procedure or process; a systematic way of performing a task or conducting research." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/method/8238">methods</mark>, and motivations to his research. Primarily, he is now coupling his interest in <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystems</mark> with a focus on how <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change may impact those ecosystems and their interactions. In the Southern Ocean, for example, Arrigo began to combine his <mark class="term" data-term="analysis" data-term-def="The careful study of data to look for patterns." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/analysis/8553">analysis</mark> of satellite imagery with analysis of the <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark> themselves, determining that different phytoplankton <mark class="term" data-term="species" data-term-def="1. In biological classifications, it is the lowest and most basic unit of the Linnaean taxonomic hierarchy (although it is also&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/species/893">species</mark> had very different rates of CO<sub>2</sub> uptake (Arrigo et al., 2002), and that <mark class="term" data-term="photosynthesis" data-term-def="Formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/photosynthesis/2194">photosynthesis</mark> (or primary production) by all species was inhibited with increased <mark class="term" data-term="ultraviolet" data-term-def="Wavelengths between 1 and 380 nanometers (nm) on the electromagnetic spectrum, falling between X-rays (10<sup>-2</sup> nm to 1 nm) and visible&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ultraviolet/8233">ultraviolet</mark> <mark class="term" data-term="radiation" data-term-def="Energy emitted as particles, waves, or rays." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/radiation/8266">radiation</mark> that resulted from the <mark class="term" data-term="ozone" data-term-def="A form of oxygen, O<sub>3</sub>, produced by the reaction of sunlight with O<sub>2</sub>." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ozone/8744">ozone</mark> hole over the southern hemisphere (Arrigo et al., 2003) (see our module on <a href="/library/module_viewer.php?mid=148">The Practice of Science: An Introduction to Research Methods</a> to find out more about the ozone hole). Over several years of analyses, Arrigo and his research associate determined that portions of the Southern Ocean are an important "sink" for atmospheric carbon dioxide, meaning that they can remove CO<sub>2</sub> from the <mark class="term" data-term="atmosphere" data-term-def="The collective mass of gases that surrounds the Earth or another planet." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/atmosphere/8529">atmosphere</mark>, but that the amount of CO<sub>2</sub> absorbed through <mark class="term" data-term="primary production" data-term-def="The process of forming new organic material from carbon dioxide, generally through photosynthesis; the process by which plants take in carbon&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/primary+production/8528">primary production</mark> varied widely from year to year and was strongly correlated with the extent and thickness of <mark class="term" data-term="sea ice" data-term-def="frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sea+ice/12618">sea ice</mark> cover (Arrigo and Van Dijken, 2007).</p></section> <section id="toc_3"> <h2>Collaborative <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> in the Arctic Ocean</h2><p>Arrigo's <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> in the Southern Ocean showing the tightly coupled relationship between seasonal ice cover and <mark class="term" data-term="primary production" data-term-def="The process of forming new organic material from carbon dioxide, generally through photosynthesis; the process by which plants take in carbon&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/primary+production/8528">primary production</mark> led him to become interested in the Arctic Ocean as well. Repeated satellite imagery and ship measurements had demonstrated that Arctic <mark class="term" data-term="sea ice" data-term-def="frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sea+ice/12618">sea ice</mark> was shrinking at an accelerated rate. What would this mean for primary production?</p><p>In 2008, Arrigo gave a presentation about the shrinking Arctic <mark class="term" data-term="sea ice" data-term-def="frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sea+ice/12618">sea ice</mark> at an ocean sciences meeting. After his presentation, a program officer in charge of the funding for the Arctic program at <mark class="term" data-term="NASA" data-term-def="The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a US government office established in 1958 to research flight in the Earth's atmosphere and beyond." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/NASA/5494">NASA</mark> approached him. She asked him to help her write a paper about new directions for <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> in the Arctic that would become a call for proposals to the scientific community (you can read the white paper yourself – see Research under the Resources tab). In other words, while Arrigo had earlier shifted his research focus to address the priorities of funding agencies, in this case, the funding agency was developing its strategy based on Arrigo's research!</p><p>This interaction eventually led to his involvement in the NASA-funded Impacts of <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">Climate</mark> Change on the Eco-Systems and Chemistry of the Arctic Pacific <mark class="term" data-term="environment" data-term-def="The conditions that surround and affect an organism." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/environment/8270">Environment</mark>, or ICESCAPE (Figure 3). ICESCAPE is a four-year-long project designed to investigate questions about the biogeochemistry of a portion of the Arctic Ocean and how climate change may impact the region. The Arctic is already experiencing <mark class="term" data-term="ecosystem" data-term-def="The complex of a community of organisms and its environment, functioning as a unit." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/ecosystem/2174">ecosystem</mark> changes due to climate change, and projects such as this one provide valuable information about our changing global climate. The project involves two <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> cruises through the Arctic Ocean to investigate <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark> response to changing <mark class="term" data-term="sea ice" data-term-def="frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sea+ice/12618">sea ice</mark> cover, conduct "ground-truthing" of satellite <mark class="term" data-term="data" data-term-def="(plural form of <b>datum</b>) A collection of pieces of information, generally taking the form of numbers, text, bits, or facts, that&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/data/3729">data</mark> by making <mark class="term" data-term="surface" data-term-def="The outside or external part; the topside face of something." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/surface/8275">surface</mark> measurements to verify the remotely sensed measurements, and measure the impacts of ocean acidification on the Arctic Ocean ecosystem.</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5396.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5396-110223090259.jpg" alt="Figure 3: The logo for the ICESCAPE Project." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 3:</b> The logo for the ICESCAPE Project.</p> <span class="credit">image ©NASA</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>ICESCAPE includes over 50 scientists in 11 different <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> teams from Stanford University and Scripps Institute of Oceanography in California, University of Washington, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, the University of Alaska-Fairbanks, and several other universities and research institutions. Most of the scientists participate in two month-long research cruises to the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in the Arctic (see Figure 4 for location); the first took place in the summer of 2010 and the second took place in the summer of 2011. Each research team works on a specific question related to the general goal of the project to investigate the impact of <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change in the Arctic. </p><p>Arrigo's <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> team consists of his lab manager, a research associate, two graduate students, and two undergraduate students. One of the team members, an undergraduate who had worked with Arrigo since 2008, decided to miss her graduation from Stanford in order to get a place on the research cruise. It is very competitive to even be selected as one of the research teams on the cruise, and the opportunity to go on a cruise, especially as an undergraduate, is something you don't pass up. In addition to managing his own team, however, Arrigo is the chief scientist on ICESCAPE, meaning he is in charge of managing the logistics before, during, and after each of the two cruises.</p><p>The primary role of the chief scientist is to decide how all the <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> questions will be addressed on the cruise. Initially, each team had written their own plans for addressing their research questions, resulting in some overlap and redundancy. Through the planning <mark class="term" data-term="process" data-term-def="Method, procedure; series of actions or steps." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/process/8256">process</mark>, they refined their research questions as a group and worked together to decide how <mark class="term" data-term="data" data-term-def="(plural form of <b>datum</b>) A collection of pieces of information, generally taking the form of numbers, text, bits, or facts, that&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/data/3729">data</mark> will be collected and samples shared between the teams. These decisions, among others, were made via a year of weekly teleconferences in which all of the research teams participated. Once research questions were confirmed and <mark class="term" data-term="method" data-term-def="A procedure or process; a systematic way of performing a task or conducting research." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/method/8238">methods</mark> established, a plan of <mark class="term" data-term="sampling" data-term-def="The process of collecting data to be studied; the gathering of a representative part of a larger group in order to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sampling/8534">sampling</mark> locations was laid out (Figure 4).</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5397.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5397-110223100205.jpg" alt="Figure 4: The plan for the ICESCAPE cruise track and sampling locations for the 2010 expedition, laid out prior to the cruise." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 4:</b> The plan for the ICESCAPE cruise track and sampling locations for the 2010 expedition, laid out prior to the cruise.</p> <span class="credit">image ©ICESCAPE/NASA</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>On June 11, 2010, after more than a year of planning, the <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> teams flew to Dutch Harbor, Alaska, where their research vessel, the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy (Figure 5), was waiting. The Healy is owned by the Coast Guard and rented by <mark class="term" data-term="NASA" data-term-def="The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, a US government office established in 1958 to research flight in the Earth's atmosphere and beyond." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/NASA/5494">NASA</mark> for the research cruise. It comes with a full crew accustomed to working with scientists out on the water, and a complete shop on board designed to allow the crew, and the scientists, to build whatever they need to do their research. As lead scientist, Arrigo is in charge of interfacing with the captain and serving as the main communicator between the crew and the scientists. Both groups bring their different expertise to make the research cruise successful, and the scientists rely on the crew, who not only keep the ship functioning, but help with the machinery and technical aspects of collecting samples.</p> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form class="" name="cc6525"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">A main purpose of the planning process was to ensure</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6525-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6525" type="radio" value="all of the research questions could be addressed." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> all of the research questions could be addressed. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6525-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6525-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6525" type="radio" value="every research team got to do what they wanted." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> every research team got to do what they wanted. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6525-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5398.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5398-110223100208.jpg" alt="Figure 5: The USCGC Healy pulling away from Dutch Harbor." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 5:</b> The USCGC Healy pulling away from Dutch Harbor.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Sue Tolley/NASA</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </section> <section id="toc_4"> <h2>On the water</h2><p>Once on the water, everyone on the boat is kept informed about the plan for the day on the "Board of Lies," a white board that is projected all over the ship (Figure 6). It is so named because, though it shows the plan for each day, it is usually wrong within minutes of being written down. Ocean conditions, ice, and <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> logistics change moment to moment and make it impossible to stick to even the best-laid plans. This is not uncommon in scientific research, especially in field work, where it is not possible to <mark class="term" data-term="control" data-term-def="In science, a control is a system for which the expected change or outcome is well known and is measured or&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/control/3801">control</mark> all aspects of the <mark class="term" data-term="environment" data-term-def="The conditions that surround and affect an organism." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/environment/8270">environment</mark>, and scientists need to be flexible to accommodate changes and new opportunities.</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5399.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5399-110223100210.jpg" alt="Figure 6: Kevin Arrigo gives an update on the Board of Lies on-board the ship." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 6:</b> Kevin Arrigo gives an update on the Board of Lies on-board the ship.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Sue Tolley/NASA</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>June in the Arctic is a time of virtually perpetual sunlight, so 24 hours of continuous <mark class="term" data-term="sampling" data-term-def="The process of collecting data to be studied; the gathering of a representative part of a larger group in order to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sampling/8534">sampling</mark> each day was possible regardless of which 12-hour shift researchers were assigned. The weather was particularly pleasant in 2010, with lots of calm sunny days on the water. This allowed the <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> teams to collect samples at nearly double the number of locations they expected to reach, both open water samples (Figure 7) and ice station samples (Figure 8).</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5400.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5400-110223100214.jpg" alt="Figure 7: Lowering instruments to collect water samples in the open ocean." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 7:</b> Lowering instruments to collect water samples in the open ocean.<br /></p> <span class="credit">image ©Haley Smith Kingsland</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox=""> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5401-110223100217.jpg" alt="Figure 8: Members of Arrigo's research team collecting water samples from below the sea ice." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 8:</b> Members of Arrigo's research team collecting water samples from below the sea ice.<br /></p> <span class="credit">image ©Haley Smith Kingsland</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>Arrigo's <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> team was measuring rates of primary productivity to see how much carbon dioxide <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark> consume through <mark class="term" data-term="photosynthesis" data-term-def="Formation of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and a source of hydrogen (as water) in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to light." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/photosynthesis/2194">photosynthesis</mark>. In order to do this, they collected water samples using a Niskin bottle rosette, shown in Figure 9, which is a submersible tool surrounded by twelve 30-liter bottles. These bottles are open on both ends and can be closed at any depth in the water column as the rosette descends. This way, they are able to compare samples from throughout the water column, or they can get a lot of samples from a certain depth. The phytoplankton are then either filtered out right on the ship, or the samples are kept in their bottles for <mark class="term" data-term="analysis" data-term-def="The careful study of data to look for patterns." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/analysis/8553">analysis</mark> back at Stanford. The team also measured the <mark class="term" data-term="concentration" data-term-def="The amount of one substance in relation to other components within a given area." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/concentration/8733">concentration</mark> of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous in the water to investigate the role of microorganisms in <mark class="term" data-term="nutrient" data-term-def="A chemical substance (e.g., minerals, vitamins, proteins) that is needed by an organism to survive and grow. See also: macronutrient and micronutrient." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/nutrient/7058">nutrient</mark> cycling.</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5402.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5402-110223100220.jpg" alt="Figure 9: Arrigo's main sampling tool, the Niskin bottle rosette." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 9:</b> Arrigo's main sampling tool, the Niskin bottle rosette.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Haley Smith Kingsland</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <p>Despite the pleasant weather, the ship still encountered ice it couldn't break through. Usually the 420-ft Healy is able to barge through the ice by ramming up on top of it, causing the ice to be pushed down, break up and disperse to make room for the ship. But after 12 hours of slamming into an ice shelf with only a few meters of progress, the team decided to turn back. The original plan was to reach the Beaufort Sea, but the ice barrier kept them limited to only <mark class="term" data-term="sampling" data-term-def="The process of collecting data to be studied; the gathering of a representative part of a larger group in order to&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sampling/8534">sampling</mark> from the Chukchi Sea (see Figure 4 for locations). Despite the ice, they collected a much larger number of samples than they had anticipated – their actual sampling locations are shown in Figure 10. Compared with their planned locations, represented by black circles in Figure 4, you can see that they didn't make it as far north or west as they had planned, but there are many more red, green, and blue triangles (indicating sampling locations) than black circles on the plan.</p> <div class="figure"> <figure> <button class="lightbox-button lightbox-button--icon" data-lightbox="" data-lightbox-src="/img/library/large_images/image_5403.jpg"> <img src="/img/library/modules/mid183/Image/VLObject-5403-110223100223.jpg" alt="Figure 10: The sampling locations of the ICESCAPE research cruise in the summer of 2010. Land is shown in gray; bathymetric contours show water depth." /> </button> <figcaption> <p><b>Figure 10:</b> The sampling locations of the ICESCAPE research cruise in the summer of 2010. Land is shown in gray; bathymetric contours show water depth.</p> <span class="credit">image ©Kevin Arrigo</span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="comprehension-checkpoint margin-y-4"> <h6 class="comprehension-checkpoint__header"> <span> <span class="icon icon-question"></span> </span> Comprehension Checkpoint </h6> <form class="" name="cc6527"> <div class="form-entry"> <div class="form-entry__field"> <span class="form-entry__field__label">The "Board of Lies" underscores that scientists must</span> <div class="form-entry__option"> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="correct"> <label> <input id="q1-6527-0-option-a" name="quiz-option-6527" type="radio" value="be flexible in their research to accommodate changing circumstances." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">a.</span> be flexible in their research to accommodate changing circumstances. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6527-0"> <strong>Correct!</strong> </span> </div> <div class="form-entry__option__radio" data-answer="incorrect"> <label> <input id="q1-6527-1-option-b" name="quiz-option-6527" type="radio" value="stick to the original research plan in spite of changing circumstances." > <span class="option__label"> <span class="screen-reader-only">b.</span> stick to the original research plan in spite of changing circumstances. </span> </label> <span class="quiz__response" id="response-6527-1"> <strong>Incorrect.</strong> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </section> <section id="toc_5"> <h2>Looking ahead to the next cruise</h2><p>As soon as they finished their first cruise, Arrigo and the other <mark class="term" data-term="research" data-term-def="A study or an investigation." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/research/8257">research</mark> teams began looking ahead to the next trip. The direction of their research questions depends in part on when they are able to secure the ship: If it is over a similar time period, they will likely collect a second year of <mark class="term" data-term="data" data-term-def="(plural form of <b>datum</b>) A collection of pieces of information, generally taking the form of numbers, text, bits, or facts, that&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/data/3729">data</mark> from the same sites to see how the areas change over time. But they may determine new research questions based on the results of their first cruise, the thickness and extent of the <mark class="term" data-term="sea ice" data-term-def="frozen seawater that floats on the ocean surface" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/sea+ice/12618">sea ice</mark>, or the time of year when they have access to the Healy.</p><p> Arrigo is hoping to explore new sites, especially those further north including areas in the Beaufort Sea where they had planned to sample in 2010 but were blocked by ice. This will provide a larger spatial distribution for his <mark class="term" data-term="data" data-term-def="(plural form of <b>datum</b>) A collection of pieces of information, generally taking the form of numbers, text, bits, or facts, that&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/data/3729">data</mark> and will give him a better sense of how much carbon dioxide the <mark class="term" data-term="phytoplankton" data-term-def="Microscopic plants, such as algae, that float freely in the water column of an aquatic system (e.g., lake, ocean)." data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/phytoplankton/7074">phytoplankton</mark> of the Arctic are taking up. By addressing this question, Arrigo and his team are contributing not only to understanding the impact of <mark class="term" data-term="climate" data-term-def="Climate describes the average and patterns of a particular area’s weather over time. Climate includes such elements as temperature, precipitation, humidity,&hellip;" data-term-url="/en/glossary/view/climate/9334">climate</mark> change in this region, but our understanding of climate in general. You can read about the results of the second IceScape cruise <a href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/june/arctic-algal-blooms-060712.html">here</a>.</p> </div> </section> <hr class="border-color-dark" /> <footer class="module__footer"> <p class="citation"> <em> Gina Lappé, Anne E. Egger, Ph.D. “Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change” Visionlearning Vol. SCIRE-1 (4), 2011. </em> </p>  <div class="title-list" id="refs" name="refs"> <p class="h6 title-list__title"> References </p> <ul class="title-list__list"> <li>Arrigo, K.R., Dunbar, R.B., Lizotte, M.P., & Robinson, D.H. (2002). "Taxon-specific differences in C/P and N/P drawdown for phytoplankton in the Ross Sea, Antarctica." <em>Geophysical Research Letters, 29</em>(19), 41-44.</li> <li>Arrigo, K.R., Lubin, D., van Dijken, G.L., Holm-Hansen, O., & Morrow, E. (2003). "Impact of a deep ozone hole on Southern Ocean primary production." <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 108</em>(C5), 1-19.</li> <li>Arrigo, K.R., & McClain, C.R. (1994). "Spring phytoplankton production in the Western Ross Sea." <em>Science, 266</em>(5183), 261-263.</li> <li>Arrigo, K.R., & Van Dijken, G.L. (2007). "Interannual variation in air-sea CO<sub>2</sub> flux in the Ross Sea, Antarctica: A model analysis." <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 112</em>(C3), 1-16.</li> </ul> </div>  <div class="title-list" name="further"> <p class="h6 title-list__title"> Further Reading </p> <ul class="grid grid--column-2--md grid--column-3--md gap-1"> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Scientific-Institutions-and-Societies/162"> <article class="flex-row align-items-center flex-column--md align-items-start--md height-100 theme-light padding-2 gap-2"> <div class="width-30 width-auto--md"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_162-23061210061220.jpeg" alt="Scientific Institutions and Societies"> </div> <div class="flex-grow-shrink"> <h2 class="h6 font-weight-normal"> Scientific Institutions and Societies: <em>Types of institutions and their influence</em> </h2> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Modeling-in-Scientific-Research/153"> <article class="flex-row align-items-center flex-column--md align-items-start--md height-100 theme-light padding-2 gap-2"> <div class="width-30 width-auto--md"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_153-23061210061449.jpg" alt="Modeling in Scientific Research"> </div> <div class="flex-grow-shrink"> <h2 class="h6 font-weight-normal"> Modeling in Scientific Research: <em>Simplifying a system to make predictions</em> </h2> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Description-in-Scientific-Research/151"> <article class="flex-row align-items-center flex-column--md align-items-start--md height-100 theme-light padding-2 gap-2"> <div class="width-30 width-auto--md"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_151-23061210061423.jpeg" alt="Description in Scientific Research"> </div> <div class="flex-grow-shrink"> <h2 class="h6 font-weight-normal"> Description in Scientific Research: <em>Observations and multiple working hypotheses</em> </h2> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" href="/en/library/Process-of-Science/49/Experimentation-in-Scientific-Research/150"> <article class="flex-row align-items-center flex-column--md align-items-start--md height-100 theme-light padding-2 gap-2"> <div class="width-30 width-auto--md"> <img class="border-radius box-shadow-1" src="/img/library/moduleImages/featured_image_150-23061210061411.jpeg" alt="Experimentation in Scientific Research"> </div> <div class="flex-grow-shrink"> <h2 class="h6 font-weight-normal"> Experimentation in Scientific Research: <em>Variables and controls in practice</em> </h2> </div> </article> </a> </li> <li> <a class="no-hover-focus height-100" 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Collaborative Research in the Arctic Towards Understanding Climate Change | Scientists and Research | Visionlearning