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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noninfectious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Noninfectious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noninfectious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacterial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bacterial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Viral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_in_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_in_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Diagnosis in children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_in_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_in_adults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_in_adults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diagnosis in adults </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_in_adults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_exam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_exam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Physical exam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_exam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Imaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Microbiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Differential diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Vaccination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bacterial_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Bacterial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viral_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viral_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Viral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viral_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aspiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Aspiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Follow-up" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follow-up"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Follow-up </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Follow-up-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prognosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clinical_prediction_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_prediction_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Clinical prediction rules </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_prediction_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pleural_effusion,_empyema,_and_abscess" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pleural_effusion,_empyema,_and_abscess"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pleural_effusion,_empyema,_and_abscess-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_and_circulatory_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_and_circulatory_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Respiratory and circulatory failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_and_circulatory_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awareness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awareness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Awareness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Costs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pneumonia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 133 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-133" aria-hidden="true" > 133 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longontsteking" title="Longontsteking – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Longontsteking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungenentz%C3%BCndung" title="Lungenentzündung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lungenentzündung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%88%9E%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AB" title="ኒሞንያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒሞንያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="ذات الرئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذات الرئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumon%C3%ADa" title="Pneumonía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pneumonía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Թոքատապ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թոքատապ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নিউম'নিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিউম'নিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumon%C3%ADa" title="Neumonía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Neumonía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्यूमोनिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="न्यूमोनिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vev%C3%BAi_rasy" title="Vevúi rasy – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vevúi rasy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fciy%C9%99r_iltihab%C4%B1" title="Ağciyər iltihabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağciyər iltihabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آغ‌جییر ایلتیهابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ‌جییر ایلتیهابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="নিউমোনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউমোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AC-i%C4%81m" title="Hì-iām – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hì-iām" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пнеўманія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пнеўманія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пнэўманія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пнэўманія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B" title="གློ་ཚད་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གློ་ཚད་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upala_plu%C4%87a" title="Upala pluća – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Upala pluća" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanijenn_skevent" title="Tanijenn skevent – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tanijenn skevent" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B0" title="Уушханай хадхаляа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уушханай хадхаляа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneum%C3%B2nia" title="Pneumònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pneumònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1pal_plic" title="Zápal plic – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zápal plic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibayo" title="Chibayo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chibayo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwmonia" title="Niwmonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niwmonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungebet%C3%A6ndelse" title="Lungebetændelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lungebetændelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruschtfiewer" title="Bruschtfiewer – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Bruschtfiewer" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungenentz%C3%BCndung" title="Lungenentzündung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lungenentzündung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ނިއުމޯނިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނިއުމޯނިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="གློ་གཅོང་ནད། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="གློ་གཅོང་ནད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopsup%C3%B5letik" title="Kopsupõletik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kopsupõletik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πνευμονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πνευμονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumon%C3%ADa" title="Neumonía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neumonía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pne%C5%ADmonito" title="Pneŭmonito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pneŭmonito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%84%D9%88" title="سینه‌پهلو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سینه‌پهلو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonie_aigu%C3%AB" title="Pneumonie aiguë – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pneumonie aiguë" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%C3%BBntstekking" title="Longûntstekking – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Longûntstekking" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C3%BAm%C3%B3ine" title="Niúmóine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niúmóine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_fiabhras-cl%C3%A8ibhe" title="Am fiabhras-clèibhe – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am fiabhras-clèibhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumon%C3%ADa" title="Pneumonía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pneumonía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EB%A0%B4" title="폐렴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐렴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_huhu" title="Ciwon huhu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon huhu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2" title="Թոքաբորբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոքաբորբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्यूमोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यूमोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonija" title="Pneumonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pneumonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonito" title="Pulmonito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pulmonito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonia" title="Pulmonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pulmonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radang_paru-paru" title="Radang paru-paru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radang paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungnab%C3%B3lga" title="Lungnabólga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lungnabólga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polmonite" title="Polmonite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polmonite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דלקת ריאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דלקת ריאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನ್ಯುಮೋನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პნევმონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პნევმონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نمونیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نمونیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umusonga" title="Umusonga – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Umusonga" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimonia" title="Nimonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nimonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoni" title="Nemoni – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nemoni" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pn%C3%A9moni_%C3%A9gi" title="Pnémoni égi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pnémoni égi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontes" title="Pontes – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pontes" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneimonija" title="Pneimonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pneimonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longenentz%C3%BCndung" title="Longenentzündung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Longenentzündung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C4%8Di%C5%B3_u%C5%BEdegimas" title="Plaučių uždegimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaučių uždegimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoniae" title="Pneumoniae – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pneumoniae" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3ng%C3%B3ntstaeking" title="Lóngóntstaeking – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lóngóntstaeking" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polmonita" title="Polmonita – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polmonita" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91gyullad%C3%A1s" title="Tüdőgyulladás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüdőgyulladás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Пневмонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пневмонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ന്യുമോണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യുമോണിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्यूमोनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यूमोनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პნევმონია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პნევმონია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%89" title="التهاب رئوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التهاب رئوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longontsteking" title="Longontsteking – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longontsteking" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्युमोनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्युमोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="निमोनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निमोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E" title="肺炎 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肺炎" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Пневмони – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пневмони" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungebetennelse" title="Lungebetennelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lungebetennelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungebetennelse" title="Lungebetennelse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lungebetennelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ନିମୋନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନିମୋନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotiljam" title="Zotiljam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zotiljam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਨਮੋਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਮੋਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نمونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نمونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%84" title="سینه بغل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سینه بغل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%8F" title="ជំងឺរលាកទងសួត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជំងឺរលាកទងសួត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungensweer" title="Lungensweer – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lungensweer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapalenie_p%C5%82uc" title="Zapalenie płuc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapalenie płuc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pneumonie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonie" title="Pneumonie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pneumonie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purmun%C3%ACa" title="Purmunìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Purmunìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නියුමෝනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නියුමෝනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pneumonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneum%C3%B3nia" title="Pneumónia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pneumónia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plju%C4%8Dnica" title="Pljučnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pljučnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%86" title="سیەسۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیەسۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Запаљење плућа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Запаљење плућа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upala_plu%C4%87a" title="Upala pluća – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upala pluća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkokuume" title="Keuhkokuume – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkokuume" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunginflammation" title="Lunginflammation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lunginflammation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonya" title="Pulmonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulmonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நுரையீரல் அழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுரையீரல் அழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturin" title="Buturin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Buturin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="న్యుమోనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యుమోనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="ปอดบวม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปอดบวม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%8Buotpuou" title="Aŋuotpuou – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Aŋuotpuou" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Пневмония – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пневмония" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat%C3%BCrre" title="Zatürre – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zatürre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnewmoni%C3%BDa" title="Pnewmoniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Pnewmoniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Пневмонія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пневмонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نمونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نمونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polmonite" title="Polmonite – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Polmonite" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%AAm_ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Viêm phổi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viêm phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peumoneye" title="Peumoneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Peumoneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonya" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">Pneumonitis</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pneumonia (disambiguation)">Pneumonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Pneumonia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pneumonitis</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae,_posteroanterior,_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/220px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/330px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg/440px-Chest_radiograph_in_influensa_and_H_influenzae%2C_posteroanterior%2C_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1163" data-file-height="1010" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">Chest X-ray</a> of a pneumonia caused by <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a>, with patchy consolidations, mainly in the right upper lobe (arrow)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/njuːˈmoʊniə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">new-MOHN-ee-ə</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cough, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, chest pain, fever<a href="#cite_note-NIH2-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Few weeks<a href="#cite_note-Behera2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Bacteria, virus, <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration</a><a href="#cite_note-RespText09-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeff2010-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, heart failure, history of smoking, very young age, older age<a href="#cite_note-NIH2022-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note--BMJ2012-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020SCD-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">chest X-ray</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Diag-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">handwashing</a>, not smoking<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Pre-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antiviral" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiviral">antivirals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Tx-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">450 million (7%) per year<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">Four million per year<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pneumonia is an <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> condition of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> primarily affecting the small air sacs known as <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RespText09-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcuteCare09-14">[14]</a> Symptoms typically include some combination of <a href="/wiki/Cough#Classification" title="Cough">productive or dry cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, fever, and <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">difficulty breathing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ash2007-15">[15]</a> The severity of the condition is variable.<a href="#cite_note-Ash2007-15">[15]</a> Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria, and less commonly by other <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[a]</a> Identifying the responsible pathogen can be difficult. Diagnosis is often based on symptoms and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Diag-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">Chest X-rays</a>, blood tests, and <a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a> may help confirm the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Diag-8">[8]</a> The disease may be classified by where it was acquired, such as community- or hospital-acquired or healthcare-associated pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Risk factors for pneumonia include <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a> (COPD), <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough (such as following a stroke), and a <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">weak immune system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2022-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020SCD-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a> to prevent certain types of pneumonia (such as those caused by <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a> bacteria, linked to <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, or linked to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>) are available.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Pre-10">[10]</a> Other methods of prevention include <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> to prevent infection, and not smoking.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Pre-10">[10]</a> Treatment depends on the underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011-20">[19]</a> Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Tx-11">[11]</a> If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> may be used if oxygen levels are low.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2011Tx-11">[11]</a> Each year, pneumonia affects about 450 million people globally (7% of the population) and results in about 4 million deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a> With the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines in the 20th century, survival has greatly improved.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> Nevertheless, pneumonia remains a <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">leading cause of death</a> in developing countries, and also among the very old, the very young, and the <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">chronically</a> ill.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Pneumonia often shortens the period of suffering among those already close to death and has thus been called "the old man's friend".<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/310px-seek%3D20-En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="310" height="174" data-durationhint="247" data-mwtitle="En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEn.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Pneumonia.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video summary (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Pneumonia" title="Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Pneumonia">script</a>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of the human body outlining the key symptoms of pneumonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg/290px-Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg/435px-Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg/580px-Symptoms_of_pneumonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Main symptoms of infectious pneumonia</figcaption></figure> People with infectious pneumonia often have a <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">productive cough</a>, fever accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Rigors" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigors">shaking chills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, sharp or stabbing <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a> during deep breaths, and an increased <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">rate of breathing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> In elderly people, confusion may be the most prominent sign.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> The typical signs and symptoms in children under five are fever, cough, and fast or difficult breathing.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> Fever is not very specific, as it occurs in many other common illnesses and may be absent in those with severe disease, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> or in the elderly. In addition, a cough is frequently absent in children less than 2 months old.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> More severe signs and symptoms in children may include <a href="/wiki/Central_cyanosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Central cyanosis">blue-tinged skin</a>, unwillingness to drink, convulsions, ongoing vomiting, extremes of temperature, or a <a href="/wiki/Decreased_level_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased level of consciousness">decreased level of consciousness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Bacterial and viral cases of pneumonia usually result in similar symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> Some causes are associated with classic, but non-specific, clinical characteristics. Pneumonia caused by <a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a> may occur with abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, or confusion.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Pneumonia caused by <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a> is associated with rusty colored sputum.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Pneumonia caused by <a href="/wiki/Klebsiella" title="Klebsiella">Klebsiella</a> may have bloody sputum often described as "currant jelly".<a href="#cite_note-Tint10-28">[27]</a> Bloody sputum (known as <a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">hemoptysis</a>) may also occur with <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, Gram-negative pneumonia, <a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">lung abscesses</a> and more commonly <a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">acute bronchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Pneumonia caused by <a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a> may occur in association with <a href="/wiki/Cervical_lymphadenopathy" title="Cervical lymphadenopathy">swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthralgia" title="Arthralgia">joint pain</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">middle ear infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Viral pneumonia presents more commonly with <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a> than bacterial pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> Pneumonia was historically divided into "typical" and "atypical" based on the belief that the presentation predicted the underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> However, evidence has not supported this distinction, therefore it is no longer emphasized.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:0.4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Symptoms frequency<a href="#cite_note-Tint10-28">[27]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symptom</th> <th>Frequency </th></tr> <tr> <td>Cough</td> <td style="text-align: center;">79–91% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fatigue</td> <td style="text-align: center;">90% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fever</td> <td style="text-align: center;">71–75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shortness of breath</td> <td style="text-align: center;">67–75% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sputum</td> <td style="text-align: center;">60–65% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chest pain</td> <td style="text-align: center;">39–49% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three lone round objects in a black background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg/220px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg/330px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg/440px-Streptococcus_pneumoniae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>The bacterium <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a>, a common cause of pneumonia, imaged by an <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a></figcaption></figure> Pneumonia is due to infections caused primarily by bacteria or viruses and less commonly by fungi and <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>. Although more than 100 strains of infectious agents have been identified, only a few are responsible for the majority of cases. Mixed infections with both viruses and bacteria may occur in roughly 45% of infections in children and 15% of infections in adults.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> A causative agent may not be isolated in about half of cases despite careful testing.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> In an active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization in five hospitals in Chicago and Nashville from January 2010 through June 2012, 2259 patients were identified who had radiographic evidence of pneumonia and specimens that could be tested for the responsible pathogen.<a href="#cite_note-EPIC2015-30">[29]</a> Most patients (62%) had no detectable pathogens in their sample, and unexpectedly, respiratory viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-EPIC2015-30">[29]</a> Specifically, 23% had one or more viruses, 11% had one or more bacteria, 3% had both bacterial and viral pathogens, and 1% had a fungal or mycobacterial infection. "The most common pathogens were <a href="/wiki/Human_rhinovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rhinovirus">human rhinovirus</a> (in 9% of patients), influenza virus (in 6%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (in 5%)."<a href="#cite_note-EPIC2015-30">[29]</a> The term pneumonia is sometimes more broadly applied to any condition resulting in <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the lungs (caused for example by <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>, chemical burns or drug reactions); however, this inflammation is more accurately referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7234-3200-7-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowden2010-17">[17]</a> Factors that predispose to pneumonia include smoking, <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, alcoholism, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">sickle cell disease</a> (SCD), <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">liver disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biological_aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological aging">biological aging</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2020SCD-7">[7]</a> Additional risks in children include not being <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfed</a>, exposure to cigarette smoke and other air pollution, malnutrition, and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> The use of acid-suppressing medications – such as <a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton-pump inhibitors">proton-pump inhibitors</a> or <a href="/wiki/H2_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 blockers">H2 blockers</a> – is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Approximately 10% of people who require <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation" title="Mechanical ventilation">mechanical ventilation</a> develop <a href="/wiki/Ventilator-associated_pneumonia" title="Ventilator-associated pneumonia">ventilator-associated pneumonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ar2016-34">[33]</a> and people with a <a href="/wiki/Gastric_feeding_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric feeding tube">gastric feeding tube</a> have an increased risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Moreover, the misplacement of a feeding tube can lead to aspiration pneumonia. 28% of tube malposition results in pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> As with <a href="/wiki/Avanos_Medical" title="Avanos Medical">Avanos Medical</a>'s feeding tube placement system, the CORTRAK* 2 EAS, which was recalled in May 2022 by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> due to adverse events reported, including pneumonia, caused a total of 60 injuries and 23 patient deaths, as communicated by the FDA.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> For people with certain variants of the <a href="/wiki/FER_(gene)" title="FER (gene)">FER gene</a>, the risk of death is reduced in <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> caused by pneumonia. However, for those with <a href="/wiki/TLR6" class="mw-redirect" title="TLR6">TLR6</a> variants, the risk of getting <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a> is increased.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacteria">Bacteria</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial pneumonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRSAPneumoCT.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MRSAPneumoCT.png/220px-MRSAPneumoCT.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MRSAPneumoCT.png/330px-MRSAPneumoCT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/MRSAPneumoCT.png/440px-MRSAPneumoCT.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>Cavitating pneumonia due to MRSA as seen on a CT scan</figcaption></figure> Bacteria are the most common cause of <a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">community-acquired pneumonia</a> (CAP), with Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in nearly 50% of cases.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-EOP10-43">[42]</a> Other commonly isolated bacteria include <a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a> in 20%, <a href="/wiki/Chlamydophila_pneumoniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydophila pneumoniae">Chlamydophila pneumoniae</a> in 13%, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 3% of cases;<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">drug-resistant</a> versions of the above infections are becoming more common, including drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP) and <a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a> (MRSA).<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> The spreading of organisms is facilitated by certain risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> Alcoholism is associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae, <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic organisms</a>, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis; smoking facilitates the effects of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Legionella pneumophila. Exposure to birds is associated with <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_psittaci" title="Chlamydia psittaci">Chlamydia psittaci</a>; farm animals with <a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Coxiella burnetti">Coxiella burnetti</a>; aspiration of stomach contents with anaerobic organisms; and <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a> and Staphylococcus aureus.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common in the winter,<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> and it should be suspected in persons aspirating a large number of anaerobic organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viruses">Viruses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral pneumonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SARS_xray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/220px-SARS_xray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/330px-SARS_xray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SARS_xray.jpg/440px-SARS_xray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A chest x-ray of a patient with severe viral pneumonia due to <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></figcaption></figure> In adults, viruses account for about one third of pneumonia cases,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> and in children for about 15% of them.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Commonly implicated agents include <a href="/wiki/Rhinovirus" title="Rhinovirus">rhinoviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronaviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Influenza_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza virus">influenza virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">respiratory syncytial virus</a> (RSV), <a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">adenovirus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parainfluenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Parainfluenza">parainfluenza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viral09-45">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">Herpes simplex virus</a> rarely causes pneumonia, except in groups such as newborns, persons with cancer, transplant recipients, and people with significant burns.<a href="#cite_note-Text2010-46">[45]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">organ transplantation</a> or in otherwise <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a> persons, there are high rates of <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a> pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Text2010-46">[45]</a> Those with viral infections may be secondarily infected with the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, or Haemophilus influenzae, particularly when other health problems are present.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Different viruses predominate at different times of the year; during <a href="/wiki/Flu_season" title="Flu season">flu season</a>, for example, influenza may account for more than half of all viral cases.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Outbreaks of other viruses also occur occasionally, including <a href="/wiki/Hantaviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantaviruses">hantaviruses</a> and coronaviruses.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (SARS-CoV-2) can also result in pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal pneumonia</a></div> Fungal pneumonia is uncommon, but occurs more commonly in individuals with weakened immune systems due to AIDS, <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressive drugs</a>, or other medical problems.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fungus2009-48">[47]</a> It is most often caused by <a href="/wiki/Histoplasmosis" title="Histoplasmosis">Histoplasma capsulatum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blastomyces" title="Blastomyces">Blastomyces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jiroveci" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumocystis jiroveci">Pneumocystis jiroveci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">pneumocystis pneumonia</a>, or PCP), and <a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a>. Histoplasmosis is most common in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_embayment" title="Mississippi embayment">Mississippi River basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coccidioidomycosis" title="Coccidioidomycosis">coccidioidomycosis</a> is most common in the Southwestern United States.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> The number of cases of fungal pneumonia has been increasing in the latter half of the 20th century due to increasing travel and rates of immunosuppression in the population.<a href="#cite_note-Fungus2009-48">[47]</a> For people infected with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, PCP is a common <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ewa2015-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic pneumonia</a></div> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> can affect the lungs, including <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascaris_lumbricoides" title="Ascaris lumbricoides">Ascaris lumbricoides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae">Plasmodium malariae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> These organisms typically enter the body through direct contact with the skin, ingestion, or via an insect vector.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> Except for <a href="/wiki/Paragonimus_westermani" title="Paragonimus westermani">Paragonimus westermani</a>, most parasites do not specifically affect the lungs but involve the lungs secondarily to other sites.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> Some parasites, in particular those belonging to the Ascaris and Strongyloides genera, stimulate a strong <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic" title="Eosinophilic">eosinophilic</a> reaction, which may result in <a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">eosinophilic pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> In other infections, such as malaria, lung involvement is due primarily to <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a>-induced <a href="/wiki/Systemic_inflammation" title="Systemic inflammation">systemic inflammation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a>, these infections are most common in people returning from travel or in immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-M37-50">[49]</a> Around the world, parasitic pneumonia is most common in the immunodeficient.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noninfectious">Noninfectious</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia</a></div> Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia or noninfectious pneumonia<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> is a class of <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_lung_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse lung disease">diffuse lung diseases</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_alveolar_damage" title="Diffuse alveolar damage">diffuse alveolar damage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizing pneumonia">organizing pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">nonspecific interstitial pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia">lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">desquamative interstitial pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis_interstitial_lung_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease">respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">usual interstitial pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipoid_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoid pneumonia">Lipoid pneumonia</a> is another rare cause due to <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> entering the lung.<a href="#cite_note-Had2010-54">[53]</a> These lipids can either be inhaled or spread to the lungs from elsewhere in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Had2010-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A schematic diagram of the human lungs with an empty circle on the left representing a normal alveolus and one on the right showing an alveolus full of fluid as in pneumonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg/290px-New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg/435px-New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/New_Pneumonia_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Pneumonia fills the lung's <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> with fluid, hindering oxygenation. The alveolus on the left is normal, whereas the one on the right is full of fluid from pneumonia.</figcaption></figure> Pneumonia frequently starts as an <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">upper respiratory tract infection</a> that moves into the lower respiratory tract.<a href="#cite_note-PedNA09-55">[54]</a> It is a type of pneumonitis (lung inflammation).<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The normal flora of the upper airway give protection by competing with pathogens for nutrients. In the lower airways, <a href="/wiki/Cough_reflex" title="Cough reflex">reflexes of the glottis</a>, actions of <a href="/wiki/Complement_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Complement protein">complement proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin">immunoglobulins</a> are important for protection. Micro<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">aspiration</a> of contaminated secretions can infect the lower airways and cause pneumonia. The progress of pneumonia is determined by the virulence of the organism; the amount of organism required to start an infection; and the body's immune response against the infection.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial">Bacterial</h3></div> Most bacteria enter the lungs via small aspirations of organisms residing in the throat or nose.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Half of normal people have these small aspirations during sleep.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> While the throat always contains bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Virulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Virulent">potentially infectious</a> ones reside there only at certain times and under certain conditions.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> A minority of types of bacteria such as <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a> and Legionella pneumophila reach the lungs via contaminated airborne droplets.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Bacteria can also spread via the blood.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> Once in the lungs, bacteria may invade the spaces between cells and between alveoli, where the <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> (defensive <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>) attempt to inactivate the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> The neutrophils also release cytokines, causing a general activation of the immune system.<a href="#cite_note-Fein2006-58">[57]</a> This leads to the fever, chills, and fatigue common in bacterial pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Fein2006-58">[57]</a> The neutrophils, bacteria, and fluid from surrounding blood vessels fill the alveoli, resulting in the consolidation seen on chest X-ray.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral">Viral</h3></div> Viruses may reach the lung by a number of different routes. Respiratory syncytial virus is typically contracted when people touch contaminated objects and then touch their eyes or nose.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Other viral infections occur when contaminated airborne droplets are inhaled through the nose or mouth.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Once in the upper airway, the viruses may make their way into the lungs, where they invade the cells lining the airways, alveoli, or <a href="/wiki/Lung_parenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung parenchyma">lung parenchyma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Some viruses such as measles and herpes simplex may reach the lungs via the blood.<a href="#cite_note-Gary2010-60">[59]</a> The invasion of the lungs may lead to varying degrees of cell death.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> When the immune system responds to the infection, even more lung damage may occur.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Primarily white blood cells, mainly <a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononuclear cell">mononuclear cells</a>, generate the inflammation.<a href="#cite_note-Gary2010-60">[59]</a> As well as damaging the lungs, many viruses simultaneously affect other <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and thus disrupt other body functions. Viruses also make the body more susceptible to bacterial infections; in this way, bacterial pneumonia can occur at the same time as viral pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Viral09-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg" title="File:Crackles pneumoniaO.ogg">Crackles</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="14" data-mwtitle="Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg/Crackles_pneumoniaO.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ACrackles_pneumoniaO.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Crackles heard in the lungs of a person with pneumonia using a stethoscope.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Pneumonia is typically diagnosed based on a combination of physical signs and often a <a href="/wiki/Chest_X-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest X-ray">chest X-ray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diag10-61">[60]</a> In adults with normal vital signs and a normal lung examination, the diagnosis is unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> However, the underlying cause can be difficult to confirm, as there is no definitive test able to distinguish between bacterial and non-bacterial cause.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diag10-61">[60]</a> The overall impression of a physician appears to be at least as good as decision rules for making or excluding the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_in_children">Diagnosis in children</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> has defined pneumonia in children clinically based on either a cough or difficulty breathing and a rapid respiratory rate, chest indrawing, or a decreased level of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-WHOBook-64">[63]</a> A rapid respiratory rate is defined as greater than 60 breaths per minute in children under 2 months old, greater than 50 breaths per minute in children 2 months to 1 year old, or greater than 40 breaths per minute in children 1 to 5 years old.<a href="#cite_note-WHOBook-64">[63]</a> In children, low oxygen levels and lower chest indrawing are more <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitive</a> than hearing chest <a href="/wiki/Crackles" title="Crackles">crackles</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a> or increased respiratory rate.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Grunting and nasal flaring may be other useful signs in children less than five years old.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Lack of wheezing is an indicator of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children with pneumonia, but as an indicator it is not accurate enough to decide whether or not <a href="/wiki/Macrolide" title="Macrolide">macrolide</a> treatment should be used.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2012-67">[66]</a> The presence of chest pain in children with pneumonia doubles the probability of Mycoplasma pneumoniae.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2012-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_in_adults">Diagnosis in adults</h3></div> In general, in adults, investigations are not needed in mild cases.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> There is a very low risk of pneumonia if all <a href="/wiki/Vital_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital sign">vital signs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chest_auscultation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest auscultation">auscultation</a> are normal.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a> (CRP) may help support the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> For those with CRP less than 20 mg/L without convincing evidence of pneumonia, antibiotics are not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Procalcitonin" title="Procalcitonin">Procalcitonin</a> may help determine the cause and support decisions about who should receive antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-pmid29037960-71">[70]</a> Antibiotics are encouraged if the procalcitonin level reaches 0.25 μg/L, strongly encouraged if it reaches 0.5 μg/L, and strongly discouraged if the level is below 0.10 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> In people requiring hospitalization, <a href="/wiki/Pulse_oximetry" title="Pulse oximetry">pulse oximetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest radiography">chest radiography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a> – including a <a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">complete blood count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Serum electrolytes">serum electrolytes</a>, C-reactive protein level, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver function tests</a> – are recommended.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> The diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Influenza-like_illness" title="Influenza-like illness">influenza-like illness</a> can be made based on the signs and symptoms; however, confirmation of an influenza infection requires testing.<a href="#cite_note-ILI05-72">[71]</a> Thus, treatment is frequently based on the presence of influenza in the community or a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_influenza_diagnostic_test" title="Rapid influenza diagnostic test">rapid influenza test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ILI05-72">[71]</a> Adults 65 years old or older, as well as cigarette smokers and people with ongoing medical conditions are at increased risk for pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_exam">Physical exam</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Physical examination</a> may sometimes reveal <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">high heart rate</a>, or low <a href="/wiki/Oxygenation_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenation (medical)">oxygen saturation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> The respiratory rate may be faster than normal, and this may occur a day or two before other signs.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> Examination of the chest may be normal, but it may show decreased expansion on the affected side. Harsh breath sounds from the larger airways that are transmitted through the inflamed lung are termed <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchial</a> breathing and are heard on auscultation with a stethoscope.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Crackles (rales) may be heard over the affected area during <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inspiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)" title="Percussion (medicine)">Percussion</a> may be dulled over the affected lung, and increased, rather than decreased, <a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">vocal resonance</a> distinguishes pneumonia from a <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imaging">Imaging</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg/220px-X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg/330px-X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg/440px-X-ray_of_lobar_pneumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2407" /></a><figcaption>A chest X-ray showing a very prominent wedge-shaped area of airspace consolidation in the right lung characteristic of acute bacterial lobar pneumonia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CT_scan_of_the_chest,_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white image shows the internal organs in cross-section as generated by CT. Where one would expect black on the left, one sees a whiter area with black sticks through it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg/220px-CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg/330px-CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg/440px-CT_scan_of_the_chest%2C_demonstrating_right-sided_pneumonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>CT of the chest demonstrating right-sided pneumonia (left side of the image)</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Chest_radiograph" title="Chest radiograph">chest radiograph</a> is frequently used in diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> In people with mild disease, imaging is needed only in those with potential complications, those not having improved with treatment, or those in which the cause is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> If a person is sufficiently sick to require hospitalization, a chest radiograph is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> Findings do not always match the severity of disease and do not reliably separate between bacterial and viral infection.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> X-ray presentations of pneumonia may be classified as <a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">lobar pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">bronchopneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobular_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobular pneumonia">lobular pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial pneumonia">interstitial pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Bacterial, community-acquired pneumonia classically show <a href="/wiki/Lung_consolidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung consolidation">lung consolidation</a> of one <a href="/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_segment" title="Bronchopulmonary segment">lung segmental lobe</a>, which is known as lobar pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> However, findings may vary, and other patterns are common in other types of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> Aspiration pneumonia may present with bilateral opacities primarily in the bases of the lungs and on the right side.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> Radiographs of viral pneumonia may appear normal, appear hyper-inflated, have bilateral patchy areas, or present similar to bacterial pneumonia with lobar consolidation.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> Radiologic findings may not be present in the early stages of the disease, especially in the presence of dehydration, or may be difficult to interpret in the <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obese</a> or those with a history of lung disease.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Complications such as pleural effusion may also be found on chest radiographs. Laterolateral chest radiographs can increase the diagnostic accuracy of lung consolidation and pleural effusion.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a> can give additional information in indeterminate cases<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> and provide more details in those with an unclear chest radiograph (for example occult pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They can be used to exclude <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">fungal pneumonia</a>, and detect lung abscesses in those who are not responding to treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> However, CT scans are more expensive, have a higher dose of radiation, and cannot be done at bedside.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lung_ultrasound" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung ultrasound">Lung ultrasound</a> may also be useful in helping to make the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Ultrasound is radiation free and can be done at bedside. However, ultrasound requires specific skills to operate the machine and interpret the findings.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> It may be more accurate than chest X-ray.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm/120px--UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="71" data-durationhint="11" data-mwtitle="UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="792" data-height="470" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="404" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="606" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_1.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="606" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pneumonia seen by ultrasound<a href="#cite_note-UOTW34-77">[76]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm/120px--UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="71" data-durationhint="7" data-mwtitle="UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="792" data-height="470" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="404" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="606" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_2.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="606" data-height="360" /></video></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pneumonia seen by ultrasound<a href="#cite_note-UOTW34-77">[76]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pneumonia seen by ultrasound[76]"><img alt="Pneumonia seen by ultrasound[76]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg/120px-UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg/180px-UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg/240px-UOTW_34_-_Ultrasound_of_the_Week_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="470" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pneumonia seen by ultrasound<a href="#cite_note-UOTW34-77">[76]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RtPneuKidMark.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Right middle lobe pneumonia in a child as seen on plain X-ray"><img alt="Right middle lobe pneumonia in a child as seen on plain X-ray" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RtPneuKidMark.png/120px-RtPneuKidMark.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RtPneuKidMark.png/180px-RtPneuKidMark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/RtPneuKidMark.png/240px-RtPneuKidMark.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="859" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right middle lobe pneumonia in a child as seen on plain X-ray</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h3></div> In people managed in the community, determining the causative agent is not cost-effective and typically does not alter management.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> For people who do not respond to treatment, <a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">sputum culture</a> should be considered, and culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis should be carried out in persons with a chronic productive cough.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> Microbiological evaluation is also indicated in severe pneumonia, alcoholism, <a href="/wiki/Asplenia" title="Asplenia">asplenia</a>, immunosuppression, HIV infection, and those being empirically treated for MRSA of pseudomonas.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Met2019-78">[77]</a> Although positive <a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">blood culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pleural_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleural fluid">pleural fluid</a> culture definitively establish the diagnosis of the type of micro-organism involved, a positive sputum culture has to be interpreted with care for the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">colonisation</a> of respiratory tract.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> Testing for other specific organisms may be recommended during outbreaks, for public health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> In those hospitalized for severe disease, both sputum and <a href="/wiki/Blood_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cultures">blood cultures</a> are recommended,<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> as well as testing the urine for <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> to Legionella and Streptococcus.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2007-79">[78]</a> Viral infections, can be confirmed via detection of either the virus or its antigens with <a href="/wiki/Viral_culture" title="Viral culture">culture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR), among other techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> Mycoplasma, Legionella, Streptococcus, and Chlamydia can also be detected using PCR techniques on <a href="/wiki/Bronchoalveolar_lavage" title="Bronchoalveolar lavage">bronchoalveolar lavage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_swab" title="Nasopharyngeal swab">nasopharyngeal swab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> The causative agent is determined in only 15% of cases with routine microbiological tests.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_pneumonia" title="Classification of pneumonia">Classification of pneumonia</a></div> Pneumonitis refers to lung inflammation; pneumonia refers to pneumonitis, usually due to infection but sometimes non-infectious, that has the additional feature of <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_consolidation" title="Pulmonary consolidation">pulmonary consolidation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Pneumonia is most commonly classified by where or how it was acquired: community-acquired, aspiration, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">healthcare-associated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">hospital-acquired</a>, and ventilator-associated pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> It may also be classified by the area of the lung affected: lobar, <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial pneumonia">bronchial pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acute_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute interstitial pneumonia">acute interstitial pneumonia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Rad07-42">[41]</a> or by the causative organism.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Pneumonia in children may additionally be classified based on signs and symptoms as non-severe, severe, or very severe.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> The setting in which pneumonia develops is important to treatment,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> as it correlates to which pathogens are likely suspects,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a> which mechanisms are likely, which antibiotics are likely to work or fail,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a> and which complications can be expected based on the person's health status. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Community">Community</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired pneumonia</a></div> Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is acquired in the community,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> outside of health care facilities. Compared with healthcare-associated pneumonia, it is less likely to involve <a href="/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">multidrug-resistant</a> bacteria. Although the latter are no longer rare in CAP,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a> they are still less likely. Prior stays in healthcare-related environments such as hospitals, nursing homes, or hemodialysis centers or a history of receiving domiciliary care can increase patients' risk for CAP caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h4></div> Health care–associated pneumonia (HCAP) is an infection associated with recent exposure to the health care system,<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a> including hospitals, outpatient clinics, <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> centers, <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> treatment, or <a href="/wiki/Home_care" title="Home care">home care</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> HCAP is sometimes called MCAP (medical care–associated pneumonia). People may become infected with pneumonia in a hospital; this is defined as pneumonia not present at the time of admission (symptoms must start at least 48 hours after admission).<a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a> It is likely to involve <a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">hospital-acquired infections</a>, with higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidrug-resistant">multidrug-resistant</a> pathogens. People in a hospital often have other medical conditions, which may make them more susceptible to pathogens in the hospital. Ventilator-associated pneumonia occurs in people breathing with the help of mechanical ventilation.<a href="#cite_note-Ana2009-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ar2016-34">[33]</a> Ventilator-associated pneumonia is specifically defined as pneumonia that arises more than 48 to 72 hours after <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_intubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal intubation">endotracheal intubation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3></div> Several diseases can present with similar signs and symptoms to pneumonia, such as: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">bronchiectasis</a>, lung cancer, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_emboli" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary emboli">pulmonary emboli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> Unlike pneumonia, asthma and COPD typically present with wheezing, pulmonary edema presents with an abnormal <a href="/wiki/Electrocardiogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrocardiogram">electrocardiogram</a>, cancer and bronchiectasis present with a cough of longer duration, and pulmonary emboli present with acute onset sharp chest pain and shortness of breath.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ06-9">[9]</a> Mild pneumonia should be differentiated from upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Severe pneumonia should be differentiated from <a href="/wiki/Acute_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute heart failure">acute heart failure</a>. Pulmonary infiltrates that resolved after giving mechanical ventilation should point to heart failure and <a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">atelectasis</a> rather than pneumonia. For recurrent pneumonia, underlying lung cancer, <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>, tuberculosis, a foreign bodies, immunosuppression, and hypersensitivity should be suspected.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> Prevention includes <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>, environmental measures, and appropriate treatment of other health problems.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> It is believed that, if appropriate preventive measures were instituted globally, mortality among children could be reduced by 400,000; and, if proper treatment were universally available, childhood deaths could be decreased by another 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h3></div> Vaccination prevents against certain bacterial and viral pneumonias both in children and adults. <a href="/wiki/Influenza_vaccine" title="Influenza vaccine">Influenza vaccines</a> are modestly effective at preventing symptoms of influenza,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) recommends yearly influenza vaccination for every person 6 months and older.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Immunizing health care workers decreases the risk of viral pneumonia among their patients.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2007-79">[78]</a> Vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae have good evidence to support their use.<a href="#cite_note-PedNA09-55">[54]</a> There is strong evidence for vaccinating children under the age of 2 against Streptococcus pneumoniae (<a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_conjugate_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine">pneumococcal conjugate vaccine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Vac-90">[89]</a> Vaccinating children against Streptococcus pneumoniae has led to a decreased rate of these infections in adults, because many adults acquire infections from children. A <a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_polysaccharide_vaccine" title="Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine">Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine</a> is available for adults, and has been found to decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_pneumococcal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive pneumococcal disease">invasive pneumococcal disease</a> by 74%, but there is insufficient evidence to suggest using the pneumococcal vaccine to prevent pneumonia or death in the general adult population.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The CDC recommends that young children and adults over the age of 65 receive the pneumococcal vaccine, as well as older children or younger adults who have an increased risk of getting pneumococcal disease.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2018Vac-90">[89]</a> The pneumococcal vaccine has been shown to reduce the risk of community acquired pneumonia in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but does not reduce mortality or the risk of hospitalization for people with this condition.<a href="#cite_note-Walters2017-92">[91]</a> People with COPD are recommended by a number of guidelines to have a pneumococcal vaccination.<a href="#cite_note-Walters2017-92">[91]</a> Other vaccines for which there is support for a protective effect against pneumonia include <a href="/wiki/Pertussis_vaccine" title="Pertussis vaccine">pertussis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varicella_vaccine" title="Varicella vaccine">varicella</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles_vaccine" title="Measles vaccine">measles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDCPrev2012-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3></div> When influenza outbreaks occur, medications such as <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">amantadine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">rimantadine</a> may help prevent the condition, but they are associated with side effects.<a href="#cite_note-jefferson-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zanamivir" title="Zanamivir">Zanamivir</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oseltamivir" title="Oseltamivir">oseltamivir</a> decrease the chance that people who are exposed to the virus will develop symptoms; however, it is recommended that potential side effects are taken into account.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a><a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> and reducing <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air pollution</a>, such as that from cooking indoors with wood, crop residues or <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">dung</a>, are both recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> Smoking appears to be the single biggest risk factor for <a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_pneumonia" title="Pneumococcal pneumonia">pneumococcal pneumonia</a> in otherwise-healthy adults.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2007-79">[78]</a> Hand hygiene and coughing into one's sleeve may also be effective preventative measures.<a href="#cite_note-CDCPrev2012-93">[92]</a> Wearing <a href="/wiki/Surgical_masks" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical masks">surgical masks</a> by the sick may also prevent illness.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2007-79">[78]</a> Appropriately treating underlying illnesses (such as HIV/AIDS, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a>, and malnutrition) can decrease the risk of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDCPrev2012-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> In children less than 6 months of age, exclusive breast feeding reduces both the risk and severity of disease.<a href="#cite_note-WHOPrevent2012-25">[24]</a> In people with HIV/AIDS and a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/uL the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a> decreases the risk of Pneumocystis pneumonia<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and is also useful for prevention in those that are immunocompromised but do not have HIV.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Testing pregnant women for <a href="/wiki/Group_B_Streptococcus" class="mw-redirect" title="Group B Streptococcus">Group B Streptococcus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a>, and administering <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> treatment, if needed, reduces rates of pneumonia in infants;<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> preventive measures for HIV transmission from mother to child may also be efficient.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Suctioning the mouth and throat of infants with <a href="/wiki/Meconium" title="Meconium">meconium</a>-stained <a href="/wiki/Amniotic_fluid" title="Amniotic fluid">amniotic fluid</a> has not been found to reduce the rate of aspiration pneumonia and may cause potential harm,<a href="#cite_note-Rog2009-102">[101]</a> thus this practice is not recommended in the majority of situations.<a href="#cite_note-Rog2009-102">[101]</a> In the frail elderly good oral health care may lower the risk of aspiration pneumonia,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> even though there is no good evidence that one approach to mouth care is better than others in preventing nursing home acquired pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_supplementation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc supplementation">Zinc supplementation</a> in children 2 months to five years old appears to reduce rates of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> For people with low levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> in their diet or blood, taking vitamin C supplements may be suggested to decrease the risk of pneumonia, although there is no strong evidence of benefit.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a> There is insufficient evidence to recommend that the general population take vitamin C to prevent or treat pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a> For adults and children in the hospital who require a respirator, there is no strong evidence indicating a difference between <a href="/wiki/Heat_and_moisture_exchanger" title="Heat and moisture exchanger">heat and moisture exchangers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">heated humidifiers</a> for preventing pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> There is tentative evidence that laying flat on the back compared to semi-raised increases pneumonia risks in people who are intubated.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left:0.4em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symptom</th> <th>Points </th></tr> <tr> <td>Confusion</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urea>7 mmol/L</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Respiratory rate>30</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">SBP</a><90mmHg, DBP<60mmHg</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Age>=65</td> <td style="text-align: center;">1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a> by mouth, rest, simple <a href="/wiki/Analgesics" class="mw-redirect" title="Analgesics">analgesics</a>, and fluids usually suffice for complete resolution.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> However, those with other medical conditions, the elderly, or those with significant trouble breathing may require more advanced care. If the symptoms worsen, the pneumonia does not improve with home treatment, or complications occur, hospitalization may be required.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> Worldwide, approximately 7–13% of cases in children result in hospitalization,<a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a> whereas in the developed world between 22 and 42% of adults with community-acquired pneumonia are admitted.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a> score is useful for determining the need for admission in adults.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> If the score is 0 or 1, people can typically be managed at home; if it is 2, a short hospital stay or close follow-up is needed; if it is 3–5, hospitalization is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> In children those with <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">respiratory distress</a> or oxygen saturations of less than 90% should be hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-PIDS11-109">[108]</a> The utility of <a href="/wiki/Chest_physiotherapy" title="Chest physiotherapy">chest physiotherapy</a> in pneumonia has not yet been determined.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Over-the-counter <a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">cough medicine</a> has not been found to be effective,<a href="#cite_note-Chang2014-112">[111]</a> nor has the use of zinc supplementation in children.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> There is insufficient evidence for <a href="/wiki/Mucolytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucolytics">mucolytics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chang2014-112">[111]</a> There is no strong evidence to recommend that children who have non-measles related pneumonia take <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> supplements.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Vitamin D, as of 2023, is of unclear benefit in children.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Vitamin C administration in pneumonia needs further research, although it can be given to patient of low plasma vitamin C because it is not expensive and low risk.<a href="#cite_note-:0-106">[105]</a> Pneumonia can cause severe illness in a number of ways, and pneumonia with evidence of organ dysfunction may require <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">intensive care unit</a> admission for observation and specific treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Phua-116">[115]</a> The main impact is on the respiratory and the circulatory system. <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a> not responding to normal oxygen therapy may require <a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">heated humidified high-flow therapy</a> delivered through nasal cannulae,<a href="#cite_note-Phua-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-invasive_ventilation" title="Non-invasive ventilation">non-invasive ventilation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> or in severe cases mechanical ventilation through an endotracheal tube.<a href="#cite_note-Phua-116">[115]</a> Regarding circulatory problems as part of sepsis, evidence of poor blood flow or low blood pressure is initially treated with 30 mL/kg of <a href="/wiki/Crystalloid_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystalloid solution">crystalloid</a> infused intravenously.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> In situations where fluids alone are ineffective, <a href="/wiki/Antihypotensive_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypotensive agent">vasopressor</a> medication may be required.<a href="#cite_note-Phua-116">[115]</a> For adults with moderate or severe <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a> (ARDS) undergoing mechanical ventilation, there is a reduction in mortality when people <a href="/wiki/Proning" title="Proning">lie on their front</a> for at least 12 hours a day. However, this increases the risk of endotracheal tube obstruction and pressure sores.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_2">Bacterial</h3></div> Antibiotics improve outcomes in those with bacterial pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a> The first dose of antibiotics should be given as soon as possible.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> Increased use of antibiotics, however, may lead to the development of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistant</a> strains of bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-Pak2014-119">[118]</a> Antibiotic choice depends initially on the characteristics of the person affected, such as age, underlying health, and the location the infection was acquired. Antibiotic use is also associated with side effects such as nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, taste distortion, or headaches.<a href="#cite_note-Pak2014-119">[118]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Empiric_therapy" title="Empiric therapy">treatment before culture results</a> with <a href="/wiki/Amoxicillin" title="Amoxicillin">amoxicillin</a> is recommended as the first line for community-acquired pneumonia, with <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">clarithromycin</a> as alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> In North America, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and in some areas a macrolide (such as <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>) is the first-line outpatient treatment in adults.<a href="#cite_note-EOP10-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutfiyya-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Met2019-78">[77]</a> In children with mild or moderate symptoms, amoxicillin taken by mouth is the first line.<a href="#cite_note-PIDS11-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolones">fluoroquinolones</a> in uncomplicated cases is discouraged due to concerns about side-effects and generating resistance in light of there being no greater benefit.<a href="#cite_note-EOP10-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> For those who require hospitalization and caught their pneumonia in the community the use of a β-lactam such as <a href="/wiki/Cephazolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephazolin">cephazolin</a> plus a macrolide such as azithromycin is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Met2019-78">[77]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">fluoroquinolone</a> may replace azithromycin but is less preferred.<a href="#cite_note-Met2019-78">[77]</a> Antibiotics by mouth and by injection appear to be similarly effective in children with severe pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Roj2006-125">[124]</a> The duration of treatment has traditionally been seven to ten days, but increasing evidence suggests that shorter courses (3–5 days) may be effective for certain types of pneumonia and may reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pug2015-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Research in children showed that a shorter, 3-day course of amoxicillin was as effective as a longer, 7-day course for treating pneumonia in this population.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> For pneumonia that is associated with a ventilator caused by non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (NF-GNB), a shorter course of antibiotics increases the risk that the pneumonia will return.<a href="#cite_note-Pug2015-128">[127]</a> Recommendations for hospital-acquired pneumonia include third- and fourth-generation <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporins" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalosporins">cephalosporins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbapenem" title="Carbapenem">carbapenems</a>, fluoroquinolones, <a href="/wiki/Aminoglycoside" title="Aminoglycoside">aminoglycosides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> These antibiotics are often given <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenously</a> and used in combination.<a href="#cite_note-ATS2005-84">[83]</a> In those treated in hospital, more than 90% improve with the initial antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> For people with ventilator-acquired pneumonia, the choice of antibiotic therapy will depend on the person's risk of being infected with a strain of bacteria that is <a href="/wiki/Multi-drug_resistant_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-drug resistant bacteria">multi-drug resistant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ar2016-34">[33]</a> Once clinically stable, intravenous antibiotics should be switched to oral antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> For those with <a href="/wiki/Methicillin_resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus">Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus</a> (MRSA) or Legionella infections, prolonged antibiotics may be beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> The addition of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a> to standard antibiotic treatment appears to improve outcomes, reducing death and morbidity for adults with severe community acquired pneumonia, and reducing death for adults and children with non-severe community acquired pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2017-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> A 2017 review therefore recommended them in adults with severe community acquired pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2017-132">[131]</a> A 2019 guideline however recommended against their general use, unless refractory shock was present.<a href="#cite_note-Met2019-78">[77]</a> Side effects associated with the use of corticosteroids include high blood sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Stern2017-132">[131]</a> There is some evidence that adding corticosteroids to the standard PCP pneumonia treatment may be beneficial for people who are infected with HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Ewa2015-49">[48]</a> The use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) along with antibiotics does not appear to reduce mortality and routine use for treating pneumonia is not supported by evidence.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral_2">Viral</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuraminidase inhibitors">Neuraminidase inhibitors</a> may be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">viral pneumonia</a> caused by influenza viruses (<a href="/wiki/Influenza_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza A">influenza A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Influenza_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Influenza B">influenza B</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> No specific <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral</a> medications are recommended for other types of community acquired viral pneumonias including <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS coronavirus</a>, adenovirus, <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantavirus</a>, and parainfluenza virus.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> Influenza A may be treated with rimantadine or amantadine, while influenza A or B may be treated with oseltamivir, zanamivir or <a href="/wiki/Peramivir" title="Peramivir">peramivir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> These are of most benefit if they are started within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> Many strains of <a href="/wiki/H5N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H5N1">H5N1</a> influenza A, also known as <a href="/wiki/Avian_influenza" title="Avian influenza">avian influenza</a> or "bird flu", have shown resistance to rimantadine and amantadine.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> The use of antibiotics in viral pneumonia is recommended by some experts, as it is impossible to rule out a complicating bacterial infection.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Thoracic_Society" title="British Thoracic Society">British Thoracic Society</a> recommends that antibiotics be withheld in those with mild disease.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> The use of corticosteroids is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspiration">Aspiration</h3></div> In general, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonitis" title="Chemical pneumonitis">aspiration pneumonitis</a> is treated conservatively with antibiotics indicated only for aspiration pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-PA2011-135">[134]</a> The choice of antibiotic will depend on several factors, including the suspected causative organism and whether pneumonia was acquired in the community or developed in a hospital setting. Common options include <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a>, a combination of a <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotic">beta-lactam antibiotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a>, or an aminoglycoside.<a href="#cite_note-OConnor-136">[135]</a> Corticosteroids are sometimes used in aspiration pneumonia, but there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-PA2011-135">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Follow-up">Follow-up</h3></div> The British Thoracic Society recommends that a follow-up chest radiograph be taken in people with persistent symptoms, smokers, and people older than 50.<a href="#cite_note-BTS09-68">[67]</a> American guidelines vary, from generally recommending a follow-up chest radiograph<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> to not mentioning any follow-up.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2007-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia will stabilize in 3–6 days.<a href="#cite_note-Behera2010-2">[2]</a> It often takes a few weeks before most symptoms resolve.<a href="#cite_note-Behera2010-2">[2]</a> X-ray findings typically clear within four weeks and mortality is low (less than 1%).<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-C6-138">[137]</a> In the elderly or people with other lung problems, recovery may take more than 12 weeks. In persons requiring hospitalization, mortality may be as high as 10%, and in those requiring intensive care it may reach 30–50%.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Pneumonia is the most common <a href="/wiki/Nosocomial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosocomial infection">hospital-acquired infection</a> that causes death.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> Before the advent of antibiotics, mortality was typically 30% in those that were hospitalized.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> However, for those whose lung condition deteriorates within 72 hours, the problem is usually due to sepsis.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> If pneumonia deteriorates after 72 hours, it could be due to nosocomial infection or excerbation of other underlying comorbidities.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> About 10% of those discharged from hospital are readmitted due to underlying co-morbidities such as heart, lung, or neurological disorders, or due to new onset of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> Complications may occur in particular in the elderly and those with underlying health problems.<a href="#cite_note-C6-138">[137]</a> This may include, among others: <a href="/wiki/Empyema" title="Empyema">empyema</a>, lung abscess, <a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">bronchiolitis obliterans</a>, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, and worsening of underlying health problems.<a href="#cite_note-C6-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_prediction_rules">Clinical prediction rules</h3></div> Clinical prediction rules have been developed to more objectively predict outcomes of pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> These rules are often used to decide whether to hospitalize the person.<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CURB-65" title="CURB-65">CURB-65</a> score, which takes into account the severity of symptoms, any underlying diseases, and age<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia_severity_index" title="Pneumonia severity index">Pneumonia severity index</a> (or PSI Score)<a href="#cite_note-M32-29">[28]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pleural_effusion,_empyema,_and_abscess">Pleural effusion, empyema, and abscess</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleural_effusion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An X-ray showing a chest lying horizontally. The lower black area, which is the right lung, is smaller with a whiter area below it of a pulmonary effusion. Red arrows indicate size." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pleural_effusion.jpg/220px-Pleural_effusion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pleural_effusion.jpg/330px-Pleural_effusion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pleural_effusion.jpg/440px-Pleural_effusion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">pleural effusion</a>: as seen on chest X-ray. The A arrow indicates fluid layering in the right chest. The B arrow indicates the width of the right lung. The volume of the lung is reduced because of the collection of fluid around the lung.</figcaption></figure> In pneumonia, a collection of fluid may form in the <a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">space that surrounds the lung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> Occasionally, microorganisms will infect this fluid, causing an <a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">empyema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> To distinguish an empyema from the more common simple <a href="/wiki/Parapneumonic_effusion" title="Parapneumonic effusion">parapneumonic effusion</a>, the fluid may be collected with a needle (<a href="/wiki/Thoracentesis" title="Thoracentesis">thoracentesis</a>), and examined.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> If this shows evidence of empyema, complete drainage of the fluid is necessary, often requiring a <a href="/wiki/Chest_tube" title="Chest tube">drainage catheter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> In severe cases of empyema, <a href="/wiki/Decortication" title="Decortication">surgery</a> may be needed.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> If the infected fluid is not drained, the infection may persist, because antibiotics do not penetrate well into the pleural cavity. If the fluid is sterile, it must be drained only if it is causing symptoms or remains unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> In rare circumstances, bacteria in the lung will form a pocket of infected fluid called a lung abscess.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> Lung abscesses can usually be seen with a chest X-ray but frequently require a chest CT scan to confirm the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> Abscesses typically occur in aspiration pneumonia, and often contain several types of bacteria. Long-term antibiotics are usually adequate to treat a lung abscess, but sometimes the abscess must be drained by a surgeon or <a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">radiologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2011-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_and_circulatory_failure">Respiratory and circulatory failure</h3></div> Pneumonia can cause respiratory failure by triggering acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which results from a combination of infection and inflammatory response. The lungs quickly fill with fluid and become stiff. This stiffness, combined with severe difficulties extracting oxygen due to the alveolar fluid, may require long periods of mechanical ventilation for survival.<a href="#cite_note-M31-44">[43]</a> Other causes of circulatory failure are <a href="/wiki/Hypoxemia" title="Hypoxemia">hypoxemia</a>, inflammation, and increased coagulability.<a href="#cite_note-Elena_2015-41">[40]</a> Sepsis is a potential complication of pneumonia but usually occurs in people with poor immunity or <a href="/wiki/Hyposplenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyposplenism">hyposplenism</a>. The organisms most commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Other causes of the symptoms should be considered such as a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> or a pulmonary embolism.<a href="#cite_note-C250-141">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_pneumonia" title="Epidemiology of pneumonia">Epidemiology of pneumonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths from lower respiratory infections per million persons in 2012 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  24–120</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  121–151</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  152–200</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  201–241</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  242–345</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  346–436</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  437–673</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  674–864</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  865–1,209</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,210–2,085</div></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Lower_respiratory_infections_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for lower respiratory infections per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  no data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  less than 100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–700</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  700–1,400</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1,400–2,100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2,100–2,800</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2,800–3,500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  3,500–4,200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4,200–4,900</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4,900–5,600</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  5,600–6,300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6,300–7,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  more than 7,000</div> </div></figcaption></figure> Pneumonia is a common illness affecting approximately 450 million people a year and occurring in all parts of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> It is a major cause of death among all age groups resulting in 4 million deaths (7% of the world's total death) yearly.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a> Rates are greatest in children less than five, and adults older than 75 years.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> It occurs about five times more frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> than in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> Viral pneumonia accounts for about 200 million cases.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> In the United States, as of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pneumonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, pneumonia is the 8th leading cause of death.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3></div> In 2008, pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a> In 2010, it resulted in 1.3 million deaths, or 18% of all deaths in those under five years, of which 95% occurred in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Develop11-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Countries with the greatest burden of disease include India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million).<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> It is the leading cause of death among children in <a href="/wiki/Low_income_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Low income countries">low income countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet11-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneTx13-13">[13]</a> Many of these deaths occur in the <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">newborn</a> period. The World Health Organization estimates that one in three newborn infant deaths is due to pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-garenne-145">[144]</a> Approximately half of these deaths can be prevented, as they are caused by the bacteria for which an effective vaccine is available.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Infectious_Diseases_Society_of_America" title="Infectious Diseases Society of America">IDSA</a> has recommended that children and infants with symptoms of CAP should be hospitalized so they have access to pediatric nursing care.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> In 2011, pneumonia was the most common reason for admission to the hospital after an emergency department visit in the U.S. for infants and children.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A poster with a shark in the middle of it, which reads "Pneumonia Strikes Like a Man-Eating Shark Led by its Pilot Fish the Common Cold"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg/220px-WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg/330px-WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/WPA_Pneumonia_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a> poster, 1936/1937</figcaption></figure> Pneumonia has been a common disease throughout human history.<a href="#cite_note-History03-149">[148]</a> The word is from Greek πνεύμων (pneúmōn) meaning "lung".<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> The symptoms were described by <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 460–370 BC):<a href="#cite_note-History03-149">[148]</a> "Peripneumonia, and pleuritic affections, are to be thus observed: If the fever be acute, and if there be pains on either side, or in both, and if expiration be if cough be present, and the sputa expectorated be of a blond or livid color, or likewise thin, frothy, and florid, or having any other character different from the common... When pneumonia is at its height, the case is beyond remedy if he is not purged, and it is bad if he has dyspnoea, and urine that is thin and acrid, and if sweats come out about the neck and head, for such sweats are bad, as proceeding from the suffocation, rales, and the violence of the disease which is obtaining the upper hand."<a href="#cite_note-hippo-151">[150]</a> However, Hippocrates referred to pneumonia as a disease "named by the ancients". He also reported the results of surgical drainage of empyemas. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1135–1204 AD) observed: "The basic symptoms that occur in pneumonia and that are never lacking are as follows: acute fever, sticking <a href="/wiki/Pleuritic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuritic">pleuritic</a> pain in the side, short rapid breaths, serrated <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> and cough."<a href="#cite_note-maimo-152">[151]</a> This clinical description is quite similar to those found in modern textbooks, and it reflected the extent of medical knowledge through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> into the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Klebs" title="Edwin Klebs">Edwin Klebs</a> was the first to observe bacteria in the airways of persons having died of pneumonia in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-klebs-153">[152]</a> Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was performed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Carl Friedländer">Carl Friedländer</a><a href="#cite_note-fried-154">[153]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fraenkel_(1848%E2%80%931916)" title="Albert Fraenkel (1848–1916)">Albert Fraenkel</a><a href="#cite_note-fraenkel-155">[154]</a> in 1882 and 1884, respectively. Friedländer's initial work introduced the <a href="/wiki/Gram_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram staining">Gram stain</a>, a fundamental laboratory test still used today to identify and categorize bacteria. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gram" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Gram">Christian Gram</a>'s paper describing the procedure in 1884 helped to differentiate the two bacteria, and showed that pneumonia could be caused by more than one microorganism.<a href="#cite_note-gram-156">[155]</a> In 1887, Jaccond demonstrated pneumonia may be caused by opportunistic bacteria always present in the lung.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a>, known as "the father of modern medicine", appreciated the death and disability caused by pneumonia, describing it as the "captain of the men of death" in 1918, as it had overtaken tuberculosis as one of the leading causes of death at the time. This phrase was originally coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a> in reference to "consumption" (tuberculosis).<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Osler also described pneumonia as "the old man's friend" as death was often quick and painless when there were much slower and more painful ways to die.<a href="#cite_note-EBMED05-22">[21]</a> Viral pneumonia was first described by <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Reimann" title="Hobart Reimann">Hobart Reimann</a> in 1938. Reimann, Chairman of the Department of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Jefferson Medical College</a>, had established the practice of routinely typing the pneumococcal organism in cases where pneumonia presented. Out of this work, the distinction between viral and bacterial strains was noticed.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Several developments in the 1900s improved the outcome for those with pneumonia. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> and other antibiotics, modern surgical techniques, and intensive care in the 20th century, mortality from pneumonia, which had approached 30%, dropped precipitously in the developed world. Vaccination of infants against Haemophilus influenzae type B began in 1988 and led to a dramatic decline in cases shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-adams-161">[160]</a> Vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae in adults began in 1977, and in children in 2000, resulting in a similar decline.<a href="#cite_note-whit-162">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_pneumonia_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable pneumonia cases">List of notable pneumonia cases</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awareness">Awareness</h3></div> Due to the relatively low awareness of the disease, 12 November was declared in 2009 as the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Pneumonia_Day" title="World Pneumonia Day">World Pneumonia Day</a>, a day for concerned citizens and policy makers to take action against the disease.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costs">Costs</h3></div> The global economic cost of community-acquired pneumonia has been estimated at $17 billion annually.<a href="#cite_note-Clinic2011-24">[23]</a> Other estimates are considerably higher. In 2012 the estimated aggregate costs of treating pneumonia in the United States were $20 billion;<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> the median cost of a single pneumonia-related hospitalization is over $15,000.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> According to data released by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</a>, average 2012 hospital charges for inpatient treatment of uncomplicated pneumonia in the U.S. were $24,549 and ranged as high as $124,000. The average cost of an emergency room consult for pneumonia was $943 and the average cost for medication was $66.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Aggregate annual costs of treating pneumonia in Europe have been estimated at €10 billion.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Footnotes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The term pneumonia is sometimes more broadly applied to any condition resulting in inflammation of the lungs (caused for example by <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>, chemical burns or certain <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a>),<a href="#cite_note-RespText09-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeff2010-4">[4]</a> although this inflammation is more accurately referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7234-3200-7-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowden2010-17">[17]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> Citations <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NIH2_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/pneumonia/symptoms">"Pneumonia – Symptoms | NHLBI, NIH"</a>. nhlbi.nih.gov. 24 March 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhlbi.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Pneumonia+%E2%80%93+Symptoms+%7C+NHLBI%2C+NIH&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth%2Fpneumonia%2Fsymptoms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Behera2010-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Behera2010_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behera2010_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Behera2010_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehera2010" class="citation book cs1">Behera D (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA296">Textbook of pulmonary medicine</a> (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. pp. 296–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8448-749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8448-749-7"><bdi>978-81-8448-749-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+pulmonary+medicine&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=296-97&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Medical+Pub.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-8448-749-7&rft.aulast=Behera&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TbJjd9eTp0C%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumonia" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-RespText09-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RespText09_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RespText09_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RespText09_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLuckie2009" class="citation book cs1">McLuckie A, ed. 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Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4710-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-4710-0"><bdi>978-1-4160-4710-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murray+and+Nadel%27s+textbook+of+respiratory+medicine&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Saunders%2FElsevier&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-4710-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APneumonia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Pneumonia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12192" class="extiw" title="d:Q12192">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#142052508">CA40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1975993872">CA71.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#594985340">KB24</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J10.0">J10.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J11.0">J11.0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J12">J12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J13">J13</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J14">J14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J15">J15</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J16">J16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J17">J17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J18">J18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/J69.0">J69.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P23">P23</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=480">480</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=486">486</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=770.0">770.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011014">D011014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb10166.htm">10166</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/233604007">233604007</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000145.htm">000145</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/search/pneumonia-overview">search/pneumonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/pneumonia-pro">Pneumonia</a></li><li>Scholia: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q12192">Q12192</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pneumonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pneumonia" title="Template:Pneumonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pneumonia" title="Template talk:Pneumonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pneumonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pneumonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pneumonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pneumonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious pneumonias</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilator-associated_pneumonia" title="Ventilator-associated pneumonia">Ventilator-associated pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">Severe acute respiratory syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pneumonias caused by infectious or noninfectious agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noninfectious pneumonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonitis" title="Chemical pneumonitis">Chemical pneumonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pneumonia_syndrome" title="Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome">Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Respiratory_pathology" title="Template talk:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory_pathology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Respiratory pathology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_respiratory_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">Diseases of the respiratory system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">Upper RT</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Upper respiratory tract infection">URTIs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">sinuses</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">Sinusitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">Rhinitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nonallergic_rhinitis" title="Nonallergic rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_atrophic_rhinitis" title="Chronic atrophic rhinitis">Atrophic rhinitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_polyp" title="Nasal polyp">Nasal polyp</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">Rhinorrhea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation" title="Nasal septum deviation">Nasal septum deviation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum_perforation" title="Nasal septum perforation">Nasal septum perforation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nasal_septal_hematoma" title="Nasal septal hematoma">Nasal septal hematoma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Tonsil" title="Tonsil">tonsil</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tonsillitis" title="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adenoid_hypertrophy" title="Adenoid hypertrophy">Adenoid hypertrophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">Peritonsillar abscess</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharyngitis" title="Pharyngitis">Pharyngitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Strep throat</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Retropharyngeal_abscess" title="Retropharyngeal abscess">Retropharyngeal abscess</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croup" title="Croup">Croup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngomalacia" title="Laryngomalacia">Laryngomalacia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cyst" title="Laryngeal cyst">Laryngeal cyst</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngitis" title="Laryngitis">Laryngitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">Vocal fold nodule</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_paresis" title="Vocal cord paresis">Vocal fold paresis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_dysfunction" title="Vocal cord dysfunction">Vocal cord dysfunction</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">Epiglottitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tracheitis" title="Tracheitis">Tracheitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laryngotracheal_stenosis" title="Laryngotracheal stenosis">Laryngotracheal stenosis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower respiratory tract">Lower RT</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">lung disease</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">LRTIs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchial</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>acute</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_bronchitis" title="Acute bronchitis">Acute bronchitis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>chronic</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis#Chronic_bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Chronic bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acute_exacerbation_of_chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">Acute exacerbation of COPD</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_asthmaticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Status asthmaticus">Status asthmaticus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aspirin-exacerbated_respiratory_disease" title="Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease">AERD</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Exercise-induced_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Exercise-induced asthma">Exercise-induced</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiectasis" title="Bronchiectasis">Bronchiectasis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>unspecified</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">Bronchitis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis" title="Bronchiolitis">Bronchiolitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans">Bronchiolitis obliterans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_panbronchiolitis" title="Diffuse panbronchiolitis">Diffuse panbronchiolitis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_lung_disease" title="Interstitial lung disease">Interstitial</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Restrictive_lung_disease" title="Restrictive lung disease">restrictive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">fibrosis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External agents/ <a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">occupational</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_lung_disease" title="Occupational lung disease">lung disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Aluminosis" title="Aluminosis">Aluminosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baritosis" title="Baritosis">Baritosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bauxite_fibrosis" title="Bauxite fibrosis">Bauxite fibrosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caplan%27s_syndrome" title="Caplan's syndrome">Caplan's syndrome</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siderosis" title="Siderosis">Siderosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_talcosis" title="Pulmonary talcosis">Talcosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bagassosis" title="Bagassosis">Bagassosis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bird_fancier%27s_lung" title="Bird fancier's lung">Bird fancier's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lycoperdonosis" title="Lycoperdonosis">Lycoperdonosis</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">ARDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_pulmonary_fibrosis_and_emphysema" title="Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema">Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">Pulmonary edema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6ffler%27s_syndrome" title="Löffler's syndrome">Löffler's syndrome</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_hypersensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory hypersensitivity">Respiratory hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamman%E2%80%93Rich_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamman–Rich syndrome">Hamman–Rich syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">Sarcoidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaping-associated_pulmonary_injury" title="Vaping-associated pulmonary injury">Vaping-associated pulmonary injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obstructive / Restrictive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pneumonia</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Pneumonitis" title="Pneumonitis">pneumonitis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By pathogen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_pneumonia" title="Viral pneumonia">Viral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">Bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae#Klebsiella_pneumonia" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia" title="Atypical pneumonia">Atypical bacterial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionellosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionellosis">Legionnaires' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungal_pneumonia" title="Fungal pneumonia">Fungal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_pneumonia" title="Pneumocystis pneumonia">Pneumocystis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_pneumonia" title="Parasitic pneumonia">Parasitic</a></li> <li>noninfectious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical pneumonia">Chemical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mendelson%27s_syndrome" title="Mendelson's syndrome">Mendelson's syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia" title="Aspiration pneumonia">Aspiration</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lipid_pneumonia" title="Lipid pneumonia">Lipid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By vector/route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia" title="Community-acquired pneumonia">Community-acquired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare-associated_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare-associated pneumonia">Healthcare-associated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_pneumonia" title="Hospital-acquired pneumonia">Hospital-acquired</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronchopneumonia" title="Bronchopneumonia">Broncho-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_pneumonia" title="Lobar pneumonia">Lobar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia">IIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usual_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Usual interstitial pneumonia">UIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desquamative_interstitial_pneumonia" title="Desquamative interstitial pneumonia">DIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiolitis_obliterans_organizing_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia">BOOP-COP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonspecific_interstitial_pneumonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia">NSIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiolitis" title="Respiratory bronchiolitis">RB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelectasis" title="Atelectasis">Atelectasis</a></li> <li>circulatory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">Pulmonary hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">Pulmonary embolism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_abscess" title="Lung abscess">Lung abscess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_cavity" title="Pleural cavity">Pleural cavity</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Mediastinum" title="Mediastinum">mediastinum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pleural_disease" title="Pleural disease">Pleural disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">Pleuritis/pleurisy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemopneumothorax" title="Hemopneumothorax">Hemopneumothorax</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pleural_effusion" title="Pleural effusion">Pleural effusion</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hydrothorax" title="Hydrothorax">Hydrothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chylothorax" title="Chylothorax">Chylothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleural_empyema" title="Pleural empyema">Empyema/pyothorax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malignant_pleural_effusion" title="Malignant pleural effusion">Malignant</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fibrothorax" title="Fibrothorax">Fibrothorax</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediastinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediastinal disease">Mediastinal disease</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediastinitis" title="Mediastinitis">Mediastinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumomediastinum" title="Pneumomediastinum">Mediastinal emphysema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">Respiratory failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">SARS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_pulmonary_haemosiderosis" title="Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis">Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolar_proteinosis" title="Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis">Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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