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<span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychoanalytic_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalytic_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Psychoanalytic anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalytic_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Culture and personality</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>National character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnopsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnopsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ethnopsychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnopsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cognitive anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychiatric_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychiatric_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Psychiatric anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychiatric_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_historical_works_and_textbooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_historical_works_and_textbooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Selected historical works and textbooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_historical_works_and_textbooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_theoretical_works_in_psychological_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_theoretical_works_in_psychological_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Selected theoretical works in psychological anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_theoretical_works_in_psychological_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_ethnographic_works_in_psychological_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_ethnographic_works_in_psychological_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Selected ethnographic works in psychological anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_ethnographic_works_in_psychological_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works_in_psychiatric_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works_in_psychiatric_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Selected works in psychiatric anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works_in_psychiatric_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychological anthropology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أنثروبولوجيا نفسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنثروبولوجيا نفسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologische_Anthropologie" title="Psychologische Anthropologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychologische Anthropologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnopsiquiatr%C3%ADa" title="Etnopsiquiatría – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Etnopsiquiatría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی روان‌شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی روان‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnopsychiatrie" title="Ethnopsychiatrie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ethnopsychiatrie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi_psikologis" title="Antropologi psikologis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropologi psikologis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnopsichiatria" title="Etnopsichiatria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etnopsichiatria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეთნოფსიქოლოგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთნოფსიქოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnopsichologin%C4%97_mokykla" title="Etnopsichologinė mokykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etnopsichologinė mokykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" 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hreflang="pt" data-title="Antropologia das emoções" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Психологическая антропология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психологическая антропология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiyang_pangsikolohiya" title="Antropolohiyang pangsikolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antropolohiyang pangsikolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medical_anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medical anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology" title="Category:Anthropology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/100px-Queue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/150px-Queue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Queue.svg/200px-Queue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_anthropology" title="Outline of anthropology">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_anthropology" title="History of anthropology">History</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_anthropology" title="Linguistic anthropology">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology</div> <p><b>Psychological anthropology</b> is an interdisciplinary subfield of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> that studies the interaction of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">mental processes</a>. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">motivation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a>. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Each school within psychological anthropology has its own approach.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychological anthropology emerged during the 20th century as a subfield of anthropology. The formal development of the sub-discipline is often attributed to anthropologist Franz Boas and some of his students, among whom were Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Edward Sapir.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boas, a founding influence of cultural anthropology, is one of the most important figures in the history of American anthropology. Like many of his contemporaries, Boas was intrigued by questions about the human mind. He likely read and engaged with psychoanalytical theory, such as that of Sigmund Freud, whose work was considered both controversial and groundbreaking during that era. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> was a German psychologist and pioneer in folk psychology. His objectives were to form psychological explanations using the reports of ethnologists. He made different contracting stages such as the 'totemic' stage, the 'age of heroes and gods', and the 'enlightened age of humanity'. Unlike most, Wundt believed that the mind of both 'primitive' and civilised groups had equivalent learning capabilities but that they simply used that capacity in different ways. </p><p>Though intimately connected in many ways, the fields of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and psychology have remained two distinct disciplines, in part because of their differing methodologies and disciplinary objectives. Where anthropology was traditionally geared towards historical and evolutionary trends, what psychology concerned itself with was more ahistorical and acultural in nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (May 2014)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> Psychoanalysis joined the two fields together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1972 <a href="/wiki/Francis_L._K._Hsu" title="Francis L. K. Hsu">Francis L. K. Hsu</a> suggested that the field of culture and personality be renamed 'psychological anthropology'. Hsu considered the original title old fashioned given that many anthropologists regarded personality and culture as the same, or in need of better explanations. During the 1970s and 1980s, psychological anthropology began to shift its focus towards the study of human behaviour in a natural setting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalytic_anthropology">Psychoanalytic anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Psychoanalytic anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This school is based upon the insights of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and other psychoanalysts as applied to social and cultural phenomena. Adherents of this approach often assumed that techniques of child-rearing shaped adult personality and that cultural symbols (including myths, dreams, and rituals) could be interpreted using <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalytical</a> theories and techniques. The latter included interviewing techniques based on clinical interviewing, the use of projective tests such as the <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Apperception_Test" title="Thematic Apperception Test">TAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rorschach_inkblot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Rorschach inkblot test">Rorschach</a>, and a tendency towards including case studies of individual interviewees in their ethnographies. A major example of this approach was the Six Cultures Study under John and Beatrice Whiting in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Department_of_Social_Relations" title="Harvard Department of Social Relations">Harvard's Department of Social Relations</a>. This study examined child-rearing in six very different cultures (New England Baptist community; a Philippine barrio; an Okinawan village; an Indian village in Mexico; a northern Indian caste group; and a rural tribal group in Kenya).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some practitioners look specifically at mental illness cross-culturally (<a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">George Devereux</a>) or at the ways in which social processes such as the oppression of ethnic minorities affect mental health (<a href="/wiki/Abram_Kardiner" title="Abram Kardiner">Abram Kardiner</a>), while others focus on the ways in which cultural symbols or social institutions provide defense mechanisms (<a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a>) or otherwise alleviate psychological conflicts (<a href="/wiki/Gananath_Obeyesekere" title="Gananath Obeyesekere">Gananath Obeyesekere</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have also examined the cross-cultural applicability of psychoanalytic concepts such as the <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others who might be considered part of this school are a number of scholars who, although psychoanalysts, conducted fieldwork (<a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>) or used psychoanalytic techniques to analyze materials gathered by anthropologists (Sigmund Freud, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_R%C3%B3heim" title="Géza Róheim">Géza Róheim</a>). </p><p>Because many American social scientists during the first two-thirds of the 20th century had at least a passing familiarity with psychoanalytic theory, it is hard to determine precisely which ones should be considered primarily as psychoanalytic anthropologists. Many anthropologists who studied personality (<a href="/wiki/Cora_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Cora DuBois">Cora DuBois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Clyde Kluckhohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Gorer" title="Geoffrey Gorer">Geoffrey Gorer</a>) drew heavily on psychoanalysis; most members of the "culture and personality school" of psychological anthropology did so. </p><p>In recent years, psychoanalytic and more broadly psychodynamic theory continues to influence some psychological anthropologists (such as <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Hollan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Hollan (page does not exist)">Douglas Hollan</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_LeVine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert LeVine (page does not exist)">Robert LeVine</a>) and have contributed significantly to such approaches as <a href="/wiki/Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">person-centered ethnography</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Ethnography">clinical ethnography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It thus may make more sense to consider psychoanalytic anthropology since the latter part of the 20th century as more a style or a set of research agendas that cut across several other approaches within anthropology. </p><p>See also: <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Levy_(anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I. Levy (anthropologist)">Robert I. Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ari_Kiev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ari Kiev (page does not exist)">Ari Kiev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Mageo" title="Jeannette Mageo">Jeannette Mageo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_personality">Culture and personality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture and personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personality is the overall characteristics that a person possesses. All of these characteristics are acquired within a culture. However, when a person changes his or her culture, his or her personality automatically changes because the person learns to follow the norms and values of the new culture, and this, in turn, influences the individual's personal characteristics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Configurationalist_approach">Configurationalist approach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Configurationalist approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This approach describes a culture as a personality; that is, interpretation of experiences, guided by symbolic structure, creates personality which is "copied" into the larger culture. Leading figures include <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Benedict</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Irving_Hallowell" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Irving Hallowell">A. Irving Hallowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basic_and_modal_personality">Basic and modal personality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Basic and modal personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major figures include <a href="/wiki/John_Whiting_(anthropologist)" title="John Whiting (anthropologist)">John Whiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Blyth_Whiting" title="Beatrice Blyth Whiting">Beatrice Whiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cora_DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="Cora DuBois">Cora DuBois</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Kluckhohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Kluckhohn (page does not exist)">Florence Kluckhohn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_character">National character</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></div> <p>Leading figures include sociologist <a href="/wiki/Alex_Inkeles" title="Alex Inkeles">Alex Inkeles</a> and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Clyde Kluckhohn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnopsychology">Ethnopsychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ethnopsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major figures: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Crapanzano" title="Vincent Crapanzano">Vincent Crapanzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Devereux" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Devereux">Georges Devereux</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobie_Nathan" class="extiw" title="fr:Tobie Nathan">Tobie Nathan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Lutz" title="Catherine Lutz">Catherine Lutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Zimbalist Rosaldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Rosaldo" title="Renato Rosaldo">Renato Rosaldo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Nuckolls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Nuckolls (page does not exist)">Charles Nuckolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradd_Shore" title="Bradd Shore">Bradd Shore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dorinne_K._Kondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorinne K. Kondo">Dorinne K. Kondo</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_anthropology">Cognitive anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognitive anthropology takes a number of methodological approaches, but generally draws on the insights of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> in its model of the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. A basic premise is that people think with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">schemas</a>, units of culturally shared knowledge that are hypothesized to be represented in the brain as networks of neural connections.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This entails certain properties of cultural models, and may explain both part of the observed inertia of cultural models (people's assumptions about the way the world works are hard to change) and patterns of association.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roy_D%27Andrade" title="Roy D'Andrade">Roy D'Andrade</a> (1995) sees the history of cognitive anthropology proper as divisible into four phases. The first began in the 1950s with the explicit formulation of culture as knowledge by anthropologists such as <a href="/wiki/Ward_Goodenough" title="Ward Goodenough">Ward Goodenough</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony Wallace</a>. From the late 1950s through the mid-1960s, attention focused on categorization, <a href="/wiki/Componential_analysis" title="Componential analysis">componential analysis</a> (a technique borrowed from structuralist linguistics), and native or folk systems of knowledge (<a href="/wiki/Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">ethnoscience</a> e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">ethnobotany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">ethnolinguistics</a> and so on), as well as discoveries in patterns of <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> naming by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Paul Kay</a>. During the 1950s and 1960s, most of the work in cognitive anthropology was carried out at Yale, University of Pennsylvania, Stanford, Berkeley, University of California, Irvine, and the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Department_of_Social_Relations" title="Harvard Department of Social Relations">Harvard Department of Social Relations</a>. The third phase looked at types of categories (<a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Rosch" title="Eleanor Rosch">Eleanor Rosch</a>) and cultural models, drawing on schema theory, linguistic work on metaphor (<a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Johnson (professor)">Mark Johnson</a>). The current phase, beginning in the 1990s, has seen more focus on the problem of how cultural models are shared and distributed, as well as on motivation,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with significant work taking place at UC San Diego, UCLA, UC Berkeley, University of Connecticut, and Australian National University, among others. </p><p>Currently, different cognitive anthropologists are concerned with how groups of individuals are able to coordinate activities and "thinking" (<a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hutchins" title="Edwin Hutchins">Edwin Hutchins</a>); with the distribution of cultural models (who knows what, and how people access knowledge within a culture: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorothy_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorothy Holland (page does not exist)">Dorothy Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Kimball_Romney" title="A. Kimball Romney">A. Kimball Romney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Swartz" title="Marc Swartz">Marc Swartz</a>); with conflicting models within a culture (<a href="/wiki/Naomi_Quinn" title="Naomi Quinn">Naomi Quinn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holly_Mathews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holly Mathews (page does not exist)">Holly Mathews</a>); or the ways in which cultural models are internalized and come to motivate behavior (<a href="/wiki/Roy_D%27Andrade" title="Roy D'Andrade">Roy D'Andrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Quinn" title="Naomi Quinn">Naomi Quinn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Nuckolls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Nuckolls (page does not exist)">Charles Nuckolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradd_Shore" title="Bradd Shore">Bradd Shore</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Strauss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Strauss (page does not exist)">Claudia Strauss</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cognitive anthropologists continue work on ethnoscience (<a href="/wiki/Scott_Atran" title="Scott Atran">Scott Atran</a>), most notably in collaborative field projects with cognitive and social psychologists on culturally universal versus culturally particular models of human categorization and inference and how these mental models hinder or help social adaptations to natural environments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others focus on methodological issues such as how to identify cultural models.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Related work in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">cognitive linguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> also carries forward research on the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a> and looks at the relationship between language and thought (<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloch" title="Maurice Bloch">Maurice Bloch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Lucy_(anthropologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Lucy (anthropologist) (page does not exist)">John Lucy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Wierzbicka" title="Anna Wierzbicka">Anna Wierzbicka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychiatric_anthropology">Psychiatric anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Psychiatric anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While not forming a school in the sense of having a particular methodological approach, a number of prominent psychological anthropologists have addressed significant attention to the interaction of culture and mental health or mental illness (see <a href="/wiki/Janis_H._Jenkins" title="Janis H. Jenkins">Janis H. Jenkins</a>), ranging through the description and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome" title="Culture-bound syndrome">culture-bound syndromes</a> (Pow-Meng Yap, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Simons" title="Ronald C. Simons">Ronald Simons</a>, Charles Hughes);<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the relationship between cultural values or culturally mediated experiences and the development or expression of mental illness (among immigrants, for instance more particularly) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Csordas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Csordas (page does not exist)">Thomas Csordas</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Devereux" title="George Devereux">George Devereux</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Edgerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Edgerton (page does not exist)">Robert Edgerton</a>, Sue Estroff, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kleinman" title="Arthur Kleinman">Arthur Kleinman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janis_H._Jenkins" title="Janis H. Jenkins">Janis H. Jenkins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Beneduce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Beneduce (page does not exist)">Roberto Beneduce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lemelson" title="Robert Lemelson">Robert Lemelson</a>, Theresa O'Nell, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Opler" title="Marvin Opler">Marvin Opler</a>); to the training of mental health practitioners and the cultural construction of mental health as a profession (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_W._Nuckolls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles W. Nuckolls (page does not exist)">Charles W. Nuckolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Tanya Luhrmann</a>), and more recently what <a href="/wiki/Janis_H._Jenkins" title="Janis H. Jenkins">Janis H. Jenkins</a> refers to the cultural creation of a "pharmaceutical self" in a globalizing world (Jenkins 2011). Recent research focuses on specific relationships between History, conscience, cultural Self and suffering (Roberto Beneduce, Etnopsichiatria. Sofferenza mentale e alterità fra Storia, dominio e cultura, 2007). Some of these have been primarily trained as psychiatrists rather than anthropologists: <a href="/wiki/Abram_Kardiner" title="Abram Kardiner">Abram Kardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kleinman" title="Arthur Kleinman">Arthur Kleinman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Levy_(anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I. Levy (anthropologist)">Robert I. Levy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Beneduce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Beneduce (page does not exist)">Roberto Beneduce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Littlewood" title="Roland Littlewood">Roland Littlewood</a>. Further research has been done on genetic predisposition, family's contribution to the genesis of psychopathology, and the contribution of environmental factors such as tropical diseases, natural catastrophes, and occupational hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During most of the history of modern anthropology (with the possible exception of the 1930s through the 1950s, when it was an influential approach within American social thought), psychological anthropology has been a relatively small though productive subfield. D'Andrade, for instance, estimates that the core group of scholars engaged in active research in cognitive anthropology (one of the smaller sub-subfields), have numbered some 30 anthropologists and linguists, with the total number of scholars identifying with this subfield likely being less than 200 at any one time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present, relatively few universities have active graduate training programs in psychological anthropology. These include: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnopsychiatrie.net/">Centre Georges Devreux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris 8 University">Paris 8 University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206064912/http://arts.anu.edu.au/languages/linguistics/linguistics_homepage.asp">Australian National University - Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunel.ac.uk/courses/postgraduate/L610PPSYPSYA">Brunel University, West London - MSc program in psychological and psychiatric anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthropology.case.edu/graduate-programs/">Case Western Reserve University - MA, PhD in cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalanthropology.duke.edu/">Duke University - Cultural Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/">Emory University - Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lse.ac.uk/anthropology">London School of Economics - Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uib.no/en/antro">University of Bergen, Norway - Social Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.berkeley.edu/">University of California, Berkeley - Anthropology</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthropology.uci.edu/">University of California, Irvine - Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthro.ucla.edu">University of California, Los Angeles - Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202031614/http://anthropology.ucsd.edu/Divisions/psych_anth.html">University of California, San Diego - Anthropology</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/">Cognitive Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205041430/http://humdev.uchicago.edu/">University of Chicago - Human Development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut - Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.unc.edu/">University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill - Anthropology</a></li></ul> <p>Also, social medicine and cross-cultural/transcultural psychiatry programs at: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms.harvard.edu/dsm/">Harvard - Department of Global Health & Social Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/tcpsych/">McGill - Division of Social and Transcultural Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820094433/http://etnopsicologia.cl/">Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso - Master in Ethnopsychology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univ.trieste.it/">Università degli Studi di Trieste - Department of Ethnopsychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egocentrism" title="Egocentrism">Egocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of religion">Development of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Department_of_Social_Relations" title="Harvard Department of Social Relations">Harvard Department of Social Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBock,_P._K.,_&_Leavitt,_S._C.2018" class="citation book cs1">Bock, P. K., & Leavitt, S. C. (2018). <i>Rethinking Psychological Anthropology: A Critical History</i>. Waveland press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Psychological+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pub=Waveland+press&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Bock%2C+P.+K.%2C+%26+Leavitt%2C+S.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Andrade, R. G. (1995). The development of cognitive anthropology. New York, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwartz, T., G. M. White, et al., Eds. (1992). New Directions in Psychological Anthropology. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing" class="citation book cs1">King, Charles. <i>Gods of the Upper Air</i>. Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Upper+Air&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, H. A. (1943). Thematic Apperception Test. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whiting, Beatrice and John Whiting. 1975. Children of Six Cultures: a psychocultural analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Obeyesekere, G. (1985). Depression, Buddhism, and the work of culture in Sri Lanka. In: Culture and depression: studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychology of affect and disorder. A. Kleinman and B. J. Good. Berkeley / Los Angeles, University of California Press: 134-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kilborne, B. and L. L. Langness, Eds. (1987). Culture and human nature: Theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, R. I. and D. Hollan (1998). Person-centered interviewing and observation in anthropology. Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology. H. R. Bernard. Walnut Creek, CA, Altamira Press: 333-364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herdt, G. (1999). "Clinical ethnography and sexual culture." Annual Review of Sex Research 10: 100-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Andrade, Roy G. (1995). <i>The Development of Cognitive Anthropology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strauss, Claudia and Naomi Quinn (1997) <i>A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodenough, W. H. (1969). Rethinking "status" and "role": toward a general model of the cultural organization of social relationships. Cognitive Anthropology. S. A. Tyler. New York, Holt, Rhinehart and Winston: 311-330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Andrade (1995: 244-248)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Andrade, Roy G. and Claudia Strauss. (1992) <i>Human Motives and Cultural Models</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atran, Scott and Douglas Medin, (2008) <i>The Native Mind and the Cultural Construction of Nature</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Dorothy and Naomi Quinn, (Eds.) (1987) <i>Cultural Models in Language and Thought</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinn, Naomi, (Ed.) (2005) <i>Finding Culture in Talk: a collection of methods</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wierzbicka, Anna (1999) <i>Emotions across Languages and Cultures: diversity and universals</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wierzbicka, Anna (1993) "A conceptual basis for cultural psychology." <i>Ethos</i> 21:205 - 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_Janis_H._and_Robert_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Janis H. and Robert J. (2004). <i>Schizophrenia, Culture, and Subjectivity</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schizophrenia%2C+Culture%2C+and+Subjectivity.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Janis+H.+and+Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinman1988" class="citation book cs1">Kleinman, Arthur (1988). <i>Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience</i>. NYC: Simon and Schuster. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029174425" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029174425"><bdi>978-0029174425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Psychiatry%3A+From+Cultural+Category+to+Personal+Experience&rft.place=NYC&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0029174425&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Andrade (1995: xiv)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_historical_works_and_textbooks">Selected historical works and textbooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Selected historical works and textbooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bock, Philip K. (1999) <i>Rethinking Psychological Anthropology, 2nd Ed</i>., New York: W. H. Freeman</li> <li>D'Andrade, Roy G. (1995). <i>The Development of Cognitive Anthropology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Hsu, Francis L. K., ed. (1972) <i>Psychological Anthropology</i>. Cambridge: Schenkman Publishing Company, Inc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Max_Wundt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Max Wundt">Wilhelm Max Wundt</a>, <i>Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte</i>, Leipzig (1917); 2002 reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-77838-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-77838-3">978-0-543-77838-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_theoretical_works_in_psychological_anthropology">Selected theoretical works in psychological anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Selected theoretical works in psychological anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bateson, Gregory (1956) <i>Steps to an Ecology of Mind</i>. New York: Ballantine Books.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallowell1955" class="citation book cs1">Hallowell, A. Irving (1955). <i>Culture and Experience</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9781512816600">10.9783/9781512816600</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512816600" title="Special:BookSources/9781512816600"><bdi>9781512816600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Experience&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9781512816600&rft.isbn=9781512816600&rft.aulast=Hallowell&rft.aufirst=A.+Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kilborne, Benjamin and L. L. Langness, eds. (1987). <i>Culture and Human Nature: Theoretical papers of Melford E. Spiro</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Cultural-Dialectics-Knowledge-Directions-Anthropological/dp/0299151247">Nuckolls, Charles W. (1996) <i>The Cultural Dialectics of Knowledge and Desire</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</a></li> <li>Nuckolls, Charles W. (1998) <i>Culture: A Problem that Cannot be Solved</i>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2005" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, N. (2005). Quinn, Naomi (ed.). <i>Finding Culture in Talk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-05871-3">10.1007/978-1-137-05871-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6915-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6915-6"><bdi>978-1-4039-6915-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+Culture+in+Talk&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-05871-3&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6915-6&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegnierAstuti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Regnier, Denis; Astuti, Rita (2015). "Introduction: Taking up the cognitive challenge". <i>Social Anthropology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 131–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1469-8676.12117">10.1111/1469-8676.12117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Taking+up+the+cognitive+challenge&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-134&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1469-8676.12117&rft.aulast=Regnier&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Astuti%2C+Rita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sapir, Edward (1956) <i>Culture, Language, and Personality: selected essays</i>. Edited by D. G. Mandelbaum. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li>Schwartz, Theodore, Geoffrey M. White, and Catherine A. Lutz, eds. (1992) <i>New Directions in Psychological Anthropology</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Shore, Bradd (1995) <i>Culture in Mind: cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Shweder, Richard A. and Robert A. LeVine, eds. (1984). <i>Culture Theory: Essays on mind, self, and emotion</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Strauss, Claudia and Naomi Quinn (1997). <i>A Cognitive Theory of Cultural Meaning</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWierzbicka1999" class="citation book cs1">Wierzbicka, Anna (1999). <i>Emotions across Languages and Cultures</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511521256">10.1017/CBO9780511521256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511521256" title="Special:BookSources/9780511521256"><bdi>9780511521256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotions+across+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511521256&rft.isbn=9780511521256&rft.aulast=Wierzbicka&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_ethnographic_works_in_psychological_anthropology">Selected ethnographic works in psychological anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected ethnographic works in psychological anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benedict, Ruth (1946) <i>The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Boddy" title="Janice Boddy">Boddy, Janice</a>. Wombs and alien spirits: Women, men, and the Zar cult in northern Sudan. Univ of Wisconsin Press, 1989.</li> <li>Briggs, Jean (1970) <i>Never in Anger: Portrait of an Eskimo family</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Crapanzano, Vincent. The Hamadsha: A Study in Moroccan Ethnopsychiatry. University of California Pr, 1973.</li> <li>Crapanzano, Vincent. Tuhami: portrait of a Moroccan. University of Chicago Press, 1985.</li> <li>DuBois, Cora Alice (1960) <i>The people of Alor; a social-psychological study of an East Indian island</i>. With analyses by Abram Kardiner and Emil Oberholzer. New York: Harper.</li> <li>Herdt, Gilbert (1981) <i>Guardians of the Flutes</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambek1993" class="citation book cs1">Lambek, Michael (1993). <i>Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2F9781442676534">10.3138/9781442676534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442676534" title="Special:BookSources/9781442676534"><bdi>9781442676534</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+Practice+in+Mayotte&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2F9781442676534&rft.isbn=9781442676534&rft.aulast=Lambek&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Levy, Robert I. (1973) <i>Tahitians: mind and experience in the Society Islands</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz1988" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Catherine A. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unnaturalemotion00lutz"><i>Unnatural Emotions</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226219783.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/9780226219783.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226497228" title="Special:BookSources/9780226497228"><bdi>9780226497228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unnatural+Emotions&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226219783.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780226497228&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funnaturalemotion00lutz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosaldo1980" class="citation book cs1">Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist (1980). <i>Knowledge and passion: Ilongot notions of self and social life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511621833">10.1017/CBO9780511621833</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511621833" title="Special:BookSources/9780511621833"><bdi>9780511621833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knowledge+and+passion%3A+Ilongot+notions+of+self+and+social+life&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511621833&rft.isbn=9780511621833&rft.aulast=Rosaldo&rft.aufirst=Michelle+Zimbalist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (1979) <i>Saints, Scholars, and Schizophrenics: mental illness in rural Ireland</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li>Swartz, Marc J. (1991) <i>The Way the World Is: cultural processes and social relations among the Swahili of Mombasa</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_works_in_psychiatric_anthropology">Selected works in psychiatric anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected works in psychiatric anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeneduce2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beneduce, Roberto (2008). "Undocumented bodies, burned identities: Refugees, sans papiers, harraga — when things fall apart". <i>Social Science Information</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 505–527. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0539018408096444">10.1177/0539018408096444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144205691">144205691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Information&rft.atitle=Undocumented+bodies%2C+burned+identities%3A+Refugees%2C+sans+papiers%2C+harraga+%E2%80%94+when+things+fall+apart&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=505-527&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0539018408096444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144205691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beneduce&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeneduceMartelli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Beneduce, Roberto; Martelli, Pompeo (2005). "Politics of Healing and Politics of Culture: Ethnopsychiatry, Identities and Migration". <i>Transcultural Psychiatry</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 367–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1363461505055621">10.1177/1363461505055621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16268234">16268234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44926869">44926869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transcultural+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Politics+of+Healing+and+Politics+of+Culture%3A+Ethnopsychiatry%2C+Identities+and+Migration&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-393&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44926869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16268234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1363461505055621&rft.aulast=Beneduce&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Martelli%2C+Pompeo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Beneduce, Roberto (2007) <i>Etnopsichiatria. Sofferenza mentale e alterità fra Storia, dominio e cultura</i>, Roma: Carocci.</li> <li>Jenkins, Janis H. and Robert J. Barrett (2004) <i>Schizophrenia, Culture, and Subjectivity: The Edge of Experience.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Jenkins, Janis H. (2011) <i>Pharmaceutical Self: The Global Shaping of Experience in an Age of Psychopharmacology.</i> Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research.</li> <li>Lézé, Samuel (2014) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3581444/Anthropology_of_mental_illness">Anthropology of mental illness</a>", in : Andrew Scull (ed.), <i>Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness : an A-to-Z Guide</i> , Sage, 2014, pp. 31–32</li> <li>Kardiner, Abram, with the collaboration of Ralph Linton, Cora Du Bois and James West (pseud.) (1945) <i>The psychological frontiers of society</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Kleinman, Arthur (1980) <i>Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine, and psychiatry</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li>Kleinman, Arthur (1986) <i>Social origins of distress and disease: depression, neurasthenia, and pain in modern China</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Kleinman, Arthur, & Good, Byron, eds. (1985) <i>Culture and Depression: studies in the anthropology and cross-cultural psychology of affect and disorder</i>. Berkeley / Los Angeles: University of California Press.</li> <li>Luhrmann, Tanya M. (2000) <i>Of two minds: The growing disorder in American psychiatry</i>. New York, NY, US: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.</li> <li>O'Nell, Theresa D. (1996) <i>Disciplined Hearts: History, identity, and depression in an American Indian community</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahimi2015" class="citation book cs1">Rahimi, Sadeq (2015). <i>Meaning, Madness and Political Subjectivity</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315732619">10.4324/9781315732619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315732619" title="Special:BookSources/9781315732619"><bdi>9781315732619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meaning%2C+Madness+and+Political+Subjectivity&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315732619&rft.isbn=9781315732619&rft.aulast=Rahimi&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_anthropology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medanthro.net/AMHIG/">Anthropology and Mental Health Special Interest Group (AMHIG),Society of Medical Anthropology, AAA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209153059/http://www.aaanet.org/spa/index.htm">Society for Psychological Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enpanthro.net/">ENPA - European Network for Psychological Anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219123915/http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/ethos/"><i>Ethos</i></a> – journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206000251/http://homepage.mac.com/mccajor/SSL_panth.html">Psychological and Psychiatric Anthropology Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefpr.org/">The Foundation for Psychocultural Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~wanthro/theory_pages/Psychological.htm">Psychological Anthropology</a> – essay at Indiana University</li> <li><a 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