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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_paradigm:_anthropological_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_paradigm:_anthropological_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First paradigm: anthropological linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_paradigm:_anthropological_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_paradigm:_linguistic_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_paradigm:_linguistic_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second paradigm: linguistic anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_paradigm:_linguistic_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Areas of interest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity_and_intersubjectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_intersubjectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Identity and intersubjectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_intersubjectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Socialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heritage_language_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heritage_language_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Heritage language ideologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heritage_language_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Social space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race,_class,_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race,_class,_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Race, class, and gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race,_class,_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Race and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.3</span> <span>Gender and sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnopoetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnopoetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ethnopoetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnopoetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endangered_languages:_language_documentation_and_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_languages:_language_documentation_and_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Endangered languages: language documentation and revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_languages:_language_documentation_and_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Linguistic anthropology</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="علم الإنسان اللغوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الإنسان اللغوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Antropoloxía llingüística – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antropoloxía llingüística" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linqvistik_antropologiya" title="Linqvistik antropologiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Linqvistik antropologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi_linguistik" title="Antropologi linguistik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Antropologi linguistik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Antropologia lingüística – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antropologia lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistick%C3%A1_antropologie" title="Lingvistická antropologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lingvistická antropologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ανθρωπολογία της γλώσσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρωπολογία της γλώσσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolog%C3%ADa_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Antropología lingüística – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antropología lingüística" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_linguistiko" title="Antropologia linguistiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antropologia linguistiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="انسان‌شناسی زبان‌شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان‌شناسی زبان‌شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologie_linguistique" title="Anthropologie linguistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anthropologie linguistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrapoaylleeaght_hengoaylleeagh" title="Antrapoaylleeaght hengoaylleeagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Antrapoaylleeaght hengoaylleeagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolox%C3%ADa_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Antropoloxía lingüística – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antropoloxía lingüística" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EC%9D%B8%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="언어인류학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언어인류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="भाषाई नृविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भाषाई नृविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologi_linguistik" title="Antropologi linguistik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antropologi linguistik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirovnasiya_zimannasiy%C3%AE" title="Mirovnasiya zimannasiyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirovnasiya zimannasiyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologia_linguistica" title="Anthropologia linguistica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anthropologia linguistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јазична антропологија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јазична антропологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%AFstische_antropologie" title="Linguïstische antropologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linguïstische antropologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="言語人類学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="言語人類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvistisk_antropologi" title="Lingvistisk antropologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lingvistisk antropologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropologia_lingw%C3%ADstiko" title="Antropologia lingwístiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Antropologia lingwístiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лінґвістічна антрополоґія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лінґвістічна антрополоґія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Лингвистическая антропология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лингвистическая антропология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvisti%C4%8Dka_antropologija" title="Lingvistička antropologija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lingvistička antropologija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antropolohiyang_lingguwistika" title="Antropolohiyang lingguwistika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Antropolohiyang lingguwistika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மொழியியல் மானிடவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழியியல் மானிடவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbilim_antropolojisi" title="Dilbilim antropolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dilbilim antropolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Лінгвістична антропологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лінгвістична антропологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Nhân học ngôn ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhân học ngôn ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_archaeology" title="Aviation archaeology">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_archaeology" title="Experimental archaeology">Experiential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoethnobotany" title="Paleoethnobotany">Paleoethnobotanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology" title="Forensic anthropology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anthropology" title="Molecular anthropology">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology"> Neurological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anthropology" title="Nutritional anthropology">Nutritional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">Paleoanthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_anthropology" title="Applied anthropology">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_art" title="Anthropology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology" title="Cognitive anthropology">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_development" title="Anthropology of development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_anthropology" title="Digital anthropology">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology"><span class="wrap">Political economy</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_food" title="Anthropology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_institutions" title="Anthropology of institutions">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_anthropology" title="Legal anthropology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_media" title="Anthropology of media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_anthropology" title="Political anthropology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_anthropology" title="Psychological anthropology">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_anthropology" title="Public anthropology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_anthropology" title="Urban anthropology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Visual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linguistic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology#Methods" title="Cultural anthropology">Research framework</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-ethnography">cyber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_cross-cultural_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard cross-cultural sample">Cross-cultural comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">Participant observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexivity_(social_theory)" title="Reflexivity (social theory)">Reflexivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thick_description" title="Thick description">Thick description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_anthropology" title="Development anthropology">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship and descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_theories_of_value" title="Anthropological theories of value">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Key theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actor%E2%80%93network_theory" title="Actor–network theory">Actor–network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(anthropology)" title="Cultural materialism (anthropology)">Cultural materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Diffusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">Historical particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boasian_anthropology" title="Boasian anthropology">Boasian anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_anthropology" title="Symbolic anthropology">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_studies" title="Performance studies">Performance studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_theory" title="Practice theory">Practice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_anthropology" title="Structural anthropology">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology" title="Systems theory in anthropology">Systems theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropologists_by_nationality" title="Category:Anthropologists by nationality">Anthropologists by nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_anthropology" title="List of years in anthropology">Anthropology by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropology_journals" title="List of anthropology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">List of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anthropology_organizations" title="Category:Anthropology organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology" title="Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology" title="Template talk:Anthropology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Linguistic anthropology</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> study of how language influences social life. It is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> that originated from the endeavor to document <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered languages</a> and has grown over the past century to encompass most aspects of <a href="/wiki/Language_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Language structure">language structure</a> and use.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication, forms social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale cultural beliefs and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a>, and develops a common cultural representation of natural and <a href="/wiki/Social_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Social world">social worlds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SLA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Linguistic anthropology emerged from the development of three distinct <a href="/wiki/Paradigm" title="Paradigm">paradigms</a> that have set the standard for approaching linguistic anthropology. The first, now known as "<a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">anthropological linguistics</a>," focuses on the documentation of languages. The second, known as "linguistic anthropology," engages in theoretical studies of language use. The third, developed over the past two or three decades, studies issues from other subfields of anthropology with linguistic considerations. Though they developed sequentially, all three paradigms are still practiced today.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_paradigm:_anthropological_linguistics">First paradigm: anthropological linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First paradigm: anthropological linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological linguistics</a></div> <p>The first paradigm, anthropological linguistics, is devoted to themes unique to the sub-discipline. This area includes documentation of <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> that have been seen as at-risk for <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, with a particular focus on indigenous languages of native North American tribes. It is also the paradigm most focused on linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic themes include the following: </p> <ul><li>Grammatical description,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typological classification</a> and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Linguistic relativity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_paradigm:_linguistic_anthropology">Second paradigm: linguistic anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second paradigm: linguistic anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second paradigm can be marked by reversing the words. Going from <i>anthropological linguistics</i> to <i>linguistic anthropology</i>, signals a more anthropological focus on the study. This term was preferred by <a href="/wiki/Dell_Hymes" title="Dell Hymes">Dell Hymes</a>, who was also responsible, with <a href="/wiki/John_Gumperz" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gumperz">John Gumperz</a>, for the idea of <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnography</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>. The term <i>linguistic anthropology</i> reflected Hymes' vision of a future where language would be studied in the context of the situation and relative to the community speaking it.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording. </p><p>This paradigm developed in critical dialogue with the fields of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> on the other. Hymes criticized folklorists' fixation on oral texts rather than the verbal artistry of performance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, he criticized the cognitivist shift in linguistics heralded by the pioneering work of <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, arguing for an ethnographic focus on language in use. </p><p>Hymes had many revolutionary contributions to linguistic anthropology, the first of which was a new <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_analysis" title="Unit of analysis">unit of analysis</a>. Unlike the first paradigm, which focused on linguistic tools like measuring of <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, the second paradigm's unit of analysis was the "speech event". A speech event is defined as one with speech presented for a significant duration throughout its occurrence (ex., a lecture or debate). This is different from a speech situation, where speech could possibly occur (ex., dinner). Hymes also pioneered a linguistic anthropological approach to <a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">ethnopoetics</a>. Hymes had hoped that this paradigm would link linguistic anthropology more to anthropology. However, Hymes' ambition backfired as the second paradigm marked a distancing of the sub-discipline from the rest of anthropology.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hymes1981_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymes1981-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_paradigm:_anthropological_issues_studied_via_linguistic_methods_and_data">Third paradigm: anthropological issues studied via linguistic methods and data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third paradigm: anthropological issues studied via linguistic methods and data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third paradigm, which began in the late 1980s, redirected the primary focus on anthropology by providing a linguistic approach to anthropological issues. Rather than prioritizing the technical components of language, third paradigm anthropologists focus on studying culture through the use of linguistic tools. Themes include: </p> <ul><li>investigations of personal and social <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a></li> <li>shared <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideologies</a></li> <li>construction of <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> interactions among individuals</li></ul> <p>Furthermore, similar to how the second paradigm used new technology in its studies, the third paradigm heavily includes use of video documentation to support research.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti2003-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_interest">Areas of interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Areas of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary linguistic anthropology continues research in all three paradigms described above: </p> <ol><li>Documentation of languages</li> <li>Study of language through context</li> <li>The study of identity through linguistic means</li></ol> <p>The third paradigm, the study of anthropological issues through linguistic means, is an affluent area of study for current linguistic anthropologists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_and_intersubjectivity">Identity and intersubjectivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Identity and intersubjectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great deal of work in linguistic anthropology investigates questions of sociocultural <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">identity</a> linguistically and discursively. Linguistic anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a> has done so in relation to identity, for example, in a series of settings, first in a village called <a href="/wiki/Gapun" title="Gapun">Gapun</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulick1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulick1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explored how the use of two languages with and around children in Gapun village: the traditional language (<a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap</a>), not spoken anywhere but in their own village and thus primordially "indexical" of Gapuner identity, and <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>, the widely circulating official language of New Guinea. ("indexical" points to meanings beyond the immediate context.)<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1976_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1976-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To speak the <a href="/wiki/Taiap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiap language">Taiap language</a> is associated with one identity: not only local but "Backward" and also an identity based on the display of hed (personal autonomy). To speak Tok Pisin is to <a href="/wiki/Indexicality" title="Indexicality">index</a> a modern, Catholic identity, based not on hed but on save, an identity linked with the will and the skill to cooperate. In later work, Kulick demonstrates that certain loud speech performances in Brazil called um escândalo, Brazilian <i>travesti</i> (roughly, 'transvestite') sex workers shame clients. The travesti community, the argument goes, ends up at least making a powerful attempt to transcend the shame the larger Brazilian public might try to foist off on them, again by loud public discourse and other modes of <a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">performance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulick&Klein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulick&Klein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, scholars such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Émile Benveniste</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz" title="Mary Bucholtz">Mary Bucholtz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kira_Hall" title="Kira Hall">Kira Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_(academic)" title="Benjamin Lee (academic)">Benjamin Lee</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kockelman" title="Paul Kockelman">Paul Kockelman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Wortham" title="Stanton Wortham">Stanton Wortham</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (among many others) have contributed to understandings of identity as "intersubjectivity" by examining the ways it is discursively constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialization">Socialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a series of studies, linguistic anthropologists <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ochs" title="Elinor Ochs">Elinor Ochs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bambi_Schieffelin" title="Bambi Schieffelin">Bambi Schieffelin</a> addressed the anthropological topic of <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> (the process by which infants, children, and foreigners become members of a community, learning to participate in its culture), using linguistic and other ethnographic methods.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They discovered that the processes of <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> and socialization do not occur apart from the process of <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>, but that children acquire language and culture together in what amounts to an integrated process. Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">baby talk</a> is not <a href="/wiki/Universal_proposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal proposition">universal</a>, that the direction of adaptation (whether the child is made to adapt to the ongoing situation of speech around it or vice versa) was a variable that correlated, for example, with the direction it was held vis-à-vis a caregiver's body. In many societies caregivers hold a child facing outward so as to orient it to a network of kin whom it must learn to recognize early in life. </p><p>Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that members of all societies socialize children both <i>to</i> and <i>through</i> the use of language. Ochs and Schieffelin uncovered how, through naturally occurring stories told during dinners in white <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> households in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>, both mothers and fathers participated in replicating <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">male dominance</a> (the "father knows best" syndrome) by the distribution of participant roles such as protagonist (often a child but sometimes mother and almost never the father) and "problematizer" (often the father, who raised uncomfortable questions or challenged the competence of the protagonist). When mothers collaborated with children to get their stories told, they unwittingly set themselves up to be subject to this process. </p><p>Schieffelin's more recent research has uncovered the socializing role of <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a> and other fairly new Bosavi converts in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea">Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea</a> community she studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin1995_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pastors have introduced new ways of conveying knowledge, new linguistic <a href="/wiki/Epistemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemic">epistemic</a> markers<sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin1995_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin1995-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and new ways of speaking about time.<sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin2002_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And they have struggled with and largely resisted those parts of the Bible that speak of being able to know the inner states of others (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">gospel of Mark</a>, chapter 2, verses 6–8).<sup id="cite_ref-Schieffelin2006_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schieffelin2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideologies">Ideologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a third example of the current (third) paradigm, since <a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Roman Jakobson</a>'s student <a href="/wiki/Michael_Silverstein" title="Michael Silverstein">Michael Silverstein</a> opened the way, there has been an increase in the work done by linguistic anthropologists on the major anthropological theme of <a href="/wiki/Ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideologies">ideologies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein1979_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein1979-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—in this case "<a href="/wiki/Language_ideology" title="Language ideology">language ideologies</a>", sometimes defined as "shared bodies of <a href="/wiki/Commonsense" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonsense">commonsense</a> notions about the nature of language in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Rumsey_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumsey-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silverstein has demonstrated that these ideologies are not mere <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a> but actually influence the evolution of linguistic structures, including the dropping of "<a href="/wiki/Thee" class="mw-redirect" title="Thee">thee</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">thou</a>" from everyday <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> usage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolard, in her overview of "<a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code switching</a>", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even a single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology. It is the ideology that people should "really" be monoglot and efficiently targeted toward referential clarity rather than diverting themselves with the messiness of multiple varieties in play at a single time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much research on linguistic ideologies probes subtler influences on language, such as the pull exerted on Tewa, a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in certain New Mexican pueblos and on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, by "kiva speech", discussed in the next section.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_endangerment" class="mw-redirect" title="Language endangerment">language endangerment</a>, and '<a href="/wiki/English_as_a_global_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English as a global language">English as a global language</a>'. For instance, Indian linguist <a href="/wiki/Braj_Kachru" title="Braj Kachru">Braj Kachru</a> investigated local varieties of English in South Asia, the ways in which <a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English functions as a lingua franca</a> among multicultural groups in India.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British linguist David Crystal has contributed to investigations of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a> attention to the effects of cultural assimilation resulting in the spread of one dominant language in situations of colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heritage_language_ideologies">Heritage language ideologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Heritage language ideologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More recently, a new line of ideology work is beginning to enter the field of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a> in relation to <a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">heritage languages</a>. Specifically, applied linguist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Guardado" title="Martin Guardado">Martin Guardado</a> has posited that heritage language ideologies are "somewhat fluid sets of understandings, justifications, beliefs, and judgments that linguistic minorities hold about their languages."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardado_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardado-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guardado" title="Guardado">Guardado</a> goes on to argue that ideologies of heritage languages also contain the expectations and desires of linguistic minority families "regarding the relevance of these languages in their children’s lives as well as when, where, how, and to what ends these languages should be used." Although this is arguably a fledgling line of language ideology research, this work is poised to contribute to the understanding of how ideologies of language operate in a variety of settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_space">Social space</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a final example of this third paradigm, a group of linguistic anthropologists have done very creative work on the idea of social space. Duranti published a groundbreaking article on <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> <a href="/wiki/Greetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Greetings">greetings</a> and their use and transformation of social space.<sup id="cite_ref-Duranti1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duranti1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, Indonesianist Joseph Errington, making use of earlier work by Indonesianists not necessarily concerned with language issues per se, brought linguistic anthropological methods (and <a href="/wiki/Semiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiotic">semiotic</a> theory) to bear on the notion of the exemplary center, the center of political and ritual power from which emanated exemplary behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Errington demonstrated how the <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Priyayi" title="Priyayi">priyayi</a>, whose ancestors served at the Javanese royal courts, became emissaries, so to speak, long after those courts had ceased to exist, representing throughout Java the highest example of "refined speech." The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. And, even though it pertains to <a href="/wiki/Tewa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewa people">Tewa</a> Indians in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> rather than Indonesians, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kroskrity" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Kroskrity">Paul Kroskrity</a>'s argument that speech forms originating in the Tewa <a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">kiva</a> (or underground ceremonial space) forms the dominant model for all Tewa speech can be seen as a direct parallel. </p><p>Silverstein tries to find the maximum theoretical significance and applicability in this idea of exemplary centers. He feels, in fact, that the exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings. He generalizes the notion thus, arguing "there are wider-scale institutional 'orders of interactionality,' historically contingent yet structured. Within such large-scale, macrosocial orders, in-effect <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> centers of <a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">semiosis</a> come to exert a structuring, <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">value</a>-conferring influence on any particular event of discursive <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">interaction</a> with respect to the meanings and significance of the verbal and other semiotic forms used in it."<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current approaches to such classic anthropological topics as ritual by linguistic anthropologists emphasize not static linguistic structures but the unfolding in realtime of a <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'hypertrophic' set of parallel orders of <a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">iconicity</a> and indexicality that seem to cause the ritual to create its own sacred space through what appears, often, to be the <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> of textual and nontextual metricalizations, synchronized."<sup id="cite_ref-Silverstein2004_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silverstein2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race,_class,_and_gender"><span id="Race.2C_class.2C_and_gender"></span>Race, class, and gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Race, class, and gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Addressing the broad central concerns of the subfield and drawing from its core theories, many scholars focus on the intersections of language and the particularly salient social constructs of race (and ethnicity), class, and gender (and sexuality). These works generally consider the roles of social structures (e.g., ideologies and institutions) related to race, class, and gender (e.g., marriage, labor, pop culture, education) in terms of their constructions and in terms of individuals' lived experiences. A short list of linguistic anthropological texts that address these topics follows: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Race and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alim, H. Samy, John R. Rickford, and Arnetha F. Ball. 2016. Raciolinguistics: How Language Shapes Our Ideas about Race. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz" title="Mary Bucholtz">Bucholtz, Mary</a>. 2001. "The Whiteness of Nerds: Superstandard English and Racial Markedness." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11 (1): 84–100. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjlin.2001.11.1.84">10.1525/jlin.2001.11.1.84</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bucholtz" title="Mary Bucholtz">Bucholtz, Mary</a>. 2010. White Kids: Language, Race, and Styles of Youth Identity. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_L._Davis" title="Jenny L. Davis">Davis, Jenny L</a>. 2018. Talking Indian: Identity and Language Revitalization in the Chickasaw Renaissance. University of Arizona Press.</li> <li>Dick, H. 2011. "Making Immigrants Illegal in Small-Town USA." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 21(S1):E35-E55.</li> <li>Hill, Jane H. 1998. "Language, Race, and White Public Space." American Anthropologist 100 (3): 680–89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1998.100.3.680">10.1525/aa.1998.100.3.680</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Hill, Jane H</a>. 2008. The Everyday Language of White Racism. Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>García-Sánchez, Inmaculada M. 2014. Language and Muslim Immigrant Childhoods: The Politics of Belonging. John Wiley & Sons.</li> <li>Ibrahim, Awad. 2014. The Rhizome of Blackness: A Critical Ethnography of Hip-Hop Culture, Language, Identity, and the Politics of Becoming. 1 edition. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc.</li> <li>Rosa, Jonathan. 2019. Looking like a Language, Sounding like a Race: Raciolinguistic Ideologies and the Learning of Latinidad. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Smalls, Krystal. 2018. "Fighting Words: Antiblackness and Discursive Violence in an American High School." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 23(3):356-383.</li> <li>Spears, Arthur Kean. 1999. Race and Ideology: Language, Symbolism, and Popular Culture. Wayne State University Press.</li> <li>Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2013. Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race, and Class. Waveland Press.</li> <li>Wirtz, Kristina. 2011. "Cuban Performances of Blackness as the Timeless Past Still Among Us." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology. 21(S1):E11-E34.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class">Class</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fox, Aaron A. 2004. Real Country: Music and Language in Working-Class Culture. Duke University Press.</li> <li>Shankar, Shalini. 2008. Desi Land: Teen Culture, Class, and Success in Silicon Valley. Duke University Press.</li> <li>Nakassis, Constantine V. 2016. Doing Style: Youth and Mass Mediation in South India. University of Chicago Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_and_sexuality">Gender and sexuality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gender and sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Why be normal?': Language and Identity Practices in a Community of Nerd Girls". Language in Society. 28 (2): 207–210.</li> <li>Fader, Ayala. 2009. Mitzvah Girls: Bringing Up the Next Generation of Hasidic Jews in Brooklyn. Princeton University Press.</li> <li>Gaudio, Rudolf Pell. 2011. Allah Made Us: Sexual Outlaws in an Islamic African City. John Wiley & Sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kira_Hall" title="Kira Hall">Hall, Kira</a>, and Mary Bucholtz. 1995. Gender Articulated: Language and the Socially Constructed Self. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Jacobs-Huey, Lanita. 2006. From the Kitchen to the Parlor: Language and Becoming in African American Women's Hair Care. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Kulick, Don. 2000. "Gay and Lesbian Language." Annual Review of Anthropology 29 (1): 243–85. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.29.1.243">10.1146/annurev.anthro.29.1.243</a>.</li> <li>Kulick, Don. 2008. "Gender Politics." Men and Masculinities 11 (2): 186–92. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1097184X08315098">10.1177/1097184X08315098</a>.</li> <li>Kulick, Don. 1997. "The Gender of Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes." American Anthropologist 99 (3): 574–85.</li> <li>Livia, Anna, and Kira Hall. 1997. Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Manalansan, Martin F. IV. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Performing' the Filipino Gay Experiences in America: Linguistic Strategies in a Transnational Context." Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Language. Ed. William L Leap. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1997. 249–266</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_Mendoza-Denton" title="Norma Mendoza-Denton">Mendoza-Denton, Norma</a>. 2014. Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practice Among Latina Youth Gangs. John Wiley & Sons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rampton,_Ben" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampton, Ben">Rampton, Ben</a>. 1995. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity Among Adolescents. Longman.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Zimman" title="Lal Zimman">Zimman, Lal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenny_L._Davis" title="Jenny L. Davis">Jenny L. Davis</a>, and Joshua Raclaw. 2014. Queer Excursions: Retheorizing Binaries in Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnopoetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></div> <p>Ethnopoetics is a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e. verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts. The goal of any ethnopoetic text is to show how the techniques of unique oral performers enhance the aesthetic value of their performances within their specific cultural contexts. Major contributors to ethnopoetic theory include Jerome Rothenberg, Dennis Tedlock, and Dell Hymes. Ethnopoetics is considered a subfield of ethnology, anthropology, folkloristics, stylistics, linguistics, and literature and translation studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangered_languages:_language_documentation_and_revitalization">Endangered languages: language documentation and revitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Endangered languages: language documentation and revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a> are languages that are not being passed down to children as their mother tongue or that have declining numbers of speakers for a variety of reasons. Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropologists have been involved with endangered language communities through their involvement in language documentation and revitalization projects. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">language documentation</a> project, researchers work to develop records of the language - these records could be field notes and audio or video recordings. To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind. <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a> was one of the first anthropologists involved in language documentation within North America and he supported the development of three key materials: 1) grammars, 2) texts, and 3) dictionaries. This is now known as the Boasian Trilogy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use. The revitalization efforts can take the form of teaching the language to new speakers or encouraging the continued use within the community.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of a language revitalization project is the Lenape language course taught at Swathmore College, Pennsylvania. The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Language reclamation, as a subset of revitalization, implies that a language has been taken away from a community and addresses their concern in taking back the agency to revitalize their language on their own terms. Language reclamation addresses the power dynamics associated with language loss. Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation. One example of this is the Miami language being brought back from 'extinct' status through extensive archives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the field of linguistics has also been focused on the study of the linguistic structures of endangered languages, anthropologists also contribute to this field through their emphasize on <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> understandings of the socio-historical context of language endangerment, but also of language revitalization and reclamation projects.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Evolutionary psychology of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_insecurity" title="Linguistic insecurity">Linguistic insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in anthropology">List of important publications in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyako_Inoue_(linguistic_anthropologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako Inoue (linguistic anthropologist)">Miyako Inoue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_anthropology" title="Semiotic anthropology">Semiotic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_linguistics" title="Sociocultural linguistics">Sociocultural linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Sociology of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Oral_Literature_Project" title="World Oral Literature Project">World Oral Literature Project</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Duranti2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duranti2004_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duranti, Alessandro (ed.), 2004: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jMmmQjssaEC"><i>Companion to Linguistic Anthropology</i></a>, Malden, MA: Blackwell.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society for Linguistic Anthropology. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguisticanthropology.org/about/">About the Society for Linguistic Anthropology</a> (accessed 7 July 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duranti2003-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duranti2003_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duranti, Alessandro. 2003. 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De Korne, Haley; Weinberg, Miranda (2016-01-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/wpel/vol30/iss1/1">"Ways of Talking (and Acting) About Language Reclamation: An Ethnographic Perspective on Learning Lenape in Pennsylvania"</a>. <i>Journal of Language, Identity & Education</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 44–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15348458.2016.1113135">10.1080/15348458.2016.1113135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1534-8458">1534-8458</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146277852">146277852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language%2C+Identity+%26+Education&rft.atitle=Ways+of+Talking+%28and+Acting%29+About+Language+Reclamation%3A+An+Ethnographic+Perspective+on+Learning+Lenape+in+Pennsylvania&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-58&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146277852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1534-8458&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15348458.2016.1113135&rft.aulast=Hornberger&rft.aufirst=Nancy+H.&rft.au=De+Korne%2C+Haley&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fwpel%2Fvol30%2Fiss1%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard2012" class="citation journal cs1">Leonard, Wesley Y. (2012-09-10). "Reframing language reclamation programmes for everybody's empowerment". <i>Gender and Language</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 339–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fgenl.v6i2.339">10.1558/genl.v6i2.339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Language&rft.atitle=Reframing+language+reclamation+programmes+for+everybody%27s+empowerment&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-367&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fgenl.v6i2.339&rft.aulast=Leonard&rft.aufirst=Wesley+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranadillo,_Tania_Orcutt-Gachiri,_Heidi_A.,_1970-2011" class="citation book cs1">Granadillo, Tania Orcutt-Gachiri, Heidi A., 1970- (2011). <i>Ethnographic contributions to the study of endangered languages</i>. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816526994" title="Special:BookSources/9780816526994"><bdi>9780816526994</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/769275666">769275666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnographic+contributions+to+the+study+of+endangered+languages&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F769275666&rft.isbn=9780816526994&rft.au=Granadillo%2C+Tania+Orcutt-Gachiri%2C+Heidi+A.%2C+1970-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+anthropology" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_anthropology#Linguistic_anthropology" title="Bibliography of anthropology">Bibliography of anthropology § Linguistic anthropology</a></div> <ul><li>Ahearn, Laura M. 2011. <i>Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology</i>. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.</li> <li>Blount, Ben G. ed. 1995. <i>Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings</i>. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.</li> <li>Bonvillain, Nancy. 1993. <i>Language, culture, and communication: The meaning of messages</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</li> <li>Brenneis, Donald; and Ronald K. S. Macaulay. 1996. <i>The matrix of language: Contemporary linguistic anthropology</i>. Boulder: Westview.</li> <li>Duranti, Alessandro. 1997. <i>Linguistic Anthropology</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Duranti, Alessandro. ed. 2001. <i>Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell.</li> <li>Giglioli, Pier Paolo. 1972. <i>Language and social context: Selected readings</i>. Middlesex: Penguin Books.</li> <li>Salzmann, Zdenek, James Stanlaw and Nobuko Adachi. 2012. <i>Language, culture, & society</i>. Westview Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_anthropology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguisticanthropology.org/">Society for Linguistic Anthropology</a> – downloadable publications of authors cited in the article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714032825/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/duranti/publish.htm">Alessandro Duranti's publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720173030/http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/">Joel Kuipers' publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031012193451/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/ochs/publish.htm">Elinor Ochs' publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.nyu.edu/~bs4/">Bambi Schieffelin's publications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jmw22/cv/index.html">James Wilce's publications</a></li></ul> <p>The Jurgen Trabant Wilhelm von Humboldt Lectures (7hrs) </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://webtv.univ-rouen.fr/permalink/c1253a18f7e5ecnge8dp/">https://webtv.univ-rouen.fr/permalink/c1253a18f7e5ecnge8dp/</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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