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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A9" title="راحقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="راحقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антафілія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антафілія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivorisme" title="Nectarivorisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nectarivorisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nectarívoro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektaroman%C4%9Dulo" title="Nektaromanĝulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nektaromanĝulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شهدخوار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهدخوار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nectarivore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektarivor" title="Nektarivor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nektarivor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3msykurs%C3%A6ta" title="Blómsykursæta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blómsykursæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettarivoro" title="Nettarivoro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nettarivoro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A3" title="יונקי צוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונקי צוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nektarivoru" title="Nektarivoru – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Nektarivoru" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarivoor" title="Nectarivoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nectarivoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E9%A3%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="蜜食動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蜜食動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectar%C3%ADvoro" title="Nectarívoro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nectarívoro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Антофилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антофилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Антофілія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антофілія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%83n_m%E1%BA%ADt_hoa" title="Động vật ăn mật hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật ăn mật hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q120880#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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.side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nectarivorous" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:nectarivorous">nectarivorous</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/250px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/375px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg/500px-Australian_painted_lady_feeding_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Australian_painted_lady" title="Australian painted lady">Australian painted lady</a> (<i>Vanessa kershawi</i>) feeding on nectar through its long <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, a <b>nectarivore</b> is an animal which derives its energy and nutrient requirements from a <a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">diet</a> consisting mainly or exclusively of the sugar-rich <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperms">flowering plants</a>. </p><p>Nectar as a food source presents a number of benefits as well as challenges. It is essentially a solution of (as much as 80%) the simple sugars <a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">fructose</a>, which are easily ingested and digested, representing a rich and efficient source of nutrition. This solution is often <a href="/wiki/Concentration#Qualitative_description" title="Concentration">diluted</a> either by the plant that produces it or by rain falling on a flower and many nectarivores possess adaptations to effectively rid themselves of any excess water ingested this way. </p><p>However, nectar is an incomplete source of nutrition. While it does contain <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these are found in low quantities, and it is severely deficient in minerals and vitamins.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few organisms consume nectar exclusively over their whole life cycle, either supplementing it with other sources, particularly insects (thus overlapping with <a href="/wiki/Insectivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivores">insectivores</a>) or only consuming it exclusively for a set period.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species are <a href="/wiki/Nectar_robbing" title="Nectar robbing">nectar robbers or nectar thieves</a>, performing no pollination while still consuming nectar. Many species are both nectar robbers and pollinators, depending on the plant species they encounter. </p><p>Nectar is produced by flowering plants to attract <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> to visit the flowers and transport <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> between them. Flowers often have specialized structures that make the nectar accessible only for animals possessing appropriate morphological structures, and there are numerous examples of <a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">coevolution</a> between nectarivores and the flowers they pollinate. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawkmoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkmoth">hawkmoths</a> have long narrow beaks that can reach nectar at the bottom of long tubular flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of nectar feeders are <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, but instances can also be found in other animal groups. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insects">Insects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/250px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/375px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg/500px-Eastern_Carpenter_Bee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_carpenter_bee" title="Eastern carpenter bee">Eastern carpenter bee</a> (<i>Xylocopa virginica</i>) pierces the corolla to feed from a <a href="/wiki/Daffodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Daffodil">daffodil</a> (<i>Narcissus sp.</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nectarivory is extremely common in insects. Key families with large proportions of nectarivores include the <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">Hemiptera</a>. Some, but not all, are also pollinators: others engage in nectar robbing by avoiding the reproductive organs of plants altogether, particularly those with deep <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">corollas</a>, by piercing into the base of the flower to reach the <a href="/wiki/Nectary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectary">nectary</a> directly, such as <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_bee" title="Carpenter bee">carpenter bees</a> and secondarily <a href="/wiki/Western_honey_bee" title="Western honey bee">honey bees</a> (who consume nectar from holes made by others),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as ants, who frequently consume nectar and pollen where available despite actively inhibiting germination of pollen at the flowers they visit to the detriment of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/250px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/375px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg/500px-Spot_Swordtails_mud_puddling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Spot_swordtail" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot swordtail">Spot swordtail</a> butterflies (<i>Graphium nomius</i>) mud puddling for minerals</figcaption></figure> <p>Nectar-feeding insects gain enough water from nectar to rarely need to drink, though adult butterflies and moths may engage in <a href="/wiki/Mud-puddling" title="Mud-puddling">puddling</a> in order to obtain dissolved substances not abundant in nectar, particularly <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some flying nectarivores, particularly larger bees, do not lose enough water by <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> while on the wing to offset their high intake due to nectar-feeding, as well as water produced <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolically</a> while flying. They must excrete while on the wing to prevent water loading, and may wait at the nest entrance to evaporate off some of their water load before flying out.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arachnids">Arachnids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Arachnids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that some spiders, though normally thought to be exclusively <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a>, consume nectar indirectly by consuming nectarivorous insects, and/or directly from flowers. This behavior is thought to be more common among spiders that live among foliage. A few make nectar their primary food source, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bagheera_kiplingi" title="Bagheera kiplingi">Bagheera kiplingi</a></i>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">jumping spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others such as the <a href="/wiki/Thomisidae" title="Thomisidae">crab spiders</a>, feed more rarely and opportunistically. None of the spider groups observed feeding on nectar build webs, they are all wandering species.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birds">Birds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/250px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/375px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg/500px-Archilochus_colubris_-_by_jeffreyw_-_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1062" /></a><figcaption>A female <a href="/wiki/Ruby-throated_hummingbird" title="Ruby-throated hummingbird">ruby-throated hummingbird</a> (<i>Archilochus colubris</i>) feeds on nectar from a <a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">sunflower</a> (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nectar-feeding is widespread among birds, but no species consumes nectar exclusively. Most combine it with insectivory for a mixed diet. Of particular interest are three lineages of specialized nectarivorous birds: the hummingbirds (<a href="/wiki/Trochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochilidae">Trochilidae</a>), sunbirds (<a href="/wiki/Nectariniidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectariniidae">Nectariniidae</a>) and honeyeaters (<a href="/wiki/Meliphagidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliphagidae">Meliphagidae</a>). These groups have adapted to permit a nectar-central diet, showing higher activity of digestive enzymes which break down sugars, higher rates of absorption of sugars, and altered kidney function. To maintain flight a bird must rapidly excrete much of the water content of the nectar it consumes. A hummingbird's kidneys are capable of rapidly producing large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_concentration" title="Osmotic concentration">hyposmotic</a> urine i.e. urine containing a lower concentration of dissolved substances than the blood.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other bird groups have one or more similar specializations – for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Lories" class="mw-redirect" title="Lories">Lories</a>, one group of Australasian parrots within the larger parrot family <a href="/wiki/Psittacidae" title="Psittacidae">Psittacidae</a>, possess similar digestive modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are examples of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_honeycreeper" title="Hawaiian honeycreeper">Hawaiian honeycreepers</a> have several species adapted to feed on nectar. The Hawaiian tree <i><a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha" title="Metrosideros polymorpha">Metrosideros polymorpha</a></i> is heavily dependant on the pollination of the more or less nectarivorous honeycreepers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mammals">Mammals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_(IMG0526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/250px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/375px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg/500px-Grey-headed_Flying_Fox_%28IMG0526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Grey-headed_flying_fox" title="Grey-headed flying fox">grey-headed flying fox</a> (<i>Pteropus poliocephalus</i>) feeds on nectar, its face covered with yellow pollen</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of bat feed on nectar, their lifestyle similar to that of nectarivorous birds. In the Americas there is significant overlap between flowers pollinated by bats and hummingbirds – both need similarly-composed nectar to keep up energy-intensive hovering flight. In this part of the world there is particularly close association between some species of columnar <a href="/wiki/Cacti" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacti">cacti</a> and bat species, who provide pollination in exchange for nectar with composition matching their nutritional needs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nectarivorous bats might be at particular risk of extinction due to their reliance on particular species of flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single marsupial species, the <a href="/wiki/Honey_possum" title="Honey possum">honey possum</a>, feeds on nectar and pollen exclusively. It raises fewer young which grow more slowly than other marsupials of its size, because of the time-consuming effort of nectar-drinking from many flowers to support itself. It may spend periods in deep sleep to reduce its need for food, and shows the typical nectarivore adaptations for excess water-removal.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynivore" title="Palynivore">Palynivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">Frugivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nectarivore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNepiSoligoNocentiniAbate2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nepi M, Soligo C, Nocentini D, Abate M, Guarnieri M, Cai G, Bini L, Puglia M, Bianchi L, Pacini E (2012). 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Mammal</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1383205">10.2307/1383205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1383205">1383205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Mammal.&rft.atitle=Conservation+Biology+of+Nectar-Feeding+Bats+in+Mexico&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1383205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1383205%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Arita&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Santos-Del-Prado%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F1383205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectarivore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonWoollerCollins1986" class="citation journal cs1">Richardson K, Wooller R, Collins B (1986). "Adaptations to a diet of nectar and pollen in the marsupial <i>Tarsipes rostratus</i> (Marsupialia: Tarsipedidae)". <i>J. Zool</i>. <b>208</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">285–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Zool.&rft.atitle=Adaptations+to+a+diet+of+nectar+and+pollen+in+the+marsupial+Tarsipes+rostratus+%28Marsupialia%3A+Tarsipedidae%29&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1986.tb01515.x&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Wooller%2C+R&rft.au=Collins%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANectarivore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feeding_behaviours235" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feeding" title="Template:Feeding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feeding" title="Template talk:Feeding"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feeding" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feeding"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feeding_behaviours235" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding behaviours</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">adult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avivore" title="Avivore">Avivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_predation" title="Egg predation">Egg predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">Hematophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Lepidophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-eating_animal" title="Man-eating animal">Man-eating animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluscivore" title="Molluscivore">Molluscivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucophagy" title="Mucophagy">Mucophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecophagy" title="Myrmecophagy">Myrmecophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiophagy" title="Ophiophagy">Ophiophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscivore" title="Piscivore">Piscivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongivore" title="Spongivore">Spongivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermivore" title="Vermivore">Vermivore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">reproductive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oophagy" title="Oophagy">Oophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placentophagy" title="Placentophagy">Placentophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaning" title="Weaning">Weaning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannibalism" title="Cannibalism">cannibalistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Human cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocannibalism" title="Autocannibalism">Autocannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_cannibalism" title="Sexual cannibalism">Sexual cannibalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/160px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/240px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg/320px-Starling_Feeding_Offspring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folivore" title="Folivore">Folivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florivore" title="Florivore">Florivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugivore" title="Frugivore">Frugivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">Graminivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_predation" title="Seed predation">Seed predation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nectarivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellivory" title="Mellivory">Mellivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynivore" title="Palynivore">Palynivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylophagy" title="Xylophagy">Xylophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteophagy" title="Osteophagy">Osteophagy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myzocytosis" title="Myzocytosis">Myzocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbivory" title="Microbivory">Microbivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungivore" title="Fungivore">Fungivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprophagia" title="Coprophagia">Coprophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geophagia" title="Geophagia">Geophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saprophagy" title="Saprophagy">Saprophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophagy" title="Xenophagy">Xenophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastivore" title="Plastivore">Plastivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">Ambush predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg predator">Egg predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraguild predator">Intraguild predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursuit predator">Pursuit predator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Aquatic predation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Lunge_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Lunge feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Pivot_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Pivot feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Ram_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Ram feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_feeding_mechanisms#Suction_feeding" title="Aquatic feeding mechanisms">Suction feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">Fodder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercarnivore" title="Hypercarnivore">Hypercarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocarnivore" title="Hypocarnivore">Hypocarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarnivore" title="Mesocarnivore">Mesocarnivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li> <li><a 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