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Homme d'État russe appartenant à la fin du xix e siècle et au début du xx e , Sergueï Ioulievitch Witte naît au Caucase dans une famille de hauts fonctionnaires appartenant à la noblesse. Il termine en 1870 ses études à l'université d'..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/serguei-ioulievitch-witte/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de SERGUEÏ IOULIEVITCH WITTE (1849-1915)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de SERGUEÏ IOULIEVITCH WITTE (1849-1915). Homme d'État russe appartenant à la fin du xix e siècle et au début du xx e , Sergueï Ioulievitch Witte naît au Caucase dans une famille de hauts fonctionnaires appartenant à la noblesse. Il termine en 1870 ses études à l'université d'..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/serguei-ioulievitch-witte/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de SERGUE\u00cf IOULIEVITCH WITTE (1849-1915)","headline":"Biographie de SERGUE\u00cf IOULIEVITCH WITTE (1849-1915)","description":"Biographie de SERGUE\u00cf IOULIEVITCH WITTE (1849-1915). Homme d'\u00c9tat russe appartenant \u00e0 la fin du xix e si\u00e8cle et au d\u00e9but du xx e , Sergue\u00ef Ioulievitch Witte na\u00eet au Caucase dans une famille de hauts fonctionnaires appartenant \u00e0 la noblesse. Il termine en 1870 ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 l'universit\u00e9 d' Odessa . C'est l'ann\u00e9e o\u00f9 commence le d\u00e9veloppement des voies ferr\u00e9es russes. Le ministre des Communications engage dans cette carri\u00e8re Serge Witte qui se montre remarquablement habile dans le secteur de l'exploitation commerciale des r\u00e9seaux. Il apprend tout ce qui concerne les chemins de fer , \u00e0 tous les \u00e9chelons, sur le plan th\u00e9orique aussi bien que pratique. 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data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT318258_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT318258_0"></i><p> Homme d'État russe appartenant à la fin du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle et au début du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup>, Sergueï Ioulievitch Witte naît au <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Lieu de rencontre et trait d'union entre l'Orient et l'Occident, le Caucase (en russe, Kavkaz) était auréolé d'un grand prestige aux yeux des Anciens, qui le considéraient comme la patrie de Prométhée. C'est vers la Colchide que les Argonautes devaient partir à la recherche de la Toison d'or ; c'est en Arménie , sur le mont Ararat, que se serait échouée l'arche de Noé.. Le Caucase..." title="Article : CAUCASE" href="/encyclopedie/caucase/">Caucase</a> dans une famille de hauts fonctionnaires appartenant à la noblesse. Il termine en 1870 ses études à l'université d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Odessa est une ville portuaire et balnéaire située dans le sud de l’Ukraine, au bord de la mer Noire . C’est le chef-lieu de la région administrative (oblast) du même nom et la troisième ville du pays (1 015 000 habitants en 2021).. À la fin du xviii e siècle, une fois le littoral de la mer Noire occupé, les Russes, qui souhaitaient créer un port sur cette mer, hésitèrent sur ..." title="Article : ODESSA" href="/encyclopedie/odessa/">Odessa</a>. C'est l'année où commence le développement des voies ferrées russes. Le ministre des Communications engage dans cette carrière Serge Witte qui se montre remarquablement habile dans le secteur de l'exploitation commerciale des réseaux. Il apprend tout ce qui concerne les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la lettre, ce n'est qu'un chemin, un chemin en acier, imaginé à l'origine pour deux raisons essentielles : permettre le guidage et, surtout, réduire la résistance au roulement, donc l'effort de traction nécessaire. Ces deux caractéristiques fondamentales sont encore celles du chemin de fer d'aujourd'hui. En outre, le guidage est un facteur de sécurité.. Mais l'expression « chemin ..." title="Article : CHEMINS DE FER" href="/encyclopedie/chemins-de-fer/">chemins de fer</a>, à tous les échelons, sur le plan théorique aussi bien que pratique. Pendant vingt ans il occupera des postes de plus en plus importants, montrant sa capacité à régler les problèmes les plus graves.</p><p>L'assassinat du tsar Alexandre II en 1881 le jette, politiquement, vers la « droite » la plus réactionnaire. Son ouvrage sur les tarifs des chemins de fer publié en 1883 attire l'attention sur lui : il est nommé directeur de tout le réseau du Sud-Ouest et s'installe à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a>. L'accident du train impérial, à Borki, qui manque coûter la vie à Alexandre III en 1890, est dû aux négligences condamnées depuis longtemps par Witte ; celui-ci est nommé par le tsar ministre des Transports, puis ministre des Finances en 1892. Il contrôle les chemins de fer, le commerce et l'industrie. Il régit la grande entreprise du transsibérien et conclut des accords douaniers avec l'Allemagne. En 1897, il est le promoteur d'une grande réforme financière. Il a l'entière confiance d'Alexandre III, mais, à l'avènement de Nicolas II (1894), il aura à combattre un véritable système des apanages, instauré par les nombreux grands ducs de la dynastie des Romanov, cause de nombreux malheurs pour la Russie. Witte déploie ses talents de négociateur et sa vive intelligence dans ses tractations avec la Chine (Li Gunzhang) et avec le Japon (amiral Ito) pour la construction du chemin de fer de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de Mandchourie, d'origine occidentale, n'a qu'un sens géographique : à savoir le quadrilatère nettement dessiné que délimitent à l'ouest les monts Khingan, au nord l'Amour, à l'est l'Oussouri et la frontière coréenne, au sud la péninsule du Liaodong.. Les formations politiques qui se sont succédé dans cette région depuis le début de notre ère contrôlaient des territoires ..." title="Article : MANDCHOURIE" href="/encyclopedie/mandchourie/">Mandchourie</a>. Mais le tsar et sa coterie ne sont pas d'accord sur sa politique à longue vue au Moyen-Orient, et il perd son portefeuille de ministre.</p><p>La guerre russo-japonaise (1904) lui redonne son importance : c'est lui qui négocie la paix avec le Japon après les terribles défaites russes — Tsushima, Port-Arthur. Il est envoyé comme plénipotentiaire à Portsmouth, pour les pourparlers de paix. Nicolas II le récompense en le faisant comte. Witte offre ses bons offices à la France, aux prises avec l'empereur d'Allemagne à propos de l'affaire d'Agadir. Il négocie l'emprunt russe. Sa grande œuvre est la préparation du Manifeste du 30 octobre 1905, par lequel le tsar accorde les libertés politiques aux Russes. Witte est Premier ministre. Il fait face à de graves troubles sociaux. Il est attaqué par la « droite » comme par la « gauche », chaque côté lui reprochant de ménager l'autre. Entre octobre 1905 et avril 1906, il fait voter plusieurs lois et oukases capitaux, mais son intransigeance et sa susceptibilité lui aliènent le tsar et l'opinion, ses collègues et ses subordonnés. Initiateur de la première Douma (parlement), promoteur de la modernisation industrielle du pays, il perd néanmoins la confiance du tsar, qui le « renvoie » le 29 avril 1906 ; le 10 mai sont rendues publiques les Lois fondamentales de l'Empire, inspirées par Witte. Loin des affaires, amer et déçu, prévoyant « la fin de la Maison régnante », le comte Witte meurt à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Deuxième ville de la Fédération de Russie par la taille (plus de 4,5 millions d’habitants en 2010), Saint-Pétersbourg (en russe Sankt Petersburg , Petrograd de 1914 à 1924 et Leningrad de 1924 à 1991) a joué un rôle essentiel dans l'histoire nationale. Pendant deux siècles, elle a été la capitale de l'Empire russe. Après avoir été le théâtre des révolutions de Février et d'..." title="Article : SAINT-PÉTERSBOURG" href="/encyclopedie/saint-petersbourg/">Saint-Pétersbourg</a>, en mars 1915.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Daria OLIVIER</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a 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