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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="mZ1QKOckXQCqXUPsewrX2N0zT8fw/T+SOlu2c88LBv74slLEaRbUlZCLaTqDIc03Pfi3Fr9yKqy0+lH6WAiMRA==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="John E Stewart" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="As well as discovering and optimizing adaptations, natural selection acting on a genetic system will also discover and optimize processes which discover and optimize adaptations. 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However, attempts to account for the evolution of processes such as" /> <title>(PDF) THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION | John E Stewart - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732421211000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732421211000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"As well as discovering and optimizing adaptations, natural selection acting on a genetic system will also discover and optimize processes which discover and optimize adaptations. However, attempts to account for the evolution of processes such as mutation, recombination, and sexual reproduction on this basis have encountered a fundamental difficulty—these processes will be selected against during periods in which there is little benefit in testing alternatives and in discovering new adaptations, e.g., when environmental conditions are constant. This difficulty will be overcome by processes which are able to survive these periods despite any selective disadvantage. This can be achieved by processes in which the rate of production of variation, and therefore the rate at which the process is removed from the population during these periods, is sufficiently low. Selection will favor processes of this type which are best at cost-effectively discovering new adaptations when there is advantage in testing alternatives, e.g., when circumstances change sufficiently. Selection will enhance this ability by optimizing the frequency and the content of the variation which is produced, and will organize the genetic system hierarchically. This hierarchic organization will reduce the amount of trial and error needed to discover adaptations, and will tend to preserve general, \u0026amp;quot; default \u0026amp;quot; adaptations. Genetic systems which include recombination will be superior at discovering adaptations than systems which do not, providing an advantage to sexual reproduction in widely applicable circumstances.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"John E Stewart"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2018-03-10","dateModified":"2018-03-10","datePublished":null,"headline":"THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Evolutionary Biology","Evolution of Sexual Reproduction","Evolution","Evolution of Cognition","Evolvability","Genetic Recombination"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"evolutionarymanifesto"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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However, attempts to account for the evolution of processes such as mutation, recombination, and sexual reproduction on this basis have encountered a fundamental difficulty—these processes will be selected against during periods in which there is little benefit in testing alternatives and in discovering new adaptations, e.g., when environmental conditions are constant. This difficulty will be overcome by processes which are able to survive these periods despite any selective disadvantage. This can be achieved by processes in which the rate of production of variation, and therefore the rate at which the process is removed from the population during these periods, is sufficiently low. Selection will favor processes of this type which are best at cost-effectively discovering new adaptations when there is advantage in testing alternatives, e.g., when circumstances change sufficiently. Selection will enhance this ability by optimizing the frequency and the content of the variation which is produced, and will organize the genetic system hierarchically. This hierarchic organization will reduce the amount of trial and error needed to discover adaptations, and will tend to preserve general, \" default \" adaptations. Genetic systems which include recombination will be superior at discovering adaptations than systems which do not, providing an advantage to sexual reproduction in widely applicable circumstances."},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1719943]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":56016406,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/56016406/mini_magick20190113-7321-d1jum6.png?1547393894" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE EVOLUTION OF GENETIC COGNITION</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1719943" href="https://evolutionarymanifesto.academia.edu/JohnStewart"><img alt="Profile image of John E Stewart" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1719943/3650111/4280529/s65_john.stewart.jpg" />John E Stewart</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">As well as discovering and optimizing adaptations, natural selection acting on a genetic system will also discover and optimize processes which discover and optimize adaptations. However, attempts to account for the evolution of processes such as mutation, recombination, and sexual reproduction on this basis have encountered a fundamental difficulty—these processes will be selected against during periods in which there is little benefit in testing alternatives and in discovering new adaptations, e.g., when environmental conditions are constant. This difficulty will be overcome by processes which are able to survive these periods despite any selective disadvantage. This can be achieved by processes in which the rate of production of variation, and therefore the rate at which the process is removed from the population during these periods, is sufficiently low. Selection will favor processes of this type which are best at cost-effectively discovering new adaptations when there is advantage in testing alternatives, e.g., when circumstances change sufficiently. Selection will enhance this ability by optimizing the frequency and the content of the variation which is produced, and will organize the genetic system hierarchically. This hierarchic organization will reduce the amount of trial and error needed to discover adaptations, and will tend to preserve general, " default " adaptations. Genetic systems which include recombination will be superior at discovering adaptations than systems which do not, providing an advantage to sexual reproduction in widely applicable circumstances.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":56016406,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":56016406,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="56016406" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/36123866/THE_EVOLUTION_OF_GENETIC_COGNITION" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="10383741" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10383741/Grandcolas_P_2015_Adaptation_In_Heams_T_Huneman_P_Lecointre_G_Silberstein_M_eds_Handbook_of_Evolutionary_Thinking_in_the_Sciences_Springer_Berlin_pp_77_93">Grandcolas P (2015) Adaptation. In: Heams T, Huneman P, Lecointre G, Silberstein M (eds) Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences. Springer, Berlin, pp 77-93 </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25497138" href="https://mnhn.academia.edu/philippegrandcolas">philippe grandcolas</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Grandcolas P (2015) Adaptation. In: Heams T, Huneman P, Lecointre G, Silberstein M (eds) Handbook of Evolutionary Thinking in the Sciences. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/74156557/Natural_selection_promotes_the_evolution_of_recombination_2_during_the_process_of_natural_selection_">Natural selection promotes the evolution of recombination 2: during the process of natural selection*</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50566687" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PGerrish">Philip Gerrish</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The ubiquity of sex and recombination in nature has eluded unified explanation since the time of Darwin. Conditions that promote the evolution of recombination, broadly defined as any form of genetic mixing, are fairly well understood: it is favored when genomes tend to contain more selectively mismatched combinations of alleles than can be explained by chance alone. Yet, while a variety of theoretical approaches have been put forth to explain why such conditions would prevail in natural populations, each has turned out to be of limited scope and applicability. Here, we show, simply and surprisingly, that natural selection acting on standing heritable variation always creates conditions favoring the evolution of recombination, in expectation. Specifically, we find that, in expectation: 1) the mean selective advantage of recombinants is non-negative, 2) the mean selective advantage of a recombination-competent modifier is non-negative, and 3) the asymptotic frequency of a recombinati...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Natural selection promotes the evolution of recombination 2: during the process of natural selection*","attachmentId":82407889,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74156557/Natural_selection_promotes_the_evolution_of_recombination_2_during_the_process_of_natural_selection_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74156557/Natural_selection_promotes_the_evolution_of_recombination_2_during_the_process_of_natural_selection_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="74156553" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74156553/Natural_selection_and_the_advantage_of_recombination">Natural selection and the advantage of recombination</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50566687" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PGerrish">Philip Gerrish</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The ubiquity of sex and recombination in nature is widely viewed as enigmatic, despite an abundance of limited-scope explanations. Natural selection, it seems, should amplify well-matched combinations of genes. Recombination would break up these well-matched combinations and should thus be suppressed. We show, to the contrary, that natural selection amplifies poorly-matched gene combinations and creates negative associations in the process. Recombination breaks up these poorly-matched combinations, neutralizes the negative associations, and should thus be passively and universally favored.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Natural selection and the advantage of recombination","attachmentId":82407926,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74156553/Natural_selection_and_the_advantage_of_recombination","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74156553/Natural_selection_and_the_advantage_of_recombination"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":56016406,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":56016406,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_56016406" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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