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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jukebox_and_prohibition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jukebox_and_prohibition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jukebox and prohibition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jukebox_and_prohibition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-WWII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-WWII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pre-WWII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-WWII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War II years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-WWII:_Emergence_of_the_disc_jockey_and_discothèque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-WWII:_Emergence_of_the_disc_jockey_and_discothèque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-WWII: Emergence of the disc jockey and discothèque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-WWII:_Emergence_of_the_disc_jockey_and_discothèque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>1970s: Disco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Glam_and_punk_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Glam_and_punk_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>1970s: Glam and punk rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Glam_and_punk_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_New_wave,_post-punk,_goth,_rave,_and_acid_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_New_wave,_post-punk,_goth,_rave,_and_acid_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>1980s: New wave, post-punk, goth, rave, and acid house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_New_wave,_post-punk,_goth,_rave,_and_acid_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s,_2000s,_and_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s,_2000s,_and_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>1990s, 2000s, and 2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s,_2000s,_and_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Entry criteria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Entry_criteria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Entry criteria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Entry_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cover_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cover_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cover charge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cover_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dress code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_nightclubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_nightclubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Exclusive nightclubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_nightclubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Substance abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bouncer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bouncer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bouncer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bouncer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_show" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_show"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Floor show</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_show-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serious_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serious_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Serious incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serious_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nightclub</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagklub" title="Nagklub – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nagklub" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ناد ليلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناد ليلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gec%C9%99_klubu" title="Gecə klubu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gecə klubu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="নৈশক্লাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নৈশক্লাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Нощен клуб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нощен клуб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwb_nos" title="Clwb nos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clwb nos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natklub" title="Natklub – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natklub" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtclub" title="Nachtclub – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachtclub" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6klubi" title="Ööklubi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ööklubi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noktoklubo" title="Noktoklubo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Noktoklubo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="باشگاه شبانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باشگاه شبانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%AEte_de_nuit" title="Boîte de nuit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boîte de nuit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtklup" title="Nachtklup – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nachtklup" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%BD" title="나이트클럽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나이트클럽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Գիշերային ակումբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիշերային ակումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC" title="नाइट क्लब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाइट क्लब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%87ni_klub" title="Noćni klub – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noćni klub" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelab_malam" title="Kelab malam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelab malam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_club" title="Night club – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Night club" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מועדון לילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מועדון לילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discotheca" title="Discotheca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Discotheca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Ноќен клуб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ноќен клуб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="നിശാ ക്ലബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിശാ ക്ലബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="نايتكلاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نايتكلاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelab_malam" title="Kelab malam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kelab malam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="နိုက်ကလပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုက်ကလပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtclub" title="Nachtclub – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nachtclub" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0" title="रोधी घर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोधी घर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%96" title="ナイトクラブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナイトクラブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattklubb" title="Nattklubb – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nattklubb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattklubb" title="Nattklubb – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nattklubb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC" title="ਨਾਈਟ ਕਲੱਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਈਟ ਕਲੱਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klub_nocny" title="Klub nocny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klub nocny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_de_noapte" title="Club de noapte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Club de noapte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Ночной клуб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ночной клуб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D2%A5%D2%A5%D2%AF_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Түүҥҥү клуб – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүҥҥү клуб" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nightclub" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%8Dni_klub" title="Nočni klub – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nočni klub" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="یانەی شەوانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یانەی شەوانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Ноћни клуб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ноћни клуб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%87ni_klub" title="Noćni klub – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Noćni klub" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6kerho" title="Yökerho – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yökerho" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nattklubb" title="Nattklubb – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nattklubb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay-aliwan" title="Bahay-aliwan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bahay-aliwan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இரவு விடுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரவு விடுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="ไนต์คลับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไนต์คลับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gece_kul%C3%BCb%C3%BC" title="Gece kulübü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gece kulübü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Нічний клуб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нічний клуб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2u_l%E1%BA%A1c_b%E1%BB%99_gi%E1%BA%A3i_tr%C3%AD" title="Câu lạc bộ giải trí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Câu lạc bộ giải trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83" title="夜總會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="夜總會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klub%C3%AA_%C5%9Fewe" title="Klubê şewe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Klubê şewe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9C%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83" title="夜總會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="夜總會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhian" title="Suhian – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Suhian" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discoth%C3%A8que&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Discothèque">Discothèque</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Entertainment venue at nighttime</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Night_Club_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Night Club (disambiguation)">Night Club (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Discothèque" and other spellings redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8que_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Discothèque (disambiguation)">Discothèque (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nightclub" title="Talk:Nightclub">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_space_ibiza(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_space_ibiza%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJs</a> perform at the nightclub <a href="/wiki/Space_(Ibiza_nightclub)" title="Space (Ibiza nightclub)">Space</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> in 2015</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Nightclub</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Genres included</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">Electronic dance music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">Jazz music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Types of street rave dance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Shuffle" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Shuffle">Melbourne Shuffle</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Related events</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal festival">metal festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">rock festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_dance_music_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of electronic dance music festivals">electronic dance music festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technoparades" class="mw-redirect" title="List of technoparades">technoparades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house_party" title="Acid house party">acid house party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Doof" title="Doof">doof</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trance_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance festival">trance festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Teknival" title="Teknival">teknival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Algorave" title="Algorave">algorave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_festival" title="Free festival">free festival</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_party" title="Free party">free party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">circuit party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">concert tour</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:lightgrey;">Related topics</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/VJing" title="VJing">VJing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Light_beam" title="Light beam">Light beam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(DJ)" title="Sound system (DJ)">Sound system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nightclub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Nightclub (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Nightclub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Nightclub (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nightclub" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nightclub"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nightclub</b> is a club that is open at <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a>, usually for <a href="/wiki/Drinking" title="Drinking">drinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancing">dancing</a> and other entertainment. Nightclubs often have a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">bar</a> and <b>discothèque</b> (usually simply known as <b>disco</b>) with a dance floor, <a href="/wiki/Laser_lighting_display" title="Laser lighting display">laser lighting displays</a>, and a stage for <a href="/wiki/Live_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Live music">live music</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> (DJ) who mixes recorded music. Nightclubs tend to be smaller than live music venues like <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadiums</a>, with few or no seats for customers. </p><p>Nightclubs generally restrict access to people in terms of age, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">attire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal belongings</a>, and behaviors. Nightclubs typically have <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress codes</a> to prohibit people wearing informal, indecent, offensive, or gang-related attire from entering. Unlike other entertainment venues, nightclubs are more likely to use <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">bouncers</a> to screen prospective patrons for entry. </p><p>The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday nights. Most nightclubs cater to a particular music genre or sound for branding effects. Some nightclubs may offer food and beverages (including alcoholic beverages).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries, nightclubs are also referred to as "discos" or "discothèques" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Disko</i> or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Diskothek</i></span> (outdated; nowadays: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Club</i></span>); <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">discothèque</i>; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>discoteca,</i> <i>antro</i> (common in Mexico), and <i>boliche</i> (common in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay), <i>discos</i> is commonly used in all others in Latin America). In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> ディスコ, <i>disuko</i> refers to an older, smaller, less fashionable venue; while クラブ, <i>kurabu</i> refers to a more recent, larger, more popular venue. The term <i>night</i> is used to refer to an evening focusing on a specific genre, such as "<a href="/wiki/Retro" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro">retro</a> music night" or a "singles night". In Hong Kong and China, nightclub is used as a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Host_and_hostess_clubs" title="Host and hostess clubs">hostess club</a>, and the association of the term with the sex trade has driven out the regular usage of the term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> increasingly became the national capital for tourism and entertainment. Grand hotels were built for upscale visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan" title="Theater District, Manhattan">New York's theater district</a> gradually moved northward during this half century, from The <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> up <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a> through <a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square">Madison Square</a>, settling around <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> at the end of the 19th century. Stars such as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Russell" title="Lillian Russell">Lillian Russell</a> were among the early <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> performers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitutes</a> served a wide variety of clientele, from sailors on leave to playboys.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first nightclubs appeared in New York City in the 1840s and 1850s, including McGlory's, and the Haymarket. They enjoyed a national reputation for <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a>, live music, and dance. They tolerated unlicensed liquor, commercial sex, and <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> cards, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Faro_(card_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faro (card game)">Faro</a>. Practically all gambling was illegal in the city (except upscale <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horseracing</a> tracks), and regular payoffs to political and police leadership was necessary. Prices were high and they were patronized by an upscale audience. <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gilfoyle" title="Timothy Gilfoyle">Timothy Gilfoyle</a> called them "the first nightclubs".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Owney_Geoghegan" title="Owney Geoghegan">Owney Geoghegan</a> ran the toughest nightclub in New York from 1880 to 1883. It catered to a downscale clientele and besides the usual illegal liquor, gambling, and prostitution, it featured nightly fistfights and occasional shootings, stabbings, and police raids.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Webster_Hall" title="Webster Hall">Webster Hall</a> is credited as the first modern nightclub,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being built in 1886 and starting off as a "social hall", originally functioning as a home for dance and political activism events. <a href="/wiki/Reisenweber%27s_Cafe" title="Reisenweber's Cafe">Reisenweber's Cafe</a> is credited for introducing <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> to New Yorkers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jukebox_and_prohibition">Jukebox and prohibition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jukebox and prohibition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jukebox" title="Jukebox">jukebox</a> (a coin-operated record-player) was invented by the Pacific Phonograph Company in 1889 by its managers Louis Glass and his partner William S. Arnold.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first was installed at the Palais Royale Saloon, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> on November 23, 1889, becoming an overnight sensation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The advent of the jukebox fueled the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>-era boom in underground illegal <a href="/wiki/Speakeasy" title="Speakeasy">speakeasy</a> bars, which needed music but could not afford a live band and needed precious space for paying customers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webster Hall stayed open, with rumors circulating of <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a>'s involvement and police bribery. </p><p>From about 1900 to 1920, <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> Americans would gather at <a href="/wiki/Honky_tonk" class="mw-redirect" title="Honky tonk">honky tonks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">juke joints</a> to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. With the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Repeal of Prohibition in the United States">repeal of Prohibition</a> in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New York's <a href="/wiki/21_Club" title="21 Club">21 Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(nightclub)" title="Copacabana (nightclub)">Copacabana</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Morocco" title="El Morocco">El Morocco</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stork_Club" title="Stork Club">Stork Club</a>. These nightclubs featured <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big bands</a>. </p><p>During America's Prohibition, new speakeasies and nightclubs appeared on a weekly basis. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Guinan" title="Texas Guinan">Texas Guinan</a> opened and ran many, and had many padlocked by the police. <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> had its own clubs including the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a>. Midtown New York had a string of nightclubs, many named after bandleaders such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Whiteman" title="Paul Whiteman">Paul Whiteman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lopez" title="Vincent Lopez">Vincent Lopez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolfe_Kahn" title="Roger Wolfe Kahn">Roger Wolfe Kahn</a> who opened Le Perroquet de Paris at a cost of $250,000. It was billed as America's most beautiful and sophisticated nightclub and featured the young Kahn and his band most evenings.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-WWII">Pre-WWII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-WWII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg/220px-Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg/330px-Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg/440px-Berlin_Joachimsthaler_Stra%C3%9Fe_191-0462.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>The "Kakadu" (1919–1937), a Pre-World War II nightclub in Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-morat_2016_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morat_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offered a bar, a dance floor, live music played by <a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">jazz band</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pre-World War II <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_society" title="Café society">café society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burlesque" title="Burlesque">burlesque</a> jazz, and bohemian clubs similar to those in New York, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nightclubs in London were tied much to the idea of "<a href="/wiki/High_society_(social_class)" class="mw-redirect" title="High society (social class)">high society</a>", via organisations such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kit_Kat_Club_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kit Kat Club (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Kit Kat Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (which took its name from the political <a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall, London</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Café de Paris (London)">Café de Paris</a>. The <a href="/wiki/43_Club" title="43 Club">43 Club</a> on <a href="/wiki/Gerrard_Street,_London" title="Gerrard Street, London">Gerrard Street</a> was run by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Meyrick" title="Kate Meyrick">Kate Meyrick</a> the 'Night Club Queen'. Meyrick ran several London nightclubs in the 1920s and early 1930s, during which time she served prison sentences for breaching licensing laws and bribing a police officer. In this era, nightclubbing was generally the preserve of those with money. </p><p>In Paris, <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Baker" title="Josephine Baker">Josephine Baker</a> ran several nightclubs during the 1920s including Chez Josephine, as did her friend <a href="/wiki/Bricktop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bricktop">Bricktop</a> who ran Bricktops. Jazz singer and Broadway star <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Hall" title="Adelaide Hall">Adelaide Hall</a> and her husband Bert Hicks opened the nightclub <i>La Grosse Pomme</i> on Rue Pigalle in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> on December 9, 1937. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hall and Hicks also owned the chic Florida Club in London's Mayfair.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Twenties" title="Golden Twenties">Golden Twenties</a>, there was a need to dance away the memories of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. In Berlin, where a "<a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">tango</a> fever" had already swept dancing establishments in the early 1910s, 899 venues with a dancing licence were registered by 1930, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moka_Efti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moka Efti (page does not exist)">Moka Efti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Casanova_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casanova (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Casanova</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scala_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scala (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Scala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delphi-Palast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delphi-Palast (page does not exist)">Delphi-Palast</a> (destroyed in WW2, replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Delphi_Filmpalast" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi Filmpalast">Delphi Filmpalast</a><sup id="cite_ref-delphi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delphi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakadu_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakadu (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Kakadu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Femina-Palast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Femina-Palast (page does not exist)">Femina-Palast</a>, <i>Palais am Zoo</i>, <i>Gourmenia-Palast</i>, <i>Uhlandeck</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Haus_Vaterland" title="Haus Vaterland">Haus Vaterland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian_mokaefti_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian_mokaefti-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-morat_2016_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morat_2016-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_haus_vaterland_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_haus_vaterland-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, the <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">nightlife</a> of the city was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">party drugs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_berlin_crime_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_berlin_crime-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_golden_twenties_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_golden_twenties-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of venues in the city, which at the time had a sinful reputation, offered in addition to bars, stages, and dance floors an erotic nightlife, such as <a href="/wiki/Dark_room_(sexuality)" title="Dark room (sexuality)">small booths</a> where lovers could withdraw to for intimate moments. These venues were aimed at rich and poor people, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudist">nudists</a>, and gangsters alike.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_golden_twenties_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_golden_twenties-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930s <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, the big clubs were <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Paramount_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Paramount Club (page does not exist)">The Paramount Club</a> (opened in 1933) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciro%27s_(Shanghai)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciro's (Shanghai) (page does not exist)">Ciro's</a> (opened in 1936). Other clubs of the era were the Metropole and the <a href="/wiki/Canidrome_(Shanghai)" title="Canidrome (Shanghai)">Canidrome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jazz_band" title="Jazz band">Jazz bands</a>, big bands, and singers performed for a bowtied clientele. The Paramount and Ciro's in particular were fiercely rivalrous and attracted many customers from the underworld. Shanghai's clubs fell into decline after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War#1937:_Full-scale_invasion_of_China" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invasion of 1937</a> and eventually closed. The Paramount reopened after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">communist victory in 1949</a> as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Red_Capitol_Cinema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Red Capitol Cinema (page does not exist)">The Red Capitol Cinema</a>, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> propaganda films, before fading into obscurity. It reopened as The Paramount in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_years">World War II years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied France">occupied France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> music, and the <a href="/wiki/Jitterbug" title="Jitterbug">jitterbug</a> dance were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> as "decadent American influences", so as an act of resistance, people met at hidden basements called <i>discothèques</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they danced to jazz and <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a>, played on a single turntable when a jukebox was not available. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-<a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a> youth called <a href="/wiki/Zazou" title="Zazou">zazous</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, there were underground discothèques patronized by <a href="/wiki/Anti-nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nazism">anti-Nazi</a> youth called the "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Kids" class="mw-redirect" title="Swing Kids">Swing Kids</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-WWII:_Emergence_of_the_disc_jockey_and_discothèque"><span id="Post-WWII:_Emergence_of_the_disc_jockey_and_discoth.C3.A8que"></span>Post-WWII: Emergence of the disc jockey and discothèque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-WWII: Emergence of the disc jockey and discothèque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of World War II saw the beginning of a transformation in the nightclub: no longer the preserve of a moneyed elite, over several decades, the nightclub steadily became a mass phenomenon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (July 2021)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Germany, the first discothèque on record that involved a <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockey</a> was <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotch-Club">Scotch-Club</a>, which opened in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_scotchclub_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_scotchclub-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its, and therefore the world's first DJ was 19-year-old local cub reporter Klaus Quirini who had been sent to write a story about the strange new phenomenon of public record-playing; fueled by <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, he jumped on stage and started announcing records as he played them and took the stage-name DJ Heinrich.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, <a href="/wiki/Connie%27s_Inn" title="Connie's Inn">Connie's Inn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_Club" title="Cotton Club">Cotton Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, NY were popular venues for white audiences. Before 1953 and some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. </p><p>In Paris, at a club named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Whisky_%C3%A0_Gogo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Whisky à Gogo (page does not exist)">Le Whisky à Gogo</a>, founded in 1947 on the <a href="/wiki/Rue_de_Seine" title="Rue de Seine">rue de Seine</a> by Paul Pacine,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Zylberberg" title="Régine Zylberberg">Régine Zylberberg</a> in 1953 laid down a dance floor, suspended coloured lights, and replaced the jukebox with two turntables that she operated herself so there would be no breaks between the music. This was the world's first-ever "discothèque".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Whisky à Gogo set into place the standard elements of the modern post-World War II <i>discothèque</i>-style nightclub. </p><p>In London, by the end of the 1950s, several of the <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffee bars</a> in London's Soho introduced afternoon dancing. These prototype discothèques were nothing like modern-day nightclubs, as they were unlicensed, daytime venues where coffee was the drink of choice and that catered to a very young public – mostly made up of French and Italians working illegally, mostly in catering, to learn English, as well as <a href="/wiki/Au_pair" title="Au pair">au pair</a> girls from most of western Europe. </p><p>A well known venue was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfants_Terribles_(club)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Enfants Terribles (club) (page does not exist)">Les Enfants Terribles</a> at 93 Dean St., in <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>, London. Initially opening as a coffee-bar, it was run by Betty Passes who claimed to be the inventor of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> after she pioneered the idea of dancing to records at her premises' basement in 1957. It stayed popular into the 1960s. It later became a 1940s-themed club called the Black Gardenia but has since closed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Flamingo_Club" title="The Flamingo Club">The Flamingo Club</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wardour_Street" title="Wardour Street">Wardour Street</a> in London ran between 1952 and 1967 and was known for its role in the growth of <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> and jazz in the UK. It earned a controversial reputation with gangsters and prostitutes said to have been frequent visitors in the 1960s, along with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discothèques began to appear in New York City in 1964: the <a href="/wiki/Village_Vanguard" title="Village Vanguard">Village Vanguard</a> offered dancing between jazz sets; Shepheard's, located in the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Hotel_(New_York_City)" title="Drake Hotel (New York City)">Drake Hotel</a>, was small but popular; L'Interdit and Il Mio (at <a href="/wiki/Delmonico%27s" title="Delmonico's">Delmonico's</a>) were private; the <a href="/wiki/El_Morocco" title="El Morocco">El Morocco</a> had an on-premises disco called Garrison; and the <a href="/wiki/Stork_Club" title="Stork Club">Stork Club</a> had one in its Shermaine suite. Larger discos opened in 1966: Cheetah, with room for 2000 dancers, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Circus_(nightclub)" title="Electric Circus (nightclub)">Electric Circus</a>, and Dom.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the discothèque swept Europe throughout the 1960s, it did not become widely popular in the United States until the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_scotchclub_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel_scotchclub-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the first <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs until the disco era.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the early 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Birley" title="Mark Birley">Mark Birley</a> opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, <a href="/wiki/Annabel%27s" title="Annabel's">Annabel's</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Square" title="Berkeley Square">Berkeley Square</a>, London. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Peppermint_Lounge" title="Peppermint Lounge">Peppermint Lounge</a> in New York City became popular and is the place where <a href="/wiki/Go-go_dancing" title="Go-go dancing">go-go dancing</a> originated. <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Christopher" title="Sybil Christopher">Sybil Burton</a> opened the "Arthur" discothèque in 1965 on East <a href="/wiki/54th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="54th Street (Manhattan)">54th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> on the site of the old El Morocco nightclub and it became the first, foremost, and hottest disco in New York City through 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany in the 1960s, when Berlin was divided by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> became Germany's epicenter of nightlife for the next two decades with numerous nightclubs and discothèques such as <a href="/wiki/Big_Apple_(club)" title="Big Apple (club)">Big Apple</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PN_hit-house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PN hit-house (page does not exist)">PN hit-house</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiffany_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiffany (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Tiffany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domicile_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domicile (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Domicile</a>, <i>Hot Club</i>, <i>Piper Club</i>, <i>Why Not</i>, <i>Crash</i>, <i>Sugar Shack</i>, the underwater discothèque <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Submarine_(club)" title="Yellow Submarine (club)">Yellow Submarine</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrs._Henderson_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrs. Henderson (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Mrs. Henderson</a>, where stars such as <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mercury" title="Freddie Mercury">Freddie Mercury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> went in and out and which led to artists such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, and Mercury settling in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-mjunikdisco_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tz_70ies_Munich_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tz_70ies_Munich-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitvergnuegen-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1967, Germany's first large-scale discothèque opened in Munich as the club <a href="/wiki/Blow_Up_(club)" title="Blow Up (club)">Blow Up</a>, which because of its extravagance and excesses quickly gained international reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-mjunikdisco_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjunikdisco-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tz_70ies_Munich_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tz_70ies_Munich-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parallel, the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> movement spawned Britain's first club for <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UFO_Club" title="UFO Club">UFO Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at the Blarney Club, 31 <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Court_Road" title="Tottenham Court Road">Tottenham Court Road</a>, London from 23 Dec 1966 to Oct 1967) which then became the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Earth_(club)" title="Middle Earth (club)">Middle Earth</a> club<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (at 43 King Street) and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)" title="Roundhouse (venue)">Roundhouse</a> in 1968. Both the UFO Club and Middle Earth were short-lived but saw performances by artists such as house-band <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_Machine" title="Soft Machine">Soft Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procol_Harum" title="Procol Harum">Procol Harum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairport_Convention" title="Fairport Convention">Fairport Convention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Brown_(musician)" title="Arthur Brown (musician)">Arthur Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>; DJ <a href="/wiki/John_Peel" title="John Peel">John Peel</a> was a regular. These clubs germinated what would later become the underground gig scene of the 1970s and 1980s, at venues such as the <a href="/wiki/100_Club" title="100 Club">100 Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Clarendon_Hotel,_Hammersmith" title="The Clarendon Hotel, Hammersmith">The Clarendon in Hammersmith</a>. During the 1960s, the Clarendon was a <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country & western</a> club, having earlier been an upmarket jazz, <a href="/wiki/Dining_club" title="Dining club">dining</a>, and dancing club in the pre-War era. </p><p>In the north of England, the distinct <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">northern soul</a> movement spanned <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Wheel_Club" title="Twisted Wheel Club">Twisted Wheel Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Mecca" title="Blackpool Mecca">Blackpool Mecca</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleethorpes_Pier" title="Cleethorpes Pier">Cleethorpes Pier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Casino" title="Wigan Casino">Wigan Casino</a>, known for the <a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">acrobatic dancing</a> of its clubgoers;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> each of these clubs was known for all-nighters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Disco">1970s: Disco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1970s: Disco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disco has its roots in the underground club scene. During the early 1970s in New York City, disco clubs were places where oppressed or <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalized</a> groups such as gay people, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> could party without following male to female dance protocol or exclusive club policies. Discothèques had a law where for every three men, there was one woman.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The women often sought these experiences to seek safety in a venue that embraced the <a href="/wiki/Independent_woman" title="Independent woman">independent woman</a> – with an eye to one or more of the same or opposite sex or none. Although the culture that surrounded disco was progressive in dance couples, <a href="/wiki/Cross-genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-genre">cross-genre</a> music, and a push to put the physical over the rational, the role of women looked to be placed in the role of safety net.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought together people from different backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These clubs acted as safe havens for <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1970s, many major U.S. cities had thriving disco club scenes centered on discothèques, nightclubs, and private loft parties where DJs would play disco hits through powerful <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA systems</a> for the dancers. The DJs played "a smooth mix of long single records to keep people 'dancing all night long<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most prestigious clubs had elaborate lighting systems that throbbed to the beat of the music. </p><p>The genre of disco has changed through the years. It is classified both as a musical genre and as a nightclub; and in the late seventies, disco began to act as a safe haven for social outcasts. This club culture that originated in downtown New York, was attended by a variety of different ethnicities and economic backgrounds. It was an inexpensive activity to indulge in, and discos united a multitude of different minorities in a way never seen before; including those in the gay and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> communities. The music ultimately was what brought people together.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some cities had disco dance instructors or <a href="/wiki/Dance_studio" title="Dance studio">dance schools</a> that taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", the "<a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">hustle</a>", and the "<a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)" title="Cha-cha-cha (dance)">cha-cha-cha</a>". There were also disco fashions that discotheque-goers wore for nights out at their local disco, such as sheer, flowing <a href="/wiki/Halston" title="Halston">Halston</a> dresses for women and shiny polyester <a href="/wiki/Qiana" title="Qiana">Qiana</a> shirts for men. Disco clubs and "hedonistic loft parties" had a club culture with many Italian American, African American, gay, and Hispanic people.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving <a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">drug subculture</a>, particularly for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drugs</a> that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (nicknamed "blow"), <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a> "<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "other quintessential 1970s club drug <a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaalude</a>, which suspended motor coordination and turned one's arms and legs to <a href="/wiki/Jell-O" title="Jell-O">Jell-O</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Braunstein_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braunstein-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "massive quantities of drugs ingested in discotheques by newly liberated gay men produced the next cultural phenomenon of the disco era: rampant <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_sex" title="Public sex">public sex</a>. While the dance floor was the central arena of seduction, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit stairwells, and so on. In other cases, the disco became a kind of "main course" in a <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonist</a>'s menu for a night out."<sup id="cite_ref-Braunstein_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braunstein-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well known 1970s discothèques included celebrity hangouts such as Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a>, which was operated by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Rubell" title="Steve Rubell">Steve Rubell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Schrager" title="Ian Schrager">Ian Schrager</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studio 54 was notorious for the hedonism that went on within; the balconies were known for sexual encounters, and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a>" that included an animated <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_spoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine spoon">cocaine spoon</a>. Other 1970s discothèques in New York City were Manhattan's Starship Discovery One at 350 West <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roseland_Ballroom" title="Roseland Ballroom">Roseland Ballroom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_(nightclub)" title="Xenon (nightclub)">Xenon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_(New_York_City)" title="The Loft (New York City)">The Loft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a>, a recently renovated <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(nightclub)" title="Copacabana (nightclub)">Copacabana</a>, and Aux Puces, one of the first gay disco bars. The album cover of Saturday Night Band's <i>Come On and Dance, Dance</i> featured two dancers in the Starship Discovery One. In San Francisco, there was the <a href="/wiki/Trocadero_Transfer" title="Trocadero Transfer">Trocadero Transfer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/I-Beam_(nightclub)" title="I-Beam (nightclub)">I-Beam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/End_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="End Up">End Up</a>. </p><p>In Spain during the 1970s, the first clubs and discos opened in <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>, an island which had been a popular destination for hippie travelers since the 1960s and now was experiencing a tourist boom.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first ever "<a href="/wiki/Superclub" title="Superclub">Superclub</a>" in Ibiza was the now-abandoned "Festival Club" at <a href="/wiki/Sant_Josep_de_sa_Talaia" title="Sant Josep de sa Talaia">Sant Josep de sa Talaia</a>, which was built between 1969 and 1972 and serviced tourists who were bused in until it closed in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responding to this influx of visitors, locals opened the first large clubs <a href="/wiki/Pacha_Group" title="Pacha Group">Pacha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amnesia_(nightclub)" title="Amnesia (nightclub)">Amnesia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Privilege_Ibiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege Ibiza">Ku-club</a> (renamed Privilege in 1995).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, the term "disco" had largely fallen out of favour in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Glam_and_punk_rock">1970s: Glam and punk rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1970s: Glam and punk rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In parallel to the disco scene and quite separate from it, the <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> (<a href="/wiki/T._Rex_(band)" title="T. Rex (band)">T. Rex</a>, David Bowie, <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Music" title="Roxy Music">Roxy Music</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> cultures in London produced their own set of nightclubs, starting with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billy%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billy's (page does not exist)">Billy's</a> at 69 <a href="/wiki/Dean_Street" title="Dean Street">Dean Street</a> (known for its David Bowie nights),<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louise's on <a href="/wiki/Poland_Street" title="Poland Street">Poland Street</a> (the first true punk club and hangout of the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siouxsie_Sioux" title="Siouxsie Sioux">Siouxsie Sioux</a> plus the <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Contingent" title="Bromley Contingent">Bromley Contingent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then Blitz (the home of the <a href="/wiki/Blitz_Kids" title="Blitz Kids">Blitz Kids</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crackers_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crackers (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Crackers</a> was a key part of the jazz-<a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> scene and also the early punk scene via its Vortex nights.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The underground warehouse party scene was kicked off by <a href="/wiki/Toyah_Willcox" title="Toyah Willcox">Toyah Willcox</a> with her <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayhem_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayhem Studios (page does not exist)">Mayhem Studios</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patcham_Terrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patcham Terrace (page does not exist)">Patcham Terrace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battersea" title="Battersea">Battersea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of this highly experimental artistic scene in London can be credited almost entirely to <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Egan" title="Rusty Egan">Rusty Egan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Strange" title="Steve Strange">Steve Strange</a>, the Bromley Contingent's <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sallon" title="Philip Sallon">Philip Sallon</a>, and Chris Sullivan.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dozens of clubs came and went, but one of the original batch, and being London's longest running one-nighter club,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaz%27s_Rockin%27_Blues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaz's Rockin' Blues (page does not exist)">Gaz's Rockin' Blues</a>, is still going as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a> scene grew out of Blitz and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cha_Cha_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cha Cha Club (page does not exist)">Cha Cha Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a>. Whilst overall, the club scene was fairly small and hidden away in basements, cellars, and warehouses, London's complicated mix of punk, <a href="/wiki/New_Romantic" title="New Romantic">New Romantic</a>, New Wave, and gay clubs in the late 1970s and early 1980s paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a> to flourish in the late 1980s, initially with <a href="/wiki/Shoom" title="Shoom">Shoom</a> and two acid house nights at <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(nightclub)" title="Heaven (nightclub)">Heaven</a>: Spectrum and Rage. </p><p>In the north of England, what later became the "alternative" scene was centred around the Roxy/Bowie room at Pips in Manchester,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which opened in 1972; as small as this scene was, many notable figures attended the club, and Joy Division played their first gig there, billed as "Warsaw" before changing their name that night.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_New_wave,_post-punk,_goth,_rave,_and_acid_house"><span id="1980s:_New_wave.2C_post-punk.2C_goth.2C_rave.2C_and_acid_house"></span>1980s: New wave, post-punk, goth, rave, and acid house</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1980s: New wave, post-punk, goth, rave, and acid house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dj2can_club_dj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dj2can_club_dj.jpg/170px-Dj2can_club_dj.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dj2can_club_dj.jpg/255px-Dj2can_club_dj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Dj2can_club_dj.jpg/340px-Dj2can_club_dj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>A disc jockey (DJ) mixing vinyl records on <a href="/wiki/Turntable" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntable">turntables</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a>, 2009)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1980s, during the New Romantic movement, London had a vibrant nightclub scene, which included clubs like The Blitz, <a href="/wiki/Batcave_(club)" title="Batcave (club)">the Batcave</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Camden_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Camden Palace">Camden Palace</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Club_for_Heroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Club for Heroes (page does not exist)">Club for Heroes</a>. These clubs grew out of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_Club#The_Mandrake" title="Gargoyle Club">Mandrake</a> and Billy's (later Gossip's)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at 69 Dean Street, in the basement below the ground floor <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_Club" title="Gargoyle Club">Gargoyle Club</a>. Both music and fashion embraced the aesthetics of the movement. Bands included <a href="/wiki/Depeche_Mode" title="Depeche Mode">Depeche Mode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_(band)" title="Yazoo (band)">Yazoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">The Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurythmics" title="Eurythmics">Eurythmics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultravox" title="Ultravox">Ultravox</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a>-influenced bands included <a href="/wiki/Boy_George" title="Boy George">Boy George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_Club" title="Culture Club">Culture Club</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> vibe bands included <a href="/wiki/Visage_(band)" title="Visage (band)">Visage</a>. At London nightclubs, young men would often wear make-up and young women would wear men's suits. <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bowery" title="Leigh Bowery">Leigh Bowery</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taboo_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taboo (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Taboo</a> (which opened in 1985)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bridged the New Romantic and acid house scenes. </p><p>With the birth of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> in the mid-1980s and then acid house, kickstarted by Chris Sullivan's <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wag_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wag Club (page does not exist)">The Wag Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (on the site of the earlier <a href="/wiki/The_Flamingo_Club" title="The Flamingo Club">The Flamingo Club</a>), a cultural revolution swept around the world; first in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_(nightclub)" title="Warehouse (nightclub)">Warehouse</a> and then London and New York City. London clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Clink_Street" title="Clink Street">Clink Street</a>, Revolution in Progress (RiP), Philip Sallon's <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mudd_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mudd Club (page does not exist)">The Mudd Club</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Danny_Rampling" title="Danny Rampling">Danny Rampling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shoom" title="Shoom">Shoom</a> (starting in December 1987 in the basement of Southwark's Fitness Centre), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Oakenfold" title="Paul Oakenfold">Paul Oakenfold</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectrum_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spectrum (nightclub) (page does not exist)">Spectrum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Holloway" title="Nicky Holloway">Nicky Holloway</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trip_(nightclub)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trip (nightclub) (page does not exist)">The Trip</a> fused the eclecticism and ethos of [Ibiza with the new electronic music from the US. </p><p>The largest <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> cities like <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> (The Orbit), <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quadrant_Park" title="Quadrant Park">Quadrant Park</a> and 051), Manchester (<a href="/wiki/The_Ha%C3%A7ienda" title="The Haçienda">The Haçienda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a>, and several key European places like Paris (<a href="/wiki/Les_Bains-Douches" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Bains-Douches">Les Bains-Douches</a>), Ibiza (<a href="/wiki/Pacha_Group" title="Pacha Group">Pacha</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a>, also played a significant role in the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Clubbing_(subculture)" title="Clubbing (subculture)">clubbing</a>, DJ culture, and nightlife. </p><p>Significant New York nightclubs of the period were <a href="/wiki/Area_(nightclub)" title="Area (nightclub)">Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danceteria" title="Danceteria">Danceteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Limelight" title="The Limelight">The Limelight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the seismic shift in nightlife was the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave culture</a> in the UK. A mixture of free and commercial outdoor parties were held in fields, warehouses, and abandoned buildings, by various groups such as Biology, Sunrise, Confusion, Hedonism, Rage & Energy, and many others. This laid the ground for what was unfold in the 1990s, initially in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States and then worldwide from the 2000s onwards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s,_2000s,_and_2010s"><span id="1990s.2C_2000s.2C_and_2010s"></span>1990s, 2000s, and 2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg/220px-Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg/330px-Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg/440px-Bob_Beaman_Nightclub_Munich_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption>Club DJ using digital <a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJ</a> players for mixing music (<a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, 2010s)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe and North America, nightclubs play disco-influenced dance music such as <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> and other dance music styles such as <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">electronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trance_music" title="Trance music">trance</a>. Most nightclubs in major cities in the U.S. that have an <a href="/wiki/Early_adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Early adulthood">early adulthood</a> clientele, play <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a>, house, and/or trance music. These clubs are generally the largest and most frequented of all of the different types of clubs. </p><p>Techno clubs are popular around the world since the early 1990s. Well known examples of the 1990s include <a href="/wiki/Tresor_(club)" title="Tresor (club)">Tresor</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-Werk_(Berlin)" title="E-Werk (Berlin)">E-Werk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bunker_(Berlin)" title="Bunker (Berlin)">Bunker</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>; Omen and <a href="/wiki/Dorian_Gray_(club)" title="Dorian Gray (club)">Dorian Gray</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ultraschall" title="Ultraschall">Ultraschall</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/KW_%E2%80%93_Das_Heizkraftwerk" title="KW – Das Heizkraftwerk">KW – Das Heizkraftwerk</a></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Natraj_Temple" title="Natraj Temple">Natraj Temple</a> in Munich; and Stammheim in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ronaldhitzler_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ronaldhitzler-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Castlemorton_Common_Festival" title="Castlemorton Common Festival">Castlemorton Common Festival</a> in 1992 triggered the UK government's <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act" title="Criminal Justice Act">Criminal Justice Act</a>, which largely ended the rave movement by criminalizing any gathering of 20 or more people where music ("sounds wholly or predominantly characterized by the emission of a succession of repetitive beats") was played. Commercial clubs immediately capitalized on the situation causing a boom in "Superclubs" in the UK, such as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Sound" title="Ministry of Sound">Ministry of Sound</a> (London), <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_(club)" title="Renaissance (club)">Renaissance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(nightclub)" title="Cream (nightclub)">Cream</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>). These developed the club-as-spectacle theme pioneered in the 1970s and 1980s by Pacha (Ibiza) and <a href="/wiki/Juliana%27s" title="Juliana's">Juliana's Tokyo</a> (Japan), creating a global phenomenon; however, many clubs such as <a href="/wiki/The_Cross_(nightclub)" title="The Cross (nightclub)">The Cross</a> in London, preserved the more underground feel of the former era. </p><p>Since the late 2000s, venues that received high media attention include <a href="/wiki/Berghain" title="Berghain">Berghain</a> in Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Fabric_(club)" title="Fabric (club)">Fabric</a> in London. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a> has been used in nightclubs since the 1960s, but especially with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> since the late 1980s. <a href="/wiki/VJing" title="VJing">VJing</a> gained more and more importance. VJs ("video jockeys") mix video content in a similar manner that DJs mix audio content, creating a visual experience that is intended to complement the music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2020s started with the global <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, which closed nightclubs worldwide – the first ever synchronized, global shutdown of nightlife. In response, online "virtual nightclubs" developed, hosted on <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video-conferencing</a> platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As countries relaxed lockdown rules following drops in case numbers, some nightclubs reopened in repurposed form as sat-down pubs.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As vaccine rollouts reached advanced stages, nightclubs were able to reopen with looser restrictions, such as producing <a href="/wiki/Vaccine_passports_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic">certification of full vaccination</a> upon entry.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entry_criteria">Entry criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Entry criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg/200px-Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg/300px-Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg/400px-Bouncer_checking_IDs_at_a_nightclub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>A bouncer checks patrons' IDs at the entrance to a nightclub</figcaption></figure> <p>Many nightclubs use <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">bouncers</a> to choose who can enter the club, or specific lounges or VIP areas. Some nightclubs have one group of bouncers to screen <a href="/wiki/Client_(business)" title="Client (business)">clients</a> for entry at the main door, and then other bouncers to screen for entry to other dance floors, lounges, or VIP areas. For legal reasons, in most jurisdictions, the bouncers have to check ID to ensure that prospective patrons are of legal drinking age and that they are not intoxicated already. In this respect, a nightclub's use of bouncers is no different from the use of bouncers by <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports bar">sports bars</a>. However, in some nightclubs, bouncers may screen patrons using criteria other than just age and intoxication status, such as <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress code</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guest_list&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guest list (page does not exist)">guest list</a> inclusion, and physical appearance. </p><p>This type of screening is used by clubs to make their club "exclusive", by denying entry to people who are not dressed in a stylish enough manner. While some clubs have written dress codes, such as no ripped jeans, no jeans, no gang clothing, and so on, other clubs may not post their policies. As such, the club's bouncers may deny entry to anybody at their discretion. The guest list is typically used for private parties and events held by <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a>. At private parties, the hosts may only want their friends to attend. At celebrity events, the hosts may wish the club to only be attended by <a href="/wiki/A-list" title="A-list">A-list</a> individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cover_charge">Cover charge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cover charge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg/200px-Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg/300px-Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg/400px-Advance_Ticket_Sales_Ibiza_Nightclubs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Advance ticket sales for diverse nightclubs on <a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a> island</figcaption></figure> <p>In most cases, entering a nightclub requires a flat fee, called a <a href="/wiki/Cover_charge" title="Cover charge">cover charge</a>. Some clubs waive or reduce the cover charge for early arrivers, special guests, or women (in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> this latter option is illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the law is rarely enforced, and open violations are frequent). Friends of the <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">doorman</a> or the club owner may gain free entrance. Sometimes, especially at larger clubs in Continental European countries, one gets only a pay card at the entrance, on which all money spent in the discothèque (often including the entrance fee) is marked. Sometimes, entrance fee and cloakroom costs are paid by cash, and only the drinks in the club are paid using a pay card.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some clubs offer patrons the chance to sign up on their guest list. A club's guest list is a special promotion the venue offers separate from general admission. Each club has different benefits when you are signed up on their guest list. Some of the benefits of being on a club's guestlist are: free entry, discounted cover charge, the ability to skip the line, and free drinks. Many clubs hire a promotions team to find and sign up guests to the club's guest list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress_code">Dress code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dress code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg/140px-Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg/210px-Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg/280px-Fetish_party_at_a_nightclub.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Dancers in <a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">fetish fashion</a> at a nightclub</figcaption></figure> <p>Many nightclubs enforce a dress code in order to ensure a certain type of clientele is in attendance at the venue. Some upscale nightclubs ban attendees from wearing trainers (sneakers) or jeans while other nightclubs will advertise a vague "dress to impress" dress code that allows the bouncers to discriminate at will against those vying for entry to the club. </p><p>Many exceptions are made to nightclub dress codes, with denied entry usually reserved for the most glaring rule breakers or those thought to be unsuitable for the party. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rave_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave parties">Rave parties</a> typically both allow and encourage the wearing of clubwear, deliberately skimpy and outrageous clothing designed for dancing and exhibitionism. </p><p>Certain nightclubs like <a href="/wiki/Fetish_club" title="Fetish club">fetish nightclubs</a> may apply a dress code (<a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">BDSM</a>) to a leather-only, rubber-only, or fantasy dress code. </p><p>Dress code criteria can be an excuse for discriminatory practices, such as in the case of Carpenter v. Limelight Entertainment Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_nightclubs">Exclusive nightclubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Exclusive nightclubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suite-88_(48123084092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg/200px-Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg/300px-Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg/400px-Suite-88_%2848123084092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bottle_service" title="Bottle service">Bottle service</a> at a nightclub</figcaption></figure> <p>Large cosmopolitan cities that are home to large affluent populations (such as <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>) often have what are known as exclusive boutique nightclubs. This type of club typically has a capacity of less than 200 occupants and a very strict entrance policy, which usually requires an entrant to be on the club's guest list.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While not explicitly members only clubs, such as <a href="/wiki/Soho_House_(club)" title="Soho House (club)">Soho House</a>, exclusive nightclubs operate with a similar level of exclusivity. As they are off limits to most of the public and ensure the privacy of guests, many celebrities favor these types of clubs to other, less exclusive, clubs that do not cater as well to their needs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another differentiating feature of exclusive nightclubs is that they are known for having a certain type of crowd, for instance, a fashion-forward, <a href="/wiki/Affluent" class="mw-redirect" title="Affluent">affluent</a> crowd or a crowd with a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Fashion_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion models">fashion models</a>. Many exclusive boutique clubs market themselves as being a place to socialize with models and celebrities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Affluent patrons who find that marketing message appealing are often willing to purchase <a href="/wiki/Bottle_service" title="Bottle service">bottle service</a> at a markup of several times the retail cost of the liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance_abuse">Substance abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Substance abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinctive feature of a nightclub is also the fact that it can serve as a hub for substances like <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, which could affect third parties, creating a negative externality of consumption. The culture of nightclubs create a sense of consuming alcohol in larger quantities than usual. A study in São Paulo looking to identify causes of binge drinking found that environmental variables such as more number of dancefloors, higher level of noise, and 'all you can drink' services to be significantly linked to binge drinking.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the culture created around nightclubs to indulge in 'pre-drinking' accentuates the amount of alcohol consumed, which leads to more problems in residential areas off nightclub premises (for example, a higher chance of participating in a fight).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, young consumers of nightclubs who tend to binge drink are often found to be less safe during sexual encounters as a result of the alcohol,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could lead to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">STDs</a>. </p><p>A big issue that stems from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_abuse" title="Alcohol abuse">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">drug abuse</a> in nightclubs is transportation. Private cars are the most prominent mode of transportation to and from nightclubs, and the use of drugs and alcohol in nightclubs are reported to increase the number of risky behaviors, such as <a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">driving under the influence</a> or taking a lift from someone under the influence.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of driving customers, despite drinking less than non-driving customers, are still observed to have alcohol levels above the legal threshold after a night out at a nightclub.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ba_alc.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba_alc.JPG/347px-Ba_alc.JPG" decoding="async" width="347" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba_alc.JPG/521px-Ba_alc.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ba_alc.JPG/694px-Ba_alc.JPG 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Number of patients with alcohol-related serious injury and trauma to the emergency department at different hours of the day, before and after a change in alcohol legislation that made partying stricter in the Sydney CBD Entertainment Precinct. These policies include: increased monitoring, increased strictness on entry of clubs, and sharing of information between venues to prevent intoxicated patrons to access different places. On average, there is significant decreases in any alcohol-related injury.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography">Photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some nightclubs professional <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photographers</a> will take publicity photos of patrons, to use in advertising for the nightclub. <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">Digital SLR</a> cameras and speedlight flash units are typically used.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Concert_photography" title="Concert photography">Concert photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Event_photography" title="Event photography">event photography</a> are used to provide clubgoers with a memorable keepsake in addition to promo material used by clubs. Some nightclubs (and in particular techno clubs) pursue a strict no photo policy in order to protect the clubbing experience, and smartphone camera lenses of visitors are occasionally taped up with stickers when one enters the venue.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bouncer">Bouncer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bouncer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most nightclubs employ teams of <a href="/wiki/Bouncer_(doorman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouncer (doorman)">bouncers</a>, who have the power to restrict entry to the club and remove people. Some bouncers use handheld <a href="/wiki/Metal_detector" title="Metal detector">metal detectors</a> to prevent weapons being brought into clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Hobbs2003_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobbs2003-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bouncers often eject patrons for reasons such as possession of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">party drugs</a> in the venue, physical altercations with other patrons, and behavior deemed to be inappropriate or troublesome.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bouncers only allow a certain number of people into a club at a time by counting heads in order to prevent <a href="/wiki/Stampede" title="Stampede">stampedes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fire_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire code">fire code</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Liquor_licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquor licensing">liquor licensing</a> violations. They also enforce a club's <a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">dress code</a> upon entry. Many clubs have balcony areas specifically for the security team to watch over the clubbers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Floor_show">Floor show</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Floor show"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some nightclubs present a 'floor show', a series of acts by comedians, dancers, models, singers, and other entertainers, which can be similar to <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cambridge-dictionary-floor-show_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-dictionary-floor-show-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serious_incidents">Serious incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Serious incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_nightclub_fires" title="List of nightclub fires">List of nightclub fires</a></div> <ul><li>20 September 1929: <a href="/wiki/Study_Club_fire" title="Study Club fire">Study Club fire</a>, early dance club fire that killed 22 in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, Michigan, US</li> <li>23 April 1940: <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Club_fire" title="Rhythm Club fire">Rhythm Club fire</a>, 209 killed at nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi" title="Natchez, Mississippi">Natchez</a>, Mississippi, US</li> <li>28 November 1942: <a href="/wiki/Cocoanut_Grove_fire" title="Cocoanut Grove fire">Cocoanut Grove fire</a>, 492 killed in a nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Massachusetts, US</li> <li>1 November 1970: <a href="/wiki/Club_Cinq-Sept_fire" title="Club Cinq-Sept fire">Club Cinq-Sept fire</a> in a nightclub just outside the small town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent-du-Pont" title="Saint-Laurent-du-Pont">Saint-Laurent-du-Pont</a>, Isère in south-eastern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>; 146 people killed</li> <li>8 March 1973: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Au_Go_Go_fire" title="Whiskey Au Go Go fire">Whiskey Au Go Go fire</a>, 15 killed after firebombing at <a href="/wiki/Fortitude_Valley,_Queensland" title="Fortitude Valley, Queensland">Fortitude Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li>2 August 1973: <a href="/wiki/Summerland_disaster" title="Summerland disaster">Summerland disaster</a>, 51 killed at fire at Summerland leisure centre at <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas, Isle of Man</a></li> <li>28 May 1977: <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Supper_Club_fire" title="Beverly Hills Supper Club fire">Beverly Hills Supper Club fire</a>, 165 killed and 200 injured in nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Southgate,_Kentucky" title="Southgate, Kentucky">Southgate</a>, Kentucky, US</li> <li>14 February 1981: <a href="/wiki/Stardust_fire" title="Stardust fire">Stardust fire</a> disaster, 48 killed and 214 injured at nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li>17 December 1983: <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_20_nightclub_fire" title="Alcalá 20 nightclub fire">Alcalá 20 nightclub fire</a>, 82 people were killed and 27 injured in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>25 March 1990: <a href="/wiki/Happy_Land_fire" title="Happy Land fire">Happy Land fire</a>, 87 killed in a nightclub fire at Happy Land, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li>20 December 1993: <a href="/wiki/Kheyvis_fire" title="Kheyvis fire">Kheyvis fire</a>, 17 killed in a nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li>27 November 1994: Yiyuan Disco fire, 233 killed in a nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Fuxin" title="Fuxin">Fuxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li>18 March 1996: <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Disco_fire" title="Ozone Disco fire">Ozone Disco fire</a>, 162 dead and 95 injured at a nightclub in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li>30 October 1998: <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_discoth%C3%A8que_fire" title="Gothenburg discothèque fire">Gothenburg discothèque fire</a>, 63 people killed, 200 injured in a nightclub fire at <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li>1 June 2001: <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Suicide bombing at the Dolphinarium discothèque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>12 October 2002: <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">2002 Bali bombings</a>, 202 killed by large bombs</li> <li>7 December 2002: <a href="/wiki/Cowgate#2002_fire_and_modern_history" title="Cowgate">Cowgate fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li>17 February 2003: <a href="/wiki/2003_E2_nightclub_stampede" title="2003 E2 nightclub stampede">2003 E2 nightclub stampede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, 21 killed and over 50 injured</li> <li>20 February 2003: <a href="/wiki/The_Station_nightclub_fire" title="The Station nightclub fire">The Station nightclub fire</a>, 100 killed at nightclub fire in <a href="/wiki/West_Warwick,_Rhode_Island" title="West Warwick, Rhode Island">West Warwick</a>, Rhode Island</li> <li>30 December 2004: <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Croma%C3%B1%C3%B3n_nightclub_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="República Cromañón nightclub fire">República Cromañón nightclub fire</a>, 194 killed and 714 injured in a nightclub fire at Buenos Aires, Argentina</li> <li>18 June 2007: <a href="/wiki/Gatecrasher_One#2007_fire" title="Gatecrasher One">Gatecrasher One Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li>1 January 2009: <a href="/wiki/Santika_Club_fire" title="Santika Club fire">Santika Club fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santika_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Santika Club">Santika Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Watthana">Watthana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, 61 killed and at least 212 injured</li> <li>5 December 2009: <a href="/wiki/Lame_Horse_fire" title="Lame Horse fire">Lame Horse fire</a>, a fire at the Lame Horse nightclub killed at least 155 people and injures 79 others in Perm, Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>27 January 2013: <a href="/wiki/Kiss_nightclub_fire" title="Kiss nightclub fire">Kiss nightclub fire</a>, 242 died in stampede in Brazil</li> <li>30 October 2015: <a href="/wiki/Colectiv_nightclub_fire" title="Colectiv nightclub fire">Colectiv nightclub fire</a>, 55 killed and 180 injured in Romania</li> <li>12 June 2016: 49 people <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">killed in an attack</a> (shooting spree) at the <a href="/wiki/Pulse_(nightclub)" title="Pulse (nightclub)">Pulse nightclub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>, Florida</li> <li>1 January 2017: At least 35 people <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">killed in an attack</a> on the Reina nightclub in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_hall" title="Dance hall">Dance hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go_dancing" title="Go-go dancing">Go-go dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub_act" title="Nightclub act">Nightclub act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_entertainment" title="Outline of entertainment">Outline of entertainment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.factmag.com/2012/11/12/how-to-run-a-clubnight/">"How to ... run a clubnight"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Fact_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact (U.S. magazine)">Fact</a></i>. 12 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact&rft.atitle=How+to+...+run+a+clubnight&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.factmag.com%2F2012%2F11%2F12%2Fhow-to-run-a-clubnight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Kaplan, <i>When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age</i> (2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis A. Erenberg, <i>Steppin'Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy J. Gilfoyle, <i>City of eros: New York City, prostitution, and the commercialization of sex, 1790-1920</i> (1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy J. Gilfoyle, "Scorsese's Gangs of New York: Why Myth Matters." Journal of Urban History 29.5 (2003): 620–630 at p. 624.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, <i>Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</i> (1999) p 1148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Ferrara2009" class="citation book cs1">Eric Ferrara (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B-F-CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT79"><i>A Guide to Gangsters, Murderers and Weirdos of New York City's Lower East Side</i></a>. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614233039" title="Special:BookSources/9781614233039"><bdi>9781614233039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Gangsters%2C+Murderers+and+Weirdos+of+New+York+City%27s+Lower+East+Side&rft.pages=79-80&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781614233039&rft.au=Eric+Ferrara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB-F-CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis A. Erenberg, <i>Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930</i> (1981).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428040327/http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/preservation/webster_hall/doc/WebsterHallLPCSubmission.pdf">"Webster Hall Landmark Status Certification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Greenwich Village Society for History Preservation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/preservation/webster_hall/doc/WebsterHallLPCSubmission.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>The intact, elegantly detailed façade of Webster Hall has sheltered some of the Village's most infamous moments, and this first modern night club deserves to be an individual landmark</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greenwich+Village+Society+for+History+Preservation&rft.atitle=Webster+Hall+Landmark+Status+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvshp.org%2F_gvshp%2Fpreservation%2Fwebster_hall%2Fdoc%2FWebsterHallLPCSubmission.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boweryboyshistory.com/2010/02/reisenwebers-cafe-glamour-late-nights.html">"Reisenweber's Cafe: glamour, late nights and hot jazz"</a>. <i>Boweryboyshistory.com</i>. 26 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boweryboyshistory.com&rft.atitle=Reisenweber%27s+Cafe%3A+glamour%2C+late+nights+and+hot+jazz&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boweryboyshistory.com%2F2010%2F02%2Freisenwebers-cafe-glamour-late-nights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mysticstamp.com/info/this-day-in-history-november-23-1889-2/">"Debut of World's First Jukebox"</a>. <i>Mystic Stamp Company</i>. 23 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mystic+Stamp+Company&rft.atitle=Debut+of+World%27s+First+Jukebox&rft.date=2018-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysticstamp.com%2Finfo%2Fthis-day-in-history-november-23-1889-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2007/11/dayintech-1123/">"Nov. 23, 1889: S.F. Gin Joint Hears the World's First Jukebox"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Nov.+23%2C+1889%3A+S.F.+Gin+Joint+Hears+the+World%27s+First+Jukebox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2007%2F11%2Fdayintech-1123%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://southfloridareporter.com/the-first-jukebox-was-installed-at-palais-royal-saloon-in-san-francisco-130-years-ago/">"The First Jukebox Was Installed At Palais Royal Saloon In San Francisco 130 Years Ago"</a>. <i>South Florida Reporter</i>. 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Florida+Reporter&rft.atitle=The+First+Jukebox+Was+Installed+At+Palais+Royal+Saloon+In+San+Francisco+130+Years+Ago&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsouthfloridareporter.com%2Fthe-first-jukebox-was-installed-at-palais-royal-saloon-in-san-francisco-130-years-ago%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syncopatedtimes.com/i-could-always-sell-my-saxophone-replied-roger-wolfe-kahn/">Roger Wolfe Kahn</a> the article (retrieved Dec 26, 2022) talks about Roger's New York nightclub, Le Perroquet de Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morat_2016-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-morat_2016_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-morat_2016_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoratBeckerLangeNiedbalski2016" class="citation book cs1">Morat, Daniel; Becker, Tobias; Lange, Kerstin; Niedbalski, Johanna; Gnausch, Anne; Nolte, Paul (2016). <i>Weltstadtvergnügen: Berlin 1880–1930</i> [<i>World city pleasure: Berlin 1880–1930</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525300879" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525300879"><bdi>978-3525300879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weltstadtvergn%C3%BCgen%3A+Berlin+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3525300879&rft.aulast=Morat&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Becker%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Lange%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=Niedbalski%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Gnausch%2C+Anne&rft.au=Nolte%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/08782f054ae3df7596715391e027a861/hOnvzVEA">"1940s and 1950s Nightclubs (London)"</a>. <i>Britishpathe.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britishpathe.com&rft.atitle=1940s+and+1950s+Nightclubs+%28London%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishpathe.com%2Fworkspaces%2F08782f054ae3df7596715391e027a861%2FhOnvzVEA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/LBzbqYYOOD4">"Roaring Twenties:Crazy Night at Kit Kat Club in London, 1926"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBzbqYYOOD4">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Roaring+Twenties%3ACrazy+Night+at+Kit+Kat+Club+in+London%2C+1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLBzbqYYOOD4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iain Cameron Williams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51780394"><i>Underneath A Harlem Moon</i></a>, Continuum, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5893-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5893-9">0-8264-5893-9</a> chapters 16 & 17 covers Hall's life in Paris and details her nightclub La Grosse Pomme in depth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/people/id/580633/index.html">"BFI Screenonline: Hall, Adelaide (1901-1993) Biography"</a>. <i>Screenonline.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screenonline.org.uk&rft.atitle=BFI+Screenonline%3A+Hall%2C+Adelaide+%281901-1993%29+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fid%2F580633%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delphi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delphi_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berlinale.de/en/service/map/map.html?loc=delphi-filmpalast">"Festival Map: Delphi Filmpalast"</a>. <i>Berlinale</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berlinale&rft.atitle=Festival+Map%3A+Delphi+Filmpalast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berlinale.de%2Fen%2Fservice%2Fmap%2Fmap.html%3Floc%3Ddelphi-filmpalast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian_mokaefti-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian_mokaefti_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2017" class="citation web cs1">Oltermann, Philip (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/24/babylon-berlin-real-1920s-superclub-behind-weimar-era-thriller">"Sex, seafood and 25,000 coffees a day: the wild 1920s superclub that inspired Babylon Berlin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+seafood+and+25%2C000+coffees+a+day%3A+the+wild+1920s+superclub+that+inspired+Babylon+Berlin&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Oltermann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fnov%2F24%2Fbabylon-berlin-real-1920s-superclub-behind-weimar-era-thriller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_haus_vaterland-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_haus_vaterland_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeschke2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geschke, Linus (22 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/erlebnisgastronomie-haus-vaterland-in-berlin-a-951068.html">"Berlins Haus Vaterland: Mutter der Erlebnisgastronomie"</a> [Berlins Haus Vaterland: Mother of event gastronomy]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Berlins+Haus+Vaterland%3A+Mutter+der+Erlebnisgastronomie&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Geschke&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Ferlebnisgastronomie-haus-vaterland-in-berlin-a-951068.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_berlin_crime-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_berlin_crime_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoegel2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boegel, Nathalie (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/serienmorde-in-berlin-die-grausamen-verbrechen-der-weimarer-republik-a-1172249.html">"Berlin, Hauptstadt der Verbrechen"</a> [Berlin, capital of crime]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Berlin%2C+Hauptstadt+der+Verbrechen&rft.date=2017-10-16&rft.aulast=Boegel&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fserienmorde-in-berlin-die-grausamen-verbrechen-der-weimarer-republik-a-1172249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_golden_twenties-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_golden_twenties_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_golden_twenties_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoegel2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boegel, Nathalie (17 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/berlin-hauptstadt-des-verbrechens-das-wildeste-nachtleben-der-welt-a-1227988.html">"Berlin in den Goldenen Zwanzigern: "Ich bin Babel, die Sünderin"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Berlin in the Golden Twenties: "I am Babel, the sinner"]. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Berlin+in+den+Goldenen+Zwanzigern%3A+%22Ich+bin+Babel%2C+die+S%C3%BCnderin%22&rft.date=2018-09-17&rft.aulast=Boegel&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fberlin-hauptstadt-des-verbrechens-das-wildeste-nachtleben-der-welt-a-1227988.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thatsmags.com/shanghai/post/9633/history-of-the-hai-old-shanghais-glamorous-rockin-night-clubs">"Old Shanghai's glamorous, rockin' night clubs"</a>. <i>Thatsmags.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thatsmags.com&rft.atitle=Old+Shanghai%E2%80%99s+glamorous%2C+rockin%E2%80%99+night+clubs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thatsmags.com%2Fshanghai%2Fpost%2F9633%2Fhistory-of-the-hai-old-shanghais-glamorous-rockin-night-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106112206/http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/10/the-birth-of-disco/">"The birth of disco"</a>. OXford Dictionaries. 30 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2012/10/the-birth-of-disco/">the original</a> on 6 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+birth+of+disco&rft.pub=OXford+Dictionaries&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.oxforddictionaries.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fthe-birth-of-disco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel_scotchclub-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_scotchclub_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_scotchclub_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2009" class="citation news cs1">Crossland, David (19 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/club-culture-meet-heinrich-the-world-s-first-disc-jockey-a-656052.html">"Club Culture: Meet Heinrich, the World's First Disc Jockey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Club+Culture%3A+Meet+Heinrich%2C+the+World%27s+First+Disc+Jockey&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fclub-culture-meet-heinrich-the-world-s-first-disc-jockey-a-656052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2009" class="citation news cs1">Crossland, David (19 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/club-culture-meet-heinrich-the-world-s-first-disc-jockey-a-656052.html">"Meet Heinrich, the World's First Disc Jockey"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Meet+Heinrich%2C+the+World%27s+First+Disc+Jockey&rft.date=2009-10-19&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fzeitgeist%2Fclub-culture-meet-heinrich-the-world-s-first-disc-jockey-a-656052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parismatch.com/Vivre/Art-de-vivre/Whisky-a-gogo-1662646">"Whisky à gogo"</a>. <i>Paris Match</i>. 9 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paris+Match&rft.atitle=Whisky+%C3%A0+gogo&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parismatch.com%2FVivre%2FArt-de-vivre%2FWhisky-a-gogo-1662646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnny_Pierre2009" class="citation web cs1">Johnny Pierre (6 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100424202413/http://www.rockstateofmind.com/2009/12/whiskey-go-go-los-angeles-ca.html">"The Whiskey A Go Go (Los Angeles, CA)"</a>. Rock and Roll is a state of mind. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockstateofmind.com/2009/12/whiskey-go-go-los-angeles-ca.html">the original</a> on 24 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Whiskey+A+Go+Go+%28Los+Angeles%2C+CA%29&rft.pub=Rock+and+Roll+is+a+state+of+mind&rft.date=2009-12-06&rft.au=Johnny+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockstateofmind.com%2F2009%2F12%2Fwhiskey-go-go-los-angeles-ca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewster,_Bill;_Broughton,_Frank2007" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (December 2007). <i>Last Night a Dj Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey</i>. Grove Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555846114" title="Special:BookSources/9781555846114"><bdi>9781555846114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Night+a+Dj+Saved+My+Life%3A+The+History+of+the+Disc+Jockey&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=9781555846114&rft.au=Brewster%2C+Bill%3B+Broughton%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2005" class="citation web cs1">Schofield, Hugh (24 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4372150.stm">"No holding back French disco diva"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=No+holding+back+French+disco+diva&rft.date=2005-10-24&rft.aulast=Schofield&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4372150.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/20-colour-snapshots-vibrant-soho-1956">"20 colour snapshots of vibrant Soho in 1956"</a>. <i>Bfi.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bfi.org.uk&rft.atitle=20+colour+snapshots+of+vibrant+Soho+in+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bfi.org.uk%2Ffeatures%2F20-colour-snapshots-vibrant-soho-1956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adrianstern.com/getSongs.pl">"The songs"</a>. <i>Adrian Stern</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adrian+Stern&rft.atitle=The+songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadrianstern.com%2FgetSongs.pl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Caldwell, <i>New York Night: The Mystique and Its History</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743274784" title="Special:BookSources/0743274784">0743274784</a>, p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i> magazine. (14 May 1965). Brewster, B.; Broughton, F. <i>Last Night a Disc Jockey Saved My Life</i>, Grove Press, 2000, pp. 62–64. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802136885" title="Special:BookSources/0802136885">0802136885</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjunikdisco-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mjunikdisco_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecktorvon_UslarSmithNeumeister2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hecktor, Mirko; von Uslar, Moritz; Smith, Patti; Neumeister, Andreas (1 November 2008). <i>Mjunik Disco – from 1949 to now</i> (in German). pp. 212, 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3936738476" title="Special:BookSources/978-3936738476"><bdi>978-3936738476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mjunik+Disco+%E2%80%93+from+1949+to+now&rft.pages=212%2C+225&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.isbn=978-3936738476&rft.aulast=Hecktor&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft.au=von+Uslar%2C+Moritz&rft.au=Smith%2C+Patti&rft.au=Neumeister%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tz_70ies_Munich-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tz_70ies_Munich_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tz_70ies_Munich_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tz.de/muenchen/stadt/70er-muenchen-laut-schrill-verrucht-6346653.html">"Discos prägen wilde Epoche: Die 70er in München: Laut, schrill, verrucht"</a> [Discos shape a wild era: The 70s in Munich: Loud, fancy, infamous] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Tz_(newspaper)" title="Tz (newspaper)">tz</a>. 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discos+pr%C3%A4gen+wilde+Epoche%3A+Die+70er+in+M%C3%BCnchen%3A+Laut%2C+schrill%2C+verrucht&rft.pub=tz&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tz.de%2Fmuenchen%2Fstadt%2F70er-muenchen-laut-schrill-verrucht-6346653.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitvergnuegen-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitvergnuegen_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchauberger" class="citation web cs1">Schauberger, Anja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muenchen.mitvergnuegen.com/2017/11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen/">"11 verrückte Clubs in München, die Geschichte schrieben"</a> [11 crazy clubs in Munich that made history]. Mit Vergnuegen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11+verr%C3%BCckte+Clubs+in+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+die+Geschichte+schrieben&rft.pub=Mit+Vergnuegen&rft.aulast=Schauberger&rft.aufirst=Anja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuenchen.mitvergnuegen.com%2F2017%2F11-verrueckt-vergessen-clubs-muenchen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200301154814/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUuoMp7TYzQ&gl=US&hl=en">"1960s London UFO Club, Rare Footage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUuoMp7TYzQ">the original</a> on 1 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=1960s+London+UFO+Club%2C+Rare+Footage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DdUuoMp7TYzQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/elkIed4qjPo">"1967 The Round House and Memories of The UFO Club & the Fantastic Light Shows in 1960's London"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elkIed4qjPo">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=1967+The+Round+House+and+Memories+of+The+UFO+Club+%26+the+Fantastic+Light+Shows+in+1960%27s+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DelkIed4qjPo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/sUHMltEOLds">"PINK FLOYD at the UFO club IN GLORIOUS COLOUR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUHMltEOLds">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=PINK+FLOYD+at+the+UFO+club+IN+GLORIOUS+COLOUR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsUHMltEOLds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adam-ritchie-photography.co.uk/?page_id=1695">"At The UFO Club, London"</a>. <i>Adam Ritchie Photography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adam+Ritchie+Photography&rft.atitle=At+The+UFO+Club%2C+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adam-ritchie-photography.co.uk%2F%3Fpage_id%3D1695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmlivemusic/5517147568">"London Lost Music Venues: Rock Music 07 – UFO Club"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. 10 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=London+Lost+Music+Venues%3A+Rock+Music+07+%E2%80%93+UFO+Club&rft.date=2011-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fkmlivemusic%2F5517147568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1439208" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=1439208&resourceID=19191">"THE UFO CLUB (1439208)"</a>. <i>Research records (formerly PastScape)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+records+%28formerly+PastScape%29&rft.atitle=THE+UFO+CLUB+%281439208%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritagegateway.org.uk%2FGateway%2FResults_Single.aspx%3Fuid%3D1439208%26resourceID%3D19191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/middlearthclublondon/">"Middle Earth Club London"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Facebook&rft.atitle=Middle+Earth+Club+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fmiddlearthclublondon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kmlivemusic/5516558727/in/photostream/">"London Lost Music Venues: Rock Music 08 – Middle Earth"</a>. <i>Flickr</i>. 2 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flickr&rft.atitle=London+Lost+Music+Venues%3A+Rock+Music+08+%E2%80%93+Middle+Earth&rft.date=2011-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fkmlivemusic%2F5516558727%2Fin%2Fphotostream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestersfinest.com/music/the-twisted-wheel-club-is-back/">"The Twisted Wheel Club is BACK!"</a>. <i>Manchestersfinest.com</i>. 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchestersfinest.com&rft.atitle=The+Twisted+Wheel+Club+is+BACK%21&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestersfinest.com%2Fmusic%2Fthe-twisted-wheel-club-is-back%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804230534/https://northernsoulers.co.uk/famous-northern-soul-venues-blackpool-mecca-highland-room/">"Famous Northern Soul Venues – Blackpool Mecca – Highland Room"</a>. <i>Northernsoulers.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northernsoulers.co.uk/famous-northern-soul-venues-blackpool-mecca-highland-room/">the original</a> on 4 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northernsoulers.co.uk&rft.atitle=Famous+Northern+Soul+Venues+%E2%80%93+Blackpool+Mecca+%E2%80%93+Highland+Room&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthernsoulers.co.uk%2Ffamous-northern-soul-venues-blackpool-mecca-highland-room%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soulie.weebly.com/a-look-back-at-cleethorpes.html">"A Look Back At Cleethorpes"</a>. <i>Northernsoulers.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northernsoulers.co.uk&rft.atitle=A+Look+Back+At+Cleethorpes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoulie.weebly.com%2Fa-look-back-at-cleethorpes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Tim (2006). <i>Love Saves The Day. A History Of American Dance Music Culture 1970-1979</i>. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822331858" title="Special:BookSources/9780822331858"><bdi>9780822331858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+Saves+The+Day.+A+History+Of+American+Dance+Music+Culture+1970-1979.&rft.place=Durham&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780822331858&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawerence2011" class="citation book cs1">Lawerence, Tim (14 March 2011). <i>Disco and the Queering of the Dance Floor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disco+and+the+Queering+of+the+Dance+Floor&rft.date=2011-03-14&rft.aulast=Lawerence&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, Tim. "Disco and the Queering of the Dance Floor". <i>Cultural Studies</i> 25.2 (2011): 230–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifestoriesnetwork.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=184:1970-gay-bars">"Gay bars"</a>. <i>Life Stories Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Life+Stories+Network&rft.atitle=Gay+bars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifestoriesnetwork.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D184%3A1970-gay-bars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRietveld2000" class="citation journal cs1">Rietveld, Hillegonda C. (July–August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626022613/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/doss13.htm">"The body and soul of club culture"</a>. <i>UNESCO Courier</i>. <b>53</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_07/uk/doss13.htm">the original</a> on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Courier&rft.atitle=The+body+and+soul+of+club+culture&rft.volume=53&rft.date=2000-07%2F2000-08&rft.aulast=Rietveld&rft.aufirst=Hillegonda+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fcourier%2F2000_07%2Fuk%2Fdoss13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyer, Richard. Only Entertainment. Routledge, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712064049/http://www.timlawrence.info/books/reviews_lsd.php">"Reviews of Love Saves the Day"</a>. Tim Lawrence. 14 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timlawrence.info/books/reviews_lsd.php">the original</a> on 12 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reviews+of+Love+Saves+the+Day&rft.pub=Tim+Lawrence&rft.date=2005-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timlawrence.info%2Fbooks%2Freviews_lsd.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gootenberg, Paul. "Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860–1980". <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>, 83:1, February 2003, pp. 119–150. He says that "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough; ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108072019/http://www.drugscope.org.uk/resources/drugsearch/drugsearchpages/nitrites.htm">"Nitrites"</a>. <i>DrugScope</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugscope.org.uk/resources/drugsearch/drugsearchpages/nitrites.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite (collectively known as alkyl nitrites) are clear, yellow liquids inhaled for their intoxicating effects. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open. This led to nitrites being given the name 'poppers' but this form of the drug is rarely found in the UK. The drug became popular in the UK first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> venues in the 1980s and 1990s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrugScope&rft.atitle=Nitrites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugscope.org.uk%2Fresources%2Fdrugsearch%2Fdrugsearchpages%2Fnitrites.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braunstein-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braunstein_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braunstein_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunstein1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Braunstein" title="Peter Braunstein">Braunstein, Peter</a> (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205223044/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml">"Disco"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Magazine">American Heritage Magazine</a></i>. <b>50</b> (7). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml">the original</a> on 5 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Disco&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1999-11&rft.aulast=Braunstein&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Farticles%2Fmagazine%2Fah%2F1999%2F7%2F1999_7_43.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/studio-54-opens">"1977: Studio 54 opens"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=1977%3A+Studio+54+opens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fstudio-54-opens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.fr/lifestyle-en/article/the-spirit-of-ibiza-in-14-vintage-vacation-photos-from-the-1970s-and-the-1980s">"The spirit of Ibiza captured in 14 vintage photos from the 1970s and the 1980s"</a>. 12 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+spirit+of+Ibiza+captured+in+14+vintage+photos+from+the+1970s+and+the+1980s&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.fr%2Flifestyle-en%2Farticle%2Fthe-spirit-of-ibiza-in-14-vintage-vacation-photos-from-the-1970s-and-the-1980s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewhiteisle.co.uk/the-original-super-club-of-ibiza/">"The original Super Club of Ibiza"</a>. <i>Thewhiteisle.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thewhiteisle.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+original+Super+Club+of+Ibiza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewhiteisle.co.uk%2Fthe-original-super-club-of-ibiza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/festival-club-ibiza">"Festival Club"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Festival+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Ffestival-club-ibiza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skiddle.com/news/all/Ibiza-How-it-all-began/12822/">"History of Ibiza: How it all began | Skiddle"</a>. <i>Skiddle.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skiddle.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Ibiza%3A+How+it+all+began+%26%23124%3B+Skiddle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skiddle.com%2Fnews%2Fall%2FIbiza-How-it-all-began%2F12822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20190131-how-ibizas-party-really-started">"BBC: How Ibiza's Party Really Started"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+How+Ibiza%27s+Party+Really+Started&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20190131-how-ibizas-party-really-started&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.addictedtoibiza.com/2013/03/05/the-history-of-ibizas-club-scene/">"The History Of Ibiza's Club Scene"</a>. <i>Addictedtoibiza.com</i>. 5 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addictedtoibiza.com&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+Ibiza%27s+Club+Scene&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.addictedtoibiza.com%2F2013%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-history-of-ibizas-club-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoveribiza.com/history-of-music-in-ibiza/">"History of dance music in Ibiza"</a>. <i>Discoveribiza.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discoveribiza.com&rft.atitle=History+of+dance+music+in+Ibiza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscoveribiza.com%2Fhistory-of-music-in-ibiza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2013" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Tim (25 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/gallery/2013/jan/25/bowie-nights-billys-club-pictures">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The birth of the London club scene': Bowie Nights at Billy's Club – in pictures"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+birth+of+the+London+club+scene%27%3A+Bowie+Nights+at+Billy%27s+Club+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fgallery%2F2013%2Fjan%2F25%2Fbowie-nights-billys-club-pictures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com/2007/09/club-louise-and-sombreros-london-197677.html">"Louise's and Sombreros"</a>. <i>History-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com</i>. 6 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Louise%27s+and+Sombreros&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-is-made-at-night.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F09%2Fclub-louise-and-sombreros-london-197677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2013/03/nightclubbing-crackers">"Nightclubbing: Crackers"</a>. <i>Daily.redbullmusicacademy.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily.redbullmusicacademy.com&rft.atitle=Nightclubbing%3A+Crackers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaily.redbullmusicacademy.com%2F2013%2F03%2Fnightclubbing-crackers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/IhLlfgma--Y">"Toyah – Mayhem – Patcham Terrace, Battersea 1979-80"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhLlfgma--Y">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Toyah+%E2%80%93+Mayhem+%E2%80%93+Patcham+Terrace%2C+Battersea+1979-80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIhLlfgma--Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://toyah.net/ds/classic-toyah-mayhem-1979/">"Dreamscape – Toyah Willcox Fansite » Classic Toyah: Mayhem 1979"</a>. <i>Toyah.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toyah.net&rft.atitle=Dreamscape+%E2%80%93+Toyah+Willcox+Fansite+%C2%BB+Classic+Toyah%3A+Mayhem+1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoyah.net%2Fds%2Fclassic-toyah-mayhem-1979%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/article/chris-sullivan-book-interview">"Chris Sullivan on nights out with Bowie and nights in with Iggy"</a>. <i>Gq-magazine.com</i>. 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gq-magazine.com&rft.atitle=Chris+Sullivan+on+nights+out+with+Bowie+and+nights+in+with+Iggy&rft.date=2019-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gq-magazine.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fchris-sullivan-book-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515133503/http://www.sohoradiolondon.com/presenters/chris-sullivan/">"Chris Sullivan"</a>. <i>Soho Radio London</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sohoradiolondon.com/presenters/chris-sullivan/">the original</a> on 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soho+Radio+London&rft.atitle=Chris+Sullivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohoradiolondon.com%2Fpresenters%2Fchris-sullivan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shapersofthe80s.com/tag/gazs-rockin-blues/">"Gaz's Rockin' Blues"</a>. <i>Shapersofthe80s.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shapersofthe80s.com&rft.atitle=Gaz%27s+Rockin%27+Blues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshapersofthe80s.com%2Ftag%2Fgazs-rockin-blues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazrockin.com/gass-rockin-blues">"Gaz's Rockin' Blues"</a>. <i>Gazrockin.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazrockin.com&rft.atitle=Gaz%27s+Rockin%27+Blues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazrockin.com%2Fgass-rockin-blues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/JpmQEbfLh8o">"GAZ'S ROCKIN BLUES: A BRIEF HISTORY"</a>. <i>YouTube / Spine TV</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JpmQEbfLh8o">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube+%2F+Spine+TV&rft.atitle=GAZ%27S+ROCKIN+BLUES%3A+A+BRIEF+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DJpmQEbfLh8o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/pips-disco-manchester-nightclub-roxy-13434245">"Pips Disco Manchester"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&rft.atitle=Pips+Disco+Manchester&rft.date=2017-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fmusic-nightlife-news%2Fpips-disco-manchester-nightclub-roxy-13434245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/xGjM26me_AA">"Pips Nightclub Manchester – 23rd April 1977"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xGjM26me_AA">the original</a> on 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Pips+Nightclub+Manchester+%E2%80%93+23rd+April+1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxGjM26me_AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2017" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Matthew (6 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/pips-disco-manchester-nightclub-roxy-13434245">"The nightclub which birthed Joy Division now lies beneath the Corn Exchange"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<i>Shapersofthe80s.com</i>. 16 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shapersofthe80s.com&rft.atitle=69+Dean+Street+and+the+making+of+UK+club+culture&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshapersofthe80s.com%2Fclubbing%2F69-dean-street-and-the-making-of-uk-club-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urban75.org/london/gossips-club-london.html">"Gossips Club,69 Dean St, Soho"</a>. <i>Urban75.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Urban75.org&rft.atitle=Gossips+Club%2C69+Dean+St%2C+Soho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urban75.org%2Flondon%2Fgossips-club-london.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/taboo">"Boy George interviewed by Mark Ronson about Leigh Bowery and Taboo"</a>. <i>Interview Magazine</i>. 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interview+Magazine&rft.atitle=Boy+George+interviewed+by+Mark+Ronson+about+Leigh+Bowery+and+Taboo&rft.date=2008-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interviewmagazine.com%2Fculture%2Ftaboo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/jul/08/the-wag-club-london-could-never-happen-now">"The end of the night – in the 80s, the Wag Club was glorious but it could never happen now"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 8 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+night+%E2%80%93+in+the+80s%2C+the+Wag+Club+was+glorious+but+it+could+never+happen+now&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2016%2Fjul%2F08%2Fthe-wag-club-london-could-never-happen-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/4x8nbb/the-wag-club-soho">"How Soho's Wag Club Took on the West End and Won"</a>. 11 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Soho%27s+Wag+Club+Took+on+the+West+End+and+Won&rft.date=2016-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_uk%2Farticle%2F4x8nbb%2Fthe-wag-club-soho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/nightclubs-what-a-wag-unfriendly-elitist-and-super-cool-it-nevertheless-broke-the-disco-mould-james-1369754.html">"Nightclubs: What a Wag: Unfriendly, elitist and super cool, it nevertheless broke the disco mould. James Style celebrates 10 years of the Wag"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. 13 April 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220621/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/nightclubs-what-a-wag-unfriendly-elitist-and-super-cool-it-nevertheless-broke-the-disco-mould-james-1369754.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nightclubs%3A+What+a+Wag%3A+Unfriendly%2C+elitist+and+super+cool%2C+it+nevertheless+broke+the+disco+mould.+James+Style+celebrates+10+years+of+the+Wag&rft.date=1994-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fnightclubs-what-a-wag-unfriendly-elitist-and-super-cool-it-nevertheless-broke-the-disco-mould-james-1369754.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crfashionbook.com/culture/a24889980/a-historical-look-at-the-mudd-club/">"A Historical Look at The Mudd Club – Revisiting the downtown antithesis of Studio 54 that had an "anything goes" atmosphere"</a>. <i>CR Fashion Book</i>. 15 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CR+Fashion+Book&rft.atitle=A+Historical+Look+at+The+Mudd+Club+%E2%80%93+Revisiting+the+downtown+antithesis+of+Studio+54+that+had+an+%22anything+goes%22+atmosphere&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crfashionbook.com%2Fculture%2Fa24889980%2Fa-historical-look-at-the-mudd-club%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Daniel2001" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Daniel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uAe6U6y-i1EC&q=Downtown+Musto&pg=PA427"><i>Consumption: critical concepts in the social sciences</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24269-1"><bdi>978-0-415-24269-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consumption%3A+critical+concepts+in+the+social+sciences&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24269-1&rft.au=Miller%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuAe6U6y-i1EC%26q%3DDowntown%2BMusto%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ronaldhitzler-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ronaldhitzler_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitzlerPfadenhauerHillebrandtKneer1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hitzler, Ronald; Pfadenhauer, Michaela; Hillebrandt, Frank; Kneer, Georg; Kraemer, Klaus (1998). 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Lifestyles between multi-optionality and scarcity</i> (in German). p. 85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-322-83316-7">10.1007/978-3-322-83316-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-13228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-13228-0"><bdi>978-3-531-13228-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+posttraditional+society%3A+Integration+and+distinction+within+the+techno+scene&rft.btitle=Loss+of+safety%3F+Lifestyles+between+multi-optionality+and+scarcity.&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-322-83316-7&rft.isbn=978-3-531-13228-0&rft.aulast=Hitzler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Pfadenhauer%2C+Michaela&rft.au=Hillebrandt%2C+Frank&rft.au=Kneer%2C+Georg&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhooq2020" class="citation web cs1">Lhooq, Michelle (14 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-14/virtual-nightlife-grows-past-dj-livestreams-to-paid-zoom-clubs">"People Are Paying Real Money to Get Into Virtual Zoom Nightclubs"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=People+Are+Paying+Real+Money+to+Get+Into+Virtual+Zoom+Nightclubs&rft.date=2020-04-14&rft.aulast=Lhooq&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-04-14%2Fvirtual-nightlife-grows-past-dj-livestreams-to-paid-zoom-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/music-nightlife-news/manchester-nightclub-become-nightpub-throwing-18795022">"Manchester nightclub becomes a 'nightpub' – with a sit-down disco"</a>. <i>Manchestereveningnews.co.uk</i>. 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manchestereveningnews.co.uk&rft.atitle=Manchester+nightclub+becomes+a+%27nightpub%27+%E2%80%93+with+a+sit-down+disco&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Fmusic-nightlife-news%2Fmanchester-nightclub-become-nightpub-throwing-18795022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer" class="citation news cs1">Spicer, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sit-down-gigs-dis-dancing-zoom-raves-are-these-the-last-day-of-disco-r93wzt3nl">"Sit-down gigs, dis-dancing, Zoom raves – are these the last day of disco?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sit-down+gigs%2C+dis-dancing%2C+Zoom+raves+%E2%80%93+are+these+the+last+day+of+disco%3F&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fsit-down-gigs-dis-dancing-zoom-raves-are-these-the-last-day-of-disco-r93wzt3nl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/explained/night-clubs-reopen-uk-covid-safety/">"When will nightclubs reopen in the UK and what safety measures will be in place?"</a>. <i>Lbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Ladies%27+Night+illegal%3F+Nightclub+entry+policy+and+the+Equality+Act&rft.pub=Law+Think&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawthink.co.uk%2F2011%2F04%2Fnightclub-policy-equality-act%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617143826/http://www.bchrt.bc.ca/decisions/1999/pdf/carpenter_vs_limelight_entertainment_ltd_d.b.a._limit_nigh.pdf">"In the Matter of the Human Rights Code R.S.B.C. 1996, c. 210 (as amended): Carpenter v. Limelight Entertainment Ltd. (1999), C.H.R.R. Doc. 99-197: Trudy Carpenter (now Trudy Jack) v. Limelight Entertainment Ltd. doing business as "Limit Night Club"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bchrt.bc.ca/decisions/1999/pdf/carpenter_vs_limelight_entertainment_ltd_d.b.a._limit_nigh.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socresonline.org.uk/13/1/14.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socresonline.org.uk&rft.atitle=Jenni+Ward%3A+Researching+Drug+Sellers&rft.date=2008-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socresonline.org.uk%2F13%2F1%2F14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/floor%20show">"Definition of FLOOR SHOW"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+FLOOR+SHOW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ffloor%2520show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-dictionary-floor-show-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge-dictionary-floor-show_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/floor-show">"FLOOR SHOW | definition"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=FLOOR+SHOW+%7C+definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Ffloor-show&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.ru/society/news.asp?id=117692&sw=155&bd=5&bm=12&by=2009&ed=5&em=1&ey=2010&secid=0&mp=0&p=1">"Количество жертв пожара в пермском клубе возросло до 155 человек"</a> [Number of victims of the fire in the Permian club has risen to 155 people] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Interfax" title="Interfax">Interfax</a>. 5 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%BE+155+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2010-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.ru%2Fsociety%2Fnews.asp%3Fid%3D117692%26sw%3D155%26bd%3D5%26bm%3D12%26by%3D2009%26ed%3D5%26em%3D1%26ey%3D2010%26secid%3D0%26mp%3D0%26p%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vz.ru/news/2009/12/9/357082.html">"СКП: В результате пожара в Перми пострадали и погибли 234 человека"</a> [UPC: 234 people were injured and killed in a fire in Perm] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Vzglyad_(newspaper)" title="Vzglyad (newspaper)">Vzglyad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russian_News_Agency_TASS" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian News Agency TASS">Russian News Agency TASS</a>. 9 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9F%3A+%D0%92+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8+234+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2009-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vz.ru%2Fnews%2F2009%2F12%2F9%2F357082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightclub&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nightclubs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nightclubs">Nightclubs</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Discos#Q622425" class="extiw" title="voy:Discos">Discos</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nightclub#Q622425" class="extiw" title="voy:Nightclub">Nightclub</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Nightclub">"Nightclub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nightclub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FNightclub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightclub" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drinking_establishments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drinking_establishments" title="Template:Drinking establishments"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drinking_establishments" title="Template talk:Drinking establishments"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drinking_establishments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drinking establishments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drinking_establishments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drinking establishments</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol-free_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol-free bar">Alcohol-free bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Bar</a> (saloon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_garden" title="Beer garden">Beer garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_hall" title="Beer hall">Beer hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biker_bar" title="Biker bar">Biker bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewpub#Brewpub" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewpub">Brewpub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantina" title="Cantina">Cantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_house" title="Cider house">Cider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigar_bar" title="Cigar bar">Cigar bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_bar" title="Dive bar">Dive bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern_bar" title="Fern bar">Fern bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Ice bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izakaya" title="Izakaya">Izakaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Juice bar">Juice bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_joint" title="Juke joint">Juke joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumak" title="Jumak">Jumak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretscham" title="Kretscham">Kretscham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyhane" title="Meyhane">Meyhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_officers%27_club" title="Military officers' club">Military officers' club</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouzeri" title="Ouzeri">Ouzeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulqueria" title="Pulqueria">Pulqueria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratskeller" title="Ratskeller">Ratskeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebeen" title="Shebeen">Shebeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">(Western) saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub#Saloon_or_lounge" title="Pub">Saloon (bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavern" title="Tavern">Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_bar" title="Tiki bar">Tiki bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddy_shop" title="Toddy shop">Toddy shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubs_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pubs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taverns_in_North_America" title="Taverns in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_drinking_establishment%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of drinking establishment–related articles">Index of drinking establishment–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bars" title="List of bars">List of bars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disco" title="Template:Disco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disco" title="Template talk:Disco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_culture" title="Ball culture">Ball culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_ball" title="Disco ball">Disco ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_dance_floor" title="Illuminated dance floor">Illuminated dance floor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_disco" title="Roller disco">Roller disco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discofox" title="Discofox">Discofox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco#Space_disco" title="Italo disco">Space disco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Future funk">Future funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>List of disco artists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of disco artists (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(F%E2%80%93K)" title="List of disco artists (F–K)">F–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(L%E2%80%93R)" title="List of disco artists (L–R)">L–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of disco artists (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)" title="Four on the floor (music)">Four on the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT music">LGBT music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco mix">Mix</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Disco" title="Category:Disco">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nightclub_fires,_disasters,_and_attacks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Club_fires" title="Template:Club fires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Club_fires" title="Template talk:Club fires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Club_fires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Club fires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nightclub_fires,_disasters,_and_attacks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nightclub fires, disasters, and attacks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nightclub_fires" title="List of nightclub fires">Fires</a> (accidental)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1929 <a href="/wiki/Study_Club_fire" title="Study Club fire">Study Club fire</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Club_fire" title="Rhythm Club fire">Rhythm Club fire</a></li> <li>1942 <a href="/wiki/Cocoanut_Grove_fire" title="Cocoanut Grove fire">Cocoanut Grove fire</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Karlslust_dance_hall_fire" title="Karlslust dance hall fire">Karlslust dance hall fire</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Top_Storey_Club" title="Top Storey Club">Top Storey Club fire</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Club_Cinq-Sept_fire" title="Club Cinq-Sept fire">Club Cinq-Sept fire</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Sennichi_Department_Store_Building_fire" title="Sennichi Department Store Building fire">Play Town Club fire</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Summerland_disaster" title="Summerland disaster">Summerland disaster</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills_Supper_Club_fire" title="Beverly Hills Supper Club fire">Beverly Hills Supper Club fire</a></li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Stardust_fire" title="Stardust fire">Stardust fire</a></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_20_nightclub_fire" title="Alcalá 20 nightclub fire">Alcalá 20 nightclub fire</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Kheyvis_fire" title="Kheyvis fire">Kheyvis fire</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Ozone_Disco_fire" title="Ozone Disco fire">Ozone Disco fire</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Luoyang_Christmas_fire" title="Luoyang Christmas fire">Luoyang Christmas fire</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Volendam_New_Year%27s_fire" title="Volendam New Year's fire">Volendam New Year's fire</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Canec%C3%A3o_Mineiro_nightclub_fire" title="Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire">Canecão Mineiro nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Utop%C3%ADa_nightclub_fire" title="Utopía nightclub fire">Utopía nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/The_Station_nightclub_fire" title="The Station nightclub fire">The Station nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Croma%C3%B1%C3%B3n_nightclub_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="República Cromañón nightclub fire">República Cromañón nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Wuwang_Club_fire" title="Wuwang Club fire">Wuwang Club fire</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Santika_Club_fire" title="Santika Club fire">Santika Club fire</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Lame_Horse_fire" title="Lame Horse fire">Lame Horse fire</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/2012_Sighetu_Marma%C8%9Biei_explosions" title="2012 Sighetu Marmației explosions">Sighetu Marmației explosions</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Kiss_nightclub_fire" title="Kiss nightclub fire">Kiss nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/2015_New_Taipei_water_park_fire" title="2015 New Taipei water park fire">New Taipei water park fire</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Colectiv_nightclub_fire" title="Colectiv nightclub fire">Colectiv nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Ghost_Ship_warehouse_fire" title="Ghost Ship warehouse fire">Ghost Ship warehouse fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9_nightclub_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoundé nightclub fire">Yaoundé nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Mountain_B_nightclub_fire" title="Mountain B nightclub fire">Mountain B nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Binh_Duong_karaoke_bar_fire" title="2022 Binh Duong karaoke bar fire">Binh Duong karaoke bar fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_caf%C3%A9_fire" title="Kostroma café fire">Kostroma café fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Poipet_casino_hotel_fire" title="Poipet casino hotel fire">Poipet casino hotel fire</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Fonda_Milagros_nightclub_fire" title="Fonda Milagros nightclub fire">Fonda Milagros nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Gayrettepe_nightclub_fire" title="Gayrettepe nightclub fire">Gayrettepe nightclub fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_crowd_crushes" title="List of fatal crowd crushes">Crowd crushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Throb_nightclub_disaster" title="Throb nightclub disaster">Throb nightclub disaster</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/2003_E2_nightclub_stampede" title="2003 E2 nightclub stampede">E2 nightclub crush</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/El_Para%C3%ADso_stampede" title="El Paraíso stampede">El Paraíso stampede</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Corinaldo_stampede" title="Corinaldo stampede">Corinaldo stampede</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Los_Olivos_stampede" title="Los Olivos stampede">Los Olivos stampede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Blue_Bird_Caf%C3%A9_fire" title="Blue Bird Café fire">Blue Bird Café fire</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Au_Go_Go_fire" title="Whiskey Au Go Go fire">Whiskey Au Go Go fire</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/UpStairs_Lounge_arson_attack" title="UpStairs Lounge arson attack">UpStairs Lounge arson attack</a></li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_nightclub_fire" title="Gulliver's nightclub fire">Gulliver's nightclub fire</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_bar_attack" title="Gargantua bar attack">Gargantua bar attack</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Social_Club_fire" title="Puerto Rican Social Club fire">Puerto Rican Social Club fire</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Place_fire" title="Denmark Place fire">Denmark Place fire</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/1984_Dallas_nightclub_shooting" title="1984 Dallas nightclub shooting">Dallas nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_discotheque_bombing" title="West Berlin discotheque bombing">West Berlin discotheque bombing</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Happy_Land_fire" title="Happy Land fire">Happy Land fire</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Otherside_Lounge_bombing" title="Otherside Lounge bombing">Otherside Lounge bombing</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg_discoth%C3%A8que_fire" title="Gothenburg discothèque fire">Gothenburg discothèque fire</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Panda_Bar_massacre" title="Panda Bar massacre">Panda Bar massacre</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Myojo_56_building_fire" title="Myojo 56 building fire">Myojo 56 building fire</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali bombings</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Columbus_nightclub_shooting" title="Columbus nightclub shooting">Columbus nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Stage_Club_bombing" title="Stage Club bombing">Stage Club bombing</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Arua_nightclub_shooting" title="Arua nightclub shooting">Arua nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/2007_London_car_bombs" title="2007 London car bombs">London car bombs</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/2011_Tel_Aviv_nightclub_attack" title="2011 Tel Aviv nightclub attack">Tel Aviv nightclub attack</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/2015_Cairo_restaurant_fire" title="2015 Cairo restaurant fire">Cairo restaurant fire</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_nightclub_shooting" title="Istanbul nightclub shooting">Istanbul nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_nightclub_shooting" title="Little Rock nightclub shooting">Little Rock nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks_shooting" title="Thousand Oaks shooting">Thousand Oaks shooting</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Salamanca_nightclub_shooting" title="Salamanca nightclub shooting">Salamanca nightclub shooting</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Coatzacoalcos_nightclub_fire" title="Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire">Coatzacoalcos nightclub fire</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Oslo_shooting" title="2022 Oslo shooting">Oslo shootings</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs_nightclub_shooting" title="Colorado Springs nightclub shooting">Colorado Springs nightclub shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 <a href="/wiki/Pickwick_Club_collapse" title="Pickwick Club collapse">Pickwick Club collapse</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Enyobeni_Tavern_disaster" title="Enyobeni Tavern disaster">Enyobeni Tavern disaster</a> (cause of death unknown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567997">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="noční kluby"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph337738&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="noční podniky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138270&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561478705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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