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class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Africa and Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A" title="موطن أصلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موطن أصلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lk_v%C9%99t%C9%99n" title="İlk vətən – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İlk vətən" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%C4%95%D1%85" title="Кăк атилĕх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăк атилĕх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoeurop%C3%A6isk_urhjem" title="Indoeuropæisk urhjem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indoeuropæisk urhjem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prahejmregiono" title="Prahejmregiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prahejmregiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="میهن زبانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میهن زبانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%ED%96%A5" title="원향 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원향" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מולדת בלשנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולדת בלשנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="ლინგვისტური სამშობლო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლინგვისტური სამშობლო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patria_linguistica" title="Patria linguistica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Patria linguistica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prot%C4%97vyn%C4%97" title="Protėvynė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protėvynė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%83%B7" title="原郷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原郷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прародина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прародина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atdheu_gjuh%C3%ABsor" title="Atdheu gjuhësor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atdheu gjuhësor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravlas%C5%A5" title="Pravlasť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pravlasť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhem" title="Urhem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Urhem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheimat" title="Urheimat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urheimat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urheimat&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in which a proto-language was spoken</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, the <b>homeland</b> or <b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Urheimat</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OOR</span>-hye-maht</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ur-#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:ur-">ur</a>-</i></span> 'original' and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span> 'home') of a <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-language</a> is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different <a href="/wiki/Daughter_language" title="Daughter language">daughter languages</a>. A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetically related</a>. </p><p>Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of deep prehistory). Next to internal linguistic evidence, the reconstruction of a prehistoric homeland makes use of a variety of disciplines, including <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">archaeogenetics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2></div> <p>There are several methods to determine the homeland of a given language family. One method is based on the vocabulary that can be reconstructed for the proto-language. This vocabulary – especially terms for flora and fauna – can provide clues for the geographical and ecological environment in which the proto-language was spoken. An estimate for the time-depth of the proto-language is necessary in order to account for prehistorical changes in climate and the distribution of flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust198446_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust198446-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another method is based on the <i>linguistic migration theory</i> (first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>), which states that the most likely candidate for the last homeland of a language family can be located in the area of its highest linguistic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423–424_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423–424-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presupposes an established view about the internal subgrouping of the language family. Different assumptions about high-order subgrouping can thus lead to very divergent proposals for a linguistic homeland (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Isidore Dyen</a>'s proposal for <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> as the center of dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust198448_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust198448-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguistic migration theory has its limits because it only works when linguistic diversity evolves continuously without major disruptions. Its results can be distorted e.g. when this diversity is wiped out by more recent migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013430–432_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013430–432-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_of_the_concept">Limitations of the concept</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_homeland&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Off_topic plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain material <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Guide to writing better articles">not related to the topic of the article</a></b>  and should be moved to <i><a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">Tree model</a></i> instead.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Linguistic_homeland&action=edit">improve this section</a> or discuss this issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Linguistic_homeland#section" title="Talk:Linguistic homeland">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">Language change</a></div> <p>The concept of a (single, identifiable) "homeland" of a given language family implies a purely <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genealogical</a> view of the development of languages. This assumption is often reasonable and useful, but it is by no means a logical necessity, as languages are well known to be susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Areal_feature" title="Areal feature">areal change</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate or superstrate</a> influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_depth">Time depth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Origin of speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Human_language" title="Proto-Human language">Proto-Human language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian languages</a></div> <p>Over a sufficient period of time, in the absence of evidence of intermediary steps in the process, it may be impossible to observe linkages between languages that have a shared Urheimat: given enough time, natural language change will obliterate any meaningful linguistic evidence of a common genetic source. This general concern is a manifestation of the larger issue of "time depth" in historical linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the New World">languages of the New World</a> are believed to be descended from a relatively "rapid" <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">peopling of the Americas</a> (relative to the duration of the Upper Paleolithic) within a few millennia (roughly between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their genetic relationship has become completely obscured over the more than ten millennia which have passed between their separation and their first written record in the early modern period. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian Aboriginal languages</a> are divided into some 28 families and isolates for which no genetic relationship can be shown.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Urheimaten</i> reconstructed using the methods of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> typically estimate separation times dating to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> or later. It is undisputed that fully developed languages were present throughout the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, and possibly into the deep <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">origin of language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a>). These languages would have spread with the <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">early human migrations</a> of the first "peopling of the world", but they are no longer amenable to linguistic reconstruction. The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) has imposed linguistic separation lasting several millennia on many Upper Paleolithic populations in Eurasia, as they were forced to retreat into "<a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">refugia</a>" before the advancing ice sheets. After the end of the LGM, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> populations of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> again became more mobile, and most of the prehistoric spread of the world's major linguistic families seem to reflect the expansion of population cores during the Mesolithic followed by the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a> theory is the best-known attempt to expand the deep prehistory of the main language families of Eurasia (excepting Sino-Tibetan and the languages of Southeast Asia) to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. First proposed in the early 20th century, the Nostratic theory still receives serious consideration, but it is by no means generally accepted. The more recent and more speculative <a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">"Borean" hypothesis</a> attempts to unite Nostratic with <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Caucasian">Dené–Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a>, in a "mega-phylum" that would unite most languages of Eurasia, with a time depth going back to the Last Glacial Maximum. </p><p>The argument surrounding the "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Human_language" title="Proto-Human language">Proto-Human language</a>", finally, is almost completely detached from linguistic reconstruction, instead surrounding questions of phonology and the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">origin of speech</a>. Time depths involved in the deep prehistory of all the world's extant languages are of the order of at least 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_contact_and_creolization">Language contact and creolization</h3></div> <p>The concept of an <i>Urheimat</i> only applies to populations speaking a proto-language defined by the <a href="/wiki/Tree_model" title="Tree model">tree model</a>. This is not always the case. </p><p>For example, in places where language families meet, the relationship between a group that speaks a language and the Urheimat for that language is complicated by "processes of migration, language shift and group absorption are documented by linguists and ethnographers" in groups that are themselves "transient and plastic." Thus, in the contact area in western Ethiopia between languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic families, the Nilo-Saharan-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nyangatom_people" title="Nyangatom people">Nyangatom</a> and the Afroasiatic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Daasanach_people" title="Daasanach people">Daasanach</a> have been observed to be closely related to each other but genetically distinct from neighboring Afroasiatic-speaking populations. This is a reflection of the fact that the Daasanach, like the Nyangatom, originally spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, with the ancestral Daasanach later <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">adopting</a> an Afroasiatic language around the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole languages</a> are hybrids of languages that are sometimes unrelated. Similarities arise from the creole formation process, rather than from genetic descent.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a creole language may lack significant inflectional morphology, lack tone on monosyllabic words, or lack semantically opaque word formation, even if these features are found in all of the parent languages of the languages from which the creole was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolates">Isolates</h3></div> <p>Some languages are <a href="/wiki/Language_isolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates">language isolates</a>. That is to say, they have no well accepted language family connection, no nodes in a family tree, and therefore no known <i>Urheimat</i>. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> of Northern Spain and southwest France. Nevertheless, it is a scientific fact that all languages evolve. An unknown <i>Urheimat</i> may still be hypothesized, such as that for a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Basque">Proto-Basque</a>, and may be supported by archaeological and historical evidence. </p><p>Sometimes relatives are found for a language originally believed to be an isolate. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a>, which, even though only partially understood, is believed to be related to the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetic language">Rhaetic language</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Lemnian_language" title="Lemnian language">Lemnian language</a>. A single family may be an isolate. In the case of the non-Austronesian indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea and the indigenous languages of Australia, there is no published linguistic hypothesis supported by any evidence that these languages have links to any other families. Nevertheless, an unknown Urheimat is implied. The entire Indo-European family itself is a language isolate: no further connections are known. This lack of information does not prevent some professional linguists from formulating additional hypothetical nodes (<a href="/wiki/Nostratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostratic">Nostratic</a>) and additional homelands for the speakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homelands_of_major_language_families">Homelands of major language families</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_and_central_Eurasia">Western and central Eurasia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/330px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg/440px-Indo-European_steppe_homeland_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the present-day distribution of Indo-European languages in Eurasia (light green) and the likely Proto-Indo-European homeland (dark green)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Indo-European</dt> <dd>The identification of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Proto-Indo-European homeland</a> has been debated for centuries, but the <a href="/wiki/Steppe_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe hypothesis">steppe hypothesis</a> is now widely accepted, placing it in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> in the late 5th millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015208–209_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015208–209-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leading alternative is the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a>, proposing a homeland in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> in the early 7th millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015202_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015202-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></dt> <dd>The unrelated <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a> (Abkhaz-Adygean) and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a> (Nakh-Daghestanian) language families are presumed to be indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is extensive evidence for contact between the Caucasian languages, especially <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kartvelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Kartvelian">Proto-Kartvelian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, indicating that they were spoken in close proximity at least three to four thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015207_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthonyRinge2015207-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Dravidian"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Dravidian</span></span></dt> <dd>Although <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> are now concentrated in southern India, isolated pockets further north, placenames and <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> influences on <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> indicate that they were once spoken more widely across the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti20035–6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti20035–6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Dravidian_language" title="Proto-Dravidian language">Proto-Dravidian</a> terms for flora and fauna support the idea that Dravidian is indigenous to India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200315_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti200315-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of a migration from the northwest cite the location of <a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a>, a hypothesized connection to the undeciphered <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a>, and claims of <a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">a link</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti20033,_5_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishnamurti20033,_5-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Turkic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> are today spoken across an area stretching from northwest China to the edge of Europe, but <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna and subsistence point to a homeland in the taiga-steppe zone of southern Siberia and Mongolia around the <a href="/wiki/Altai-Sayan_region" title="Altai-Sayan region">Altai-Sayan region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early contact with <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a> also points to this area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic studies suggest that most of the expansion of the language family was due to language replacement rather than migration, but have identified shared elements originating from the South Siberia-Mongolia area.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Uralic</dt> <dd>Inherited tree names seem to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic_homeland_hypotheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses">Uralic homeland</a> to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. The internal branching of the family suggests an area between the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yenisey_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisey River">Yenisey River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uralic speakers are not genetically distinguished from their neighbours, but do share a genetic component that is of Siberian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Eurasia">Eastern Eurasia</h3></div> <dl><dt>Japonic</dt> <dd>Most scholars believe that <a href="/wiki/Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonic">Japonic</a> was brought to northern <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> around 700 to 300 BCE by wet-rice farmers of the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yayoi culture">Yayoi culture</a>, spreading from there throughout the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a> and somewhat later to the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is fragmentary placename evidence that <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Japonic" title="Peninsular Japonic">now-extinct Japonic languages</a> were still spoken in central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula several centuries later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn199935–36_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn199935–36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Koreanic</dt> <dd>All modern <a href="/wiki/Koreanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic">Koreanic</a> varieties are descended from the language of <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a>, which ruled the southern two-thirds of the Korean peninsula between the 7th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESohn199940_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESohn199940-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for the earlier linguistic history of the peninsula is extremely sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orthodox view among Korean social historians is that the Korean people migrated to the peninsula from the north, but no archaeological evidence of such a migration has been found.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Sino-Tibetan</dt> <dd>The reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> is much less developed than for other major families, so its higher-level structure and time depth remain unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposed homelands and periods include: the upper and middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> about 4–8 kya, associated with the hypothesis of a top-level branching between Chinese and the rest (most likely); southwestern <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> around 9 kya, associated with the hypothesis that Chinese and Tibetan form a subbranch; <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> (the area of maximal diversity) 9–10 kya.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Hmong–Mien</dt> <dd>The most likely homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong</a> rivers, but speakers of these languages may have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> as a result of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Kra–Dai</dt> <dd>Most scholars locate the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a> in Southern China, possibly coastal <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Austroasiatic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a> is widely held to be the oldest family in mainland Southeast Asia, with its current discontinuous distribution resulting from the later arrival of other families. The various branches share a great deal of vocabulary concerning rice cultivation, but few related to metals.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Identification of the homeland of the family has been hampered by the lack of progress on its branching. The main proposals are <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">Northern India</a> (favoured by those who assume an early branching of <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a>), <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (the area of maximal diversity; most likely) and southern China (based on claimed loanwords in Chinese).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Austronesian</dt> <dd>The homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> is widely accepted by linguists to be <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, since nine of its ten branches are found there, with all Austronesian languages found outside Taiwan belonging to the remaining <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <dl><dt>Eskimo–Aleut</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo–Aleut languages">Eskimo–Aleut languages</a> originated in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> or <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Alaska" title="Southwest Alaska">Southwest Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Na-Dené and Yeniseian</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a> hypothesis proposes that the <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené languages</a> of North America and the <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian languages</a> of Central Siberia share a common ancestor. Suggested homelands for this family include <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is currently not enough evidence to resolve the question.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Algic</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic languages</a> are distributed from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast of North America. It is suggested that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Algic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Algic">Proto-Algic</a> was spoken on the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a>. From there, pre-<a href="/wiki/Wiyot_language" title="Wiyot language">Wiyot</a> and pre-<a href="/wiki/Yurok_language" title="Yurok language">Yurok</a> speakers moved southwest to the <a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a> of California, while the pre-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Algonquian_language" title="Proto-Algonquian language">Proto-Algonquian speakers</a> moved to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, which was the center of dispersal of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Uto-Aztecan</dt> <dd>Some authorities on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Uto-Aztecan language family">Uto-Aztecan language family</a> place the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uto-Aztecan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uto-Aztecan">Proto-Uto-Aztecan</a> homeland in the border region between the USA and Mexico, namely the upland regions of Arizona and New Mexico and the adjacent areas of the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, roughly corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>. The proto-language would have been spoken by foragers, about 5,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Jane_H._Hill" title="Jane H. Hill">Hill</a> (2001) proposes instead a homeland further south, making the assumed speakers of Proto-Uto-Aztecan maize cultivators in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, who were gradually pushed north, bringing maize cultivation with them, during the period of roughly 4,500 to 3,000 years ago, the geographic diffusion of speakers corresponding to the breakup of linguistic unity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div> <dl><dt>Tupian</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian</a>, the reconstructed common ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian languages</a> of South America, was probably spoken in the region between the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripuan%C3%A3_River" title="Aripuanã River">Aripuanã</a> rivers, around 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthAmerica_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthAmerica-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Middle_East">Africa and Middle East</h3></div> <dl><dt>Afroasiatic</dt> <dd>As <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> is the only branch of Afroasiatic found outside Africa, northeast Africa is considered the most likely location of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Afroasiatic homeland">Afroasiatic homeland</a>. An alternative theory, based on lexical comparisons with Indo-European, proposes a Neolithic expansion from the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-Porkhomovsky_2020_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porkhomovsky_2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proto-Afroasiatic is estimated to have begun to break up in the 8th millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Porkhomovsky_2020_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porkhomovsky_2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Semitic">Proto-Semitic</a> is thought to have been spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> between 4400 and 7400 BCE, with <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> representing its earliest known branch.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Niger–Congo</dt> <dd>Although the membership and subgrouping of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> remains unsettled, the widely-accepted core of the group includes over 1000 languages spoken from West Africa through most of Southern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homeland is thought to have been somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a> belt of West Africa, with the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu expansion</a> through the equatorial rainforests of Central Africa beginning around 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Mande</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Vydrin" title="Valentin Vydrin">Valentin Vydrin</a> concluded that "the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a> homeland at the second half of the 4th millennium BC was located in Southern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, somewhere to the North of 16° or even 18° of Northern latitude and between 3° and 12° of Western longitude."<sup id="cite_ref-Vydrin_II_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vydrin_II-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is now <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> and/or southern <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Nilo-Saharan</dt> <dd>The validity of the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan family</a> remains controversial. Proponents of the family view the border area between <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> as a likely candidate for its homeland from around the start of the Holocene.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Central-Sudanic</dt> <dd>The original homeland of <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a> speakers is likely somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)" title="Bahr el Ghazal (region of South Sudan)">Bahr el Ghazal</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Khoe-Kwadi</dt> <dd>The homeland of <a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe-Kwadi</a> was likely the middle <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi Valley">Zambezi Valley</a> over 2,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3></div> <dl><dt>Pama-Nyungan</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Plains" title="Gulf Plains">Gulf Plains</a>, west of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">Genetic relationship (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Nationalist historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust198446-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust198446_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust1984">Blust (1984)</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell2013">Campbell (2013)</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423–424-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell2013423–424_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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.id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewMcMahonTrask1999" class="citation book cs1">Renfrew, Colin; McMahon, April; 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(1999). <i>Time Depth in Historical Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-06-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-06-9"><bdi>978-1-902937-06-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Depth+in+Historical+Linguistics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-902937-06-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'RourkeRaff2010" class="citation cs2">O'Rourke, Dennis H.; Raff, Jennifer A. 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Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Solnik, Anu; Reisberg, Tuuli; Parik, Jüri; Saag, Lauri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Montinaro, Francesco; Remm, Maido; Mägi, Reedik; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Crema, Enrico Ryunosuke; Díez-del-Molino, David; Thomas, Mark G.; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard; Lang, Valter; Metspalu, Mait; Tambets, Kristiina (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527">"The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 1701–1711.e16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E1701S">2019CBio...29E1701S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.026">10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527">6544527</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31080083">31080083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Arrival+of+Siberian+Ancestry+Connecting+the+Eastern+Baltic+to+Uralic+Speakers+further+East&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1701-1711.e16&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6544527%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31080083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E1701S&rft.aulast=Saag&rft.aufirst=Lehti&rft.au=Laneman%2C+Margot&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Malve%2C+Martin&rft.au=Valk%2C+Heiki&rft.au=Razzak%2C+Maria+A.&rft.au=Shirobokov%2C+Ivan+G.&rft.au=Khartanovich%2C+Valeri+I.&rft.au=Mikhaylova%2C+Elena+R.&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Reisberg%2C+Tuuli&rft.au=Parik%2C+J%C3%BCri&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Rootsi%2C+Siiri&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Remm%2C+Maido&rft.au=M%C3%A4gi%2C+Reedik&rft.au=D%27Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Crema%2C+Enrico+Ryunosuke&rft.au=D%C3%ADez-del-Molino%2C+David&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Mark+G.&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Lang%2C+Valter&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6544527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerafim2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Serafim" title="Leon Serafim">Serafim, Leon A.</a> (2008). 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"The origin and expansion of Pama–Nyungan languages across Australia". <i>Nature Ecology & Evolution</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 741–749. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatEE...2..741B">2018NatEE...2..741B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0489-3">10.1038/s41559-018-0489-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29531347">29531347</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256707821">256707821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Ecology+%26+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+expansion+of+Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan+languages+across+Australia&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=741-749&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41559-018-0489-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256707821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29531347&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatEE...2..741B&rft.aulast=Bouckaert&rft.aufirst=Remco+R.&rft.au=Bowern%2C+Claire&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Quentin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2007" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David W. (2007), <i>The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horse%2C+the+Wheel+and+Language%3A+How+Bronze-Age+Riders+from+the+Eurasian+Steppes+Shaped+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyRinge2015" class="citation cs2">Anthony, David; Ringe, Don (2015), "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives", <i>Annual Review of Linguistics</i>, <b>1</b>: 199–219, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124812">10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Indo-European+Homeland+from+Linguistic+and+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=199-219&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguist-030514-124812&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Ringe%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2007) [1997]. <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition</i>. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-12-7"><bdi>978-1-921313-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+Archipelago%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-921313-12-7&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2000" class="citation cs2">Bellwood, Peter S. (2000), <i>Presejarah Kepulauan Indo-Malaysia</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presejarah+Kepulauan+Indo-Malaysia&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span> (Translation of <a href="#CITEREFBellwood2007">Bellwood 2007</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1984" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1984). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 45–67. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928105">42928105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Homeland%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-67&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a> (1997), <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509427-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509427-5"><bdi>978-0-19-509427-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509427-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2013" class="citation cs2">——— (2013), <i>Historical Linguistics: An Introduction</i> (3rd ed.), Edinburgh University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4601-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4601-2"><bdi>978-0-7486-4601-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Linguistics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4601-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayAtkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. 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F. K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4c09AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">"Linguistics and Ideology in 19th and 20th Century Studies of Language"</a>. In Dirven, René; Hawkins, Bruce; Sandikcioglu, Esra (eds.). <i>Language and Ideology: Volume 1: theoretical cognitive approaches</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 253–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9954-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9954-3"><bdi>978-90-272-9954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Linguistics+and+Ideology+in+19th+and+20th+Century+Studies+of+Language&rft.btitle=Language+and+Ideology%3A+Volume+1%3A+theoretical+cognitive+approaches&rft.pages=253-276&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9954-3&rft.aulast=Koerner&rft.aufirst=E.+F.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4c09AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurti2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhadriraju_Krishnamurti" title="Bhadriraju Krishnamurti">Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju</a> (2003). <i>The Dravidian Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-77111-0"><bdi>0-521-77111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dravidian+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-77111-0&rft.aulast=Krishnamurti&rft.aufirst=Bhadriraju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J.P._Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Mallory">Mallory, J.P.</a> (1989), <i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth</i>, London: Thames & Hudson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/JP_Mallory" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a> (1997), "The homelands of the Indo-Europeans", in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), <i>Archaeology and Language</i>, vol. I: <i>Theoretical and Methodological Orientations</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11760-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11760-9"><bdi>978-0-415-11760-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+homelands+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11760-9&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation cs2">Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006), <i>The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world</i> (Repr. ed.), Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+world&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+D.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaigLewis2015" class="citation cs2">Pereltsvaig, Asya; Lewis, Martin W. (2015), "Searching for Indo-European origins", <i>The Indo-European Controversy</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05453-0"><bdi>978-1-107-05453-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Indo-European+origins&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Controversy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05453-0&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Martin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn1999" class="citation cs2">Sohn, Ho-Min (1999), <i>The Korean Language</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36123-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36123-1"><bdi>978-0-521-36123-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36123-1&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=Ho-Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinguistic+homeland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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[\"CITEREFRenfrewMcMahonTrask1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguesCabral2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuhlen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaagLanemanVarulMalve2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerafim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicoliHolton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidwell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambetsYunusbayevHudjashovIlumäe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVovin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVydrin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanovich2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYunusbayevMetspaluMetspaluValeev2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangYanPanJin2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Off topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 10,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qdh76","timestamp":"20241122142543","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Linguistic homeland","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linguistic_homeland","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1458559","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1458559","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-04T01:45:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T01:10:12Z","headline":"region in which a proto-language was 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