Global methane emissions from rivers and streams | Yale School of the Environment

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://environment.yale.edu/publications/journal-article/global-methane-emissions-rivers-and-streams" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Global methane emissions from rivers and streams" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="521231168464851" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@YaleEnvironment" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/yse/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <title>Global methane emissions from rivers and streams | Yale School of the Environment</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ANEygZjFuriwSaBd5zxV3jqlAE0egOssSpYh0iwphR0.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_IBhEAaerSvgZboX5SEFlBfnh2VijHEtDFOSkrMnJp5c.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/asset_injector/css/checkerboard_swap_right_to_left-893976609baf9540d476fd122e5c0bc4.css?snit4u" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_vgQLcXKz3xWUvLlJRcEyJi_w6dKouk_WoPVUeRftyPk.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/asset_injector/css/yse_megamenu_overrides_2023-15c68c1fd5ebad534b888f2edac3c5ab.css?snit4u" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_dlLRLFe8gCp-dPJk2AXVIkKSjSeVIrtOrHC1vMVyXes.css?delta=5&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/asset_injector/css/yse_publications-20d4cfcf7a51ec988519454daf827f24.css?snit4u" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_aMxQhbojTUHr1PWG0Y3_HwyHnx_MmyOO54SOJ8xHazo.css?delta=7&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ" /> <script src="/themes/yse/assets/js/dist/modernizr.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-787834-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-THKV4HP9QY"></script>  <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-THKV4HP9QY'); </script> <script async="async" src="https://apply.environment.yale.edu/ping">/**/</script> </head> <body> <div class="skip-link"> <a href="#main-menu" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main site navigation</a> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="page "> <header class="site-header"> <div class='site-header__menu-container site-header__sticky-container '> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="site-header__overflow-scroll-background"> <a class="site-header__logo" href="/"> <svg role="img" height="28" aria-labelledby="logotitle" viewBox="0 0 510 28" width="510" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title id="logotitle">Yale School of the Environment</title><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m60.0870228 15.8221538c0-2.0827692-1.2986084-3.9695384-3.1054617-3.9695384-1.9662181 0-3.3402018 1.5723077-3.8118358 4.0492308zm3.8527538 8.6476924c-2.2418763 2.044-4.0896475 3.3793846-7.3114025 3.3793846-4.128412 0-7.309249-3.2609231-7.309249-7.8206154 0-5.5827692 3.4198843-9.3950769 8.2525168-9.3950769 3.8915183 0 6.0515585 2.2012307 6.0515585 5.6990769v.7086154l-10.6106864-.0796923c-.0775288.432923-.1184468 1.1393846-.1184468 2.0052307 0 4.0083077 2.5153809 6.6424616 5.8577363 6.6424616 2.002829 0 3.0257793-.7064616 4.5978923-2.044zm-16.7419273 3.064923h-8.7263043v-.9046154c1.7680888-.1163076 2.2784871-.5104615 2.5929097-1.1781538v-20.36030769c0-1.33753846-.1959757-1.88676923-2.9073324-2.12153846v-.7883077l7.1908021-1.80707692.2368938.66769231-1.1392436 1.41507692v22.99446154c.3919515.7861538 1.1392436 1.0618462 2.7522747 1.1781538zm-16.0764713-8.1738461c-1.0207967.4695384-3.5361776 1.5723077-4.6388104 2.1215384-.1550577.6289231-.2735046 1.1803077-.2735046 2.044 0 1.1781539.6676097 2.3584616 1.9640646 2.3584616 1.1801616 0 1.8477712-.3941539 2.9094859-1.2190769zm6.9969799 6.2870769c-.865739 1.0230769-2.3990876 2.24-3.7730714 2.24-2.1234294 0-3.1442261-1.4516923-3.2239085-2.4747692-1.3352193 1.4150769-3.0645437 2.4747692-4.7163392 2.4747692-2.1212759 0-3.9302827-1.2966154-3.9302827-3.5366154 0-1.1006154.2756582-2.24.8269746-3.1446154l7.8196473-2.828v-2.9098461c0-1.7683077-.824821-3.4590769-2.5929098-3.4590769-1.0617147 0-2.0825114 1.2966153-2.1621939 3.3018461l-3.5383311.5901539v-.3941539c1.1801615-3.5366154 5.0716798-4.9129231 6.9582155-4.9129231 3.5770956 0 4.8713969 1.8867693 4.834786 4.7944616l-.1184468 8.2556923c-.0409181 1.6110769.8248209 2.0030769 1.6108775 2.0030769.6288452 0 1.2576904-.392 2.0049825-1.1393846zm-12.1052706-22.08984615c-2.1234294.0796923-3.4995668.78615384-4.5612815 2.59538461l-6.4822744 10.92646154v7.3489231c.7451385 1.7704615 2.6316742 2.0073846 4.440681 2.0849231v1.020923h-12.69319781v-1.020923c1.80469966-.0775385 4.00781151-.3532308 4.59573871-1.5335385v-7.5858462l-6.60287484-11.16338458c-1.13709-1.88676923-2.23972272-2.5156923-4.44068102-2.67292307v-1.02092308h11.04355586v1.02092308c-2.0803578.11846153-2.75012104.51046153-3.33804825.98430769l6.12908735 10.61199996 6.0127941-10.57323073c-.6288452-.47169231-1.4536662-.90461539-3.5361776-1.02307692v-1.02092308h9.4326784z"/><path d="m81.2954742 27.9052308c-2.0889722 0-3.8053751-.6052308-4.8520147-1.0446154l-.4694804-4.4110769h.7408314c.2347401 1.076923 1.0444861 2.492 1.9856003 3.1984615.6396131.4738462 1.8865357 1.1803077 2.9999363 1.1803077 2.1557331 0 3.2992839-1.3483077 3.2992839-2.8301539 0-1.8867692-1.2103117-2.3907692-3.2325229-3.232923-3.8053751-1.6175385-5.1535159-2.5953846-5.1535159-5.1541539 0-2.8646154 2.8642608-4.8181538 6.6674823-4.8181538 1.7853174 0 3.1679155.4716923 4.0767261.8766154v4.2775384h-.7063741c-.1012183-1.1458461-.5383949-2.492-1.51612-3.0993846-.3704157-.2347692-1.4149018-.9089231-2.5929098-.9089231-2.1234294 0-3.2023728 1.3138462-3.2023728 2.5932308 0 1.7187692.8786605 2.4252308 3.4715703 3.4375385 3.5361776 1.412923 4.9489257 2.5243077 4.9489257 5.0184615 0 3.0649231-2.8944109 4.9172308-6.4650457 4.9172308"/><path d="m106.451437 22.7532308-.908811 4.2086154c-1.953296.6073846-2.595063.9110769-5.6596068.9110769-5.3193415 0-9.1613274-3.8058462-9.1613274-8.6584616 0-4.9516923 4.0767261-8.3870769 9.2302419-8.3870769 2.5584523 0 3.9733543.4716923 5.9288043.9433846v4.4476923h-.710681c-.099065-1.148-.570699-2.4273846-1.513966-3.0326153-.469481-.3381539-1.649642-1.2793847-3.941051-1.2793847-3.6718531 0-5.7608253 3.0627693-5.7608253 6.7027693 0 4.7836923 2.6962816 8.1523077 6.9754443 8.1523077 1.378291 0 2.356016-.5729231 2.795346-.9433847 1.007875-.7753846 1.716403-1.988 1.953297-3.2006153z"/><path d="m128.325344 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.202437.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.459388.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256952-.3704616 2.457235-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.200283-.504-1.313684-.84-2.457235-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.145704.068923-2.256951.404923-2.459388.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.313683.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m138.169356 11.9387692c-2.42493 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256952 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.558453 0 4.95108-2.5953847 4.95108-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.493845-8.1523077-6.4672-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.190126 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143488-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.254734 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m158.664973 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.33146-8.624 5.254734 0 8.183602 3.6055384 8.183602 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m183.88985 27.5347692h-14.146864v-.740923c1.044486-.0667693 2.627367-.336 2.965479-1.1781539v-12.8692308c-.202436-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.459388-.8766153v-.7064616h8.047927v.7064616c-1.143551.068923-2.491692.4070769-2.694128.9110769v13.5089231l4.649578-.1356924c1.75086-.0667692 2.896565-1.7187692 2.931022-3.8726153h.706374z"/><path d="m201.745178 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256951 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.256887 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m225.876037 15.3073846h-.708528c-.101218-2.2572308-1.042332-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.637396v6.3667692l3.503874-.1356923c1.684099-.0667692 2.42493-.1012308 2.65967-1.988h.671917v5.5246154h-.706374c-.200283-2.0870769-.874353-2.1215385-2.625213-2.1215385l-3.503874-.0344615v5.4578461c.335958.8421539 1.817621 1.2126154 2.997783 1.2793847v.740923h-8.622933v-.740923c1.145704-.0667693 2.392627-.3015385 2.728585-1.1458462v-12.8003077c-.23474-.5707692-1.414901-.9089231-2.592909-.9412308v-.7430769h10.64299c.572852 0 1.14355-.0323077 1.513966-.168h.641767z"/><path d="m252.250925 15.8458462h-.671916c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.101155-3.3686154l-2.760889-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.299157v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234677-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763043.0323077c-1.849925.0344615-3.030086 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.639613c.335959.0990769.674071.2003077 1.51612.2003077h11.653019c.60731 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/><path d="m274.450023 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.200283.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.457235.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256951-.3704616 2.459388-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.84-2.459388-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.143551.068923-2.256952.404923-2.457235.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.180161.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.31153.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m291.191951 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.200282-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.708528 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.51612-.168h.607309v4.312h-.676224c-.101218-2.2572308-1.007875-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.459388-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.200283-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074573-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m315.212977 27.5347692h-8.65739l-5.827586.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.269134-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.493845-.8766153v-.7064616h10.645143c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513967-.168h.607309v4.312h-.67407c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.740767v6.0975384h3.503874c1.753013 0 2.459387-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.671917c-.202437-2.0547692-.775289-2.0870769-2.661824-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.068914.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074572-.0667693c1.718557-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.933176-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m337.069656 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.6073846-2.491692 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.066761 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.548423l-10.003377-12.2618462-1.113401-1.6498461.103372 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.133522 3.3686154.167979 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.457234-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m357.253003 11.8698462c-1.143551.068923-2.289255.5750769-2.659671 1.4495384l-5.963261 14.4846154h-1.884382l-5.086755-14.7193846c-.269198-.7753846-1.651796-1.1113846-2.829804-1.2147692v-.7064616h8.353735v.7064616c-1.145704.068923-2.356016.3726153-2.59291.9110769l3.973355 11.6889231 4.444988-11.3852308c-.23474-.6396923-1.54627-1.1458462-2.694128-1.2147692v-.7064616h6.938833z"/><path d="m367.344677 27.5347692h-8.151299v-.740923c1.212466-.0667693 2.424931-.4027693 2.627367-.9089231v-13.104c-.202436-.504-1.414901-.8421539-2.627367-.9110769v-.7064616h8.151299v.7064616c-1.212465.068923-2.424931.4070769-2.627367.9110769v13.104c.202436.5061538 1.414902.8421538 2.627367.9089231z"/><path d="m377.076703 12.1067692c-.370416 0-1.111247 0-1.649642.0344616v7.7150769h1.852078c2.526149 0 3.198066-1.7532308 3.198066-4.4132308 0-1.7855384-1.07679-3.3363077-3.400502-3.3363077zm11.351518 15.5636923-2.728586-.0344615c-2.526148-.0323077-2.65967.2024615-4.210248-1.7510769-1.819774-2.324-2.65967-3.8058462-3.503874-4.9516923h-2.558452v4.5467692c.335958.8421538 1.649642 1.2470769 2.793193 1.3138462v.740923h-8.418343v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.392627-.336 2.728585-1.1781539v-12.768c-.236893-.6052308-1.51612-.9089231-2.694128-.9778461v-.7064616c2.795347 0 4.647425-.1012308 7.610751-.1012308 4.210248 0 6.163544 1.3827693 6.163544 4.2796924 0 1.6153846-1.246922 3.3686153-3.200219 4.312l3.570635 4.7147692c.844203 1.1113846 1.651795 1.6843077 1.920993 1.8544615.605156.4027693 1.987754.6052308 2.627367.7064616z"/><path d="m396.725963 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491692-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329306-8.624 5.256888 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m427.110816 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224647.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068915 3.739077.170133 4.8504616h-1.548424l-10.00553-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681945 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526148-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101218-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.459388-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.716403-1.079077-2.896564-1.148v-.7064616h7.040051z"/><path d="m451.732691 27.5347692h-7.983319v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.493845-.4027693 2.696282-.9089231l-.506092-9.4316923-.034457-2.6966154-.807592 2.0547692-5.151363 11.7578462h-1.012182l-4.479445-12.2273846-.674071-2.0224616-.066761 1.82-.708527 10.5430769c.167979.5061539 1.414901 1.0446154 2.560606 1.1113847v.740923h-6.704093v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.293562-.6052308 2.595063-1.1113847l.706374-9.2292307c.068915-.9433846.202436-2.7633846.202436-2.8646154 0-.168 0-.5384616-.034457-.8421539-.269197-.4027692-1.143551-.8076923-2.289255-.8766153v-.7064616h5.760825l.839896 2.4596923 3.671854 10.1381539 4.212401-9.9033846 1.109094-2.6944616h5.155669v.7064616c-1.180162.068923-2.054515.4393846-2.291409.8443076v.6052308c0 .2692308.135676 2.2916923.16798 3.1338462l.538395 9.4316923c.303654.5061538 1.382598.8421538 2.526148.9089231z"/><path d="m468.341097 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.178008-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202436-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513966-.168h.609463v4.312h-.676223c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.457234-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.202437-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.671917.8766154l4.076726-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m490.202083 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224648.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068914 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.54627l-10.005531-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.315837-1.0101539-2.459387-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.185819l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.133522-4.3787692-.239047-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m508.761631 15.8458462h-.67407c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.099001-3.3686154l-2.763043-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.297003v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234676-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763042.0323077c-1.852079.0344615-3.03224 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.63746c.338112.0990769.67407.2003077 1.518273.2003077h11.653019c.605156 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/></g></svg> <span class="show-for-sr">Visit the Yale School of the Environment homepage</span> </a> <button class="hamburger hamburger--squeeze mobile-menu-button" data-button-open-text="Open the main menu" data-button-close-text="Close the main menu" data-button-enable-at="0" data-button-open-class="mobile-menu-open" > <span class="hamburger-box"> <span class="hamburger-inner"></span> </span> <span class="toggle-text show-for-sr"></span> </button> </div> <div class="site-header__main"> <div class="site-header__top"> <nav id="utility-menu" class="utility-menu"> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/forest-school" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5">The Forest School</a> <span class="tfs_tagline">Connecting people, forests, and forestry for a sustainable future</span> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/giving" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/52">Giving</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/alumni" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/53">Alumni</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/news" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3850">News</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://yaleconnect.yale.edu/events?group_type=35203" class="menu-item__link">Calendar</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://resources.environment.yale.edu/resources" class="menu-item__link">YSE Resources</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="site-search"> <button class="site-search__toggle" data-button-open-text="Open the search panel" data-button-close-text="Close the search panel" data-button-enable-at="1024" data-button-open-class="search-panel-open"> <span class="toggle-text show-for-sr">Open the search panel</span> </button> <form class="search-form search-block-form oho-search-api-form" data-drupal-selector="oho-search-api-form-2" action="/search/all/list" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-textfield form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label"> <label for="edit-keys-3" class="visually-hidden">Search</label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" placeholder="Search…" type="text" id="ft" name="ft" value="" size="60" maxlength="128" class="form-text"> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-keys-3--2"> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Go" class="button js-form-submit form-submit"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__bottom"> <nav id="main-menu" class="main-menu accessible-menu" data-menu-open-text="Open the %s menu quick" data-menu-close-text="Close the %s menu now" data-menu-link-text="%s Overview"> <ul data-region="primary_nav" class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/academics" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/28">Academic Programs</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/academics/masters" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/34">Master’s Programs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/academics/doctoral" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/30">Doctoral Program</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/academics/certificate-programs" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/31">Certificate Programs</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://resources.environment.yale.edu/courses" class="elf elf-external menu-item__link">Courses</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/academics/calendar" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3795">Academic Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/admissions" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/48">Admissions</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/admissions/masters" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/54">Master’s Admissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/admissions/masters/funding-your-degree" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/219">Funding Your Master’s Degree</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/admissions/doctoral" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/55">Doctoral Admissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/admissions/certificate-programs" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/60">Certificate Program Admissions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/campus" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/185">Visit Campus</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/admissions/why-choose-yse" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/216">Why Choose YSE?</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/admissions/admissions-viewbook" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3396">Viewbook</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/learning-communities" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/47">Learning Communities</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/business" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/62">Business and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/climate-change" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/63">Climate Change Science and Solutions</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/ecosystem" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/64">Ecosystem Management and Conservation</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/energy" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/65">Energy and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/policy" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/66">Environmental Policy Analysis</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/forestry" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/67">Forestry</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/industrial-ecology-and-green-chemistry" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/68">Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/people-equity-and-environment" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/69">People, Equity, and the Environment</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/urban" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/70">Urban</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/learning-communities/water" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/71">Water Resource Science and Management</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/research" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/49">Research & Impact</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/directory/faculty" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="profiles/faculty">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/research/explore" title="Search publications, news, and faculty" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="research/explore">Explore Our Research</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/research/centers" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/86">Centers, Programs, and Initiatives</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/research/contacts" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/142">Research Contacts</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/research/environmental-leadership-and-mentoring-certificate-program" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3942">ELM Certificate for Postdocs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/student-experience" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/50">Student Experience</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/student-life" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/188">Student Life</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://careers.environment.yale.edu" class="elf elf-external menu-item__link">Career and Professional Development</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/campus" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/185">YSE Campus and Virtual Tours</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/yale-campus" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/186">Yale Campus</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/living-new-haven" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/187">Living in New Haven</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/student-experience/student-affairs" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/105">Student Affairs</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--expanded"> <a href="/about" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">About</a> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/message-dean" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4215">A Message From the Dean</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="https://environment.yale.edu/careers/for-employers" class="elf elf-external menu-item__link">Hire Our Graduates</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/leadership-team" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/56">Leadership Team</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/vision-and-mission" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/74">Vision and Mission</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/strategic-plan" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/57">Strategic Plan</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/about/diversity-equity-and-inclusion" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/58">Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/about/our-campus" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/59">Our Campus</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/history" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/75">History</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/directory/search" title="YSE directory" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="directory/search">Directory</a> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item--collapsed"> <a href="/about/contact" class="menu-item__link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2219">Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="page-wrapper"> <main id="main-content" class="main-content"> <div id="block-yse-content"> <h1 class="show-for-sr">Publication</h1> <section class="hero section--global-spacing hero--no-img"> <div class="hero__background cream"></div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="card card--large card--hero card--stacked" > <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__content__inner"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x text-margin-reset"> <div class="initial-12 medium-8 cell"> <ol class="breadcrumbs"> <li><a href="/research/explore" rel="nofollow">Explore Research</a></li> <li class="active">Publication</li> </ol> <h2>Global methane emissions from rivers and streams</h2> <div class="intro-text global-spacing--small"> <a href="/directory/faculty/peter-raymond" rel="nofollow">Peter A. Raymond</a>, <a href="/directory/faculty/giuseppe-amatulli" rel="nofollow">Giuseppe Amatulli</a> and 6 other contributors </div> </div> <div class="jump-nav-column initial-12 medium-4 cell"> <h2 class="eyebrow">On This Page</h2> <ol class="jump-nav" data-jump-nav-hide></ol> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell medium-10 medium-offset-1 large-8 large-offset-2">  <div class="article--info publication--details"> <div class="article--info__about"> <div class="eyebrow"><nobr>Publication Date</nobr></div> <div> 2023 AUG 16</div> </div> <div class="article--info__tags"> <div class="eyebrow">Journal</div> <div>NATURE</div> </div> </div> <div class="article--info publication--details"> <div class="article--info__about article--info__fullwidth"> <div class="eyebrow">Location</div> <div class="bibcite-doi"><a class="elf-external" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06344-6" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06344-6</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="article--info publication--details"> <div class="article--info__about article--info__fullwidth"> <div class="eyebrow">Citation</div> <div class="bibcite-citation"> <div class="csl-bib-body"><div class="csl-entry">Rocher-Ros, G. ., Stanley, E. ., Loken, L. ., Casson, N. ., Raymond, P. ., Liu, S. ., … Sponseller, R. . (2023). Global methane emissions from rivers and streams. <i>NATURE</i>. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06344-6 (Original work published)</div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section id="related-profiles" data-jump-nav-heading="Related Profiles" class="card-slider global-spacing global-spacing--xlarge cream topographic-map card-slider--tweezers global-padding global-padding--medium"> <div class="section-heading text-margin-reset" > <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class='initial-12 cell'> <h2 class="section-heading__heading oho-animate oho-animate-single">Related YSE Profiles</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid--card"> <div class="slider-overflow-container"> <div class="swiper-container grid-container global-spacing--default"> <div class="swiper-wrapper"> <div class="card card--faculty swiper-slide" style="width: 344px;"> <div class="card__media"> <div class="card__content__inner card__content__inner--media-content"> <span class="eyebrow">Faculty</span> </div> <figure class="global-spacing--small"> <div class="aspect-ratio-frame" style="--aspect-ratio: 1.25"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/4x5z3_small/public/content/images/6213/Raymond_Peter_2022.jpg?h=e8711843&itok=oKD8ugX-" width="550" height="688" alt="Peter Raymond" class="image-style-_x5z3-small" /> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__content__inner"> <h3 class="h4"> <a href="/directory/faculty/peter-raymond"> <span class="card--faculty__name h4 arrow-link"> Peter A. Raymond </span> <span class="card--faculty__position small-text">Senior Associate Dean of Research & Director of Doctoral Studies; Oastler Professor of Biogeochemistry</span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card card--faculty swiper-slide" style="width: 344px;"> <div class="card__media"> <div class="card__content__inner card__content__inner--media-content"> <span class="eyebrow">Faculty</span> </div> <figure class="global-spacing--small"> <div class="aspect-ratio-frame" style="--aspect-ratio: 1.25"> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/4x5z3_small/public/content/images/5064/00002505-1470835220.jpg?h=f8faa410&itok=uJBNYx6i" width="550" height="688" alt="Portrait of Giuseppe Amatulli" class="image-style-_x5z3-small" /> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="card__content"> <div class="card__content__inner"> <h3 class="h4"> <a href="/directory/faculty/giuseppe-amatulli"> <span class="card--faculty__name h4 arrow-link"> Giuseppe Amatulli </span> <span class="card--faculty__position small-text">Research Scientist in GeoComputation and Spatial Science</span> </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="slider-navigation"> <button class="slider-navigation__prev btn btn--inverse"><i class="far fa-chevron-left"></i><span class="show-for-sr">Go to the previous slide.</span></button> <button class="slider-navigation__next btn btn--inverse"><i class="far fa-chevron-right"></i><span class="show-for-sr">Go to the next slide.</span></button> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container card-slider__btn-container global-spacing--default"> </div> </section> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell medium-10 medium-offset-1 large-8 large-offset-2"> <div class="global-padding global-padding--large" data-jump-nav-heading="Abstract"> <div class="wysiwyg wysiwyg--full"> <div class="eyebrow">Abstract</div> <p>Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas and its concentrations have tripled in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. There is evidence that global warming has increased CH4 emissions from freshwater ecosystems(1,2), providing positive feedback to the global climate. Yet for rivers and streams, the controls and the magnitude of CH4 emissions remain highly uncertain(3,4). Here we report a spatially explicit global estimate of CH4 emissions from running waters, accounting for 27.9 (16.7-39.7) Tg CH4 per year and roughly equal in magnitude to those of other freshwater systems(5,6). Riverine CH4 emissions are not strongly temperature dependent, with low average activation energy (E-M = 0.14 eV) compared with that of lakes and wetlands (E-M = 0.96 eV)(1). By contrast, global patterns of emissions are characterized by large fluxes in high- and low-latitude settings as well as in human-dominated environments. These patterns are explained by edaphic and climate features that are linked to anoxia in and near fluvial habitats, including a high supply of organic matter and water saturation in hydrologically connected soils. Our results highlight the importance of land-water connections in regulating CH4 supply to running waters, which is vulnerable not only to direct human modifications but also to several climate change responses on land.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="bottom-nav "> <div class="bottom-nav__container"> <div class="bottom-nav__panels grid-x"> </div> <div class="bottom-nav__sock"> <div class="sock"> <div class="sock__box blue--dark topographic-map"> <div class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell"> <h2>Connect with us</h2> </div> </div> <ul class="grid-x grid-margin-x"> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="https://apply.environment.yale.edu/register/inquiry/" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Request Information</span></a></li> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="https://apply.environment.yale.edu/portal/main-event-page" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Register for Events</span></a></li> <li class="cell medium-4"><a href="/admissions" class="btn btn--inverse"><span>Apply</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="site-footer__primary grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell medium-6"> <a class="site-footer__logo" href="/"> <svg role="img" height="28" aria-labelledby="logotitle" viewBox="0 0 510 28" width="510" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title id="logotitle">Yale School of the Environment</title><g fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="m60.0870228 15.8221538c0-2.0827692-1.2986084-3.9695384-3.1054617-3.9695384-1.9662181 0-3.3402018 1.5723077-3.8118358 4.0492308zm3.8527538 8.6476924c-2.2418763 2.044-4.0896475 3.3793846-7.3114025 3.3793846-4.128412 0-7.309249-3.2609231-7.309249-7.8206154 0-5.5827692 3.4198843-9.3950769 8.2525168-9.3950769 3.8915183 0 6.0515585 2.2012307 6.0515585 5.6990769v.7086154l-10.6106864-.0796923c-.0775288.432923-.1184468 1.1393846-.1184468 2.0052307 0 4.0083077 2.5153809 6.6424616 5.8577363 6.6424616 2.002829 0 3.0257793-.7064616 4.5978923-2.044zm-16.7419273 3.064923h-8.7263043v-.9046154c1.7680888-.1163076 2.2784871-.5104615 2.5929097-1.1781538v-20.36030769c0-1.33753846-.1959757-1.88676923-2.9073324-2.12153846v-.7883077l7.1908021-1.80707692.2368938.66769231-1.1392436 1.41507692v22.99446154c.3919515.7861538 1.1392436 1.0618462 2.7522747 1.1781538zm-16.0764713-8.1738461c-1.0207967.4695384-3.5361776 1.5723077-4.6388104 2.1215384-.1550577.6289231-.2735046 1.1803077-.2735046 2.044 0 1.1781539.6676097 2.3584616 1.9640646 2.3584616 1.1801616 0 1.8477712-.3941539 2.9094859-1.2190769zm6.9969799 6.2870769c-.865739 1.0230769-2.3990876 2.24-3.7730714 2.24-2.1234294 0-3.1442261-1.4516923-3.2239085-2.4747692-1.3352193 1.4150769-3.0645437 2.4747692-4.7163392 2.4747692-2.1212759 0-3.9302827-1.2966154-3.9302827-3.5366154 0-1.1006154.2756582-2.24.8269746-3.1446154l7.8196473-2.828v-2.9098461c0-1.7683077-.824821-3.4590769-2.5929098-3.4590769-1.0617147 0-2.0825114 1.2966153-2.1621939 3.3018461l-3.5383311.5901539v-.3941539c1.1801615-3.5366154 5.0716798-4.9129231 6.9582155-4.9129231 3.5770956 0 4.8713969 1.8867693 4.834786 4.7944616l-.1184468 8.2556923c-.0409181 1.6110769.8248209 2.0030769 1.6108775 2.0030769.6288452 0 1.2576904-.392 2.0049825-1.1393846zm-12.1052706-22.08984615c-2.1234294.0796923-3.4995668.78615384-4.5612815 2.59538461l-6.4822744 10.92646154v7.3489231c.7451385 1.7704615 2.6316742 2.0073846 4.440681 2.0849231v1.020923h-12.69319781v-1.020923c1.80469966-.0775385 4.00781151-.3532308 4.59573871-1.5335385v-7.5858462l-6.60287484-11.16338458c-1.13709-1.88676923-2.23972272-2.5156923-4.44068102-2.67292307v-1.02092308h11.04355586v1.02092308c-2.0803578.11846153-2.75012104.51046153-3.33804825.98430769l6.12908735 10.61199996 6.0127941-10.57323073c-.6288452-.47169231-1.4536662-.90461539-3.5361776-1.02307692v-1.02092308h9.4326784z"/><path d="m81.2954742 27.9052308c-2.0889722 0-3.8053751-.6052308-4.8520147-1.0446154l-.4694804-4.4110769h.7408314c.2347401 1.076923 1.0444861 2.492 1.9856003 3.1984615.6396131.4738462 1.8865357 1.1803077 2.9999363 1.1803077 2.1557331 0 3.2992839-1.3483077 3.2992839-2.8301539 0-1.8867692-1.2103117-2.3907692-3.2325229-3.232923-3.8053751-1.6175385-5.1535159-2.5953846-5.1535159-5.1541539 0-2.8646154 2.8642608-4.8181538 6.6674823-4.8181538 1.7853174 0 3.1679155.4716923 4.0767261.8766154v4.2775384h-.7063741c-.1012183-1.1458461-.5383949-2.492-1.51612-3.0993846-.3704157-.2347692-1.4149018-.9089231-2.5929098-.9089231-2.1234294 0-3.2023728 1.3138462-3.2023728 2.5932308 0 1.7187692.8786605 2.4252308 3.4715703 3.4375385 3.5361776 1.412923 4.9489257 2.5243077 4.9489257 5.0184615 0 3.0649231-2.8944109 4.9172308-6.4650457 4.9172308"/><path d="m106.451437 22.7532308-.908811 4.2086154c-1.953296.6073846-2.595063.9110769-5.6596068.9110769-5.3193415 0-9.1613274-3.8058462-9.1613274-8.6584616 0-4.9516923 4.0767261-8.3870769 9.2302419-8.3870769 2.5584523 0 3.9733543.4716923 5.9288043.9433846v4.4476923h-.710681c-.099065-1.148-.570699-2.4273846-1.513966-3.0326153-.469481-.3381539-1.649642-1.2793847-3.941051-1.2793847-3.6718531 0-5.7608253 3.0627693-5.7608253 6.7027693 0 4.7836923 2.6962816 8.1523077 6.9754443 8.1523077 1.378291 0 2.356016-.5729231 2.795346-.9433847 1.007875-.7753846 1.716403-1.988 1.953297-3.2006153z"/><path d="m128.325344 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.202437.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.459388.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256952-.3704616 2.457235-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.200283-.504-1.313684-.84-2.457235-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.145704.068923-2.256951.404923-2.459388.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.313683.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m138.169356 11.9387692c-2.42493 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256952 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.558453 0 4.95108-2.5953847 4.95108-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.493845-8.1523077-6.4672-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.190126 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143488-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.254734 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m158.664973 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.33146-8.624 5.254734 0 8.183602 3.6055384 8.183602 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m183.88985 27.5347692h-14.146864v-.740923c1.044486-.0667693 2.627367-.336 2.965479-1.1781539v-12.8692308c-.202436-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.459388-.8766153v-.7064616h8.047927v.7064616c-1.143551.068923-2.491692.4070769-2.694128.9110769v13.5089231l4.649578-.1356924c1.75086-.0667692 2.896565-1.7187692 2.931022-3.8726153h.706374z"/><path d="m201.745178 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.7831 2.6944616-4.7831 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.256951 8.1178462 6.29922 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491691-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329307-8.624 5.256887 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329307 8.792z"/><path d="m225.876037 15.3073846h-.708528c-.101218-2.2572308-1.042332-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.637396v6.3667692l3.503874-.1356923c1.684099-.0667692 2.42493-.1012308 2.65967-1.988h.671917v5.5246154h-.706374c-.200283-2.0870769-.874353-2.1215385-2.625213-2.1215385l-3.503874-.0344615v5.4578461c.335958.8421539 1.817621 1.2126154 2.997783 1.2793847v.740923h-8.622933v-.740923c1.145704-.0667693 2.392627-.3015385 2.728585-1.1458462v-12.8003077c-.23474-.5707692-1.414901-.9089231-2.592909-.9412308v-.7430769h10.64299c.572852 0 1.14355-.0323077 1.513966-.168h.641767z"/><path d="m252.250925 15.8458462h-.671916c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.101155-3.3686154l-2.760889-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.299157v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234677-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763043.0323077c-1.849925.0344615-3.030086 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.639613c.335959.0990769.674071.2003077 1.51612.2003077h11.653019c.60731 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/><path d="m274.450023 27.5347692h-7.882101v-.740923c1.180162-.0323077 2.222494-.3704616 2.491692-.8766154v-6.0609231h-8.756455v6.0609231c.200283.5061538 1.313684.8443077 2.457235.8766154v.740923h-7.813187v-.740923c1.143551-.0323077 2.256951-.3704616 2.459388-.8766154v-13.1707693c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.84-2.459388-.908923v-.6741539h7.813187v.6741539c-1.143551.068923-2.256952.404923-2.457235.908923v5.727077h8.756455v-5.727077c-.269198-.504-1.31153-.84-2.491692-.908923v-.6741539h7.882101v.6741539c-1.180161.068923-2.222494.404923-2.491691.908923v13.1707693c.269197.5061538 1.31153.8443077 2.491691.8766154z"/><path d="m291.191951 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.200282-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.708528 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.51612-.168h.607309v4.312h-.676224c-.101218-2.2572308-1.007875-2.8624615-2.963325-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.459388-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.200283-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074573-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m315.212977 27.5347692h-8.65739l-5.827586.0689231v-.7086154c1.180162-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.269134-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202437-.504-1.315837-.8076923-2.493845-.8766153v-.7064616h10.645143c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513967-.168h.607309v4.312h-.67407c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.740767v6.0975384h3.503874c1.753013 0 2.459387-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.671917c-.202437-2.0547692-.775289-2.0870769-2.661824-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.068914.336.202436.7086154.67407.8766154l4.074572-.0667693c1.718557-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.933176-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m337.069656 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.222494.6073846-2.491692 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.066761 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.548423l-10.003377-12.2618462-1.113401-1.6498461.103372 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.133522 3.3686154.167979 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.457234-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m357.253003 11.8698462c-1.143551.068923-2.289255.5750769-2.659671 1.4495384l-5.963261 14.4846154h-1.884382l-5.086755-14.7193846c-.269198-.7753846-1.651796-1.1113846-2.829804-1.2147692v-.7064616h8.353735v.7064616c-1.145704.068923-2.356016.3726153-2.59291.9110769l3.973355 11.6889231 4.444988-11.3852308c-.23474-.6396923-1.54627-1.1458462-2.694128-1.2147692v-.7064616h6.938833z"/><path d="m367.344677 27.5347692h-8.151299v-.740923c1.212466-.0667693 2.424931-.4027693 2.627367-.9089231v-13.104c-.202436-.504-1.414901-.8421539-2.627367-.9110769v-.7064616h8.151299v.7064616c-1.212465.068923-2.424931.4070769-2.627367.9110769v13.104c.202436.5061538 1.414902.8421538 2.627367.9089231z"/><path d="m377.076703 12.1067692c-.370416 0-1.111247 0-1.649642.0344616v7.7150769h1.852078c2.526149 0 3.198066-1.7532308 3.198066-4.4132308 0-1.7855384-1.07679-3.3363077-3.400502-3.3363077zm11.351518 15.5636923-2.728586-.0344615c-2.526148-.0323077-2.65967.2024615-4.210248-1.7510769-1.819774-2.324-2.65967-3.8058462-3.503874-4.9516923h-2.558452v4.5467692c.335958.8421538 1.649642 1.2470769 2.793193 1.3138462v.740923h-8.418343v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.392627-.336 2.728585-1.1781539v-12.768c-.236893-.6052308-1.51612-.9089231-2.694128-.9778461v-.7064616c2.795347 0 4.647425-.1012308 7.610751-.1012308 4.210248 0 6.163544 1.3827693 6.163544 4.2796924 0 1.6153846-1.246922 3.3686153-3.200219 4.312l3.570635 4.7147692c.844203 1.1113846 1.651795 1.6843077 1.920993 1.8544615.605156.4027693 1.987754.6052308 2.627367.7064616z"/><path d="m396.725963 11.9387692c-2.424931 0-4.780947 2.6944616-4.780947 6.7049231 0 4.7147692 2.254798 8.1178462 6.297067 8.1178462 2.560606 0 4.951079-2.5953847 4.951079-6.6704616 0-4.9516923-2.491692-8.1523077-6.467199-8.1523077zm.271351 16.0009231c-5.187973 0-8.185756-3.5710769-8.185756-8.5227692 0-5.0184616 4.143487-8.624 9.329306-8.624 5.256888 0 8.185756 3.6055384 8.185756 8.3547692 0 5.1886154-4.143487 8.792-9.329306 8.792z"/><path d="m427.110816 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224647.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068915 3.739077.170133 4.8504616h-1.548424l-10.00553-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681945 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526148-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101218-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.313683-1.0101539-2.459388-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.18582l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.135676-4.3787692-.236893-.5406154-1.716403-1.079077-2.896564-1.148v-.7064616h7.040051z"/><path d="m451.732691 27.5347692h-7.983319v-.740923c1.180162-.0667693 2.493845-.4027693 2.696282-.9089231l-.506092-9.4316923-.034457-2.6966154-.807592 2.0547692-5.151363 11.7578462h-1.012182l-4.479445-12.2273846-.674071-2.0224616-.066761 1.82-.708527 10.5430769c.167979.5061539 1.414901 1.0446154 2.560606 1.1113847v.740923h-6.704093v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.293562-.6052308 2.595063-1.1113847l.706374-9.2292307c.068915-.9433846.202436-2.7633846.202436-2.8646154 0-.168 0-.5384616-.034457-.8421539-.269197-.4027692-1.143551-.8076923-2.289255-.8766153v-.7064616h5.760825l.839896 2.4596923 3.671854 10.1381539 4.212401-9.9033846 1.109094-2.6944616h5.155669v.7064616c-1.180162.068923-2.054515.4393846-2.291409.8443076v.6052308c0 .2692308.135676 2.2916923.16798 3.1338462l.538395 9.4316923c.303654.5061538 1.382598.8421538 2.526148.9089231z"/><path d="m468.341097 27.5347692h-8.655236l-5.827587.0689231v-.7086154c1.178008-.0667692 2.931022-.4027692 3.26698-1.2470769v-12.9015385c-.202436-.504-1.313683-.8076923-2.491691-.8766153v-.7064616h10.64299c.706374 0 1.178008-.0667692 1.513966-.168h.609463v4.312h-.676223c-.101219-2.2572308-1.010029-2.8624615-2.963326-2.8624615h-3.738614v6.0975384h3.503874c1.75086 0 2.457234-.0344615 2.694128-1.9212307h.639613v5.3221538h-.67407c-.202437-2.0547692-.773135-2.0870769-2.659671-2.0870769h-3.503874v5.5569231c.066761.336.202436.7086154.671917.8766154l4.076726-.0667693c1.718556-.0344615 2.864261-.7753846 2.931022-2.9658461h.639613z"/><path d="m490.202083 11.8698462c-1.178008.068923-2.224648.6073846-2.493845 1.148v9.868923c0 1.3806154.068914 3.739077.167979 4.8504616h-1.54627l-10.005531-12.2618462-1.111247-1.6498461.101218 1.5163077v5.8950769c0 1.4129231.135676 3.3686154.170133 4.4455384.23474.5061539 1.681946 1.0446154 2.862107 1.1113847v.740923h-7.106812v-.740923c1.178008-.0667693 2.323712-.6052308 2.526149-1.1113847v-9.2292307c0-1.2793846 0-2.5609231-.101219-3.5043077-.269197-.5384616-1.315837-1.0101539-2.459387-1.0790769v-.7064616h5.185819l1.449359 1.8544616 8.353735 10.2738461v-5.8950769c0-1.4150769-.101218-3.6055385-.133522-4.3787692-.239047-.5406154-1.718556-1.079077-2.898718-1.148v-.7064616h7.040052z"/><path d="m508.761631 15.8458462h-.67407c-.066761-2.1883077-1.246923-3.3341539-3.099001-3.3686154l-2.763043-.0323077v12.9338461c.572852 1.2126154 1.987754 1.3483077 3.167916 1.415077v.740923h-9.297003v-.740923c1.180161-.0667693 2.864261-.3015385 3.234676-1.0446154v-13.3043077l-2.763042.0323077c-1.852079.0344615-3.03224 1.1803077-3.064544 3.3686154h-.706374v-4.8827693h.63746c.338112.0990769.67407.2003077 1.518273.2003077h11.653019c.605156 0 1.180162-.1012308 1.51612-.2003077h.639613z"/></g></svg> <span class="show-for-sr">Visit the Yale School of the Environment homepage</span> </a> <div class="site-footer__location"> <p>195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511</p> </div> <div class="site-footer__phone"> <p>(203) 432-5100</p> </div> <div class="site-footer__email"> <p><a href="mailto:admissions.yse@yale.edu">admissions.yse@yale.edu</a></p> </div> <div class="site-footer__social-media"> <h2 class="show-for-sr">Social Media Links</h2> <ul class="social-media"> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/school/5527901/" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens LinkedIn in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">LinkedIn</span> <i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://instagram.com/EnvironmentYale" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens Instagram in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">Instagram</span> <i class="fab fa-instagram"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleEnvironment" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens Facebook in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">Facebook</span> <i class="fab fa-facebook-square"></i> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMLSDzZ9VCUUFUOT3lD815A" target="_blank" aria-label="Opens YouTube in a new window"> <span class="show-for-sr">YouTube</span> <i class="fab fa-youtube"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="cell medium-3"> <nav class="site-footer__main"> <ul> <li><a href="/academics">Academic Programs</a></li> <li><a href="/admissions">Admissions</a></li> <li><a href="/learning-communities">Learning Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/research">Research & Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/student-experience">Student Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/about">About</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="cell medium-3"> <nav id="footer-col-third" class="footer-col-third site-footer__utility"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footerutil-menu" id="block-footerutil"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footerutil-menu">Footer Util</h2> <ul class="menu"> <li class="menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="/about/contact/communications" class="arrow-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2286">Media Inquiries</a> </li> <li class="menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="https://careers.environment.yale.edu/channels/employer/" class="arrow-link">For Employers</a> </li> <li class="menu-item oho-animate fade-in-right"> <a href="/about#job-opportunities" class="arrow-link" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Job Opportunities</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__secondary grid-x grid-margin-x"> <div class="cell initial-12"><hr></div> <div class="cell medium-6"> <a href="https://subscribe.yale.edu/browse?search=yse+3" class="btn">Sign Up for Our Newsletter</a> </div> <div class="cell medium-6"> <p class="site-footer__copyright">Copyright © 2024, <a href="https://yale.edu">Yale University</a>. All rights reserved.</p> <div class="site-footer__bottom-links"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.yale.edu/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility at Yale</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"bibcite\/reference\/3623","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9ktFuwzAIRX-oWqbug5Bjk4TVMRbgptnXj6ia-jCnr3C4vlwTVNGAyjdGYxmi6kdcMN5QRg6SQLdQQWheDIwh42SX8H8E88gbCPMKEwtMocQdMpUbUOSivZGp5Wz4MBDUlq3L8B1FKCEErV4FCUYMd68wTPR4O2KLIEKr3i4obr5yj68oysWtbzC2kjLCn0LXURWeyKEJgzVBUPrBBNJyH2-ltjGTLg5RSRSDd3rgtitt-_zMTG0_0dvVs0jJI1NUCCUBy9wK9eM76MSxrVjOAXdnVOb3ax_gionCeXMO_kx7ycD18_p1hr-oOfMY8hlXw-x_F5uIrwBkuJ6SR87xuI_-uR2MMWejqhfd1aWGMShevDE8TfwCh_E4MQ","theme":"yse","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"13488d9af20cb5a39541f3bdc67ec3b4c52f3c1e79967f10000249f91c768d81"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_2pscR7XBJDEcnmsCjHx01M93Je0Aszb6MpqaYsmPCNA.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJyrLE7VT8_JT0rMAQAV1gPy"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/@popperjs/core@2.11.8/dist/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_xtOnn7ggDRr4-XHEUF5nP9U4IXgRkp_REYKKrz_ekaQ.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=yse&include=eJyrLE7VT8_JT0rMAQAV1gPy"></script> <script src="//kit.fontawesome.com/3eea39cd96.js"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Global methane emissions from rivers and streams | Yale School of the Environment