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id="toc-Early_Buddhism_(5th-13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_and_initial_spread_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_and_initial_spread_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Arrival and initial spread of Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_and_initial_spread_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asuka_Buddhism_(552–645)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asuka_Buddhism_(552–645)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Asuka Buddhism (552–645) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asuka_Buddhism_(552–645)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakuhō_Buddhism_(645–710)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakuhō_Buddhism_(645–710)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Hakuhō Buddhism (645–710) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakuhō_Buddhism_(645–710)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nara_Buddhism_(710–794)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_Buddhism_(710–794)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.4 Nara Buddhism (710–794) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_Buddhism_(710–794)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(794–950)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(794–950)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Early Heian Period Buddhism (794–950) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(794–950)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(950–1185)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(950–1185)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.6 Later Heian Period Buddhism (950–1185) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(950–1185)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakura_Buddhism_(1185–1333)_-_new_schools_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_Buddhism_(1185–1333)_-_new_schools_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Kamakura Buddhism (1185–1333) - new schools of Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_Buddhism_(1185–1333)_-_new_schools_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muromachi_period_(1336–1573)_and_Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1573–1603)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muromachi_period_(1336–1573)_and_Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1573–1603)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Muromachi period (1336–1573) and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muromachi_period_(1336–1573)_and_Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1573–1603)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Medieval_Buddhism_(1336–1467)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Medieval_Buddhism_(1336–1467)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Late Medieval Buddhism (1336–1467) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Medieval_Buddhism_(1336–1467)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Muromachi-Period_Buddhism_(1467–1603)_-_Ōnin_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Muromachi-Period_Buddhism_(1467–1603)_-_Ōnin_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Late Muromachi-Period Buddhism (1467–1603) - Ōnin War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Muromachi-Period_Buddhism_(1467–1603)_-_Ōnin_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edo_(Tokugawa)-Period_(1603–1868)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edo_(Tokugawa)-Period_(1603–1868)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Edo (Tokugawa)-Period (1603–1868) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edo_(Tokugawa)-Period_(1603–1868)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meiji_period_(1868–1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Meiji period (1868–1912) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meiji_period_(1868–1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_time_Buddhism_(1931–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_time_Buddhism_(1931–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 War time Buddhism (1931–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_time_Buddhism_(1931–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Since 1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Schools </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Schools subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nara_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nara_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nara Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nara_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heian_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heian_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Heian Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heian_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kamakura_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kamakura_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Kamakura Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kamakura_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 New religious movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Cultural influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Societal_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Societal influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Artistic influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Deities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Artistic motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistic_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Architecture and temples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Buddhism in Japan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البوذية في اليابان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البوذية في اليابان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaponiyada_buddizm" title="Yaponiyada buddizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaponiyada buddizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉི་ཧུང་གི་ནང་ཆོས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་ཧུང་གི་ནང་ཆོས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Японой Буддын шажан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Японой Буддын шажан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus_v_Japonsku" title="Buddhismus v Japonsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buddhismus v Japonsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismus_in_Japan" title="Buddhismus in Japan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buddhismus in Japan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budism_Jaapanis" title="Budism Jaapanis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Budism Jaapanis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βουδισμός στην Ιαπωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βουδισμός στην Ιαπωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_en_Jap%C3%B3n" title="Budismo en Japón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Budismo en Japón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budhismo_en_Japanio" title="Budhismo en Japanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budhismo en Japanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بوداگرایی ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوداگرایی ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouddhisme_au_Japon" title="Bouddhisme au Japon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouddhisme au Japon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_no_Xap%C3%B3n" title="Budismo no Xapón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Budismo no Xapón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90" title="일본의 불교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본의 불교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhisme_di_Jepang" title="Buddhisme di Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buddhisme di Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddismo_giapponese" title="Buddismo giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buddismo giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9F" title="בודהיזם ביפן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודהיזם ביפן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ბუდიზმი იაპონიაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუდიზმი იაპონიაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhizmus_Jap%C3%A1nban" title="Buddhizmus Japánban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buddhizmus Japánban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="जपानमधील बौद्ध धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानमधील बौद्ध धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha_di_Jepun" title="Agama Buddha di Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama Buddha di Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ဂျပန် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန် ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddhisme_in_Japan" title="Boeddhisme in Japan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeddhisme in Japan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99" title="日本の仏教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本の仏教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_buddhisme" title="Japansk buddhisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk buddhisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%DA%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جاپان وچ بدھ مت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاپان وچ بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%85%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅជប៉ុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅជប៉ុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismo_no_Jap%C3%A3o" title="Budismo no Japão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Budismo no Japão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budismul_%C3%AEn_Japonia" title="Budismul în Japonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Budismul în Japonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Буддизм в Японии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буддизм в Японии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonsk%C3%BD_budhizmus" title="Japonský budhizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japonský budhizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam_u_Japanu" title="Budizam u Japanu – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Budizam u Japanu" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budizam_u_Japanu" title="Budizam u Japanu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Budizam u Japanu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhalaisuus_Japanissa" title="Buddhalaisuus Japanissa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buddhalaisuus Japanissa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_i_Japan" title="Buddhism i Japan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddhism i Japan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சப்பானில் பௌத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்பானில் பௌத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาพุทธในประเทศญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธในประเทศญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonya%27da_Budizm" title="Japonya'da Budizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonya'da Budizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%83_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97" title="Буддизм у Японії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буддизм у Японії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="جاپان میں بدھ مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپان میں بدھ مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phật giáo Nhật Bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phật giáo Nhật Bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日本佛教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日本佛教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q736311#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22">"Buddhism in Japan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Buddhism+in+Japan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Buddhism in Japan</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_(Kamakura,_Japon)_(42096289494).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg/250px-Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg/375px-Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg/500px-Le_Grand_Bouddha_du_Kotoku-in_%28Kamakura%2C_Japon%29_%2842096289494%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The Great Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Daibutsu" title="Daibutsu">Daibutsu</a>) at <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in" title="Kōtoku-in">Kōtoku-in</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(Japan)" title="National Treasure (Japan)">National Treasure</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Estimates vary, from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a> 71 million or 67% (Government est., 2022)<a href="#cite_note-ACA_Yearbook-1">[1]</a> to under 20% (JGSS Research Center, 2017).<a href="#cite_note-Iwai_2017-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Throughout Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/18px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buddhism in Japan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/200px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/300px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg/400px-230128_Kamakura_Daibutsu_Japan04s3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyasiddhi">Jōjitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosso" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosso">Hosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanron" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanron">Sanron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusha-shū (Buddhism)">Kusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuke-sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuke-shū">Fuke-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States#Zen" title="Buddhism in the United States">Zen in the US</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Shōtoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dben" title="Rōben">Rōben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enni" title="Enni">Enni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sen_no_Riky%C5%AB" title="Sen no Rikyū">Sen no Rikyū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessh%C5%AB_T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Sesshū Tōyō">Sesshū Tōyō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasegawa_T%C5%8Dhaku" title="Hasegawa Tōhaku">Hasegawa Tōhaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyen_Shaku" title="Soyen Shaku">Shaku Sōen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._T._Suzuki" title="D. T. Suzuki">D. T. Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunry%C5%AB_Suzuki" title="Shunryū Suzuki">Suzuki Shunryū</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Key topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art_in_Japan" title="Buddhist art in Japan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan" title="Buddhist temples in Japan">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">Hongaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">Honji suijaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">Gongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nenbutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_poem" title="Death poem">Death poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_My%C5%8Dh%C5%8D_Renge_Ky%C5%8D" title="Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō">Daimoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikkō-ikki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">Kaichō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senjafuda" title="Senjafuda">Senjafuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">Haibutsu kishaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Japanese Buddhism">Glossary of Japanese Buddhism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Template talk:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism" title="Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism" title="Template talk:Buddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was first established in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in the 6th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-Bowring,_Richard_John-2005-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sources_of_Japanese_tradition-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Most of the Japanese Buddhists belong to new schools of Buddhism which were established in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185－1333).<a href="#cite_note-shukyo23-6">[6]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo (Tokugawa)-period</a> (1603–1868), Buddhism was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">feudal Shogunate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji-period</a> (1868–1912) saw a strong response against Buddhism, with persecution and a forced separation between Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a>). As of 2022, around 70.8 million people, or about 67% of Japan's total population, identify as Buddhist. The largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Japanese_Pure_Land" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a> with 22 million believers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> with 10 million believers, <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a> with 5.4 million, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen Buddhism</a> with 5.3 million, <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendai Buddhism">Tendai Buddhism</a> with 2.8 million, and only about 700,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Nanto_Rokush%C5%AB" title="Nanto Rokushū">six old schools</a> established in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710－794).<a href="#cite_note-shukyo23-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Buddhism_(5th-13th_century)">Early Buddhism (5th-13th century)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Buddhism (5th-13th century)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arrival_and_initial_spread_of_Buddhism">Arrival and initial spread of Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival and initial spread of Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism#Northern_transmission" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism § Northern transmission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></div> Originating in India, Buddhism arrived in Japan by first <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">making its way to China and Korea through the Silk Road</a> and then traveling by sea to the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Though often overlooked in Western academia, Buddhism was transmitted through trade routes across South East Asia in addition to the Sinophere.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As such, early Japanese Buddhism is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a>, which were influenced by Indian <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>. Though most scholars date the introduction of Buddhism to the middle of the sixth century, Deal and Ruppert note that immigrants from the Korean Peninsula, as well as merchants and sailors who frequented the mainland, likely brought Buddhism with them independent of the transmission as recorded in court chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDealRuppert201518-9">[9]</a> Some Japanese sources mention this explicitly. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Heian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Heian Period">Heian Period</a> <a href="/wiki/Fus%C5%8D_Ryakuki" title="Fusō Ryakuki">Fusō ryakki</a> (Abridged Annals of Japan), mentions a foreigner known in Japanese as Shiba no Tatsuto, who may have been Chinese-born, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>-born, or a descendant of an immigrant group in Japan. He is said to have built a thatched hut in Yamato and enshrined an object of worship there. Immigrants like this may have been a source for the Soga clan's later sponsorship of Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihon Shoki</a> (Chronicles of Japan) provides a date of 552 for when King <a href="/wiki/Seong_of_Baekje" title="Seong of Baekje">Seong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> (now western <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>) sent a mission to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kinmei" title="Emperor Kinmei">Emperor Kinmei</a> that included an image of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha Shakyamuni</a>, ritual banners, and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>. This event is usually considered the official introduction of Buddhism to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Sources_of_Japanese_tradition-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowring,_Richard_John-2005-3">[3]</a> Other sources, however, give the date of 538 and both dates are thought to be unreliable. However, it can still be said that in the middle of the sixth century, Buddhism was introduced through official diplomatic channels.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> According to the Nihon Shoki, after receiving the Buddhist gifts, the Japanese emperor asked his officials if the Buddha should be worshipped in Japan. They were divided on the issue, with <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Iname" title="Soga no Iname">Soga no Iname</a> (506–570) supporting the idea while <a href="/wiki/Mononobe_no_Okoshi" title="Mononobe no Okoshi">Mononobe no Okoshi</a> and Nakatomi no Kamako worried that the <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> of Japan would become angry at this worship of a foreign deity. The Nihon Shoki then states that the emperor allowed only the Soga clan to worship the Buddha, to test it out.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Thus, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Soga_clan" title="Soga clan">Soga clan</a> played a key role in the early spread of Buddhism in the country. Their support, along with that of immigrant groups like the <a href="/wiki/Hata_clan" title="Hata clan">Hata clan</a>, gave Buddhism its initial impulse in Japan along with its first temple (Hōkō-ji, also known as <a href="/wiki/Asuka-dera" title="Asuka-dera">Asukadera</a>).<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The Nakatomi and Mononobe, however, continued to oppose the Soga, blaming their worship for disease and disorder. These opponents of Buddhism are even said to have thrown the image of the Buddha into the Naniwa canal. Eventually outright war erupted. The Soga side, led by <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Umako" title="Soga no Umako">Soga no Umako</a> and a young <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>, emerged victorious and promoted Buddhism on the archipelago with support of the broader court. Based on traditional sources, Shōtoku has been seen as an ardent Buddhist who taught, wrote on, and promoted Buddhism widely, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Suiko" title="Empress Suiko">Empress Suiko</a> (554 – 15 April 628). He is also believed to have sent envoys to China and is even seen as a spiritually accomplished <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> who is the true founder of Japanese Buddhism. Modern historians have questioned much of this, seeing most of it as a constructed <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> A popular quote attributed to Shōtoku that became foundational for Buddhist belief in Japan is translated as "The world is vain and illusory, and the Buddha's realm alone is true."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Regardless of his actual historical role, however, it is beyond doubt that Shōtoku became an important figure in Japanese Buddhist lore beginning soon after his death if not earlier. Taoist traditions of immortality and becoming a <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">xian</a> made it to Japan in the times of early Buddhism, but Buddhism absorbed them. "[U]nder Buddhist influence," these stories were "associated with certain ascetic monks who were devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asuka_Buddhism_(552–645)">Asuka Buddhism (552–645)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Asuka Buddhism (552–645)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka-period</a> (538 to 710) Buddhism (Asuka bukkyō) refers to Buddhist practice and thought that mainly developed after 552 in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_Basin" title="Nara Basin">Nara Basin region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Buddhism grew here through the support and efforts of two main groups: immigrant kinship groups like the Hata clan (who were experts in Chinese technology as well as intellectual and material culture), and through aristocratic clans like the Soga.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Immigrant groups like the Korean monks who supposedly instructed Shōtoku introduced Buddhist learning, administration, ritual practice and the skills to build Buddhist art and architecture. They included individuals like <a href="/wiki/Hyegwan" title="Hyegwan">Ekan</a> (dates unknown), a <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Koguryŏ</a> priest of the Madhyamaka school, who (according to the Nihon Shoki) was appointed to the highest rank of primary monastic prelate (sōjō).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Aside from the Buddhist immigrant groups, Asuka Buddhism was mainly the purview of aristocratic groups like the Soga clan and other related clans, who patronized clan temples as a way to express their power and influence. These temples mainly focused on the performance of rituals which were believed to provide magical effects, such as protection.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-8-20">[20]</a> During this period, Buddhist art was dominated by the style of <a href="/wiki/Tori_Busshi" title="Tori Busshi">Tori Busshi</a>, who came from a Korean immigrant family.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-8-20">[20]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting on silk of the semi-legendary Prince Shōtoku, first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan"><img alt="Painting on silk of the semi-legendary Prince Shōtoku, first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg/134px-Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg/201px-Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg/268px-Shotoku_Taishi_k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1776" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting on silk of the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Prince_Sh%C5%8Dtoku" title="Prince Shōtoku">Prince Shōtoku</a>, first major sponsor of Buddhism in Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Buddha of Asuka-dera, oldest Buddha statue in Japan, and an example of the Tori style"><img alt="The Great Buddha of Asuka-dera, oldest Buddha statue in Japan, and an example of the Tori style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/132px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/198px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg/264px-Asuka_dera_daibutsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1331" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Buddha of Asuka-dera, oldest Buddha statue in Japan, and an example of the Tori style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Yumedono Kannon, another example of Tori style"><img alt="The Yumedono Kannon, another example of Tori style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG/96px-GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG/144px-GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG/192px-GUZE_Kannon_Horyuji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Yumedono Kannon, another example of Tori style</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hakuhō_Buddhism_(645–710)">Hakuhō Buddhism (645–710)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hakuhō Buddhism (645–710)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō</a> (673 through 686) Buddhism (Hakuhō refers to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Tenmu" title="Emperor Tenmu">Emperor Tenmu</a>) saw the official patronage of Buddhism being taken up by the Japanese imperial family, who replaced the Soga clan as the main patrons of Buddhism. Japanese Buddhism at this time was also influenced by Tang dynasty (618–907) Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-2-21">[21]</a> It was also during this time that Buddhism began to spread from the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_Province" title="Yamato Province">Yamato Province</a> to the other regions and islands of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-2-21">[21]</a> An important part of the centralizing reforms of this era (the <a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika reforms</a>) was the use of Buddhist institutions and rituals (often performed at the palace or capital) in the service of the state.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The imperial government also actively built and managed the Buddhist temples as well as the monastic community.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Nihon Shoki states that in 624 there were 46 Buddhist temples.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Some of these temples include <a href="/wiki/Kawara-dera" title="Kawara-dera">Kawaradera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakushi-ji" title="Yakushi-ji">Yakushiji</a>. Archeological research has also revealed numerous local and regional temples outside of the capital.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At the state temples, Buddhist rituals were performed in order to create merit for the royal family and the well-being of the nation. Particular attention was paid to rituals centered around Buddhist sutras (scriptures), such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Golden Light Sutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The monastic community was overseen by the complex and hierarchical imperial Monastic Office (sōgō), who managed everything from the monastic code to the color of the robes.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nara_Buddhism_(710–794)">Nara Buddhism (710–794)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nara Buddhism (710–794)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanto_Rokush%C5%AB" title="Nanto Rokushū">Nanto Rokushū</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg/220px-200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg/330px-200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg/440px-200730_Model_of_Yakushi-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6811" data-file-height="3831" /></a><figcaption>A model of Yakushi-ji, a major imperial temple of Nara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg/220px-200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg/330px-200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg/440px-200730_Model_of_the_garan_of_Todaiji_seen_from_north_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4140" /></a><figcaption>Model of the <a href="/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan" title="Shichidō garan">garan</a> of Todai-ji seen from the north side</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg/220px-Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg/330px-Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg/440px-Japan_070416_Todaiji_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Todai-ji's Great Buddha (<a href="/wiki/Daibutsu" title="Daibutsu">Daibutsu</a>)</figcaption></figure> In 710, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Genmei" title="Empress Genmei">Empress Genme</a> moved the state capital to <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijōkyō</a>, (modern <a href="/wiki/Nara_(city)" title="Nara (city)">Nara</a>) thus inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a>. This period saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_temple" title="Provincial temple">kokubunji</a> system, which was a way to manage provincial temples through a network of national temples in each province.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The head temple of the entire system was <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> (completed in 752).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Nara state sponsorship saw the development of the six great Nara schools, called Nanto Rokushū (南都六宗, lit. the Six Sects of the Southern Capital), all were continuations of Chinese Buddhist schools. The temples of these schools became important places for the study of Buddhist doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The six Nara schools were: <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Ritsu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>), Jōjitsu (<a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Tattvasiddhi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB" title="Kusha-shū">Kusha-shū</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakosha</a>), Sanronshū (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">East Asian Mādhyamaka</a>), Hossō (<a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">East Asian Yogācāra</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These schools were centered around the capital where great temples such as the <a href="/wiki/Asuka-dera" title="Asuka-dera">Asuka-dera</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a> were erected. The most influential of the temples are known as the "<a href="/wiki/Nanto_Shichi_Daiji" title="Nanto Shichi Daiji">seven great temples of the southern capital</a>" (Nanto Shichi Daiji). The temples were not exclusive and sectarian organizations. Instead, temples were apt to have scholars versed in several of schools of thought. It has been suggested that they can best be thought of as "study groups".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> State temples continued the practice of conducting numerous rituals for the good of the nation and the imperial family. Rituals centered on scriptures like the Golden Light and the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sūtra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Another key function of the state temples was the transcription of Buddhist scriptures, which was seen as generating much merit.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Buddhist monastics were firmly controlled by the state's monastic office through an extensive monastic code of law, and monastic ranks were matched to the ranks of government officials.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> It was also during this era that the Nihon Shoki was written, a text which shows significant Buddhist influence. The monk Dōji (?–744) may have been involved in its compilation.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-3-36">[36]</a> The elite state sponsored Nara Buddhism was not the only type of Buddhism at this time. There were also groups of unofficial monastics or priests (or, self-ordained; shido sōni) who were either not formally ordained and trained through the state channels, or who chose to preach and practice outside of the system. These "unofficial" monks were often subject to state punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-3-36">[36]</a> Their practice could have also included Daoist and indigenous kami worship elements. Some of these figures became immensely popular and were a source of criticism for the sophisticated, academic and bureaucratic Buddhism of the capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(794–950)">Early Heian Period Buddhism (794–950)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early Heian Period Buddhism (794–950)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png/170px-Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png/255px-Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png/340px-Culto_do_ch%C3%A1_p25.png 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Saichō with tea leaves. He is known for having introduced tea to Japan.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toshi-ya_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Toshi-ya_00.jpg/220px-Toshi-ya_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Toshi-ya_00.jpg/330px-Toshi-ya_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Toshi-ya_00.jpg/440px-Toshi-ya_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanj%C5%ABsangen-d%C5%8D" title="Sanjūsangen-dō">Sanjūsangen-dō</a> in Kyoto, a print of a Tendai temple, by <a href="/wiki/Utagawa_Toyoharu" title="Utagawa Toyoharu">Toyoharu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1772–1781</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, the capital was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heiankyō</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">emperor Kanmu</a>, mainly for economic and strategic reasons. As before, Buddhist institutions continued to play a key role in the state, with Kanmu being a strong supporter of the new Tendai school of <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> (767–822) in particular.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Saichō, who had studied the Tiantai school in China, established the influential temple complex of <a href="/wiki/Enryaku-ji" title="Enryaku-ji">Enryakuji</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hiei" title="Mount Hiei">Mount Hiei</a>, and developed a new system of monastic regulations based on the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_Precepts" title="Bodhisattva Precepts">bodhisattva precepts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This new system allowed Tendai to free itself from direct state control.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Also during this period, the <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> ( Ch. Zhenyan; "True Word", from Sanskrit: "<a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>") school was established in the country under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>. This school also received state sponsorship and introduced esoteric <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">mikkyō</a>, "secret teaching") elements.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The new Buddhist lineages of Shingon and Tendai also developed somewhat independently from state control, partly because the old system was becoming less important to Heian aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This period also saw an increase in the official separation between the different schools, due to a new system that specified the particular school which an imperial priest (nenbundosha) belonged to.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_Heian_Period_Buddhism_(950–1185)">Later Heian Period Buddhism (950–1185)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later Heian Period Buddhism (950–1185)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuya_Portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/170px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/255px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kuya_Portrait.JPG/340px-Kuya_Portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Kūya by <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D_(sculptor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kōshō (sculptor) (page does not exist)">Kōshō</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>, dating to the first decade of the thirteenth century. The six syllables of the <a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">nembutsu</a>, na-mu-a-mi-da-butsu, are represented literally by six small Amida figures streaming from Kūya's mouth. </figcaption></figure> During this period, there was a consolidation of a series of annual court ceremonies (nenjū gyōji).<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Tendai Buddhism was particularly influential, and the veneration of the Lotus Sūtra grew in popularity, even among the low class and non-aristocratic population, which often formed religious groups such as the "Lotus holy ones" (hokke hijiri or jikyōja) and <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">mountain ascetics (shugenja)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a> is an example of the fusion of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_worship" title="Mountain worship">mountain worship</a> and Buddhism. The aim of Shugendo practitioners is to save the masses by acquiring supernatural powers through rigorous training while walking through steep mountains.<a href="#cite_note-jimon-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-masayasu-46">[46]</a> Furthermore, during this era, new Buddhist traditions began to develop. While some of these have been grouped into what is referred to as "new Kamakura" Buddhism, their beginning can actually be traced to the late Heian. This includes the practice of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, which focuses on the contemplation and chanting of the <a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">nenbutsu</a>, the name of the Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida (Skt. Amitābha)</a>, in hopes of being reborn in the <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Buddha field</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sukhavati" title="Sukhavati">Sukhāvatī</a>. This practice was initially popular in Tendai monasteries but then spread throughout Japan.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Texts discussing miracles associated with the Buddhas and bodhisattvas became popular in this period, along with texts which outlined death bed rites.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During this period, some Buddhist temples established groups of warrior-monks called <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a>. This phenomenon began in Tendai temples, as they vied for political influence with each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987178-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei war</a> saw various groups of warrior monks join the fray. There were also semi-independent clerics (who were called shōnin or hijiri, "holy ones") who lived away from the major Buddhist monasteries and preached to the people. These figures had much more contact with the general populace than other monks.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The most well known of these figures was <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABya" title="Kūya">Kūya</a> (alt. Kōya; 903–972), who wandered throughout the provinces engaging in good works (sazen), preaching on nembutsu practice and working with local Buddhist cooperatives (zenchishiki) to create images of bodhisattvas like Kannon.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg/170px-S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg/255px-S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg/340px-S%C5%8Dgy%C5%8D_Hachiman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>A scroll depicting the kami Hachiman dressed as a Buddhist monk, an example of <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu-sh%C5%ABg%C5%8D" title="Shinbutsu-shūgō">Shinbutsu-shūgō</a> ("syncretism of kami and buddhas").</figcaption></figure> Another important development during this era was that Buddhist monks were now being widely encouraged by the state to pray for the salvation of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">kami</a> (divine beings in Shinto). The merging of Shinto deities with Buddhist practice was not new at this time. Already in the eighth century, some major Shinto shrines (<a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB-ji" title="Jingū-ji">jingūji</a>) included Buddhist monks which conducted rites for shinto divinities. One of the earliest such figures was "great Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a>" (Hachiman daibosatsu) who was popular in <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyūshū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Popular sites for pilgrimage and religious practice, like <a href="/wiki/Kumano_Kod%C5%8D" title="Kumano Kodō">Kumano</a>, included both kami worship and the worship of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, which were often associated with each other. Furthermore, temples like Tōdai-ji also included shrines for the worship of kami (in Tōdai-ji's case, it was the kami Shukongōjin that was enshrined in its rear entryway).<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Buddhist monks interpreted their relationship to the kami in different ways. Some monks saw them as just worldly beings who could be prayed for. Other saw them as manifestations of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. For example, the Mt. Hiei monk Eryō saw the kami as "traces" (suijaku) of the Buddha. This idea, called <a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">essence-trace (honji-suijaku)</a>, would have a strong influence throughout the medieval era.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png/220px-Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png/330px-Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png/440px-Heike-Nokyo-Chapter-12-Lotus-Sutra.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Sutra art from the Heike-Nôkyô, chapter 12.</figcaption></figure> The copying and writing of Buddhist scripture was a widespread practice in this period. It was seen as producing <a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">merit</a> (good karma). Artistic portraits depicting events from the scriptures were also quite popular during this era. They were used to generate merit as well as to preach and teach the doctrine. The "Enshrined Sutra of the <a href="/wiki/Taira_clan" title="Taira clan">Taira Family</a>" (Heikenōkyō), is one of the greatest examples of Buddhist visual art from this period. It is an elaborately illustrated Lotus Sūtra installed at <a href="/wiki/Itsukushima_Shrine" title="Itsukushima Shrine">Itsukushima Shrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The Buddhist liturgy of this era also became more elaborate and performative. Rites such as the Repentance Assembly (keka'e) at <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D-ji" title="Hōjō-ji">Hōjōji</a> developed to include elaborate music, dance and other forms of performance. Major temples and monasteries such as the royal <a href="/wiki/Hossh%C5%8D-ji" title="Hosshō-ji">Hosshōji</a> temple and Kōfukuji, also became home to the performance of <a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a> theater (which is the origin of <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Nō Drama</a>) as well as ennen ("longevity-enhancing") arts which included dances and music. Doctrinally, these performative arts were seen as <a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">skillful means (hōben, Skt. upaya)</a> of teaching Buddhism. Monks specializing in such arts were called yūsō ("artistic monks").<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Another way of communicating the Buddhist message was through the medium of poetry, which included both Chinese poetry (<a href="/wiki/Kanshi_(poetry)" title="Kanshi (poetry)">kanshi</a>) and Japanese poetry (<a href="/wiki/Waka_(poetry)" title="Waka (poetry)">waka</a>). An example of Buddhist themed waka is Princess Senshi's (964–1035) Hosshin waka shū (Collection of Waka of the Awakening Mind, 1012). The courtly practice of rōei (performing poetry to music) was also taken up in the Tendai and Shingon lineages. Both monks and laypersons met in poetry circles (kadan) like the <a href="/wiki/Ninna-ji" title="Ninna-ji">Ninnaji</a> circle which was patronized by Prince Shukaku (1150–1202).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_Buddhism_(1185–1333)_-_new_schools_of_Buddhism">Kamakura Buddhism (1185–1333) - new schools of Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kamakura Buddhism (1185–1333) - new schools of Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185–1333) was a period of crisis in which the control of the country moved from the imperial aristocracy to the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>. In 1185 the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987181-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg/220px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg/330px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg/440px-Honen_shonin_eden_-_Public_preach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Hōnen preaching</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninsho_(Shomyoji).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ninsho_%28Shomyoji%29.jpg/170px-Ninsho_%28Shomyoji%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ninsho_%28Shomyoji%29.jpg/255px-Ninsho_%28Shomyoji%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ninsho_%28Shomyoji%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Ninshō</figcaption></figure> This period saw the development of new Buddhist lineages or schools which have been called "Kamakura Buddhism" and "New Buddhism". All of the major founders of these new lineages were ex-Tendai monks who had trained at Mt. Hiei and had studied the exoteric and esoteric systems of Tendai Buddhism. During the Kamakura period, these new schools did not gain as much prominence as the older lineages, with the possible exception of the highly influential <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> Zen school.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Among the founders of the forty-six sects in Japanese Zen, sixteen were Chinese masters, fifteen were Japanese masters who traveled to China during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, and another fifteen were Japanese masters who visited China during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The new schools include Pure Land lineages like <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen's</a> (1133–1212) <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo shū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran's</a> (1173–1263) <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a>, both of which focused on the practice of chanting the name of Amida Buddha. These new Pure Land schools both believed that Japan had entered the era of the decline of the Dharma (<a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">mappō</a>) and that therefore other Buddhist practices were not useful. The only means to liberation was now the faithful chanting of the nembutsu.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This view was critiqued by more traditional figures such as <a href="/wiki/My%C5%8De" title="Myōe">Myō'e</a> (1173–1232). Another response to the social instability of the period was an attempt by certain monks to return to the proper practice of Buddhist precepts as well as meditation. These figures include figures like the Kōfukuji monk <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dkei_(monk)" title="Jōkei (monk)">Jōkei</a> (1155–1213) and the Tendai monk Shunjō (1166–1227), who sought to return to the traditional foundations of the Buddhist path, ethical cultivation and meditation practice.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other monks attempted to minister to marginalized low class groups. The Kegon-Shingon monk Myō'e was known for opening his temple to lepers, beggars, and other marginal people, while precept masters such as <a href="/wiki/Eison" title="Eison">Eison</a> (1201–1290) and <a href="/wiki/Ninsh%C5%8D" title="Ninshō">Ninshō</a> (1217–1303) were also active in ministering and caring for ill and marginalized persons, particularly those outcast groups termed "non-persons" (<a href="/wiki/Hinin" title="Hinin">hinin</a>). Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 122 Ninshō established a medical facility at <a href="/wiki/Gokuraku-ji_(Kamakura)" title="Gokuraku-ji (Kamakura)">Gokurakuji</a> in 1287, which treated more than 88,000 people over a 34-year-period and collected Chinese medical knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Another set of new Kamakura schools include the two major <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> schools of Japan (Rinzai and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a>), promulgated by monks such as <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a>, which emphasize liberation through the insight of meditation (zazen). Dōgen (1200–1253) began a prominent meditation teacher and abbot. He introduced the <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a> lineage of <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong</a>, which would grow into the Sōtō school. He criticized ideas like the <a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">final age of the Dharma</a> (mappō), and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> prayer.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nichiren_exiled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nichiren_exiled.jpg/220px-Nichiren_exiled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nichiren_exiled.jpg/330px-Nichiren_exiled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nichiren_exiled.jpg/440px-Nichiren_exiled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 20th century depiction of the banishment of Nichiren in 1261.</figcaption></figure> Additionally, it was during this period that monk <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1222–1282) began teaching his exclusively <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> based Buddhism, which he saw as the only valid object of devotion in the age of mappō. Nichiren believed that the conflicts and disasters of this period were caused by the wrong views of Japanese Buddhists (such as the followers of Pure Land and esoteric Buddhism).<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Nichiren faced much opposition for his views and was also attacked and exiled twice by the Kamakura state. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muromachi_period_(1336–1573)_and_Azuchi–Momoyama_period_(1573–1603)">Muromachi period (1336–1573) and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Muromachi period (1336–1573) and Azuchi–Momoyama period (1573–1603)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Medieval_Buddhism_(1336–1467)">Late Medieval Buddhism (1336–1467)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Late Medieval Buddhism (1336–1467)">edit</a>]</div> During this period, the new "Kamakura schools" continued to develop and began to consolidate themselves as unique and separate traditions. However, as Deal and Ruppert note, "most of them remained at the periphery of Buddhist institutional power and, in some ways, discourse during this era."<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> They further add that it was only "from the late fifteenth century onward that these lineages came to increasingly occupy the center of Japanese Buddhist belief and practice." The only exception is <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> Zen, which attained prominence earlier (13th century).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-4-67">[67]</a> Meanwhile, the "old" schools and lineages continued to develop in their own ways and remained influential.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-4-67">[67]</a> The new schools' independence from the old schools did not happen all at once. In fact, the new schools remained under the old schools' doctrinal and political influence for some time. For example, Ōhashi Toshio has stressed how during this period, the Jōdo sect was mainly seen as a subsidiary or temporary branch sect of Tendai. Furthermore, not all monks of the old sects were antagonistic to the new sects.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> During the height of the medieval era, political power was decentralized and shrine-temple complexes were often competing with each other for influence and power. These complexes often controlled land and multiple manors, and also maintained military forces of warrior monks which they used to battle with each other.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In spite of the instability of this era, the culture of Buddhist study and learning continued to thrive and grow.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-7-70">[70]</a> Furthermore, though there were numerous independent Buddhist schools and lineages at this time, many monks did not exclusively belong to one lineage and instead traveled to study and learn in various temples and seminaries. This tendency of practicing in multiple schools or lineages was termed shoshū kengaku. It became much more prominent in the medieval era due to the increased social mobility that many monks enjoyed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TofukujiSanmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TofukujiSanmon.jpg/220px-TofukujiSanmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TofukujiSanmon.jpg/330px-TofukujiSanmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/TofukujiSanmon.jpg/440px-TofukujiSanmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>The main gate of Tōfuku-ji, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Sanmon" title="Sanmon">sanmon</a> in Japan.</figcaption></figure> Both the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> (1192–1333) and the <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a> (1336–1573) supported and patronized the "<a href="/wiki/Five_Mountain_System" title="Five Mountain System">Five Mountains culture</a>" (Gozan Jissetsu Seido) of <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_school" title="Rinzai school">Rinzai</a> Zen. This Rinzai Zen tradition was centered on the ten "Five Mountain" temples (five in Kyoto and five in Kamakura). Besides teaching zazen meditation, they also pursued studies in esoteric Buddhism and in certain art forms like calligraphy and poetry. A pivotal early figure of Rinzai was <a href="/wiki/Enni_Ben%27en" class="mw-redirect" title="Enni Ben'en">Enni Ben'en</a> (1202–1280), a high-ranking and influential monk who was initiated into Tendai and Shingon. He then traveled to China to study Zen and later founded <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Tōfuku-ji">Tōfukuji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-7-70">[70]</a> The Tendai and Shingon credentials of Rinzai figures such as Enni show that early Zen was not a lineage that was totally separate from the other "old" schools.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Indeed, Zen monastic codes feature procedures for "worship of the Buddha, funerals, memorial rites for ancestral spirits, the feeding of hungry ghosts, feasts sponsored by donors, and tea services that served to highlight the bureaucratic and social hierarchy."<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg/220px-Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg/330px-Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg/440px-Tenryuji_Kyoto41n4592.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tenry%C5%AB-ji" title="Tenryū-ji">Tenryū-ji's</a> Sōgen Pond, designed by <a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a>.</figcaption></figure> Medieval Rinzai was also invigorated by a series of Chinese masters who came to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Yishan_Yining" title="Yishan Yining">Issan Ichinei</a> (1247–1317). Issan influenced the Japanese interest in Chinese literature, calligraphy and painting. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a> of the Five Mountains (<a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Five_Mountains" title="Literature of the Five Mountains">Gozan Bungaku</a>) reflects this influence. One of his students was <a href="/wiki/Mus%C5%8D_Soseki" title="Musō Soseki">Musō Soseki</a>, a Zen master, calligraphist, poet and garden designer who was granted the title "national Zen teacher" by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Go-Daigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Go-Daigo">Go-Daigo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Zen monk poets <a href="/wiki/Sesson_Y%C5%ABbai" title="Sesson Yūbai">Sesson Yūbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokan_Shiren" title="Kokan Shiren">Kokan Shiren</a> also studied under Issan.<a href="#cite_note-Louis-Frédéric-75">[75]</a> Shiren was also a historian who wrote the Buddhist history <a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_Shakusho" title="Genkō Shakusho">Genkō shakusho</a>. The Royal court and elite families of the capital also studied the classic Chinese arts that were being taught in the five mountain Rinzai temples. The shogunal families even built Zen temples in their residential palaces. The five mountain temples also established their own printing program (Gozan-ban) to copy and disseminate a wide variety of literature that included records of Zen masters, the writings of <a href="/wiki/Tang_poetry" title="Tang poetry">Tang poets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Confucian classics</a>, Chinese dictionaries, reference works, and medical texts.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansobo_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hansobo_Shrine.jpg/220px-Hansobo_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hansobo_Shrine.jpg/330px-Hansobo_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Hansobo_Shrine.jpg/440px-Hansobo_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Hansōbō shrine, a Shinto shrine at the Rinzai temple of <a href="/wiki/Kench%C5%8D-ji" title="Kenchō-ji">Kenchō-ji</a>.</figcaption></figure> It is also during this period that true lineages of "Shintō" kami worship begin to develop in Buddhist temples complexes, lineages which would become the basis for institutionalized Shintō of later periods. Buddhists continued to develop theories about the relationship between kami and the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. One such idea, <a href="/wiki/Gongen" title="Gongen">gongen</a> ("provisional manifestation"), promoted the worship of kami as manifest forms of the Buddhas.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A group of Tendai monks at Mt. Hiei meanwhile incorporated <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">hongaku</a> thought into their worship of the kami Sannō, which eventually came to be seen as the source or "original ground" (honji) of all Buddhas (thereby reversing the old <a href="/wiki/Honji_suijaku" title="Honji suijaku">honji suijaku</a> theory which saw the Buddha as the honji). This idea can be found in the work of the Hiei monk Sonshun (1451–1514).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Muromachi-Period_Buddhism_(1467–1603)_-_Ōnin_War">Late Muromachi-Period Buddhism (1467–1603) - Ōnin War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Late Muromachi-Period Buddhism (1467–1603) - Ōnin War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinkaku-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinkaku-ji.jpg/220px-Kinkaku-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinkaku-ji.jpg/330px-Kinkaku-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinkaku-ji.jpg/440px-Kinkaku-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Kinkaku-ji</a>, ("the Temple of the Golden Pavilion'), is a Rinzai Zen temple built in the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> (c. 1397) and destroyed during the Onin War (it was later rebuilt).</figcaption></figure> Beginning with the devastating <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War (1467–1477)</a>, the late <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> saw the devolution of central government control and the rise of regional <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> warlords called <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a> and the so called "warring states era" (<a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengokuki</a>). During this era of widespread warfare, many Buddhist temples and monasteries were destroyed, particularly in and around Kyoto. Many of these old temples would not be rebuilt until the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> During this period, the new Kamakura schools rose to a new level of prominence and influence. They also underwent reforms in study and practice which would make them more independent and would last centuries. For example, it was during this period that the True Pure Land monk <a href="/wiki/Rennyo" title="Rennyo">Rennyo</a> (1415–1499) forged a large following for his school and rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Hongan-ji" title="Hongan-ji">Honganji</a>. He reformed devotional practices with a focus on Shinran and <a href="/wiki/Honzon" title="Honzon">honzon</a> scrolls inscribed with the nembutsu. He also made widespread use of the Japanese vernacular.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The Zen lineages were also widely disseminated throughout the country during this era. A key contributing factor to their spread (as well as to the spread of Pure Land temples) was their activity in funerals and mortuary rituals. Some temple halls were reconstructed with a focus on mortuary rites (sometimes for a specific family, like the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_clan" title="Tokugawa clan">Tokugawa</a>) and were thus known as mortuary temples (<a href="/wiki/Bodaiji" title="Bodaiji">bodaiji</a>).<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Furthermore, during this era, schools like Soto Zen, the Hokke (Nichiren) schools and Rennyo's Pure land school also developed comprehensive curricula for doctrinal study, which allowed them to become more self sufficient and independent schools and eliminated the need for their monks to study with other schools.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> There was also a decrease in the ritual schedule of the royal court. Because of this, Buddhist Temples which did survive this period had to turn to new ways of fundraising. Aside from mortuary duties, this also included increasing public viewings (<a href="/wiki/Kaich%C5%8D" title="Kaichō">kaichōs</a>) of hidden or esoteric images.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg/220px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg/330px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg/440px-%E5%A4%A7%E5%9D%82%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%AF%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A model of <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji" title="Ishiyama Hongan-ji">Ishiyama Hongan-ji</a> in Osaka, one of the main fortress-temple complex of the True Pure Land (Jōdo Shinshū) "Devoted League" (Ikko-Ikki).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg/220px-Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg/330px-Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg/440px-Utagawa_Yoshifuji_-_The_Battle_of_Ishiyama_Hongan-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Ishiyama Hongan-ji, by Utagawa Yoshifuji</figcaption></figure> This era also saw the rise of militant Buddhist leagues (ikki), like the <a href="/wiki/Ikk%C5%8D-ikki" title="Ikkō-ikki">Ikko Ikki</a> ("Single Minded" Pure Land Leagues) and <a href="/wiki/Hokke-ikki" title="Hokke-ikki">Hokke-ikki</a> (Nichirenist "Lotus" Leagues), who rose in revolt against samurai lords and established self-rule in certain regions. These leagues would also sometimes go to war with each other and with major temples. The <a href="/wiki/Hokke-ikki" title="Hokke-ikki">Hokke-ikki</a> managed to destroy the Ikko Ikki's <a href="/wiki/Yamashina_Mido" title="Yamashina Mido">Yamashina Honganji</a> temple complex and take over much of Kyoto in the 1530s. They eventually came into conflict with the Tendai warrior monks of Enryakuji in what became known as the Tenbun Period War, in which all 21 major Hokke (Nichiren) temples were destroyed, along with much of Kyoto.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-84">[84]</a> The Tendai warrior monks and the Ikko Ikki leagues remained a major political power in Japan until their defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> (1534–1582), who subjugated both the Tendai monks at Mt Hiei and then the Ikko Ikki, in the <a href="/wiki/Ishiyama_Hongan-ji_War" title="Ishiyama Hongan-ji War">Ishiyama Honganji War</a> (1570–1580) .<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> During the mid-sixteenth century westerners first began to arrive in Japan, introducing new technologies, as well as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a>. This led to numerous debates between Christians and Buddhists, such as the so-called "Yamaguchi sectarian debates" (yamaguchi no shūron).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edo_(Tokugawa)-Period_(1603–1868)">Edo (Tokugawa)-Period (1603–1868)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Edo (Tokugawa)-Period (1603–1868)">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku</a> period of war, Japan was re-united by the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa Shogunate</a> (1600–1868) who ran the country through a feudal system of regional daimyō. The Tokugawa also banned most foreigners from entering the country. The only traders to be allowed were the Dutch at the island of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Dejima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987-86">[86]</a> During the seventeenth century, the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Iemitsu" title="Tokugawa Iemitsu">Tokugawa shōgun Iemitsu</a> set into motion a series of reforms which sought to increase state control of religion (as well as to eliminate Christianity). Iemitsu's reforms developed what has been called the head–branch system (hon-matsu seido) and the temple affiliation system (jidan; alt. danka seido). This system made use of already existing Buddhist institutions and affiliations, but attempted to bring them under official government control and required all temples to be affiliated with a government recognized lineage.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In general, the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Pure Land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a> sects were treated more favourably than the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">True Pure Land</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren</a> sects because the latter had a history of inciting socio-political disturbances in the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Buddhist leaders often worked with the government, providing religious support for their rule. For example, the Zen monk <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Sōhō</a> (1573–1645) suggested that the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Ieyasu" title="Tokugawa Ieyasu">Tokugawa Ieyasu</a>, was a kami (divine spirit). He also wrote a book on zen and martial arts (<a href="/wiki/The_Unfettered_Mind" title="The Unfettered Mind">The Unfettered Mind</a>) addressed to the samurai. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_Sh%C5%8Dsan" title="Suzuki Shōsan">Suzuki Shōsan</a> would even call the Tokugawa shōgun a "holy king" (shōō).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-11-89">[89]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, Buddhist institutions procured funding through various ritual means, such as the sale of talismans, posthumous names and titles, prayer petitions, and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-12-90">[90]</a> The practice of pilgrimage was also prominent in the Edo Period. Many temples and holy sites like <a href="/wiki/Mount_K%C5%8Dya" title="Mount Kōya">Mt. Kōya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konpira-san" class="mw-redirect" title="Konpira-san">Mt. Konpira</a> and Mt. Ōyama (<a href="/wiki/Sagami_Province" title="Sagami Province">Sagami Province</a>) hosted Buddhist pilgrims and mountain ascetics throughout the era.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-13-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Ingen_Ry%C5%ABki_by_Kita_Genki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Chinese monk Yinyuan (<a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a>), who founded the Ōbaku school</figcaption></figure> During the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku</a> lineage of Zen would be introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a>, a Chinese monk. Ingen had been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a> in Ming China. This lineage, which promoted the dual practice of zazen and nembutsu, would be very successful, having over a thousand temples by the mid-18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-11-89">[89]</a> Meanwhile, a new breed of public preachers was beginning to frequent public spaces and develop new forms of preaching. These include Pure Land monk <a href="/wiki/Anrakuan_Sakuden" title="Anrakuan Sakuden">Sakuden</a> (1554–1642), who is seen as an originator of <a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo humor</a> and wrote the Seisuishō (Laughs to Wake You Up), which is a collection of humorous anecdotes. Other traveling preachers of the era who made use of stories and narratives include the Shingon-Ritsu monk Rentai (1663–1726) and the Pure Land monk <a href="/wiki/Asai_Ry%C5%8Di" title="Asai Ryōi">Asai Ryōi</a> (d. 1691).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hakuin_Ekaku" title="Hakuin Ekaku">Hakuin Ekaku</a> (1685–1768) laid a strong emphasis on kōan training as the original pedagogical means of his tradition, combining it with a somatic practice by drawing on ideas from Chinese medicine and Daoism. Hakuin also criticized the mixing of Zen and Pure Land.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> His views became influential in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meji-period</a> (1868–1912), when his dharma-heirs came to dominate the Japanese Rinzai-school. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg/220px-%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg/330px-%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg/440px-%E9%8C%A6%E7%94%BB%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E4%B9%8B%E5%9B%B3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Making Prints, by Hosoki Toshikazu c. 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg/220px-JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg/330px-JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg/440px-JIGAGE_E_SH%C5%8C_1814_Buddha_sees_all.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3412" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a book published in 1814</figcaption></figure> During the Edo period, there was an unprecedented growth of print publishing (in part due to the support of the Tokugawa regime), and the creation and sale of printed Buddhist works exploded. The Tendai monk <a href="/wiki/Tenkai" title="Tenkai">Tenkai</a>, supported by Iemitsu, led the printing of the Buddhist "canon" (issaikyō, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">The Tripiṭaka</a>). Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 184–186 Also notable was the publication of an exceptionally high quality reprint of the Ming-era Tripiṭaka by <a href="/wiki/Tetsugen_Doko" title="Tetsugen Doko">Tetsugen Doko</a>, a renowned master of the Ōbaku school.<a href="#cite_note-Buddhanet-94">[94]</a> An important part of the publishing boom were books of Buddhist sermons called kange-bon or dangi-bon.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-13-91">[91]</a> With the support of the Shogunate, Buddhist scholasticism also thrived during the Edo period, and the major Buddhist schools established new systems of scholastic study in their schools' seminaries (danrin).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-12-90">[90]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_J%C5%ABhachi_Danrin" title="Kantō Jūhachi Danrin">18 Jōdo school danrin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō</a>, which were patronized by the Tokugawa family, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Z%C5%8Dj%C5%8D-ji" title="Zōjō-ji">Zōjōji</a>. The True Pure Land lineages established an extensive seminary system which constituted what would eventually become <a href="/wiki/Ryukoku_University" title="Ryukoku University">Ryūkoku University.</a> There was also a renaissance of Sanskrit studies in the Shingon school, led by figures such as Jōgon (1639–1702) and Jiun Sonja (1718–1804). Meanwhile, in Sōtō Zen, scholars led by <a href="/wiki/Menzan_Zuih%C5%8D" title="Menzan Zuihō">Menzan Zuihō</a> (1683–1769) undertook a major attempt to publish and study the works of Dōgen.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-5-95">[95]</a> Also during this time there was a widespread movement among many Buddhist sects to return to the proper use of Buddhist precepts. Numerous figures in the Ōbaku, Shingon, Shingon-risshū, Nichiren, Jōdo shū and Soto schools participated in this effort to tighten and reform Buddhist ethical discipline.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-5-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meiji_period_(1868–1912)">Meiji period (1868–1912)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Meiji period (1868–1912)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg/220px-Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg/330px-Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg/440px-Nagane_Tanaka_Haibutsu_Kishaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist temple bells being smelted for bronze during the haibutsu kishaku</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, the new imperial government adopted a strong anti-Buddhist attitude. A new form of pristine <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, shorn of all Buddhist influences, was promoted as the state religion, an official state policy known as <a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">shinbutsu bunri</a> (separating Buddhism from Shinto), which began with the Kami and Buddhas Separation Order (shinbutsu hanzenrei) of 1868.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The ideologues of this new Shinto sought to return to a pure Japanese spirit, before it was "corrupted" by external influences, mainly Buddhism. They were influenced by national study (<a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">kokugaku</a>) figures like <a href="/wiki/Motoori_Norinaga" title="Motoori Norinaga">Motoori Norinaga</a> (1730–1801) and <a href="/wiki/Hirata_Atsutane" title="Hirata Atsutane">Hirata Atsutane</a> (1776–1843), both of whom strongly criticized Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The new order dismantled the combined temple-shrine complexes that had existed for centuries. Buddhists priests were no longer able to practice at Shinto shrines and Buddhist artifacts were removed from Shinto shrines.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-14-98">[98]</a> This sparked a popular and often violent movement to eradicate Buddhism, which was seen as backwards and foreign and associated with the corrupt Shogunate. There had been much pent-up anger among the populace because the Tokugawa <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">danka system</a> forced families to affiliate themselves with a Buddhist temple, which included the obligation of monetary donations. Many Buddhist temples abused this system to make money, causing an undue burden on their parishioners.<a href="#cite_note-review-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-hur-100">[100]</a> This religious persecution of Buddhism, known as <a href="/wiki/Haibutsu_kishaku" title="Haibutsu kishaku">haibutsu kishaku</a> (literally: "abolish Buddhism and destroy <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shākyamuni</a>"), saw the destruction and closure of many Buddhist institutions throughout Japan as well as the confiscation of their land, the forced laicization of Buddhist monks and the destruction of Buddhist books and artifacts.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In some instances, monks were attacked and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-14-98">[98]</a> The violence spread to every region of the country. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_studies" title="Japanese studies">Japanologist</a> Martin Collcutt believes Japanese Buddhism was on the verge of total eradication.<a href="#cite_note-Breen-102">[102]</a> It is estimated that 40,000 Buddhist temples were destroyed, and in certain places the percentage of Buddhist temples destroyed reached 80%.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The intensity of the destruction depended on the region, and the most violent times of haibutsu kishaku lasted between 1869 and 1871. The government edict of April 1872 ended the status of the Buddhist precepts as state law and allowed monks to marry, to eat meat and stopped the regulation of tonsure and dress.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The result of this law (over the course of about four decades) was that most Buddhist priests in Japan marry and many temples became hereditary holdings within a family.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-10-105">[105]</a> Anti-Buddhist government policies and religious persecution put many Buddhist institutions on the defensive against those who saw it as the enemy of the Japanese people.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deal-15-107">[107]</a> This led Japanese Buddhist institutions to re-examine and re-invent the role of Buddhism in a modernizing Japanese state which now supported <a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">state Shintō</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-15-107">[107]</a> There were a broad range of reform strategies and movements which aimed at positioning Buddhism as a useful partner to a modernizing Japan. This included clerical reform to tighten discipline as well as reforms concerning doctrine and practice. Some Buddhists sought to modernize Buddhist thought by combining it with Western science and philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-10-105">[105]</a> This reformed "new Buddhism" (shin bukkyō) was often promoted by laypersons, such as Sakaino Kōyō (1871–1933) and Takashima Beihō (1875–1949) who founded the Shin Bukkyōto Dōshikai (New Buddhist Friends' Association) in 1899 and promoted social justice activities.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-16-108">[108]</a> The New Buddhists often joined Japanese nationalist patriotism with Buddhist virtues. Some new Buddhist organizations fully embraced <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalism</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kokuch%C5%ABkai" title="Kokuchūkai">Kokuchūkai</a> (Pillar of the Nation Society) of <a href="/wiki/Tanaka_Chigaku" title="Tanaka Chigaku">Tanaka Chigaku</a> (1861–1939), who promoted Japanese Imperialism as a way to spread the message of the Lotus Sutra. Another new Buddhist society was the Keii-kai (Woof and Warp Society, founded in 1894), which was critical of doctrinal rigidity of traditional Buddhism and championed what they termed "free investigation" (jiyū tōkyū) as a way to respond to the rapid changes of the time.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiyozawa_Manshi" title="Kiyozawa Manshi">Kiyozawa Manshi</a>'s Seishin-shugi (Spiritualism) movement promoted the idea that Buddhists should focus on self-cultivation without relying on organized Buddhism or the state. Kiyozawa and his friends lived together in a commune called Kōkōdō (Vast Cavern), and published a journal called Seishinkai (Spiritual World).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-16-108">[108]</a> Other Buddhists focused on adherence to the ten precepts, such as Shaku Unshō who created formed a lay organization known as the Jūzen-kai (Association for the Ten Precepts).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> An influential figure of Buddhist reform during this period was the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Inoue_Enry%C5%8D" title="Inoue Enryō">Inoue Enryō</a> (1858–1919). A graduate of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">Tokyo Imperial University</a>, he is known for his <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">critique of Christianity</a> as well as for his ideas on reforming Buddhist institutions. He sought to interpret Buddhist thought through a more rational lens and drew on <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> as well as the teachings of the historical Buddha to do so. He was a prolific author of around 120 books, including Shinri kinshin (The Guiding Principle of Truth) and Bukkyō katsu ron (Enlivening Buddhism). In 1904 he inaugurated the <a href="/wiki/Tetsugaku-d%C5%8D_Park" title="Tetsugaku-dō Park">Tetsugaku-dō</a> (Hall of Philosophy), which was dedicated to Shakyamuni, Confucius, Socrates, and Kant. He also advocated for social welfare activities.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> It was also during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> that Japanese Buddhist studies as an academic field began. This was sparked by the overseas travel of Japanese scholars to Western universities and encountered Buddhist textual studies there, particularly the study of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Indian Buddhism</a> and its languages (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>). This led to some Japanese Buddhists to question the orthodoxy of Japanese Buddhist traditions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> However, the Japanese government at this time was hesitant to give Buddhism any significant influence over public education, and as a result Buddhist studies was classed under philosophy rather than religion, and terms such as "Indian studies" was favoured over "Buddhist studies."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> One of the first such Japanese academics was <a href="/wiki/Nanjo_Bunyu" title="Nanjo Bunyu">Nanjō Bunyū</a> (1849–1927), who studied Sanskrit at Oxford with <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> and later took a position at Tokyo Imperial University. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Sensh%C5%8D_Murakami" title="Senshō Murakami">Murakami Senshō</a> (1851–1929) focused on the study of Sanskrit and Pali texts and the history of Buddhism. He focused on the universal values of world Buddhism and wrote critically regarding the historical bias of Japanese Buddhism in works such as Daijō bussetsu ron hihan (A Critique of the Theory that Mahayana Is the Direct Teaching of the Historical Buddha, 1903).<a href="#cite_note-Deal-17-114">[114]</a> There were also a number of new Buddhist movements that grew popular in the Meiji period through 1945. Some of the most influential of these were the Nichirenist/Lotus movements of <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Sōka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reiy%C5%ABkai" title="Reiyūkai">Reiyūkai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōseikai</a>. They focused on active proselytization and worldly personal benefits.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-17-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_time_Buddhism_(1931–1945)">War time Buddhism (1931–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: War time Buddhism (1931–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism and violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zen_at_War" title="Zen at War">Zen at War</a></div> During the "fifteen year war" (beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931 and ending with the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in 1945), most Japanese Buddhist institutions supported militarization of Japan.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVictoria1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(June_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Japanese Buddhist support for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">militarism</a> was rooted in the Meiji era need for Buddhists to show that they were good citizens that were relevant to Japan's efforts to modernize and become a major power. Some Buddhists, like Tanaka Chigaku, saw the war as a way to spread Buddhism. During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, Buddhist leaders supported the war effort in different ways, such as by providing chaplains to the army, performing rituals to secure victory and working with the families of fallen soldiers. During the fifteen-year war, Japanese Buddhists supported the war effort in similar ways, and Buddhist priests became attached to Imperial army regiments.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-9-122">[122]</a> The Myōwakai (Society for Light and Peace), a transsectarian Buddhist organization, was a strong supporter of the war effort who promoted the idea of "benevolent forcefulness" which held that "war conducted for a good reason is in accord with the great benevolence and compassion of Buddhism."<a href="#cite_note-Deal-9-122">[122]</a> Another right-wing Buddhist organization during the war was <a href="/wiki/Nissh%C5%8D_Inoue" title="Nisshō Inoue">Nisshō Inoue</a>'s terrorist organization "<a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">league of blood</a>" (ketsumeidan), which attempted to carry out a series of assassinations, culminating in the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Inukai_Tsuyoshi" title="Inukai Tsuyoshi">Inukai Tsuyoshi</a>, an event known as the "<a href="/wiki/May_15_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="May 15 Incident">May 15 Incident</a>". During the war, the Japanese government sought to further tighten its control over Buddhist institutions. They attempted to force Buddhist schools to remove from their doctrines any language or idea that revealed anything less than full allegiance to the emperor or that diminished the significance of Shintō kami. This included parts of the writings of medieval Buddhist founders like Shinran and Nichiren who had written that it is sometimes good to criticize rulers if they go against the Dharma.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-18-123">[123]</a> Buddhists were also forced to venerate talismans from the <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Isse Shrine</a>, and there were serious consequences for those who refused. For example, during the 1940s, "leaders of both Honmon Hokkeshu and Sōka Gakkai were imprisoned for their defiance of wartime government religious policy, which mandated display of reverence for state Shinto."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Cultures_p._61-126">[126]</a> A few individuals who directly opposed war were targeted by the government. These include the Rinzai priest Ichikawa Hakugen,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and Itō Shōshin (1876–1963), a former Jōdo Shinshū priest.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-18-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1945">Since 1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Since 1945">edit</a>]</div> At the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japan was <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">devastated by the allied bombing campaigns</a>, with most cities in ruins. The <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation government</a> abolished state Shinto, establishing <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of religion and state</a> which became an official part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japanese constitutional amendment</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> This meant that Buddhist temples and institutions were now free to associate with any religious lineage or to become independent if doctrinal or administrative differences proved too much. One example is when <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryūji</a> temple became independent from the Hossō lineage and created its own Shōtoku denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-6-129">[129]</a> The Japanese populace was aware of Buddhist involvement in aiding and promoting the war effort. Because of this, Buddhist lineages have engaged in acts of repentance for their wartime activities. Buddhist groups have been active in the post-war peace movement.<a href="#cite_note-Deal-6-129">[129]</a> Buddhist temples in post-war Japan experienced difficult times. There was much damage to be repaired and there was little funding for it. In the 1950s, the situation slowly improved, especially for those temples that could harness tourism and other ways of procuring funding. However, post-war land reforms and an increasingly mobile and urban population meant that temples lost both parishioners and land holdings.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In the 1960s, many temples were focused solely on providing services like funerals and burials. In 1963, Tamamuro Taijō coined the term sōshiki bukkyō (funerary Buddhism), to describe the ritualistic formalism of temple Buddhism in postwar Japan that was often divorced from people's spiritual needs.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Post-war Japan has seen a decline in traditional temple Buddhism, with roughly 100 Buddhist organizations disappearing every year.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-yearbook-133">[133]</a> Still, around 90% of Japanese funerals are conducted according to Buddhist rites.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soka_Gakkai_(new_head_office_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg/220px-Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg/330px-Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg/440px-Soka_Gakkai_%28new_head_office_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Soka Gakkai's Tokyo headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg/220px-Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg/330px-Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg/440px-Vowz_Band_%E5%9D%8A%E4%B8%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Vowz Band (A group of Buddhist monks who use rock music to spread message<a href="#cite_note-BBC_3_July_2013-135">[135]</a>) </figcaption></figure> During the post-war period, in contrast to traditional temple Buddhism, Buddhist based <a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a> grew rapidly, especially the Nichiren/Lotus Sūtra based movements like Sōka Gakkai and Risshō Kōseikai (which are today the largest lay Buddhist organizations in Japan).<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Soka Gakkai "... grew rapidly in the chaos of post war Japan<a href="#cite_note-American_Cultures_p._61-126">[126]</a> from about 3000 members in 1951 to over 8 million members" in 2000,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and has established schools, colleges and a university, as well as cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> A study about the reason for the growth in lay believers and increased engagement in society attributes the cause to <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> teachings of 'social responsibility': "In the tradition of Nichiren Buddhism, however, we find the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a> linked to a view of social responsibility that is distinctive".<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> According to an academic study, lay believers of Buddhism "... offer an alternative view of Japan where their form of Buddhism would form the religious foundation of a peaceful and psychologically and materially enriched society".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In the 1970s, during a period of rapid <a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">social and economic change</a>, there was a wave of new religious movements that were called "new new religions" (shin shin shūkyō). While the new religions tended to be Nichiren focused, the "new new" Buddhist religions tend to be influenced by numerous other Buddhist traditions. Buddhist new new religions include the <a href="/wiki/Agon_Shu" title="Agon Shu">Agon shū</a> (Āgama School), <a href="/wiki/Gedatsukai" title="Gedatsukai">Gedatsukai</a> (Enlightenment Society, drawing from Shingon and Shinto), and <a href="/wiki/Shinnyo-en" title="Shinnyo-en">Shinnyoen</a> (Garden of True Thusness, a Shingon-based religion).<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Japanese_cult)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Japanese cult)">Aum Shinrikyō</a>, the most notorious of these new new religions, is a dangerous cult responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_subway_sarin_attack" title="Tokyo subway sarin attack">Tokyo gas attack</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">post-war era</a> also saw a new philosophical movements among Buddhist intellectuals called the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto school</a>, since it was led by a group of Kyoto University professors, mainly <a href="/wiki/Kitaro_Nishida" title="Kitaro Nishida">Nishida Kitarō</a> (1870–1945), <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Tanabe" title="Hajime Tanabe">Tanabe Hajime</a> (1885–1962), and <a href="/wiki/Keiji_Nishitani" title="Keiji Nishitani">Nishitani Keiji</a> (1900–1991). These thinkers drew from Western philosophers like Kant, Hegel and Nietzsche and Buddhist thought to express a new perspective. Another intellectual field that has attracted interest is <a href="/wiki/Critical_Buddhism" title="Critical Buddhism">Critical Buddhism</a> (hihan bukkyō), associated with Sōtō Zen priests like Hakamaya Noriaki (b. 1943) and Matsumoto Shirō (b. 1950), who criticized certain key ideas in Japanese Mahayana (mainly <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hongaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongaku">original enlightenment</a>) as being incompatible with the Buddha's <a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">not-self</a> doctrine. Critical Buddhists have also examined the moral failings of Japanese Buddhism, such as support for nationalist violence and social discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Schools">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg/220px-Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg/330px-Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg/440px-Portable_shrine_with_30_guardian_deities%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Portable shrine from the 1600s with 30 guardian deities and an invocation to the Lotus Sutra. Buddhism and kami worship were closely associated in Japan until they were separated in the late 1800s</figcaption></figure> Japanese Buddhism is very diverse with numerous independent schools and temple lineages (including the "old" Nara schools and the "new" Kamakura schools) that can be traced back to ancient and medieval Japan, as well as more recent Japanese New Religious movements and modern lay organizations. According to the religious statistics of 2023 by the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a> of Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_corporation" title="Religious corporation">religious corporation</a> under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> in Japan had 129 million believers, of which 46 million were Buddhists and most of them were believers of new schools of Buddhism which were established in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185－1333). The number of believers of each sect is approximately 22 million for <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Japanese_Pure_Land" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, 10 million for <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, 5.4 million for <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>, 5.2 million for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen Buddhism</a>, 2.8 million for <a href="/wiki/Tendai_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendai Buddhism">Tendai Buddhism</a>, and only about 700,000 for the old schools, which were established in the <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a> (710－794).<a href="#cite_note-shukyo23-6">[6]</a> An old saying regarding the schools of Buddhism in relation to the different classes is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Tendai is for the royal family, the Shingon for the nobility, the Zen for the warrior classes, and the Jodo for the masses.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nara_Buddhism">Nara Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nara Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanto_Rokush%C5%AB" title="Nanto Rokushū">Nanto Rokushū</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofukuji0411.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kofukuji0411.jpg/220px-Kofukuji0411.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kofukuji0411.jpg/330px-Kofukuji0411.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kofukuji0411.jpg/440px-Kofukuji0411.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>, the national headquarters of the Hossō school.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Todaiji18s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Todaiji18s3200.jpg/220px-Todaiji18s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Todaiji18s3200.jpg/330px-Todaiji18s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Todaiji18s3200.jpg/440px-Todaiji18s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, the head temple of the Kegon school</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg/220px-Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg/330px-Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg/440px-Yakushiji_Nara03s3s4350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>The Golden Hall (<a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">kondō</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Yakushi-ji" title="Yakushi-ji">Yakushi-ji</a></figcaption></figure> The Six <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara</a> Schools are the oldest Buddhist schools in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> These schools came to Japan from <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. They are associated with the ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Heij%C5%8D-ky%C5%8D" title="Heijō-kyō">Heijō-kyō</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>), where they founded the famed "<a href="/wiki/Nanto_Shichi_Daiji" title="Nanto Shichi Daiji">seven great temples of the southern capital</a>" (Nanto Shichi Daiji 南都七大寺). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kegon">Kegon Buddhism</a> (華厳宗, Kegon-shū), introduced to Japan around 736 by the Indian monk <a href="/wiki/Bodhisena" title="Bodhisena">Bodhisena</a>. The school focused on the <a href="/wiki/Avatamsaka_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Avatamsaka Sutra">Avatamsaka Sutra</a>, a compilation of numerous <a href="/wiki/Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutras">sutras</a>, as well as on the works of <a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a> patriarchs on the <a href="/wiki/Interpenetration_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpenetration (Buddhism)">interpenetration</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">phenomena</a> (or 'dharmas' in the specifically Buddhist sense).</li> <li>Hossō Buddhism (法相宗, Hossō-shū), introduced to Japan in 654 by Japanese monk <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" title="Dōshō">Dōshō</a>, who had travelled to China to study under <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dumoulin-145">[145]</a> The school focused on the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a> on mastering the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>.</li> <li>Sanron Buddhism (三論宗, Sanron-shū), introduced to Japan around 625 by the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Hyegwan" title="Hyegwan">Hyegwan</a>. The school focused on the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nāgārjuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryadeva" title="Aryadeva">Āryadeva</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">emptiness</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">phenomenon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū Buddhism</a> (律宗, Risshū-shū), introduced to Japan around 753 by the Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Jianzhen" title="Jianzhen">Jianzhen</a>. The school focused on the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> translation of the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> and on strict adherece to <a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a> monastic rules.</li> <li>Jōjitsu Buddhism (成実宗, Jōjitsu-shū), introduced to Japan around 625 by the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> monk Ekwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakakusu200276-146">[146]</a> The school focused on the <a href="/wiki/Tattvasiddhi" title="Tattvasiddhi">Satyasiddhi-Śāstra</a>, a text of <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> by the philosopher Harivarman. It was never a truly independent school, instead it was studied along with Sanron doctrine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha-sh%C5%AB" title="Kusha-shū">Kusha Buddhism</a> (倶舎宗, Kusha-shū), a <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> school focused on the <a href="/wiki/Abhidharmako%C5%9Bak%C4%81rik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidharmakośakārikā">Abhidharmakośabhaṣya</a>, a text of <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>. It was never a truly independent school, instead it was studied along with Hossō doctrine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heian_Buddhism">Heian Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Heian Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mikkyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikkyo">Mikkyo</a></div> Eventually, the increasing power of Six Nara Schools and their influence in politics started to overwhelm the city of Nara. This forced <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Kanmu" title="Emperor Kanmu">Emperor Kanmu</a> to relocate the capital, moving it to <a href="/wiki/Heian-ky%C5%8D" title="Heian-kyō">Heian-kyō</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>). It also directly encouraged the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a> school, founded by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a>. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendai Buddhism">Tendai Buddhism</a> (天台宗, Tendai-shū) is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Tiantai_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiantai Buddhism">Tiantai Buddhism</a> introduced to Japan by <a href="/wiki/Saich%C5%8D" title="Saichō">Saichō</a> in 805, who also introduced tantric elements into the tradition. The primary text of Tendai Buddhism is the <a href="/wiki/Lotus_Sutra" title="Lotus Sutra">Lotus Sutra</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Mahavairocana_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavairocana Tantra">Mahavairocana Tantra</a> (大日経, Dainichikyō) is also important. The Lotus Sutra is also central to Tendai esoteric teachings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a> (真言宗, Shingon-shū) is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrayana Buddhism">Vajrayana Buddhism</a> introduced to Japan by <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABkai" title="Kūkai">Kūkai</a> in 816, who traveled to China and studied the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Mantrayana tradition</a>. Shingon is based mainly on two tantric scriptures, the Mahavairocana Tantra and the <a href="/wiki/Vajrasekhara_Sutra" title="Vajrasekhara Sutra">Vajrasekhara Sutra</a> (金剛頂経, Kongōchōkyō). <a href="/wiki/Dainichi_Nyorai" class="mw-redirect" title="Dainichi Nyorai">Dainichi Nyorai</a> is central to Shingon esoteric teachings.</li></ul> Additionally, this period saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a>, an eclectic tradition which brought together Buddhist and ancient <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> elements. It was founded by <a href="/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja" title="En no Gyōja">En no Gyōja</a> (役行者, "En the ascetic"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamakura_Buddhism">Kamakura Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kamakura Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chionin31n3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chionin31n3200.jpg/220px-Chionin31n3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chionin31n3200.jpg/330px-Chionin31n3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chionin31n3200.jpg/440px-Chionin31n3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chion-in" title="Chion-in">Chion-in</a>, the head temple of <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eiheiji_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/220px-Eiheiji_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/330px-Eiheiji_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eiheiji_map.jpg/440px-Eiheiji_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>A traditional map of <a href="/wiki/Eihei-ji" title="Eihei-ji">Eihei-ji</a>, the main temple of the <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Sōtō">Sōtō</a> school.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg/220px-Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg/330px-Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg/440px-Hiroshige_Temple_compound_on_a_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>A print of the <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nichiren Shū">Nichiren Shū</a> temple <a href="/wiki/Ikegami_Honmon-ji" title="Ikegami Honmon-ji">Ikegami Honmon-ji</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hiroshige" title="Hiroshige">Hiroshige</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/220px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/330px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg/440px-Daruma-Bodhidharma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Bodhidharma (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: 達磨; <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>: だるま; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a>: Daruma), painted by <a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a>, swordsman artist and philosopher close to <a href="/wiki/Takuan_S%C5%8Dh%C5%8D" title="Takuan Sōhō">Takuan Soho</a> monk of the Rinzai school (linked to the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai caste</a>) founded by the 28th Patriarch.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, many Buddhist schools (classified by scholars as "New Buddhism" or Shin Bukkyo), as opposed to "Old Buddhism" (Kyū Bukkyō). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Japanese_Pure_Land" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land Buddhism</a>, which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">Nembutsu</a> practice, chanting the name of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amida Buddha</a>, so as to be reborn in the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Land">Pure Land</a>. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo-shū</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a> (1133–1212).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo_Shinsh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo Shinshū">Jōdo Shinshū</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a> (1173–1263).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ji-shu" title="Ji-shu">Ji-shū</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ippen" title="Ippen">Ippen</a> (1239–1289).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yuzu_Nembutsu" title="Yuzu Nembutsu">Yūzū-Nembutsu-shū</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dnin" title="Ryōnin">Ryōnin</a> (1072–1132).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen Buddhism</a>, originating from Chinese <a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan Buddhism</a>, focuses on <a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a> meditation. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Rinzai_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinzai Zen">Rinzai Zen</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Eisai" title="Eisai">Eisai</a> (1141–1215), a Japanese line of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Linji_school" title="Linji school">Linji school</a>, emphasizes <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōan">Kōan</a> practice.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Zen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sōtō Zen">Sōtō Zen</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a> (1200–1253), a Japanese line of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Caodong_school" title="Caodong school">Caodong school</a>, emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a> practice.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku" title="Ōbaku">Ōbaku Zen</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Ingen" title="Ingen">Ingen</a> in 1654, incorporates elements of <a href="/wiki/Nembutsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nembutsu">Nembutsu</a> practice.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> (1222–1282) which focuses on the Lotus Sutra and <a href="/wiki/Odaimoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Odaimoku">Odaimoku</a> practice, chanting the name of the Lotus Sutra. <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nichiren-sh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren-shū">Nichiren-shū</a>, venerates and reveres the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Buddha" title="Eternal Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha of the Essential Teachings</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Sh%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Nichiren Shōshū">Nichiren Shōshū</a>, venerates and reveres the <a href="/wiki/Dai_Gohonzon" title="Dai Gohonzon">Dai Gohonzon of the High Sanctuary of the Essential Teachings</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New religious movements">edit</a>]</div> There are various Japanese new religious movements which can be considered Buddhist sects, the largest of these are lay Nichiren Buddhist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Soka_Gakkai" title="Soka Gakkai">Soka Gakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reiy%C5%ABkai" title="Reiyūkai">Reiyūkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%8D_K%C5%8Dsei_Kai" title="Risshō Kōsei Kai">Risshō Kōsei-kai</a> and lay Zen Buddhist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Sanbo_Kyodan" title="Sanbo Kyodan">Sanbo Kyodan</a> and FAS Society. But there are other new movements such as <a href="/wiki/Agon_Shu" title="Agon Shu">Agon Shū</a> (阿含宗, "Agama School"), a Buddhist school which focuses on studying the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Buddhism)" title="Āgama (Buddhism)">Agamas</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">early Buddhist scriptures.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cultural influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_influence">Societal influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Societal influence">edit</a>]</div> During the Kamakura (1185–1333) and Muromachi (1336–1573) periods, Buddhism and Buddhist institutions had a great influence on Japanese society. Buddhist institutions were used by the shogunate to control the country. During the Edo (1600–1868) this power was constricted, to be followed by persecutions at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987-86">[86]</a> Buddhist temples played a major administrative role during the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Danka_system" title="Danka system">Danka</a> or terauke system. In this, Japanese citizens were required to register at their local Buddhist temples and obtain a certification (terauke), which became necessary to function in society. At first, this system was put into place to suppress <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Christianity</a>, but over time it took on the larger role of census and population control. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_influence">Artistic influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Artistic influence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WindGods.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/350px-WindGods.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/525px-WindGods.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/WindGods.JPG/700px-WindGods.JPG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Iconographical evolution of the Wind God. Left: Greek wind god from <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda, Afghanistan</a>, 2nd century. Middle: wind god from <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, 7th century. Right: Japanese wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a>, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> Japanese Buddhist art started to develop as soon as the country converted to Buddhism in 548. Some tiles from the <a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> (shown above), the first period following the conversion of the country to Buddhism, display a strikingly classical style, with ample Hellenistic dress and realistically rendered body shape characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>. Buddhist art became extremely varied in its expression. Many elements of Greco-Buddhist art remain to this day however, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> inspiration behind the <a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Nio</a> guardian deities in front of Japanese Buddhist temples, or representations of the Buddha reminiscent of Greek art such as the Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Kamakura" title="Kamakura">Kamakura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deities">Deities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Deities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_pantheon" title="Japanese Buddhist pantheon">Japanese Buddhist pantheon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/350px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/525px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG/700px-Heracles-Shukongoshin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Iconographical evolution from the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a> to the Japanese god Shukongōshin. From left to right: 1) Heracles (Louvre Museum). 2) Heracles on coin of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a>. 3) <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, the protector of the Buddha, depicted as Heracles in the Greco-Buddhist art of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. 4) <a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Shukongōshin</a>, manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, as protector deity of Buddhist temples in Japan.</figcaption></figure> Various other Greco-Buddhist artistic influences can be found in the Japanese Buddhist pantheon, the most striking being that of the Japanese wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fūjin</a>. In consistency with Greek iconography for the wind god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>, the Japanese wind god holds above his head with his two hands a draping or "wind bag" in the same general attitude.<a href="#cite_note-148">[b]</a> The abundance of hair has been kept in the Japanese rendering, as well as exaggerated facial features. Another Buddhist deity, Shukongōshin, one of the wrath-filled protector deities of Buddhist temples in Japan, is also an interesting case of transmission of the image of the famous Greek god Heracles to East Asia along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Heracles was used in Greco-Buddhist art to represent <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani</a>, the protector of the Buddha, and his representation was then used in China and Japan to depict the protector gods of Buddhist temples.<a href="#cite_note-149">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artistic_motifs">Artistic motifs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Artistic motifs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG/220px-NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG/330px-NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG/440px-NaraVines%26Grapes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Vine and grape scrolls from Nara, 7th century.</figcaption></figure> The artistic inspiration from Greek floral scrolls is found quite literally in the decoration of Japanese roof tiles, one of the only remaining element of wooden architecture throughout centuries. The clearest ones are from the 7th century Nara temple building tiles, some of them exactly depicting vines and grapes. These motifs have evolved towards more symbolic representations, but essentially remain to this day in many Japanese traditional buildings.<a href="#cite_note-150">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_temples">Architecture and temples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Architecture and temples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(temples)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)">List of National Treasures of Japan (temples)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Soga_no_Umako" title="Soga no Umako">Soga no Umako</a> built Hōkō-ji, the first temple in Japan, between 588 and 596. It was later renamed as <a href="/wiki/Asuka-dera" title="Asuka-dera">Asuka-dera</a> for <a href="/wiki/Asuka,_Yamato" title="Asuka, Yamato">Asuka</a>, the name of the capital where it was located. Unlike early <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrines</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a> were highly ornamental and strictly symmetrical. The early <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (9th–10th century) saw an evolution of style based on the <a href="/wiki/Mikky%C5%8D" title="Mikkyō">mikkyō</a> sects Tendai and <a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon Buddhism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Daibutsuy%C5%8D" title="Daibutsuyō">Daibutsuyō</a> style and the <a href="/wiki/Zensh%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Zenshūyō">Zenshūyō</a> style emerged in the late 12th or early 13th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holidays">Holidays</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Holidays">edit</a>]</div> The following Japanese Buddhist holidays are celebrated by most, if not all, major Buddhist traditions:<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <ul><li>Jan. 1st – <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a> (Shōgatsu).</li> <li>Feb. 15th – <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirvana Day">Nirvana Day</a> (Nehan-e). The day at the Buddha was said to have passed away into <a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a> (his final vanishing).</li> <li>Mar. 20th – <a href="/wiki/Higan" title="Higan">Higan</a>-e, the <a href="/wiki/Spring_equinox_(northern_hemisphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring equinox (northern hemisphere)">Spring Equinox</a> celebration.</li> <li>Apr. 8th – <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday (Hanamatsuri)</a>, i.e. Kanbutsu-e (潅仏会) or Busshō-e (仏生会).</li> <li>July – Aug. – <a href="/wiki/Bon_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon Festival">Obon Festival</a>, a festival to <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">honor the spirits of one's ancestors</a>.</li> <li>Sept. 21st, approximately – <a href="/wiki/Higan" title="Higan">Higan</a>-e, the Autumnal Equinox celebration.</li> <li>Dec. 8th – <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Day" title="Bodhi Day">Bodhi Day</a> (Shaka-Jōdō-e or just Jōdō-e), this celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">awakening</a> of the Buddha</li> <li>Dec. 31st – Jōya-e or Sechibun-E, the end of the year celebration.</li></ul> Some holidays are specific to certain schools or traditions. For example, Zen Buddhist traditions celebrate Daruma-ki on October 15 to commemorate the life of <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> According to estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Japanese Government</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>, as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit">[update]</a>, Buddhism was the predominant religion in Japan with about 84 million adherents or about 69% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Japanese population</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> had the second most, though a large number of people practice elements of both.<a href="#cite_note-ACA_Yearbook-1">[1]</a> Japan has the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country#By_country" title="Buddhism by country">second largest Buddhist population</a> in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a>. According to statistics by the Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Religious_corporation" title="Religious corporation">religious corporation</a> under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a> in Japan had 129 million believers, of which 46 million were Buddhists. Most of them were believers of new schools of Buddhism which were established in the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> (1185－1333).<a href="#cite_note-shukyo23-6">[6]</a> According to these statistics, the largest sects of Japanese Buddhism are the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddo-sh%C5%AB" title="Jōdo-shū">Jōdo Buddhists</a> with 22 million believers, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a> Buddhists with 10 million believers.<a href="#cite_note-shukyo23-6">[6]</a> There are a wide range of estimates; the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> estimated 36.2% of the population in 2010 practiced Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-152">[148]</a> The Japanese General Social Survey placed the figure at less than 20% of the population in 2017. The 2013 Japanese National Character Survey showed that roughly 70% of the population do not adhere to any religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Iwai_2017-2">[2]</a> Another survey indicates that about 60% of Japanese families have a <a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">butsudan</a> (Buddhist shrine) in their homes.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> According to a 2012 Pew Research study, Japan has the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country#By_country" title="Buddhism by country">third largest Buddhist population</a> in the world, after <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PewDec2012-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/28px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/42px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/56px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_deities" title="Buddhist deities">Buddhist deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichibata_Yakushi_Kyodan" title="Ichibata Yakushi Kyodan">Ichibata Yakushi Kyodan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanjin" title="Kanjin">Kanjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_National_Museum" title="Nara National Museum">Nara National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_kakuri" title="Shinbutsu kakuri">Shinbutsu kakuri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Katsumi Tanabe: "Needless to say, the influence of Greek art on Japanese Buddhist art, via the Buddhist art of Gandhara and India, was already partly known in, for example, the comparison of the wavy drapery of the Buddha images, in what was, originally, a typical Greek style" (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 19) </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Katusmi Tanabe: "The Japanese wind god images do not belong to a separate tradition apart from that of their Western counter-parts but share the same origins. (...) One of the characteristics of these Far Eastern wind god images is the wind bag held by this god with both hands, the origin of which can be traced back to the shawl or mantle worn by <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>/ Oado." (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 21) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Katsumi Tanabe: "The origin of the image of Vajrapani should be explained. This deity is the protector and guide of the Buddha Sakyamuni. His image was modelled after that of Hercules. (...) The Gandharan Vajrapani was transformed in Central Asia and China and afterwards transmitted to Japan, where it exerted stylistic influences on the wrestler-like statues of the Guardian Deities (<a href="/wiki/Nio_(Buddhism)" title="Nio (Buddhism)">Nio</a>)." (Katsumi Tanabe, "Alexander the Great, East-West cultural contacts from Greece to Japan", p. 23) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The transmission of the floral scroll pattern from West to East is presented in the regular exhibition of Ancient Japanese Art, at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ACA_Yearbook-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_Yearbook_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACA_Yearbook_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r05nenkan.pdf#page=49">宗教年鑑令和5年版</a> [Religious Yearbook 2023] (PDF) (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>, Government of Japan. 2023-12-28. p. 35. Retrieved 2024-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C5%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs%2C+Government+of+Japan&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr05nenkan.pdf%23page%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iwai_2017-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iwai_2017_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iwai_2017_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwai2017" class="citation report cs1">Iwai, Noriko (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/11/Religion20171117.pdf#page=15">Measuring religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS</a> (PDF) (Report). JGSS Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205740/https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/11/Religion20171117.pdf#page=15">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Measuring+religion+in+Japan%3A+ISM%2C+NHK+and+JGSS&rft.pub=JGSS+Research+Center&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Iwai&rft.aufirst=Noriko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2017%2F11%2FReligion20171117.pdf%23page%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowring,_Richard_John-2005-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowring,_Richard_John-2005_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowring,_Richard_John-2005_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Richard John (2005). The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85119-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85119-X"><bdi>0-521-85119-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+traditions+of+Japan%2C+500%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=15-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85119-X&rft.aulast=Bowring&rft.aufirst=Richard+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sources_of_Japanese_tradition-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sources_of_Japanese_tradition_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sources_of_Japanese_tradition_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykstra,_Yoshiko_KurataDe_Bary,_William_Theodore2001" class="citation book cs1">Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofjapanes00colu/page/100">Sources of Japanese tradition</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofjapanes00colu/page/100">100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12138-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12138-5"><bdi>0-231-12138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Japanese+tradition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-231-12138-5&rft.au=Dykstra%2C+Yoshiko+Kurata&rft.au=De+Bary%2C+William+Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofjapanes00colu%2Fpage%2F100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowring,_Richard_John2005" class="citation book cs1">Bowring, Richard John (2005). The religious traditions of Japan, 500–1600. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85119-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85119-X"><bdi>0-521-85119-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+religious+traditions+of+Japan%2C+500%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85119-X&rft.au=Bowring%2C+Richard+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-shukyo23-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shukyo23_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shukyo23_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shukyo23_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shukyo23_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-shukyo23_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/hakusho_nenjihokokusho/shukyo_nenkan/pdf/r05nenkan.pdf#page=65">"文化庁宗教年鑑令和5年版"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs" title="Agency for Cultural Affairs">Agency for Cultural Affairs</a>. 2023-12-28. p. 51. Retrieved 2024-03-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%81+%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91+%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C5%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%88&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Agency+for+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=2023-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bunka.go.jp%2Ftokei_hakusho_shuppan%2Fhakusho_nenjihokokusho%2Fshukyo_nenkan%2Fpdf%2Fr05nenkan.pdf%23page%3D65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Hoffman, Michael, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100314x2.html">Buddhism's arrival, Shinto's endurance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717071657/search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20100314x2.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-17 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>, March 14, 2010, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Holcombe, Charles (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606111">"Trade-Buddhism: Maritime Trade, Immigration, and the Buddhist Landfall in Early Japan"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 119 (2): 280–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606111">10.2307/606111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606111">606111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Trade-Buddhism%3A+Maritime+Trade%2C+Immigration%2C+and+the+Buddhist+Landfall+in+Early+Japan&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=280-292&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606111%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F606111&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDealRuppert201518-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDealRuppert201518_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDealRuppert2015">Deal & Ruppert (2015)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 21-23. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 19-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 19-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 27-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasaharaMcCarthySekimori2001" class="citation book cs1">Kasahara, Kazuo; McCarthy, Paul; Sekimori, Gaynor, eds. (2001). A History of Japanese religion (1st English ed.). Tokyo: Kosei Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01917-5"><bdi>978-4-333-01917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Japanese+religion&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=1st+English&rft.pub=Kosei+Pub&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01917-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royall_Tyler_(academic)" title="Royall Tyler (academic)">Tyler, Royall</a>, ed. (1987). Japanese Tales. Pantheon Fairy Tale and Folklore Library. 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New York: Pantheon Books. pp. xxx. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-52190-9"><bdi>978-0-394-52190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Tales&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Pantheon+Fairy+Tale+and+Folklore+Library&rft.pages=xxx&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-394-52190-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 29-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 30-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 31-32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-8-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-8_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-8_20-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 32-34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-2_21-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 48-49 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 49-50 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 54-56 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 55-56 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Powers, John (2000). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjhg1948/41/6/41_6_512/_pdf">the original</a> on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Formation+and+its+Meaning+of+the+75-sacred-place+View+in+the+Omine+Sacred+Mountain+Area&rft.au=Masayasu+Oda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjjhg1948%2F41%2F6%2F41_6_512%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 87, 91-93 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 92-96 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987178-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1987178_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling (1987)</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 91-93 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 92-94 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 95-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 98-100 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 87, 95-97 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 99-102 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 100-104 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 101-103 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987181-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1987181_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling (1987)</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 113-115 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu-hsiu_Ku2016" class="citation book cs1">Yu-hsiu Ku (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terebess.hu/zen/mesterek/7.pdf">History of Zen</a> (PDF). Springer Nature. p. xii]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-1129-0"><bdi>978-981-10-1129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zen&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-981-10-1129-0&rft.au=Yu-hsiu+Ku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterebess.hu%2Fzen%2Fmesterek%2F7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 117-118 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 122-123 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 123-124 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 124-126 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-4-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-4_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-4_67-1">b</a> Deal & Rupert (2015) pp. 135-136 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 139-141 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 136-137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-7-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-7_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-7_70-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 142-144 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 151-153 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 143-145 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 143-146 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 145-146 </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-Frédéric-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Louis-Frédéric_75-0">^</a> Louis-Frédéric, Käthe Roth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq=yishan+yining&pg=PA402">Japan encyclopedia.</a> Harvard University Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01753-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01753-6">0-674-01753-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01753-5">978-0-674-01753-5</a> Стр. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 145-147 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 149-151 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 149-152 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 176-179 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 177-180 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 179-182 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 172-173 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal_84-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 179-181 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 181-183 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1987_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnelling1987_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnelling1987">Snelling (1987)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 184-186 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakotoAmstutz2012" class="citation journal cs1">Makoto, Hayashi; Amstutz, Galen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362468">"General Education and the Modernization of Japanese Buddhism"</a>. The Eastern Buddhist. 43 (1/2): 137. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8708">0012-8708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362468">44362468</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210913000058/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44362468">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=General+Education+and+the+Modernization+of+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=137&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44362468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8708&rft.aulast=Makoto&rft.aufirst=Hayashi&rft.au=Amstutz%2C+Galen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44362468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-11-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-11_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-11_89-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 188-190 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-12-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-12_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-12_90-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 199-201 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-13-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-13_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-13_91-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 193-195 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 190-192 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeleppa2012" class="citation journal cs1">Feleppa, Robert (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanstudies.org/">"Hakuin's Zen: Turbulence and Insight"</a>. Japan Studies Association Journal. 10: 47–66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-3527">1530-3527</a> – via <a href="/wiki/EBSCO_Information_Services" title="EBSCO Information Services">EBSCOhost</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Studies+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Hakuin%27s+Zen%3A+Turbulence+and+Insight&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=2012-01&rft.issn=1530-3527&rft.aulast=Feleppa&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanstudies.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buddhanet-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Buddhanet_94-0">^</a> Japan Buddhist Federation, Buddhanet <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon_partI.html">"A Brief History of Buddhism in Japan", accessed 30/4/2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231938/http://www.buddhanet.net/nippon/nippon_partI.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-5-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-5_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-5_95-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 200-202 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 211-213 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 210-211 </li> <li id="cite_note-Deal-14-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-14_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deal-14_98-1">b</a> Deal & Ruppert (2015) pp. 212-214 </li> <li id="cite_note-review-99"><a href="#cite_ref-review_99-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207151137/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/itinerario/bookreviews-16.html">Paul B. Watt, Review of Nam-Lin Hur, Death and Social Order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, Anti-Christianity, and the Danka System</a>, Internet Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-hur-100"><a href="#cite_ref-hur_100-0">^</a> Nam-Lin Hur, Death and social order in Tokugawa Japan: Buddhism, anti-Christianity, and the danka system, Harvard University Asia Center, 2007; pp. 1-30 (The Rise of Funerary Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331070517/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/publications/pdfs/Hur%20intro.pdf">Internet archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Stone" title="Jacqueline Stone">Stone, Jacqueline</a> (1993). "Reviewed work: Of Heretics and Martyrs in Meiji Japan: Buddhism and Its Persecution, James Edward Ketelaar". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 53 (2): 582–598. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2719461">10.2307/2719461</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719461">2719461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Of+Heretics+and+Martyrs+in+Meiji+Japan%3A+Buddhism+and+Its+Persecution%2C+James+Edward+Ketelaar&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=582-598&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2719461&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719461%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Breen_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Breen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Breen_(scholar)" title="John Breen (scholar)">John Breen</a> (July 2000). <a href="/wiki/Mark_Teeuwen" title="Mark Teeuwen">Mark Teeuwen</a> (ed.). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2363-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2363-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2363-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43487317">43487317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+in+History%3A+Ways+of+the+Kami&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43487317&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2363-4&rft.au=John+Breen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørn_Borup2008" class="citation book cs1">Jørn Borup (25 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rz2wCQAAQBAJ&q=japan+destroyed+40,000+temples&pg=PA21">Japanese Rinzai Zen Buddhism: Myōshinji, a living religion</a>. BRILL. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047433095" title="Special:BookSources/9789047433095"><bdi>9789047433095</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114104226/https://books.google.com/books?id=rz2wCQAAQBAJ&q=japan+destroyed+40,000+temples&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023. 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Knitter, Zen Buddhism : a History: Japan, p. 5. <a href="/wiki/World_Wisdom" title="World Wisdom">World Wisdom</a>, Inc, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-094153290-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-094153290-7">978-094153290-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakakusu200276-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakakusu200276_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakakusu2002">Takakusu (2002)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://japanlifeandreligion.com/2008/10/19/japanese-buddhist-holidays/">"List of Japanese Buddhist Holidays"</a>. japanlifeandreligion.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104050232/http://japanlifeandreligion.com/2008/10/19/japanese-buddhist-holidays/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-04. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=japanlifeandreligion.com&rft.atitle=List+of+Japanese+Buddhist+Holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjapanlifeandreligion.com%2F2008%2F10%2F19%2Fjapanese-buddhist-holidays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-152"><a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/">"Global Religious Landscape: Buddhists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. December 18, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128214858/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-buddhist/">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2018. Retrieved July 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Religious+Landscape%3A+Buddhists&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-buddhist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun, John Patrick Hoffmann, Lexington Books, 2007 p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-PewDec2012-154"><a href="#cite_ref-PewDec2012_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">"The Global Religious Landscape"</a>. Pew Research Center. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054851/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/12/18/global-religious-landscape-exec/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 5 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fglobal-religious-landscape-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDealRuppert2015" class="citation book cs1">Deal, William E.; Ruppert, Brian (2015). A Cultural History of Japanese Buddhism. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6701-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-6701-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6701-7&rft.aulast=Deal&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft.au=Ruppert%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Snelling" title="John Snelling">Snelling, John</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhisthandbook0000snel_k1x4">The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice</a>. London: Century Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-1554-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-1554-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-1554-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Handbook%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Buddhist+Teaching+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Paperbacks&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-1554-9&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhisthandbook0000snel_k1x4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakakusu2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Takakusu_Junjiro" title="Takakusu Junjiro">Takakusu, Junjirō</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofbudd0000taka">The Essentials of Buddhist Philosophy</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1592-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1592-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1592-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essentials+of+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1592-6&rft.aulast=Takakusu&rft.aufirst=Junjir%C5%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialsofbudd0000taka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Victoria" title="Brian Victoria">Victoria, Brian</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zenatwar0000vict">Zen at War</a> (1st ed.). New York & Tokyo: Weatherhill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-0405-0"><bdi>978-0-8348-0405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+at+War&rft.place=New+York+%26+Tokyo&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Weatherhill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-0405-0&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzenatwar0000vict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Auerback, Micah L. (2016). A Storied Sage: Canon and Creation in the Making of a Japanese Buddha. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Storied+Sage%3A+Canon+and+Creation+in+the+Making+of+a+Japanese+Buddha&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Auerback&rft.aufirst=Micah+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Covell, Stephen G. (2006). Japanese Temple Buddhism: Worldliness in a Religion of Renunciation. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2967-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2967-0"><bdi>0-8248-2967-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Temple+Buddhism%3A+Worldliness+in+a+Religion+of+Renunciation&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8248-2967-0&rft.aulast=Covell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Curley, Melissa Anne-Marie (2017). Pure Land, Real World: Modern Buddhism, Japanese Leftists, and the Utopian Imagination. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pure+Land%2C+Real+World%3A+Modern+Buddhism%2C+Japanese+Leftists%2C+and+the+Utopian+Imagination&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Curley&rft.aufirst=Melissa+Anne-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot, Charles</a> (2005) [1935]. Japanese Buddhism. London: Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0967-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0967-8"><bdi>0-7103-0967-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7103-0967-8&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Fogel, Joshua A.; Fraleigh, Matthew, eds. (2022). Sino-Japanese Reflections: Literary and Cultural Interactions Between China and Japan in Early Modernity. Boston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077692-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-077692-8"><bdi>978-3-11-077692-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Japanese+Reflections%3A+Literary+and+Cultural+Interactions+Between+China+and+Japan+in+Early+Modernity&rft.pub=Boston&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-077692-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kawanami, Hiroko (1999). "Japanese Nationalism and the Universal Dharma". In Harris, Ian (ed.). Buddhism and Politics in Twentieth-Century Asia. London/New York: Continuum. pp. 105–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5178-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5178-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-5178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Nationalism+and+the+Universal+Dharma&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Politics+in+Twentieth-Century+Asia&rft.place=London%2FNew+York&rft.pages=105-126&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5178-1&rft.aulast=Kawanami&rft.aufirst=Hiroko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">King, Richard; Poulton, Cody; Endo, Katsuhiko, eds. (2012). Sino-Japanese Transculturation: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of the Pacific War. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7150-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7150-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-7150-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Japanese+Transculturation%3A+From+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century+to+the+End+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7150-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kopf, Gereon, ed. (2019). The Dao Companion to Japanese Buddhist Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dao+Companion+to+Japanese+Buddhist+Philosophy&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996a). Foundation of Japanese Buddhism: The Aristocratic Age. Vol. 1. Los Angeles & Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-26-4"><bdi>0-914910-26-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+of+Japanese+Buddhism%3A+The+Aristocratic+Age&rft.place=Los+Angeles+%26+Tokyo&rft.pub=Buddhist+Books+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-914910-26-4&rft.aulast=Matsunaga&rft.aufirst=Daigan&rft.au=Matsunaga%2C+Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996b). Foundation of Japanese Buddhism:The Mass Movement. Vol. 2. Los Angeles & Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-914910-28-0"><bdi>0-914910-28-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+of+Japanese+Buddhism%3AThe+Mass+Movement&rft.place=Los+Angeles+%26+Tokyo&rft.pub=Buddhist+Books+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-914910-28-0&rft.aulast=Matsunaga&rft.aufirst=Daigan&rft.au=Matsunaga%2C+Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nanjio, Bunyiu (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryoftw00nanjrich">A Short History of the Twelve Japanese Buddhist Sects</a>. Tokyo: Bukkyo-sho-ei-yaku-shupan-sha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-01800-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-01800-2"><bdi>978-0-524-01800-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Twelve+Japanese+Buddhist+Sects&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Bukkyo-sho-ei-yaku-shupan-sha&rft.date=1886&rft.isbn=978-0-524-01800-2&rft.aulast=Nanjio&rft.aufirst=Bunyiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryoftw00nanjrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Qian, Nanxiu (2019). Reexamining the Sinosphere: Cultural Transmissions and Transformations in East Asia. Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62196-483-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62196-483-4"><bdi>978-1-62196-483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reexamining+the+Sinosphere%3A+Cultural+Transmissions+and+Transformations+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-62196-483-4&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Nanxiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Mark (2011). Bonds of the Dead: Temples, Burial, and the Transformation of Contemporary Japanese Buddhism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonds+of+the+Dead%3A+Temples%2C+Burial%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Contemporary+Japanese+Buddhism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sharf, Robert H. (August 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html">"The Zen of Japanese Nationalism"</a>. History of Religions. 33 (1): 1–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463354">10.1086/463354</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161535877">161535877</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229174255/http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/Zen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-29. Retrieved 2012-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Zen+of+Japanese+Nationalism&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-43&rft.date=1993-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161535877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2FZen_of_Japanese_Nationalism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Shields, James Mark (2011). Critical Buddhism: Engaging with Modern Japanese Buddhist Thought. Farnham: Ashgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Buddhism%3A+Engaging+with+Modern+Japanese+Buddhist+Thought&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=James+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tamura, Yoshiro (2005). Japanese Buddhism, A Cultural History. Kosei Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-333-01684-3"><bdi>4-333-01684-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Buddhism%2C+A+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Kosei+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=4-333-01684-3&rft.aulast=Tamura&rft.aufirst=Yoshiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+in+Japan" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Japan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Armenia" title="Buddhism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" title="Buddhism in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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[\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Single source\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-8f575c78d-ksqwx","timestamp":"20241126215055","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Buddhism in Japan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buddhism_in_Japan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q736311","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q736311","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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