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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddisme" title="Neo-Luddisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Neo-Luddisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="لاضية جديدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاضية جديدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoludisme" title="Neoludisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neoludisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoluddismus" title="Neoluddismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Neoluddismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Νεολουδισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεολουδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoludismo" title="Neoludismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neoludismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoluddismo" title="Neoluddismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Neoluddismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نئو لادیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نئو لادیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9o-luddisme" title="Néo-luddisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néo-luddisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoludismo" title="Neoludismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Neoludismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoluddizam" title="Neoluddizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Neoluddizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoluddyzm" title="Neoluddyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Neoluddyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-ludismo" title="Neo-ludismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neo-ludismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Неолуддизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неолуддизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Ludizmi" title="Neo-Ludizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Neo-Ludizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism" title="Neo-Luddism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Neo-Luddism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusluddismi" title="Uusluddismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusluddismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoluddism" title="Neoluddism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Neoluddism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddizm" title="Neo-Luddizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Neo-Luddizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophy opposing modern technology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Neo-Luddism</b> or <b>new Luddism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> opposing many forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern technology">modern technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jonesagainstechnology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonesagainstechnology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Luddite is generally used as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> applied to people showing <a href="/wiki/Technophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Technophobic">technophobic</a> leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is based on the historical legacy of the English <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddites</a>, who were active between 1811 and 1817.<sup id="cite_ref-jonesagainstechnology_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jonesagainstechnology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the original Luddites were mostly concerned with the economic implications of improving technology in regard to industrialization, neo-Luddites tend to have a broader and more holistic distrust of technological improvement. </p><p>Neo-Luddism is a leaderless movement of non-affiliated groups who resist modern technologies and dictate a return of some or all technologies to a more primitive level.<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Luddites are characterized by one or more of the following practices: passively abandoning the use of technology, harming those who produce technology harmful to the environment, advocating <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Monkeywrenching" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeywrenching">sabotaging</a> technology. The modern neo-Luddite movement has connections with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_environmentalism" title="Radical environmentalism">radical environmentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sale_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sale-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Luddism is based on the concern of the technological impact on individuals, their communities, and/or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-christensenencyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christensenencyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Luddism stipulates the use of the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a> for all new technologies, insisting that technologies be proven safe before adoption, due to the unknown effects that new technologies might inspire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-Luddism calls for slowing or stopping the development of new technologies. Neo-Luddism prescribes a lifestyle that abandons specific technologies, because of its belief that this is the best prospect for the future. As Robin and Webster put it, "a return to nature and what are imagined as more natural communities". In the place of industrial capitalism, neo-Luddism prescribes small-scale agricultural communities such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Chipko movement</a> in Nepal and India as models for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Basney1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neo-Luddism denies the ability of any new technology to solve current problems, such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Basney1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a>, without creating more, potentially dangerous, problems.<sup id="cite_ref-grahaminternet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grahaminternet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, attempting to found a unified movement and reclaim the term <i>Luddite</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning" title="Chellis Glendinning">Chellis Glendinning</a> published her "Notes towards a Neo-Luddite manifesto". In this paper, Glendinning describes neo-Luddites as "20th century citizens—activists, workers, neighbors, social critics, and scholars—who question the predominant modern worldview, which preaches that unbridled technology represents <a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">progress</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlendinningChellis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glendinning voices an opposition to technologies that she deems destructive to communities or are materialistic and rationalistic. She proposes that technology encourages biases, and therefore should question if technologies have been created for specific interests, to perpetuate their specific values including short-term efficiency, ease of production and marketing, as well as profit. Glendinning also says that secondary aspects of technology, including social, economic and ecological implications, and not personal benefit need to be considered before adoption of technology into the technological system.<sup id="cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlendinningChellis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vision_of_the_future_without_intervention">Vision of the future without intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vision of the future without intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neo-Luddism often establishes stark predictions about the effect of new technologies. Although there is not a cohesive vision of the ramifications of technology, neo-Luddism predicts that a future without technological reform has dire consequences. Neo-Luddites believe that current technologies are a threat to humanity and to the natural world in general, and that a future <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a> is possible or even probable. </p><p>These predictions include changes in humanity's place in the future due to replacement of humans by computers, genetic decay of humans due to lack of natural selection, biological engineering of humans, misuse of technological power including disasters caused by <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear warfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a>; control of humanity using surveillance, propaganda, pharmacological control, and psychological control; humanity failing to adapt to the future manifesting as an increase in psychological disorders, widening economic and political <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>, widespread <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a>, a loss of community, and massive <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>; technology causing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> due to shortsightedness, overpopulation, and overcrowding.<sup id="cite_ref-Basney1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_intervention">Types of intervention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1990, attempting to reclaim the term <i>Luddite</i> and found a unified movement, Glendinning published her "Notes towards a Neo-Luddite manifesto". In this paper, Glendinning proposes destroying the following technologies: electromagnetic technologies (this includes communications, computers, appliances, and refrigeration), chemical technologies (this includes synthetic materials and medicine), <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technologies</a> (this includes weapons and power as well as cancer treatment, sterilization, and smoke detection), <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> (this includes crops as well as insulin production).<sup id="cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlendinningChellis-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues in favor of the "search for new technological forms" which are local in scale and promote social and political freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary neo-Luddites are a widely diverse group of loosely affiliated or non-affiliated groups which includes "writers, academics, students, families, <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentalists">environmentalists</a>, "fallen-away yuppies", "ageing flower children" and "young idealists seeking a technology-free environment".<sup id="cite_ref-jour_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Luddites see themselves as victims of technology trying to prevent further victimization (such as Citizens Against Pesticide Misuse and Parents Against Underage Smartphones). Others see themselves as advocates for the natural order and resist environmental degradation by technology (such as <a href="/wiki/Earth_First!" title="Earth First!">Earth First!</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-jour_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One neo-Luddite assembly was the "Second Neo-Luddite Congress", held 13–15 April 1996, at a Quaker meeting hall in <a href="/wiki/Barnesville,_Ohio" title="Barnesville, Ohio">Barnesville, Ohio</a>. On 24 February 2001, the "Teach-In on Technology and Globalization" was held at <a href="/wiki/Hunter_College" title="Hunter College">Hunter College</a> in New York city with the purpose of bringing together critics of technology and globalization.<sup id="cite_ref-jour_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two figures who are seen as the movement's founders are Glendinning and <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a>. Prominent neo-Luddites include educator S. D. George, ecologist <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Mills_(journalist)" title="Stephanie Mills (journalist)">Stephanie Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roszak_(scholar)" title="Theodore Roszak (scholar)">Theodore Roszak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Savage">Scott Savage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Stoll" title="Clifford Stoll">Clifford Stoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Marshall_(New_Zealand_author)" title="Alan Marshall (New Zealand author)">Alan Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_Logsdon" title="Gene Logsdon">Gene Logsdon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basney1998_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jour_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Postman, however, did not consider himself a Luddite.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_violence_and_vandalism">Relationship to violence and vandalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relationship to violence and vandalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some neo-Luddites use vandalism or violence to achieve social change and promote their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-bellmcgraw_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bellmcgraw-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In May 2012, credit for the shooting of Roberto Adinolfi, an <a href="/wiki/Ansaldo_Nucleare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansaldo Nucleare">Ansaldo Nucleare</a> executive, was claimed by an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> group who targeted him for stating that none of the deaths following the <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> were caused by the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> itself: </p><blockquote><p>Adinolfi knows well that it is only a matter of time before a European Fukushima kills on our continent [...] Science in centuries past promised us a golden age, but it is pushing us towards self destruction and slavery [...] With our action we give back to you a small part of the suffering that you scientists are bringing to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Kaczynski, also known as the <i>Unabomber</i>, initially sabotaged developments near his cabin but dedicated himself to getting back at the system after discovering a road had been built over a plateau he had considered beautiful. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski engaged in a nationwide bombing campaign against modern technology, planting or mailing numerous home-made bombs, killing three people and injuring 23 others. In his 1995 <a href="/wiki/Unabomber_manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber manifesto">Unabomber manifesto</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kaczynski_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaczynski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaczynski states: </p><blockquote><p>The kind of revolution we have in mind will not necessarily involve an armed uprising against any government. It may or may not involve physical violence, but it will not be a POLITICAL revolution. Its focus will be on technology and economics, not politics.</p></blockquote> <p>In August 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> a group or person calling itself <a href="/wiki/Individualists_Tending_to_the_Wild" title="Individualists Tending to the Wild">Individualists Tending to the Wild</a> perpetrated an attack with a bomb at the <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_State_of_Mexico_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, State of Mexico Campus">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, State of Mexico Campus</a>, intended for the coordinator of its Business Development Center and Technology Transfer. The attack was accompanied by the publication of a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> criticizing <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. </p><p>Sale says that neo-Luddites are not motivated to commit violence or vandalism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manifesto of the "Second Luddite Congress", which Sale took a major part in defining, attempts to redefine neo-Luddites as people who reject violent action.<sup id="cite_ref-jour_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jour-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_contemporary_critiques_of_technology_in_literature">Origins of contemporary critiques of technology in literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins of contemporary critiques of technology in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Julian Young, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> was a Luddite in his early philosophical phase and believed in the destruction of modern technology and a return to an earlier agrarian world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger#Later_works:_The_Turn" title="Martin Heidegger">later Heidegger</a> did not see technology as wholly negative and did not call for its abandonment or destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeideggerSEP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/The_Question_Concerning_Technology" title="The Question Concerning Technology"><i>The Question Concerning Technology</i></a> (1953), Heidegger posited that the modern technological "mode of Being" was one which viewed the natural world, plants, animals, and even human beings as a "standing-reserve"—resources to be exploited as means to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeideggerSEP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To illustrate this "monstrousness", Heidegger uses the example of a <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric plant">hydroelectric plant</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine river">Rhine river</a> which turns the river from an unspoiled natural wonder to just a supplier of <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. In this sense, technology is not just the collection of tools, but a way of being in the world and of understanding the world which is instrumental and grotesque. According to Heidegger, this way of being defines the modern way of living in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeideggerSEP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Heidegger, this technological process ends up reducing beings to not-beings, which Heidegger calls 'the abandonment of being' and involves the loss of any sense of awe and wonder, as well as an indifference to that loss.<sup id="cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeideggerSEP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first major contemporary anti-technological thinkers was French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>. In his <i>The Technological Society</i> (1964), Ellul argued that logical and mechanical organization "eliminates or subordinates the natural world". Ellul defined <i>technique</i> as the entire totality of organizational methods and technology with a goal toward maximum rational efficiency. According to Ellul, technique has an impetus which tends to drown out human concerns: "The only thing that matters technically is yield, production. This is the law of <i>technique</i>; this yield can only be obtained by the total mobilization of human beings, body and soul, and this implies the exploitation of all human psychic forces."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Industrial Revolution England, machines became cheaper to use than men. The five counties of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire had a small uprising where they threatened those hired to guard the machines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another critic of political and technological expansion was <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Machine" title="The Myth of the Machine">The Myth of the Machine</a></i>. The views of Ellul influenced the ideas of the infamous American neo-Luddite Kaczynski. The opening of Kaczynski's manifesto reads: "The Industrial Revolution and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race."<sup id="cite_ref-Kaczynski_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaczynski-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">philosophers of technology</a> who have questioned the validity of technological progress include <a href="/wiki/Albert_Borgmann" title="Albert Borgmann">Albert Borgmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Ihde" title="Don Ihde">Don Ihde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Hubert Dreyfus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basney1998_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Luddites" title="Category:Neo-Luddites">Category:Neo-Luddites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a> – Attitudes that reject science and the scientific method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a> – Combination of conservatism and environmentalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLODO" title="CLODO">CLODO</a> – Neo-Luddite French anarchist organization, 1980s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Development criticism">Development criticism</a> – Sociological theory<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green anarchy">Green anarchy</a> – Branch of anarchism focused on the environment<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination (artificial intelligence)</a> – Erroneous material generated by AI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a> – American anarchist and primitivist philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics"><i>Man and Technics</i></a> – 1931 book by Oswald Spengler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaverse#Criticism_and_concerns" title="Metaverse">Metaverse § Criticism and concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)" title="MOVE (Philadelphia organization)">MOVE</a> – American Black separatist group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a> – Finnish ecologist (1932–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> – Political view advocating return to a previous societal state <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory" title="New World Order conspiracy theory">New World Order</a> – Conspiracy theory regarding a totalitarian world government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World"><i>Brave New World</i></a> – 1932 dystopian novel by Aldous Huxley</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_the_%22Influencing_Machine%22_in_Schizophrenia" title="On the Origin of the "Influencing Machine" in Schizophrenia">"On the Origin of the 'Influencing Machine' in Schizophrenia"</a> – 1919 article in psychoanalysis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a> – Fear or discomfort with advanced technology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a> – Hypothesized risk to human existence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a> – Hypothetical outcome of artificial intelligence</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a> – American domestic terrorist (1942–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> – Hypothetical point in time when technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a> – Hypothesis that human replicas elicit revulsion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_The_Future_Doesn%27t_Need_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="Why The Future Doesn't Need Us">"Why The Future Doesn't Need Us"</a> – 2000 article by Bill Joy<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jonesagainstechnology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonesagainstechnology_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonesagainstechnology_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Steve E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YwPP4pGRAwgC&q=Neo-Luddism"><i>Against technology: from the Luddites to neo-Luddism</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-97868-2"><bdi>978-0-415-97868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+technology%3A+from+the+Luddites+to+neo-Luddism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-97868-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Steve+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYwPP4pGRAwgC%26q%3DNeo-Luddism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brosnan, M.J. (1998). Technophobia: the psychological impact of Information Technology. pg 155. London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sale-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sale_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sale_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSale1997" class="citation web cs1">Sale, Kirkpatrick (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/1997/02/20luddites">"AVOWEDLY LOW-TECH: America's new Luddites"</a>. <i>mondediplo.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mondediplo.com&rft.atitle=AVOWEDLY+LOW-TECH%3A+America%27s+new+Luddites&rft.date=1997-02&rft.aulast=Sale&rft.aufirst=Kirkpatrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F1997%2F02%2F20luddites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christensenencyclopedia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christensenencyclopedia_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristensenDavid_Levinson2003" class="citation book cs1">Christensen, Karen; David Levinson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t1geOjQ6R0MC&q=Neo-Luddism"><i>Encyclopedia of community: from the village to the virtual world, Volume 3</i></a>. SAGE. p. 886. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2598-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-2598-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+community%3A+from+the+village+to+the+virtual+world%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=886&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2598-9&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=David+Levinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt1geOjQ6R0MC%26q%3DNeo-Luddism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basney1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basney1998_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basney1998_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basney1998_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basney1998_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basney1998_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksandculture.com/articles/1998/sepoct/8b5018.html?paging=off">Basney, Lionel. Questioning Progress, Books and Culture magazine, 1998</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grahaminternet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grahaminternet_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraham1999" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Gordon (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDr8Fh4rNQAC&q=Neo-Luddism"><i>The Internet: a philosophical inquiry</i></a>. Routledge. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19749-6"><bdi>978-0-415-19749-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Internet%3A+a+philosophical+inquiry&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19749-6&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDr8Fh4rNQAC%26q%3DNeo-Luddism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org"><i>Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment</i></a>, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865717044" title="Special:BookSources/0865717044">0865717044</a>, 464 pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlendinningChellis-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GlendinningChellis_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chellis_Glendinning" title="Chellis Glendinning">Glendinning, Chellis</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/chellis-glendinning-notes-toward-a-neo-luddite-manifesto">Notes towards a Neo-Luddite manifesto</a></i>. Utne Reader, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jour-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jour_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jour_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jour_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jour_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jour_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Doresa Banning, Modern Day Luddites, 30 November 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.jour.unr.edu/j705/RP.BANNING.LUDDITE.HTML">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072339/http://www.jour.unr.edu/j705/RP.BANNING.LUDDITE.HTML">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPostman1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman, Neil</a> (Winter 1993). "Of Luddites, Learning, and Life". <i>Technos</i>. <b>2</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technos&rft.atitle=Of+Luddites%2C+Learning%2C+and+Life&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Postman&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bellmcgraw-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bellmcgraw_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell2005" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pEcqiii4MOUC&q=Neo-Luddism"><i>Science, technology and culture</i></a>. McGraw-Hill International. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-21326-9"><bdi>978-0-335-21326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+technology+and+culture&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-335-21326-9&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpEcqiii4MOUC%26q%3DNeo-Luddism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTom_Kington2012" class="citation news cs1">Tom Kington (11 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/11/italian-anarchists-kneecap-nuclear-executive">"Italian anarchists kneecap nuclear executive and threaten more shootings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Italian+anarchists+kneecap+nuclear+executive+and+threaten+more+shootings&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft.au=Tom+Kington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2Fmay%2F11%2Fitalian-anarchists-kneecap-nuclear-executive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaczynski-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaczynski_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaczynski_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>: Unabomber Special Report: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm">Industrial Society and Its Future by Theodore Kaczynski</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/3.06/saleskelly.html">Interview with the Luddite, Wired magazine, Issue 3.06, Jun 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, Julian. <i>Heidegger's Later Philosophy</i>, p. 80. Cambridge University Press, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeideggerSEP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeideggerSEP_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2013/entries/heidegger">Wheeler, Michael, "Martin Heidegger", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellul, <i>The Technological Society</i> p. 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLindholdt1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lindholdt, Paul (1997). "Luddism and Its Discontents". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">866–</span>873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Faq.1997.0033">10.1353/aq.1997.0033</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30041816">30041816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144450752">144450752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Luddism+and+Its+Discontents&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E866-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144450752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30041816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Faq.1997.0033&rft.aulast=Lindholdt&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtechnologyandsociety.org"><i>Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment</i></a>, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0865717044" title="Special:BookSources/0865717044">0865717044</a>.</li> <li>Kaczynski, Theodore (2020) <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-tech_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tech Revolution">Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How</a></i>, Fitch & Madison Publishers, Scottsdale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944228-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944228-02-6">978-1-944228-02-6</a></li> <li>Kaczynski, Theodore (2022) <i><a href="/wiki/Technological_Slavery" title="Technological Slavery">Technological Slavery</a></i>, Fitch & Madison Publishers, Scottsdale, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944228-03-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944228-03-3">978-1-944228-03-3</a></li> <li>Marshall, Alan (2016) <i>Ecotopia 2121: Our Future Green Utopia</i>, Arcade Publ, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781628726008" title="Special:BookSources/9781628726008">9781628726008</a></li> <li>Postman, Neil (1992) <i><a href="/wiki/Technopoly:_the_Surrender_of_Culture_to_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology">Technopoly: the Surrender of Culture to Technology</a></i> Knopf, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58272-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58272-1">0-394-58272-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPynchon1984" class="citation journal cs1">Pynchon, Thomas (28 October 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/05/18/reviews/pynchon-luddite.html">"Is It O.K. To Be A Luddite?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Is+It+O.K.+To+Be+A+Luddite%3F&rft.date=1984-10-28&rft.aulast=Pynchon&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F97%2F05%2F18%2Freviews%2Fpynchon-luddite.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANeo-Luddism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Quigley, Peter (1998) <i>Coyote in the Maze: Tracking Edward Abbey in a World of Words</i> University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87480-563-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87480-563-5">0-87480-563-5</a></li> <li>Roszak, Theodore (1994) <i>The Cult of Information: A Neo-Luddite Treatise on High-Tech, Artificial Intelligence, and the True Art of Thinking</i> (2nd ed.) University of California Press, Berkeley, California, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08584-1">0-520-08584-1</a></li> <li>Sale, Kirkpatrick (1996) <i>Rebels Against The Future: The Luddites And Their War On The Industrial Revolution: Lessons For The Computer Age </i> Basic Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40718-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40718-1">978-0-201-40718-1</a></li> <li>Tenner, Edward (1996) <i><a href="/wiki/Why_Things_Bite_Back" title="Why Things Bite Back">Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences</a></i> Knopf, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42563-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42563-2">0-679-42563-2</a></li> <li>Mueller, Gavin (2021) Breaking Things at Work: The Luddites Are Right About Why You Hate Your Job; ASIN: B07ZN3MFL4</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Luddism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104063225/http://primitivism.com/">Primitivism writings archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115211734/http://carbon.ucdenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/luddite.html"><i>Luddism and the Neo-Luddite Reaction</i> by Martin Ryder, University of Colorado at Denver School of Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/476373a"><i>Stand up against the anti-technology terrorists</i> by Gerardo Herrera Corral, Nature 476, 373 (2011)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reason.com/2001/07/01/rage-against-the-machines-2/">Rage Against the Machines</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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