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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Text recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application-specific_optimizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application-specific_optimizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Application-specific optimizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-specific_optimizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workarounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workarounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Workarounds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Workarounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Workarounds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Workarounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forcing_better_input" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forcing_better_input"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Forcing better input</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forcing_better_input-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdsourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdsourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Crowdsourcing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdsourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optical character recognition</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiese_karakterherkenning" title="Optiese karakterherkenning – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optiese karakterherkenning" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="تعرف بصري على المحارف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعرف بصري على المحارف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simvollar%C4%B1n_optik_tan%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="Simvolların optik tanınması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Simvolların optik tanınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="আলোকভিত্তিক অক্ষর শনাক্তকরণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকভিত্তিক অক্ষর শনাক্তকরণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Оптично разпознаване на символи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптично разпознаване на символи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_prepoznavanje_znakova" title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconeixement_%C3%B2ptic_de_car%C3%A0cters" title="Reconeixement òptic de caràcters – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reconeixement òptic de caràcters" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_rozpozn%C3%A1v%C3%A1n%C3%AD_znak%C5%AF" title="Optické rozpoznávání znaků – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optické rozpoznávání znaků" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optical character recognition" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texterkennung" title="Texterkennung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Texterkennung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiline_m%C3%A4rgituvastus" title="Optiline märgituvastus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optiline märgituvastus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Οπτική Αναγνώριση Χαρακτήρων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική Αναγνώριση Χαρακτήρων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconocimiento_%C3%B3ptico_de_caracteres" title="Reconocimiento óptico de caracteres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reconocimiento óptico de caracteres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_signorekono" title="Optika signorekono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optika signorekono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaktereen_ezagutze_optiko" title="Karaktereen ezagutze optiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karaktereen ezagutze optiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نویسه‌خوان نوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نویسه‌خوان نوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance_optique_de_caract%C3%A8res" title="Reconnaissance optique de caractères – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reconnaissance optique de caractères" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aithint_carachtar" title="Aithint carachtar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aithint carachtar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reco%C3%B1ecemento_%C3%B3ptico_de_caracteres" title="Recoñecemento óptico de caracteres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Recoñecemento óptico de caracteres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90_%EC%9D%B8%EC%8B%9D" title="광학 문자 인식 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학 문자 인식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Գրանշանների օպտիկական ճանաչում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրանշանների օպտիկական ճանաչում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0" title="ओसीआर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओसीआर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_prepoznavanje_znakova" title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengenalan_karakter_optis" title="Pengenalan karakter optis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengenalan karakter optis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3slestur" title="Ljóslestur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljóslestur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riconoscimento_ottico_dei_caratteri" title="Riconoscimento ottico dei caratteri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riconoscimento ottico dei caratteri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99" title="זיהוי תווים אופטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיהוי תווים אופטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BF_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Символдарды оптикалық танып білу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Символдарды оптикалық танып білу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikai_karakterfelismer%C3%A9s" title="Optikai karakterfelismerés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optikai karakterfelismerés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Оптичко препознавање на знаци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптичко препознавање на знаци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ കാരക്റ്റർ റെക്കഗ്നിഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ കാരക്റ്റർ റെക്കഗ്നിഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecaman_aksara_optik" title="Pengecaman aksara optik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengecaman aksara optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optical character recognition" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98" title="光学文字認識 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学文字認識" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optisk_tegngjenkjenning" title="Optisk tegngjenkjenning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optisk tegngjenkjenning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0" title="ਓਸੀਆਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਸੀਆਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyczne_rozpoznawanie_znak%C3%B3w" title="Optyczne rozpoznawanie znaków – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyczne rozpoznawanie znaków" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconhecimento_%C3%B3tico_de_caracteres" title="Reconhecimento ótico de caracteres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reconhecimento ótico de caracteres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recunoa%C8%99terea_optic%C4%83_a_caracterelor" title="Recunoașterea optică a caracterelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Recunoașterea optică a caracterelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Оптическое распознавание символов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптическое распознавание символов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_chairacter_recogneetion" title="Optical chairacter recogneetion – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Optical chairacter recogneetion" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optical character recognition" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optick%C3%A9_rozozn%C3%A1vanie_znakov" title="Optické rozoznávanie znakov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optické rozoznávanie znakov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ناسینەوەی ھێما بەبینایی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناسینەوەی ھێما بەبینایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_prepoznavanje_znakova" title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_prepoznavanje_znakova" title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optičko prepoznavanje znakova" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstintunnistus" title="Tekstintunnistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstintunnistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskinl%C3%A4sning" title="Maskinläsning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskinläsning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளி எழுத்துணரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி எழுத்துணரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D(OCR)" title="ఒసిఆర్(OCR) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒసిఆర్(OCR)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="การรู้จำอักขระด้วยแสง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรู้จำอักขระด้วยแสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik_karakter_tan%C4%B1ma" title="Optik karakter tanıma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik karakter tanıma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Оптичне розпізнавання символів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптичне розпізнавання символів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بصریاتی حرف شناسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریاتی حرف شناسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADn_d%E1%BA%A1ng_k%C3%BD_t%E1%BB%B1_quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhận dạng ký tự quang học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhận dạng ký tự quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="אפטישע אותיות דערקענונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטישע אותיות דערקענונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5" title="光學字符識別 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學字符識別" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%97%E7%AC%A6%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB" title="光学字符识别 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学字符识别" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q167555#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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searchaux" style="display:none">Computer recognition of visual text</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/300px--Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Portable_scanner_and_OCR_(video).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Portable_scanner_and_OCR_(video).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm/Portable_scanner_and_OCR_%28video%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of the process of scanning and real-time optical character recognition (OCR) with a portable scanner</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Optical character recognition</b> or <b>optical character reader</b> (<b>OCR</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">mechanical</a> conversion of <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example: from a television broadcast).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Widely used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Data_entry" title="Data entry">data entry</a> from printed paper data records – whether passport documents, invoices, <a href="/wiki/Bank_statement" title="Bank statement">bank statements</a>, computerized receipts, business cards, mail, printed data, or any suitable documentation – it is a common method of digitizing printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed online, and used in machine processes such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_computing" title="Cognitive computing">cognitive computing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>, (extracted) <a href="/wiki/Text-to-speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-speech">text-to-speech</a>, key data and <a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">text mining</a>. OCR is a field of research in <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>. </p><p>Early versions needed to be trained with images of each character, and worked on one font at a time. Advanced systems capable of producing a high degree of accuracy for most fonts are now common, and with support for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Image_file_format" title="Image file format">image file format</a> inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some systems are capable of reproducing formatted output that closely approximates the original page including images, columns, and other non-textual components. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_optical_character_recognition" title="Timeline of optical character recognition">Timeline of optical character recognition</a></div> <p>Early optical character recognition may be traced to technologies involving <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphy</a> and creating reading devices for the blind.<sup id="cite_ref-Scantz82_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scantz82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldberg" title="Emanuel Goldberg">Emanuel Goldberg</a> developed a machine that read characters and converted them into standard telegraph code.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concurrently, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Edward_Fournier_d%27Albe" title="Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe">Edmund Fournier d'Albe</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Optophone" title="Optophone">Optophone</a>, a handheld scanner that when moved across a printed page, produced tones that corresponded to specific letters or characters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1920s and into the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Goldberg" title="Emanuel Goldberg">Emanuel Goldberg</a> developed what he called a "Statistical Machine" for searching <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microfilm</a> archives using an optical code recognition system. In 1931, he was granted US Patent number 1,838,389 for the invention. The patent was acquired by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visually_impaired_users">Visually impaired users</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Visually impaired users"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> started the company Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. and continued development of omni-<a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">font</a> OCR, which could recognize text printed in virtually any font. (Kurzweil is often credited with inventing omni-font OCR, but it was in use by companies, including CompuScan, in the late 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Scantz82_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scantz82-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Kurzweil used the technology to create a reading machine for blind people to have a computer read text to them out loud. The device included a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">flatbed scanner</a> and a text-to-speech synthesizer. On January 13, 1976, the finished product was unveiled during a widely reported news conference headed by Kurzweil and the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind" title="National Federation of the Blind">National Federation of the Blind</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1978, Kurzweil Computer Products began selling a commercial version of the optical character recognition computer program. <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a> was one of the first customers, and bought the program to upload legal paper and news documents onto its nascent online databases. Two years later, Kurzweil sold his company to <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>, which eventually spun it off as <a href="/wiki/Scansoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Scansoft">Scansoft</a>, which merged with <a href="/wiki/Nuance_Communications" title="Nuance Communications">Nuance Communications</a>. </p><p>In the 2000s, OCR was made available online as a service (WebOCR), in a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> environment, and in mobile applications like real-time translation of foreign-language signs on a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. With the advent of smartphones and <a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">smartglasses</a>, OCR can be used in internet connected mobile device applications that extract text captured using the device's camera. These devices that do not have built-in OCR functionality will typically use an OCR <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> to extract the text from the image file captured by the device.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OCR API returns the extracted text, along with information about the location of the detected text in the original image back to the device app for further processing (such as text-to-speech) or display. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_optical_character_recognition_software" title="Comparison of optical character recognition software">Various commercial and open source OCR systems</a> are available for most common <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>, including Latin, Cyrillic, Arabic, Hebrew, Indic, Bengali (Bangla), Devanagari, Tamil, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OCR engines have been developed into software applications specializing in various subjects such as receipts, invoices, checks, and legal billing documents. </p><p>The software can be used for: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_entry" title="Data entry">Entering data</a> for business documents, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">checks</a>, passports, invoices, bank statements and receipts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">Automatic number-plate recognition</a></li> <li>Passport recognition and <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">information extraction</a> in airports</li> <li>Automatically extracting key information from insurance documents<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic-sign_recognition" title="Traffic-sign recognition">Traffic-sign recognition</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zeng2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Extracting business card information into a contact list<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Creating textual versions of printed documents, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">book scanning</a> for <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li>Making electronic images of printed documents searchable, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li> <li>Converting handwriting in real-time to control a computer (<a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">pen computing</a>)</li> <li>Defeating or testing the robustness of <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> anti-bot systems, though these are specifically designed to prevent OCR.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Assistive technology for blind and visually impaired users</li> <li>Writing instructions for vehicles by identifying CAD images in a database that are appropriate to the vehicle design as it changes in real time</li> <li>Making scanned documents searchable by converting them to PDFs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Optical character recognition (OCR) – targets typewritten text, one <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Character_(symbol)" title="Character (symbol)">character</a> at a time.</li> <li>Optical word recognition – targets typewritten text, one word at a time (for languages that use a <a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">space</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word divider</a>). Usually just called "OCR".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_character_recognition" title="Intelligent character recognition">Intelligent character recognition</a> (ICR) – also targets handwritten <a href="/wiki/Printscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Printscript">printscript</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> text one glyph or character at a time, usually involving <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_word_recognition" title="Intelligent word recognition">Intelligent word recognition</a> (IWR) – also targets handwritten <a href="/wiki/Printscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Printscript">printscript</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> text, one word at a time. This is especially useful for languages where glyphs are not separated in cursive script.</li></ul> <p>OCR is generally an offline process, which analyses a static document. There are cloud based services which provide an online OCR API service. <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_movement_analysis" title="Handwriting movement analysis">Handwriting movement analysis</a> can be used as input to <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of merely using the shapes of glyphs and words, this technique is able to capture motion, such as the order in which <a href="/wiki/Segment_(handwriting)" title="Segment (handwriting)">segments</a> are drawn, the direction, and the pattern of putting the pen down and lifting it. This additional information can make the process more accurate. This technology is also known as "online character recognition", "dynamic character recognition", "real-time character recognition", and "intelligent character recognition". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-processing">Pre-processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OCR software often pre-processes images to improve the chances of successful recognition. Techniques include:<sup id="cite_ref-nicomsoft_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicomsoft-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>De-<a href="/wiki/Skew_(fax)" title="Skew (fax)">skewing</a> – if the document was not aligned properly when scanned, it may need to be tilted a few degrees clockwise or counterclockwise in order to make lines of text perfectly horizontal or vertical.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despeckle" class="mw-redirect" title="Despeckle">Despeckling</a> – removal of positive and negative spots, smoothing edges</li> <li>Binarization – conversion of an image from color or <a href="/wiki/Greyscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyscale">greyscale</a> to black-and-white (called a <a href="/wiki/Binary_image" title="Binary image">binary image</a> because there are two colors). The task is performed as a simple way of separating the text (or any other desired image component) from the background.<sup id="cite_ref-Sezgin2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sezgin2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of binarization is necessary since most commercial recognition algorithms work only on binary images, as it is simpler to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the effectiveness of binarization influences to a significant extent the quality of character recognition, and careful decisions are made in the choice of the binarization employed for a given input image type; since the quality of the method used to obtain the binary result depends on the type of image (scanned document, <a href="/wiki/Scene_text" title="Scene text">scene text</a> image, degraded historical document, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-Trier1995_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trier1995-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Milyaev2013_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milyaev2013-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Line removal – Cleaning up non-glyph boxes and lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Layout_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Document Layout Analysis">Layout analysis</a> or zoning – Identification of columns, paragraphs, captions, etc. as distinct blocks. Especially important in <a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">multi-column layouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">tables</a>.</li> <li>Line and word detection – Establishment of a baseline for word and character shapes, separating words as necessary.</li> <li>Script recognition – In multilingual documents, the script may change at the level of the words and hence, identification of the script is necessary, before the right OCR can be invoked to handle the specific script.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Character isolation or segmentation – For per-character OCR, multiple characters that are connected due to image artifacts must be separated; single characters that are broken into multiple pieces due to artifacts must be connected.</li> <li>Normalization of <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Segmentation of <a href="/wiki/Fixed-pitch_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed-pitch font">fixed-pitch fonts</a> is accomplished relatively simply by aligning the image to a uniform grid based on where vertical grid lines will least often intersect black areas. For <a href="/wiki/Proportional_font" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional font">proportional fonts</a>, more sophisticated techniques are needed because whitespace between letters can sometimes be greater than that between words, and vertical lines can intersect more than one character.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesseract_overview_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesseract_overview-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_recognition">Text recognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Text recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic types of core OCR algorithm, which may produce a ranked list of candidate characters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Matrix matching</i> involves comparing an image to a stored glyph on a pixel-by-pixel basis; it is also known as <i>pattern matching</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">pattern recognition</a></i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital image correlation">image correlation</a></i>. This relies on the input glyph being correctly isolated from the rest of the image, and the stored glyph being in a similar font and at the same scale. This technique works best with typewritten text and does not work well when new fonts are encountered. This is the technique early physical photocell-based OCR implemented, rather directly.</li> <li><i>Feature extraction</i> decomposes glyphs into "features" like lines, closed loops, line direction, and line intersections. The extraction features reduces the dimensionality of the representation and makes the recognition process computationally efficient. These features are compared with an abstract vector-like representation of a character, which might reduce to one or more glyph prototypes. General techniques of <a href="/wiki/Feature_detection_(computer_vision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feature detection (computer vision)">feature detection in computer vision</a> are applicable to this type of OCR, which is commonly seen in "intelligent" <a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">handwriting recognition</a> and most modern OCR software.<sup id="cite_ref-ocrwizard_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ocrwizard-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nearest_neighbour_classifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearest neighbour classifiers">Nearest neighbour classifiers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/K-nearest_neighbors_algorithm" title="K-nearest neighbors algorithm">k-nearest neighbors algorithm</a> are used to compare image features with stored glyph features and choose the nearest match.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Software such as <a href="/wiki/CuneiForm_(software)" title="CuneiForm (software)">Cuneiform</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a> use a two-pass approach to character recognition. The second pass is known as adaptive recognition and uses the letter shapes recognized with high confidence on the first pass to better recognize the remaining letters on the second pass. This is advantageous for unusual fonts or low-quality scans where the font is distorted (e.g. blurred or faded).<sup id="cite_ref-Tesseract_overview_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesseract_overview-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, modern OCR software includes <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> OCR, <a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a>, and Transym.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Others like <a href="/wiki/OCRopus" title="OCRopus">OCRopus</a> and Tesseract use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> which are trained to recognize whole lines of text instead of focusing on single characters. </p><p>A technique known as iterative OCR automatically crops a document into sections based on the page layout. OCR is then performed on each section individually using variable character confidence level thresholds to maximize page-level OCR accuracy. A patent from the United States Patent Office has been issued for this method.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OCR result can be stored in the standardized <a href="/wiki/ALTO_(XML)" class="mw-redirect" title="ALTO (XML)">ALTO</a> format, a dedicated <a href="/wiki/XML_schema" title="XML schema">XML schema</a> maintained by the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Other common formats include <a href="/wiki/HOCR" title="HOCR">hOCR</a> and PAGE XML. </p><p>For a list of optical character recognition software, see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_optical_character_recognition_software" title="Comparison of optical character recognition software">Comparison of optical character recognition software</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-processing">Post-processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OCR accuracy can be increased if the output is constrained by a <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> – a list of words that are allowed to occur in a document.<sup id="cite_ref-nicomsoft_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nicomsoft-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might be, for example, all the words in the English language, or a more technical lexicon for a specific field. This technique can be problematic if the document contains words not in the lexicon, like <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper nouns</a>. Tesseract uses its dictionary to influence the character segmentation step, for improved accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-Tesseract_overview_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tesseract_overview-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The output stream may be a <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> stream or file of characters, but more sophisticated OCR systems can preserve the original layout of the page and produce, for example, an annotated <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> that includes both the original image of the page and a searchable textual representation. </p><p><i>Near-neighbor analysis</i> can make use of <a href="/wiki/Co-occurrence" title="Co-occurrence">co-occurrence</a> frequencies to correct errors, by noting that certain words are often seen together.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "Washington, D.C." is generally far more common in English than "Washington DOC". </p><p>Knowledge of the grammar of the language being scanned can also help determine if a word is likely to be a verb or a noun, for example, allowing greater accuracy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Levenshtein_distance" title="Levenshtein distance">Levenshtein Distance</a> algorithm has also been used in OCR post-processing to further optimize results from an OCR API.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application-specific_optimizations">Application-specific optimizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Application-specific optimizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the major OCR technology providers began to tweak OCR systems to deal more efficiently with specific types of input. Beyond an application-specific lexicon, better performance may be had by taking into account business rules, standard expression,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or rich information contained in color images. This strategy is called "Application-Oriented OCR" or "Customized OCR", and has been applied to OCR of <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invoice" title="Invoice">invoices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a>, <a href="/wiki/ID_card" class="mw-redirect" title="ID card">ID cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_license" title="Driver's license">driver's licenses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automobile_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile manufacturing">automobile manufacturing</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> has adapted the OCR technology into a proprietary tool they entitle <i>Document Helper</i>, that enables their interactive news team to accelerate the processing of documents that need to be reviewed. They note that it enables them to process what amounts to as many as 5,400 pages per hour in preparation for reporters to review the contents.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workarounds">Workarounds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Workarounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several techniques for solving the problem of character recognition by means other than improved OCR algorithms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forcing_better_input">Forcing better input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Forcing better input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Special fonts like <a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">OCR-A</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">OCR-B</a>, or <a href="/wiki/MICR" class="mw-redirect" title="MICR">MICR</a> fonts, with precisely specified sizing, spacing, and distinctive character shapes, allow a higher accuracy rate during transcription in bank check processing. Several prominent OCR engines were designed to capture text in popular fonts such as Arial or Times New Roman, and are incapable of capturing text in these fonts that are specialized and very different from popularly used fonts. As Google Tesseract can be trained to recognize new fonts, it can recognize OCR-A, OCR-B and MICR fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Comb fields</i> are pre-printed boxes that encourage humans to write more legibly – one glyph per box.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are often printed in a <a href="/wiki/Drop_out_ink" title="Drop out ink">dropout color</a> which can be easily removed by the OCR system.<sup id="cite_ref-explain_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explain-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> used a special set of glyphs, known as <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_(Palm_OS)" title="Graffiti (Palm OS)">Graffiti</a>, which are similar to printed English characters but simplified or modified for easier recognition on the platform's computationally limited hardware. Users would need to learn how to write these special glyphs. </p><p>Zone-based OCR restricts the image to a specific part of a document. This is often referred to as <i>Template OCR</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crowdsourcing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a> humans to perform the character recognition can quickly process images like computer-driven OCR, but with higher accuracy for recognizing images than that obtained via computers. Practical systems include the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Mechanical_Turk" title="Amazon Mechanical Turk">Amazon Mechanical Turk</a> and <a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Finland" title="National Library of Finland">National Library of Finland</a> has developed an online interface for users to correct OCRed texts in the standardized ALTO format.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowd sourcing has also been used not to perform character recognition directly but to invite software developers to develop image processing algorithms, for example, through the use of <a href="/wiki/Tournament_theory" title="Tournament theory">rank-order tournaments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Ngrams_(English_2009)_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/220px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/330px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/440px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2009%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Occurrence of laft and last in Google's <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-grams</a> database, in English documents from 1700 to 1900, based on OCR scans for the "English 2009" corpus</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Ngrams_(English_2012)_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/220px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/330px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png/440px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2012%29_ocurrence_of_laft_and_last.png 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Occurrence of laft and last in Google's <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-grams</a> database, based on OCR scans for the "English 2012" corpus<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Ngrams_(English_2019)_long_s_normalization.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png/220px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png/330px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png/440px-Google_Ngrams_%28English_2019%29_long_s_normalization.png 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Searching for words with a <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long S</a> in English 2012 or later are normalized to an S.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Energy">U.S. Department of Energy</a> (DOE), the Information Science Research Institute (ISRI) had the mission to foster the improvement of automated technologies for understanding machine printed documents, and it conducted the most authoritative of the <i>Annual Test of OCR Accuracy</i> from 1992 to 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognition of typewritten, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> text is still not 100% accurate even where clear imaging is available. One study based on recognition of 19th- and early 20th-century newspaper pages concluded that character-by-character OCR accuracy for commercial OCR software varied from 81% to 99%;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> total accuracy can be achieved by human review or Data Dictionary Authentication. Other areas – including recognition of hand printing, <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> handwriting, and printed text in other scripts (especially those East Asian language characters which have many strokes for a single character) – are still the subject of active research. The <a href="/wiki/MNIST_database" title="MNIST database">MNIST database</a> is commonly used for testing systems' ability to recognize handwritten digits. </p><p>Accuracy rates can be measured in several ways, and how they are measured can greatly affect the reported accuracy rate. For example, if word context (a lexicon of words) is not used to correct software finding non-existent words, a character error rate of 1% (99% accuracy) may result in an error rate of 5% or worse if the measurement is based on whether each whole word was recognized with no incorrect letters.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a large enough dataset is important in a neural-network-based handwriting recognition solutions. On the other hand, producing natural datasets is very complicated and time-consuming.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of the difficulties inherent in digitizing old text is the inability of OCR to differentiate between the "<a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a>" and "f" characters.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Web-based OCR systems for recognizing hand-printed text on the fly have become well known as commercial products in recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet PC history</a>). Accuracy rates of 80% to 90% on neat, clean hand-printed characters can be achieved by <a href="/wiki/Pen_computing" title="Pen computing">pen computing</a> software, but that accuracy rate still translates to dozens of errors per page, making the technology useful only in very limited applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Recognition of <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive text</a> is an active area of research, with recognition rates even lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Hand-printed_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-printed text">hand-printed text</a>. Higher rates of recognition of general cursive script will likely not be possible without the use of contextual or grammatical information. For example, recognizing entire words from a dictionary is easier than trying to parse individual characters from script. Reading the <i>Amount</i> line of a <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">check</a> (which is always a written-out number) is an example where using a smaller dictionary can increase recognition rates greatly. The shapes of individual cursive characters themselves simply do not contain enough information to accurately (greater than 98%) recognize all handwritten cursive script.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most programs allow users to set "confidence rates". This means that if the software does not achieve their desired level of accuracy, a user can be notified for manual review. </p><p>An error introduced by OCR scanning is sometimes termed a <i>scanno</i> (by analogy with the term <a href="/wiki/Typographical_error" title="Typographical error"><i>typo</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_Character_Recognition_(Unicode_block)" title="Optical Character Recognition (Unicode block)">Optical Character Recognition (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>Characters to support OCR were added to the <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> Standard in June 1993, with the release of version 1.1. </p><p>Some of these characters are mapped from fonts specific to <a href="/wiki/MICR" class="mw-redirect" title="MICR">MICR</a>, <a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">OCR-A</a> or <a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">OCR-B</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><b><a href="/wiki/Optical_Character_Recognition_(Unicode_block)" title="Optical Character Recognition (Unicode block)">Optical Character Recognition</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2440_as_of_Unicode_version"><a href="#endnote_U2440_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_U2440_grey"><a href="#endnote_U2440_grey">[2]</a></sup><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2440.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+244x </td> <td title="U+2440: OCR HOOK">⑀ </td> <td title="U+2441: OCR CHAIR">⑁ </td> <td title="U+2442: OCR FORK">⑂ </td> <td title="U+2443: OCR INVERTED FORK">⑃ </td> <td title="U+2444: OCR BELT BUCKLE">⑄ </td> <td title="U+2445: OCR BOW TIE">⑅ </td> <td title="U+2446: OCR BRANCH BANK IDENTIFICATION">⑆ </td> <td title="U+2447: OCR AMOUNT OF CHECK">⑇ </td> <td title="U+2448: OCR DASH (alias MICR ON US SYMBOL)">⑈ </td> <td title="U+2449: OCR CUSTOMER ACCOUNT NUMBER (alias MICR DASH SYMBOL)">⑉ </td> <td title="U+244A: OCR DOUBLE BACKSLASH">⑊ </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+245x </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left"><b>Notes</b> <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2440_as_of_Unicode_version"><b><a href="#ref_U2440_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a></b></span> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_U2440_grey"><b><a href="#ref_U2440_grey">^</a></b></span> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_effect" title="AI effect">AI effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_optical_character_recognition_software" title="Comparison of optical character recognition software">Comparison of optical character recognition software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_mailroom" title="Digital mailroom">Digital mailroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EScriptorium" title="EScriptorium">eScriptorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">Institutional repository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legibility" title="Legibility">Legibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_ink_character_recognition_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Live ink character recognition solution">Live ink character recognition solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">Magnetic ink character recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_OCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Music OCR">Music OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR_in_Indian_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="OCR in Indian Languages">OCR in Indian Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mark_recognition" title="Optical mark recognition">Optical mark recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Outline of artificial intelligence">Outline of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_recognition" title="Sketch recognition">Sketch recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract OCR engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice recording">Voice recording</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optical_character_recognition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415060125/https://dev.havenondemand.com/apis/ocrdocument">"OCR Document"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HP_Autonomy#Products_and_services" title="HP Autonomy">Haven OnDemand</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.havenondemand.com/apis/ocrdocument#overview">the original</a> on April 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haven+OnDemand&rft.atitle=OCR+Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.havenondemand.com%2Fapis%2Focrdocument%23overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+character+recognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419063444/https://dev.havenondemand.com/docs/ImageFormats.html">"Supported Media Formats"</a>. <i>Haven OnDemand</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.havenondemand.com/docs/ImageFormats.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haven+OnDemand&rft.atitle=Supported+Media+Formats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.havenondemand.com%2Fdocs%2FImageFormats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOptical+character+recognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scantz82-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scantz82_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scantz82_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchantz1982" class="citation book cs1">Schantz, Herbert F. (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofocropti0000scha"><i>The history of OCR, optical character recognition</i></a></span>. 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_character_recognition" title="Template:Optical character recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_character_recognition" title="Template talk:Optical character recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_character_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical character recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_character_recognition_software91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Optical character recognition</a> software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CuneiForm_(software)" title="CuneiForm (software)">CuneiForm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCR" title="GOCR">GOCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocrad" title="Ocrad">Ocrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCRFeeder" title="OCRFeeder">OCRFeeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCRopus" title="OCRopus">OCRopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Acrobat Pro">Adobe Acrobat Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asprise_OCR" title="Asprise OCR">Asprise OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_Document_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Office Document Imaging">Microsoft Office Document Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OmniPage" title="OmniPage">OmniPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReadSoft" title="ReadSoft">ReadSoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartScore" title="SmartScore">SmartScore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleForm" title="TeleForm">TeleForm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VueScan" title="VueScan">VueScan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_optical_character_recognition_software" title="Comparison of optical character recognition software">Comparison of optical character recognition software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_language_processing454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_language_processing" title="Template talk:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_language_processing454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-complete" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">Bag-of-words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br />datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Text corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY" title="UBY">UBY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet">WordNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br />and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br />reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br />user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Artificial_intelligence_(AI)776" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">timeline</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperparameter_(machine_learning)" title="Hyperparameter (machine learning)">Hyperparameter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias%E2%80%93variance_tradeoff" title="Bias–variance tradeoff">Bias–variance tradeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_descent" title="Double descent">Double descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Newton_method" title="Quasi-Newton method">Quasi-Newton method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_gradient_method" title="Conjugate gradient method">Conjugate gradient method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(machine_learning)" title="Normalization (machine learning)">Normalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Batchnorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gating_mechanism" title="Gating mechanism">Gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_initialization" title="Weight initialization">Weight initialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_data_sets" title="Training, validation, and test data sets">Datasets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation_learning" title="Imitation learning">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_gradient_method" title="Policy gradient method">Policy gradient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_diffusion_model" title="Latent diffusion model">Latent diffusion model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">RAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">RLHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering#In-context_learning" title="Prompt engineering">In-context learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Artificial neural network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Text-to-image models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain#Text-to-image_model" title="Google Brain">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Text-to-video models</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music generation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">chatbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLOOM_(language_model)" title="BLOOM (language model)">BLOOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watsonx" title="IBM Watsonx">IBM Watsonx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Sturgis_McCulloch" title="Warren Sturgis McCulloch">Warren Sturgis McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pitts" title="Walter Pitts">Walter Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rochester_(computer_scientist)" title="Nathaniel Rochester (computer scientist)">Nathaniel Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Shaw" title="Cliff Shaw">Cliff Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Selfridge" title="Oliver Selfridge">Oliver Selfridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rosenblatt" title="Frank Rosenblatt">Frank Rosenblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Widrow" title="Bernard Widrow">Bernard Widrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Weizenbaum" title="Joseph Weizenbaum">Joseph Weizenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Papert" title="Seymour Papert">Seymour Papert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seppo_Linnainmaa" title="Seppo Linnainmaa">Seppo Linnainmaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Werbos" title="Paul Werbos">Paul Werbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Grossberg" title="Stephen Grossberg">Stephen Grossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Krizhevsky" title="Alex Krizhevsky">Alex Krizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer (ViT)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network (CNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Residual neural network (RNN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_network" title="Highway network">Highway network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamba_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Mamba (deep learning architecture)">Mamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network (GNN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> Portals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Artificial intelligence">Category</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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