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aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PostScript_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PostScript_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>PostScript language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PostScript_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_format" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_format"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>File format</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_format-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imaging_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imaging_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Imaging model</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Imaging_model-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Imaging model subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Imaging_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vector_graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vector_graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vector graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vector_graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raster_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raster_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Raster images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raster_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Additional features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Additional features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Additional_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logical_structure_and_accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logical_structure_and_accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Logical structure and accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logical_structure_and_accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_Content_Groups_(layers)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_Content_Groups_(layers)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Optional Content Groups (layers)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_Content_Groups_(layers)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encryption_and_signatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encryption_and_signatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Encryption and signatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encryption_and_signatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>File attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_to_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Changes to content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malware_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malware_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Malware vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malware_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viewers_and_editors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewers_and_editors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Viewers and editors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewers_and_editors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_display_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_display_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Native display model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_display_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Annotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_and_Information_Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_and_Information_Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Conversion and Information Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_and_Information_Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="صيغة المستندات المنقولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة المستندات المنقولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB" title="পিডিএফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিডিএফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB" title="पीडीएफ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पीडीएफ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porditav_dokumendivorming" title="Porditav dokumendivorming – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Porditav dokumendivorming" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portebla_dokumentformo" title="Portebla dokumentformo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portebla dokumentformo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81" title="پی‌دی‌اف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پی‌دی‌اف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AB" title="પીડીએફ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પીડીએફ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%AB" title="पीडीऍफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीडीऍफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಿಡಿಎಫ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಿಡಿಎಫ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rnesams_dokumentu_form%C4%81ts" title="Pārnesams dokumentu formāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārnesams dokumentu formāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="പോർട്ടബിൾ ഡോക്യുമെന്റ് ഫോർമാറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോർട്ടബിൾ ഡോക്യുമെന്റ് ഫോർമാറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB" title="पीडीएफ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीडीएफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_Dokumen_Mudah_Alih" title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Format Dokumen Mudah Alih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_document_format" title="Portable document format – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portable document format" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪੋਰਟੇਬਲ ਡਾਕੂਮੈਂਟ ਫਾਰਮੈਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਰਟੇਬਲ ਡਾਕੂਮੈਂਟ ਫਾਰਮੈਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="پی ڈی ایف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پی ڈی ایف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%E2%80%8C%DA%89%D9%8A%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81" title="پي‌ډي‌اف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پي‌ډي‌اف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%81" title="پی دی ئێف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پی دی ئێف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF.%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D" title="பி.டி.எவ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பி.டி.எவ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="รูปแบบเอกสารใช้ได้หลายระบบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รูปแบบเอกสารใช้ได้หลายระบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C_%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%81" title="پی ڈی ایف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پی ڈی ایف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Portable Document Format" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="可移植文档格式 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="可移植文档格式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="PDF" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format" title="Portable Document Format – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" 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style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">Page version status</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">This is an accepted version of this page</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="Close" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
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padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code>.pdf</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>application/pdf</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc8118_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8118-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>application/x-pdf</code></li> <li><code>application/x-bzpdf</code></li> <li><code>application/x-gzpdf</code></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Type_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Type code">Type code</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code>PDF </code><sup id="cite_ref-rfc8118_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc8118-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including a single trailing space)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Type_Identifier" title="Uniform Type Identifier">Uniform Type Identifier (UTI)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">com.adobe.pdf</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">Magic number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><code>%PDF</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a> (1991–2008)<br /> <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> (2008–)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">June 15, 1993<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1993-06-15</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">2.0 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Extended to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">PDF/A</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">PDF/E</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">PDF/UA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">PDF/VT</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">PDF/X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">ISO 32000-2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.35em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso.org/standard/75839.html">iso<wbr />.org<wbr />/standard<wbr />/75839<wbr />.html</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Portable Document Format</b> (<b>PDF</b>), standardized as <b>ISO 32000</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe</a> in 1992 to present <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">documents</a>, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-ref-1.7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> language, each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raster_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Raster images">raster images</a> and other information needed to display it. PDF has its roots in "The Camelot Project" initiated by Adobe co-founder <a href="/wiki/John_Warnock" title="John Warnock">John Warnock</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDF was standardized as ISO 32000 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last edition as ISO 32000-2:2020 was published in December 2020. </p><p>PDF files may contain a variety of content besides flat text and graphics including logical structuring elements, interactive elements such as annotations and form-fields, layers, <a href="/wiki/Rich_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich media">rich media</a> (including video content), three-dimensional objects using <a href="/wiki/U3D" class="mw-redirect" title="U3D">U3D</a> or <a href="/wiki/PRC_(file_format)" title="PRC (file format)">PRC</a>, and various other <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">data formats</a>. The PDF specification also provides for encryption and <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signatures</a>, file attachments, and <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> to enable <a href="/wiki/Workflow" title="Workflow">workflows</a> requiring these features. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_PDF" title="History of PDF">History of PDF</a></div> <p>The development of PDF began in 1991 when <a href="/wiki/John_Warnock" title="John Warnock">John Warnock</a> wrote a paper for a project then code-named Camelot, in which he proposed the creation of a simplified version of PostScript called Interchange PostScript (IPS).<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike traditional PostScript, which was tightly focused on rendering <a href="/wiki/Print_job" title="Print job">print jobs</a> to output devices, IPS would be optimized for displaying pages to any screen and any platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a> made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993. In the early years PDF was popular mainly in <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> workflows, and competed with several other formats, including <a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Envoy_(WordPerfect)" title="Envoy (WordPerfect)">Envoy</a>, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica and even Adobe's own PostScript format. </p><p>PDF was a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary format</a> controlled by Adobe until it was released as an <a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">open standard</a> on July 1, 2008, and published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> as ISO 32000-1:2008,<sup id="cite_ref-iso-standard_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-standard-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which time control of the specification passed to an ISO Committee of volunteer industry experts. In 2008, Adobe published a Public Patent License to ISO 32000-1 granting <a href="/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> rights for all patents owned by Adobe necessary to make, use, sell, and distribute PDF-compliant implementations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PDF 1.7, the sixth edition of the PDF specification that became ISO 32000-1, includes some proprietary technologies defined only by Adobe, such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_XML_Forms_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe XML Forms Architecture">Adobe XML Forms Architecture</a> (XFA) and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> extension for Acrobat, which are referenced by ISO 32000-1 as <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> and indispensable for the full implementation of the ISO 32000-1 specification.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These proprietary technologies are not standardized, and their specification is published only on Adobe's website.<sup id="cite_ref-iso-meeting-n603_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-meeting-n603-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rosenthol-adobe-2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenthol-adobe-2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. </p><p>ISO published version 2.0 of PDF, ISO 32000-2 in 2017, available for purchase, replacing the free specification provided by Adobe.<sup id="cite_ref-nowfree_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowfree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2020, the second edition of PDF 2.0, ISO 32000-2:2020, was published, with clarifications, corrections, and critical updates to normative references<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ISO 32000-2 does not include any proprietary technologies as normative references).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2023 the PDF Association made ISO 32000-2 available for download free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-nowfree_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowfree-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A PDF file is often a combination of <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector graphics</a>, text, and <a href="/wiki/Bitmap_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitmap graphics">bitmap graphics</a>. The basic types of content in a PDF are: </p> <ul><li>Typeset text stored as content streams (i.e., not encoded in <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a>);</li> <li>Vector graphics for illustrations and designs that consist of shapes and lines;</li> <li>Raster graphics for photographs and other types of images; and</li> <li>Other multimedia objects.</li></ul> <p>In later PDF revisions, a PDF document can also support links (inside document or web page), forms, JavaScript (initially available as a plugin for Acrobat 3.0), or any other types of embedded contents that can be handled using plug-ins. </p><p>PDF combines three technologies: </p> <ul><li>An equivalent subset of the PostScript page description programming language but in declarative form, for generating the layout and graphics.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Font_embedding" title="Font embedding">font-embedding</a>/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents.</li> <li>A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, with <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">data compression</a> where appropriate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PostScript_language">PostScript language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PostScript language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Page_description_language" title="Page description language">page description language</a> run in an <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> to generate an image.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can handle graphics and has standard features of <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">branching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loop_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop (computing)">looping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDF is a subset of PostScript, simplified to remove such <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> features, while graphics commands remain.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PostScript was originally designed for a drastically different <a href="/wiki/Use_case" title="Use case">use case</a>: transmission of one-way linear print jobs in which the PostScript interpreter would collect a series of commands until it encountered the <code>showpage</code> command, then execute all the commands to render a page as a raster image to a printing device.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PostScript was not intended for long-term storage and real-time interactive rendering of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic documents</a> to <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitors</a>, so there was no need to support anything other than consecutive rendering of pages.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there was an error in the final printed output, the user would correct it at the application level and send a new print job in the form of an entirely new PostScript file. Thus, any given page in a PostScript file could be accurately rendered only as the cumulative result of executing all preceding commands to draw all previous pages—any of which could affect subsequent pages—plus the commands to draw that particular page, and there was no easy way to bypass that process to skip around to different pages.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, to go from PostScript to PDF, a source PostScript file (that is, an executable program) is used as the basis for generating PostScript-like PDF code (see, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Distiller" title="Adobe Distiller">Adobe Distiller</a>). This is done by applying standard <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> techniques like <a href="/wiki/Loop_unrolling" title="Loop unrolling">loop unrolling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline_expansion" title="Inline expansion">inlining</a> and removing unused branches, resulting in code that is purely declarative and static.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end result is then packaged into a <a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container format</a>, together with all necessary <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependency (computer science)">dependencies</a> for correct rendering (external files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers), and <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a>. Modern applications write to printer drivers that directly generate PDF rather than going through PostScript first. </p><p>As a document format, PDF has several advantages over PostScript: </p> <ul><li>PDF contains only static <a href="/wiki/Declarative_programming" title="Declarative programming">declarative</a> PostScript code that can be processed as data, and does not require a full program <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This avoids the complexity and security risks of an engine with such a higher complexity level.</li> <li>Like <a href="/wiki/Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a>, PDF has supported <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(graphic)" title="Transparency (graphic)">transparent graphics</a> since version 1.4, while standard PostScript does not.</li> <li>PDF enforces the rule that the code for any particular page cannot affect any other pages.<sup id="cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_139_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_139-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That rule is strongly recommended for PostScript code too, but has to be implemented explicitly (see, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Document_Structuring_Conventions" title="Document Structuring Conventions">Document Structuring Conventions</a>), as PostScript is a full programming language that allows for such greater flexibilities and is not limited to the concepts of pages and documents.</li> <li>All data required for rendering is included within the file itself, improving portability.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Its disadvantages are: </p> <ul><li>A loss of flexibility, and limitation to a single use case.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A (sometimes much) larger file size.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>PDF since v1.6 supports embedding of interactive 3D documents: 3D drawings can be embedded using <a href="/wiki/U3D" class="mw-redirect" title="U3D">U3D</a> or <a href="/wiki/PRC_(file_format)" title="PRC (file format)">PRC</a> and various other data formats.<sup id="cite_ref-3d#1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3d#1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_format">File format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: File format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A PDF file is organized using <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> characters, except for certain elements that may have binary content. The file starts with a header containing a <a href="/wiki/File_format#Magic_number" title="File format">magic number</a> (as a readable string) and the version of the format, for example <code>%PDF-1.7</code>. The format is a subset of a COS ("Carousel" Object Structure) format.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A COS tree file consists primarily of <i>objects</i>, of which there are nine types:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_data_type" title="Boolean data type">Boolean</a> values, representing <i>true</i> or <i>false</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">Real numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">Integers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">Strings</a>, enclosed within parentheses (<code>(...)</code>) or represented as hexadecimal within single angle brackets (<code><...></code>). Strings may contain 8-bit characters.</li> <li>Names, starting with a forward slash (<code>/</code>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">Arrays</a>, ordered collections of objects enclosed within square brackets (<code>[...]</code>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary (data structure)">Dictionaries</a>, collections of objects indexed by names enclosed within double angle brackets (<code><<...>></code>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">Streams</a>, usually containing large amounts of optionally compressed binary data, preceded by a dictionary and enclosed between the <code>stream</code> and <code>endstream</code> keywords.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">null</a> object</li></ul> <p>Comments using 8-bit characters prefixed with the percent sign (<code>%</code>) may be inserted. </p><p>Objects may be either <i>direct</i> (embedded in another object) or <i>indirect</i>. Indirect objects are numbered with an <i>object number</i> and a <i>generation number</i> and defined between the <code>obj</code> and <code>endobj</code> keywords if residing in the document root. Beginning with PDF version 1.5, indirect objects (except other streams) may also be located in special streams known as <i>object streams</i> (marked <code>/Type /ObjStm</code>). This technique enables non-stream objects to have standard stream filters applied to them, reduces the size of files that have large numbers of small indirect objects and is especially useful for <i>Tagged PDF</i>. Object streams do not support specifying an object's <i>generation number</i> (other than 0). </p><p>An index table, also called the cross-reference table, is located near the end of the file and gives the byte offset of each indirect object from the start of the file.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design allows for efficient <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random access</a> to the objects in the file, and also allows for small changes to be made without rewriting the entire file (<i>incremental update</i>). Before PDF version 1.5, the table would always be in a special ASCII format, be marked with the <code>xref</code> keyword, and follow the main body composed of indirect objects. Version 1.5 introduced optional <i>cross-reference streams</i>, which have the form of a standard stream object, possibly with filters applied. Such a stream may be used instead of the ASCII cross-reference table and contains the offsets and other information in binary format. The format is flexible in that it allows for integer width specification (using the <code>/W</code> array), so that for example, a document not exceeding 64 <a href="/wiki/KiB" class="mw-redirect" title="KiB">KiB</a> in size may dedicate only 2 bytes for object offsets. </p><p>At the end of a PDF file is a footer containing </p> <ul><li>The <code>startxref</code> keyword followed by an offset to the start of the cross-reference table (starting with the <code>xref</code> keyword) or the cross-reference stream object, followed by</li> <li>The <code>%%EOF</code> <a href="/wiki/End-of-file" title="End-of-file">end-of-file</a> marker.</li></ul> <p>If a cross-reference stream is not being used, the footer is preceded by the <code>trailer</code> keyword followed by a dictionary containing information that would otherwise be contained in the cross-reference stream object's dictionary: </p> <ul><li>A reference to the root object of the tree structure, also known as the <i>catalog</i> (<code>/Root</code>)</li> <li>The count of indirect objects in the cross-reference table (<code>/Size</code>)</li> <li>Other optional information</li></ul> <p>Within each page, there are one or multiple content streams that describe the text, vector and images being drawn on the page. The content stream is <a href="/wiki/Stack-oriented_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Stack-oriented programming language">stack-based</a>, similar to PostScript.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png/220px-Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png/330px-Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png/440px-Seitengroesse_PDF_7.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The maximum size of an Acrobat PDF page, superimposed on a map of Europe.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two layouts to the PDF files: non-linearized (not "optimized") and linearized ("optimized"). Non-linearized PDF files can be smaller than their linear counterparts, though they are slower to access because portions of the data required to assemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file. Linearized PDF files (also called "optimized" or "web optimized" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in a Web browser plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since all objects required for the first page to display are optimally organized at the start of the file.<sup id="cite_ref-pdf-ref_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-ref-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDF files may be optimized using <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a> software or <a href="/wiki/QPDF" title="QPDF">QPDF</a>. </p><p>Page dimensions are not limited by the format itself. However, Adobe Acrobat imposes a limit of 15 million by 15 million inches, or 225 trillion in<sup>2</sup> (145,161 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-ref-1.7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1129">: 1129 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imaging_model">Imaging model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imaging model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic design of how graphics are represented in PDF is very similar to that of PostScript, except for the use of transparency, which was added in PDF 1.4. </p><p>PDF graphics use a <a href="/wiki/Device_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Device independence">device-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">Cartesian coordinate system</a> to describe the surface of a page. A PDF page description can use a <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrix</a> to <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotate">rotate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Shear_mapping" title="Shear mapping">skew</a> graphical elements. A key concept in PDF is that of the <i>graphics state</i>, which is a collection of graphical parameters that may be changed, saved, and restored by a <i>page description</i>. PDF has (as of version 2.0) 25 graphics state properties, of which some of the most important are: </p> <ul><li>The <i>current transformation matrix</i> (CTM), which determines the coordinate system</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Clipping_path" title="Clipping path">clipping path</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></i></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Alpha_compositing" title="Alpha compositing">alpha constant</a></i>, which is a key component of transparency</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_point_compensation" title="Black point compensation">Black point compensation</a></i> control (introduced in PDF 2.0)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vector_graphics">Vector graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vector graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in PostScript, vector graphics in PDF are constructed with <i>paths</i>. Paths are usually composed of lines and cubic <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a>, but can also be constructed from the outlines of text. Unlike PostScript, PDF does not allow a single path to mix text outlines with lines and curves. Paths can be stroked, filled, fill then stroked, or used for <a href="/wiki/Clipping_path" title="Clipping path">clipping</a>. Strokes and fills can use any color set in the graphics state, including <i>patterns</i>. PDF supports several types of patterns. The simplest is the <i>tiling pattern</i> in which a piece of artwork is specified to be drawn repeatedly. This may be a <i>colored tiling pattern</i>, with the colors specified in the pattern object, or an <i>uncolored tiling pattern</i>, which defers color specification to the time the pattern is drawn. Beginning with PDF 1.3 there is also a <i>shading pattern</i>, which draws continuously varying colors. There are seven types of shading patterns of which the simplest are the <i>axial shading</i> (Type 2) and <i>radial shading</i> (Type 3). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raster_images">Raster images</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Raster images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raster images in PDF (called <i>Image XObjects</i>) are represented by dictionaries with an associated stream. The dictionary describes the properties of the image, and the stream contains the image data. (Less commonly, small raster images may be embedded directly in a page description as an <i>inline image</i>.) Images are typically <i>filtered</i> for compression purposes. Image filters supported in PDF include the following general-purpose filters: </p> <ul><li><i>ASCII85Decode</i>, a filter used to put the stream into 7-bit ASCII,</li> <li><i>ASCIIHexDecode</i>, similar to ASCII85Decode but less compact,</li> <li><i>FlateDecode</i>, a commonly used filter based on the <a href="/wiki/Deflate" title="Deflate">deflate</a> algorithm defined in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1951">1951</a> (deflate is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Gzip" title="Gzip">gzip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ZIP_(file_format)" title="ZIP (file format)">zip</a> file formats among others); introduced in PDF 1.2; it can use one of two groups of predictor functions for more compact zlib/deflate compression: <i>Predictor 2</i> from the <a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a> 6.0 specification and predictors (filters) from the <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a> specification (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2083">2083</a>),</li> <li><i>LZWDecode</i>, a filter based on <a href="/wiki/LZW" class="mw-redirect" title="LZW">LZW</a> Compression; it can use one of two groups of predictor functions for more compact LZW compression: <i>Predictor 2</i> from the TIFF 6.0 specification and predictors (filters) from the PNG specification,</li> <li><i>RunLengthDecode</i>, a simple compression method for streams with repetitive data using the <a href="/wiki/Run-length_encoding" title="Run-length encoding">run-length encoding</a> algorithm and the image-specific filters,</li> <li><i>DCTDecode</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> filter based on the <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> standard,</li> <li><i>CCITTFaxDecode</i>, a lossless <a href="/wiki/Bi-level_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-level image">bi-level</a> (black/white) filter based on the Group 3 or <a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">Group 4</a> <a href="/wiki/CCITT" class="mw-redirect" title="CCITT">CCITT</a> (ITU-T) <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a> compression standard defined in ITU-T <a href="/wiki/T.4" class="mw-redirect" title="T.4">T.4</a> and T.6,</li> <li><i>JBIG2Decode</i>, a lossy or <a href="/wiki/Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless">lossless</a> bi-level (black/white) filter based on the <a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a> standard, introduced in PDF 1.4, and</li> <li><i>JPXDecode</i>, a lossy or lossless filter based on the <a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a> standard, introduced in PDF 1.5.</li></ul> <p>Normally all image content in a PDF is embedded in the file. But PDF allows image data to be stored in external files by the use of <i>external streams</i> or <i>Alternate Images</i>. Standardized subsets of PDF, including <a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">PDF/A</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">PDF/X</a>, prohibit these features. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Text in PDF is represented by <i>text elements</i> in page content streams. A text element specifies that <i>characters</i> should be drawn at certain positions. The characters are specified using the <i>encoding</i> of a selected <i>font resource</i>. </p><p>A font object in PDF is a description of a digital <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>. It may either describe the characteristics of a typeface, or it may include an embedded <i>font file</i>. The latter case is called an <i>embedded font</i> while the former is called an <i>unembedded font</i>. The font files that may be embedded are based on widely used standard digital font formats: <a href="/wiki/PostScript_fonts" title="PostScript fonts">Type 1</a> (and its compressed variant CFF), <a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a>, and (beginning with PDF 1.6) <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a>. Additionally PDF supports the Type 3 variant in which the components of the font are described by PDF graphic operators. </p><p>Fourteen typefaces, known as the <i>standard 14 fonts</i>, have a special significance in PDF documents: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Times_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Roman">Times</a> (v3) (in regular, italic, bold, and bold italic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courier_(typeface)" title="Courier (typeface)">Courier</a> (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a> (v3) (in regular, oblique, bold and bold oblique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapf_Dingbats" title="Zapf Dingbats">Zapf Dingbats</a></li></ul> <p>These fonts are sometimes called the <i>base fourteen fonts</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fonts, or suitable substitute fonts with the same metrics, should be available in most PDF readers, but they are not <i>guaranteed</i> to be available in the reader, and may only display correctly if the system has them installed.<sup id="cite_ref-aquarium_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aquarium-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fonts may be substituted if they are not embedded in a PDF. </p><p>Within text strings, characters are shown using <i>character codes</i> (integers) that map to glyphs in the current font using an <i>encoding</i>. There are several predefined encodings, including <i>WinAnsi</i>, <i>MacRoman</i>, and many encodings for East Asian languages and a font can have its own built-in encoding. (Although the WinAnsi and MacRoman encodings are derived from the historical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Macintosh</a> operating systems, fonts using these encodings work equally well on any platform.) PDF can specify a predefined encoding to use, the font's built-in encoding or provide a lookup table of differences to a predefined or built-in encoding (not recommended with TrueType fonts).<sup id="cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-ref-1.7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The encoding mechanisms in PDF were designed for Type 1 fonts, and the rules for applying them to TrueType fonts are complex. </p><p>For large fonts or fonts with non-standard glyphs, the special encodings <i>Identity-H</i> (for horizontal writing) and <i>Identity-V</i> (for vertical) are used. With such fonts, it is necessary to provide a <i>ToUnicode</i> table if semantic information about the characters is to be preserved. </p><p>A text document which is <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanned</a> to PDF without the text being recognised by <a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">optical character recognition</a> (OCR) is an image, with no fonts or text properties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transparency">Transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original imaging model of PDF was <i>opaque,</i> similar to PostScript, where each object drawn on the page completely replaced anything previously marked in the same location. In PDF 1.4 the imaging model was extended to allow transparency. When transparency is used, new objects interact with previously marked objects to produce blending effects. The addition of transparency to PDF was done by means of new extensions that were designed to be ignored in products written to PDF 1.3 and earlier specifications. As a result, files that use a small amount of transparency might be viewed acceptably by older viewers, but files making extensive use of transparency could be viewed incorrectly by an older viewer. </p><p>The transparency extensions are based on the key concepts of <i>transparency groups</i>, <i>blending modes</i>, <i>shape</i>, and <i>alpha</i>. The model is closely aligned with the features of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a> version 9. The <a href="/wiki/Blend_modes" title="Blend modes">blend modes</a> were based on those used by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> at the time. When the PDF 1.4 specification was published, the formulas for calculating blend modes were kept secret by Adobe. They have since been published.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of a transparency group in PDF specification is independent of existing notions of "group" or "layer" in applications such as Adobe Illustrator. Those groupings reflect logical relationships among objects that are meaningful when editing those objects, but they are not part of the imaging model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_features">Additional features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Additional features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logical_structure_and_accessibility">Logical structure and accessibility<span class="anchor" id="Tagged_PDF"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Logical structure and accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/PDF/A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF/A-1">PDF/A-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">PDF/UA</a></div> <p>A <b>tagged PDF</b> (see clause 14.8 in ISO 32000) includes document structure and semantics information to enable reliable text extraction and <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technically speaking, tagged PDF is a stylized use of the format that builds on the logical structure framework introduced in PDF 1.3. Tagged PDF defines a set of standard structure types and attributes that allow page content (text, graphics, and images) to be extracted and reused for other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tagged PDF is not required in situations where a PDF file is intended only for print. Since the feature is optional, and since the rules for tagged PDF were relatively vague in ISO 32000-1, support for tagged PDF among consuming devices, including <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> (AT), is uneven as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISO 32000-2, however, includes an improved discussion of tagged PDF which is anticipated to facilitate further adoption. </p><p>An ISO-standardized subset of PDF specifically targeted at accessibility, <a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">PDF/UA</a>, was first published in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optional_Content_Groups_(layers)"><span id="Optional_Content_Groups_.28layers.29"></span>Optional Content Groups (layers)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Optional Content Groups (layers)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the introduction of PDF version 1.5 (2003) came the concept of Layers. Layers, more formally known as Optional Content Groups (OCGs), refer to sections of content in a PDF document that can be selectively viewed or hidden by document authors or viewers. This capability is useful in CAD drawings, layered artwork, maps, multi-language documents, etc. </p><p>Basically, it consists of an Optional Content Properties Dictionary added to the document root. This dictionary contains an array of Optional Content Groups (OCGs), each describing a set of information and each of which may be individually displayed or suppressed, plus a set of Optional Content Configuration Dictionaries, which give the status (Displayed or Suppressed) of the given OCGs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encryption_and_signatures">Encryption and signatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encryption and signatures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A PDF file may be <a href="/wiki/Encrypted" class="mw-redirect" title="Encrypted">encrypted</a>, for security, in which case a password is needed to view or edit the contents. PDF 2.0 defines 256-bit AES encryption as the standard for PDF 2.0 files. The PDF Reference also defines ways that third parties can define their own encryption systems for PDF. </p><p>PDF files may be digitally signed, to provide secure authentication; complete details on implementing digital signatures in PDF are provided in ISO 32000-2. </p><p>PDF files may also contain embedded <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a> restrictions that provide further controls that limit copying, editing, or printing. These restrictions depend on the reader software to obey them, so the security they provide is limited. </p><p>The standard security provided by PDF consists of two different methods and two different passwords: a <i>user password</i>, which encrypts the file and prevents opening, and an <i>owner password</i>, which specifies operations that should be restricted even when the document is decrypted, which can include modifying, printing, or copying text and graphics out of the document, or adding or modifying text notes and <a href="#Forms">AcroForm</a> fields. The user password encrypts the file, while the owner password does not, instead relying on client software to respect these restrictions. An owner password can easily be removed by software, including some free online services.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the use restrictions that a document author places on a PDF document are not secure, and cannot be assured once the file is distributed; this warning is displayed when applying such restrictions using Adobe Acrobat software to create or edit PDF files. </p><p>Even without removing the password, most freeware or open source PDF readers ignore the permission "protections" and allow the user to print or make copy of excerpts of the text as if the document were not limited by password protection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with PDF 1.5, Usage rights (UR) signatures are used to enable additional interactive features that are not available by default in a particular PDF viewer application. The signature is used to validate that the permissions have been granted by a <a href="/wiki/Bona_fide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona fide">bona fide</a> granting authority. For example, it can be used to allow a user:<sup id="cite_ref-iso32000_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso32000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To save the PDF document along with a modified form or annotation data</li> <li>Import form data files in FDF, XFDF, and text (CSV/TSV) formats</li> <li>Export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats</li> <li>Submit form data</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/instantiate" class="extiw" title="wikt:instantiate">Instantiate</a> new pages from named page templates</li> <li>Apply a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signature</a> to existing digital signature form field</li> <li>Create, delete, modify, copy, import, and export annotations</li></ul> <p>For example, Adobe Systems grants permissions to enable additional features in Adobe Reader, using <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>. Adobe Reader verifies that the signature uses a <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">certificate</a> from an Adobe-authorized certificate authority. Any PDF application can use this same mechanism for its own purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-iso32000_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso32000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under specific circumstances including non-<a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">patched</a> systems of the receiver, the information the receiver of a <a href="/wiki/Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">digital signed</a> document sees can be manipulated by the sender after the document has been signed by the signer.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/PAdES" title="PAdES">PAdES</a> (<i>PDF Advanced Electronic Signatures</i>) is a set of restrictions and extensions to PDF and ISO 32000-1<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_32000-1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO_32000-1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it suitable for <a href="/wiki/Advanced_electronic_signature" title="Advanced electronic signature">advanced electronic signatures</a>. This is published by <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> as TS 102 778.<sup id="cite_ref-ETSI_TS_102_778-1_V1.1.1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETSI_TS_102_778-1_V1.1.1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_attachments">File attachments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: File attachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PDF files can have file attachments which processors may access and open or save to a local filesystem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metadata">Metadata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PDF files can contain two types of metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-ref-1.7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is the Document Information Dictionary, a set of key/value fields such as author, title, subject, creation and update dates. This is optional and is referenced from an <code>Info</code> key in the trailer of the file. A small set of fields is defined and can be extended with additional text values if required. This method is deprecated in PDF 2.0. </p><p>In PDF 1.4, support was added for Metadata Streams, using the <a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform</a> (XMP) to add XML standards-based extensible metadata as used in other file formats. PDF 2.0 allows metadata to be attached to any object in the document, such as information about embedded illustrations, fonts, and images, as well as the whole document (attaching to the document catalog), using an extensible schema. </p><p>PDF documents can also contain display settings, including the page display layout and zoom level in a Viewer Preferences object. Adobe Reader uses these settings to override the user's default settings when opening the document.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free Adobe Reader cannot remove these settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility">Accessibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PDF files can be created specifically to be accessible to people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PDF file formats in use as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> can include tags, text equivalents, captions, audio descriptions, and more. Some software can automatically produce <a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">tagged PDFs</a>, but this feature is not always enabled by default.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/JAWS_(screen_reader)" title="JAWS (screen reader)">JAWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window-Eyes" title="Window-Eyes">Window-Eyes</a>, Hal, and <a href="/wiki/Kurzweil_Educational_Systems" title="Kurzweil Educational Systems">Kurzweil 1000 and 3000</a> can read tagged PDFs.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, tagged PDFs can be re-flowed and magnified for readers with visual impairments. Adding tags to older PDFs and those that are generated from scanned documents can present some challenges. </p><p>One of the significant challenges with PDF accessibility is that PDF documents have three distinct views, which, depending on the document's creation, can be inconsistent with each other. The three views are (i) the physical view, (ii) the tags view, and (iii) the content view. The physical view is displayed and printed (what most people consider a PDF document). The tags view is what screen readers and other assistive technologies use to deliver high-quality navigation and reading experience to users with disabilities. The content view is based on the physical order of objects within the PDF's content stream and may be displayed by software that does not fully support the tags' view, such as the Reflow feature in Adobe's Reader. </p><p><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">PDF/UA</a>, the International Standard for accessible PDF based on ISO 32000-1 was first published as ISO 14289–1 in 2012 and establishes normative language for accessible PDF technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Multimedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rich Media PDF</i> is a PDF file including interactive content that can be embedded or linked within the file. It can contain images, audio, video content, or buttons. For example, if the interactive PDF is a digital catalog for an E-commerce business, products can be listed on the PDF pages and can be added with images and links to the website and buttons to order directly from the document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms">Forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Interactive Forms</i> is a mechanism to add forms to the PDF file format. PDF currently supports two different methods for integrating data and PDF forms. Both formats today coexist in the PDF specification:<sup id="cite_ref-iso32000_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso32000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>AcroForms (also known as Acrobat forms), introduced in the PDF 1.2 format specification and included in all later PDF specifications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Forms_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="XML Forms Architecture">XML Forms Architecture</a> (XFA) forms, introduced in the PDF 1.5 format specification. Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with AcroForms.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> XFA was deprecated from PDF with PDF 2.0.</li></ul> <p>AcroForms were introduced in the PDF 1.2 format. AcroForms permit the uses of objects (<i>e.g.</i> <a href="/wiki/Text_box" title="Text box">text boxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_button" title="Radio button">Radio buttons</a>, <i>etc.</i>) and some code (<i>e.g.</i> JavaScript). Alongside the standard PDF action types, interactive forms (AcroForms) support submitting, resetting, and importing data. The "submit" action transmits the names and values of selected interactive form fields to a specified uniform resource locator (URL). Interactive form field names and values may be submitted in any of the following formats, (depending on the settings of the action's ExportFormat, SubmitPDF, and XFDF flags):<sup id="cite_ref-iso32000_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso32000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>HTML Form format</dt> <dd>HTML 4.01 Specification since PDF 1.5; HTML 2.0 since 1.2</dd> <dt><span class="anchor" id="Forms_Data_Format_(FDF)"></span>Forms Data Format (FDF)</dt> <dd>based on PDF, uses the same syntax and has essentially the same file structure, but is much simpler than PDF since the body of an FDF document consists of only one required object. Forms Data Format is defined in the PDF specification (since PDF 1.2). The Forms Data Format can be used when submitting form data to a server, receiving the response, and incorporating it into the interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. FDF was originally defined in 1996 as part of ISO 32000-2:2017.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>XML Forms Data Format (XFDF)</dt> <dd>(external XML Forms Data Format Specification, Version 2.0; supported since PDF 1.5; it replaced the "XML" form submission format defined in PDF 1.4) the XML version of Forms Data Format, but the XFDF implements only a subset of FDF containing forms and annotations. Some entries in the FDF dictionary do not have XFDF equivalents – such as the Status, Encoding, JavaScript, Page's keys, EmbeddedFDFs, Differences, and Target. In addition, XFDF does not allow the spawning, or addition, of new pages based on the given data; as can be done when using an FDF file. The XFDF specification is referenced (but not included) in PDF 1.5 specification (and in later versions). It is described separately in <i>XML Forms Data Format Specification</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-xfdf_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xfdf-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PDF 1.4 specification allowed form submissions in XML format, but this was replaced by submissions in XFDF format in the PDF 1.5 specification. XFDF conforms to the XML standard. XFDF can be used in the same way as FDF; e.g., form data is submitted to a server, modifications are made, then sent back and the new form data is imported in an interactive form. It can also be used to export form data to stand-alone files that can be imported back into the corresponding PDF interactive form. As of August 2019, XFDF 3.0 is an ISO/IEC standard under the formal name <i>ISO 19444-1:2019 - Document management — XML Forms Data Format — Part 1: Use of ISO 32000-2 (XFDF 3.0)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This standard is a normative reference of ISO 32000-2.</dd> <dt>PDF</dt></dl> <p>The entire document can be submitted rather than individual fields and values, as was defined in PDF 1.4. </p><p>AcroForms can keep form field values in external stand-alone files containing key-value pairs. The external files may use Forms Data Format (FDF) and XML Forms Data Format (XFDF) files.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xfdf_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xfdf-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fdf-exchange_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdf-exchange-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usage rights (UR) signatures define rights for import form data files in FDF, XFDF, and text (<a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Delimiter-separated_values" title="Delimiter-separated values">TSV</a>) formats, and export form data files in FDF and XFDF formats.<sup id="cite_ref-iso32000_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso32000-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In PDF 1.5, Adobe Systems introduced a proprietary format for forms; <a href="/wiki/Adobe_XML_Forms_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe XML Forms Architecture">Adobe XML Forms Architecture</a> (XFA). Adobe XFA Forms are not compatible with ISO 32000's AcroForms feature, and most PDF processors do not handle XFA content. The XFA specification is referenced from ISO 32000-1/PDF 1.7 as an external proprietary specification and was entirely deprecated from PDF with ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anyone may create applications that can read and write PDF files without having to pay royalties to Adobe Systems; Adobe holds patents to PDF, but licenses them for royalty-free use in developing software complying with its PDF specification.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat#Security" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat § Security</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_to_content">Changes to content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Changes to content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2019, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_University_Bochum" title="Ruhr University Bochum">Ruhr University Bochum</a> and Hackmanit GmbH published attacks on digitally signed PDFs.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They showed how to change the visible content in a signed PDF without invalidating the signature in 21 of 22 desktop PDF viewers and 6 of 8 online validation services by abusing implementation flaws. At the same conference, they additionally showed how to exfiltrate the plaintext of encrypted content in PDFs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, they showed new so-called <i>shadow attacks</i> on PDFs that abuse the flexibility of features provided in the specification.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An overview of security issues in PDFs regarding <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of service">denial of service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">information disclosure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data manipulation">data manipulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_code_execution" title="Arbitrary code execution">arbitrary code execution</a> attacks was presented by Jens Müller.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malware_vulnerability">Malware vulnerability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malware vulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PDF files can be infected with viruses, Trojans, and other malware. They can have hidden JavaScript code that might exploit vulnerabilities in a PDF, hidden objects executed when the file that hides them is opened, and, less commonly, a malicious PDF can launch malware.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PDF attachments carrying viruses were first discovered in 2001. The virus, named <i>OUTLOOK.PDFWorm</i> or <i>Peachy</i>, uses <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a> to send itself as an attached Adobe PDF file. It was activated with Adobe Acrobat, but not with Acrobat Reader.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From time to time, new vulnerabilities are discovered in various versions of Adobe Reader,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompting the company to issue security fixes. Other PDF readers are also susceptible. One aggravating factor is that a PDF reader can be configured to start automatically if a web page has an embedded PDF file, providing a vector for attack. If a malicious web page contains an infected PDF file that takes advantage of a vulnerability in the PDF reader, the system may be compromised even if the browser is secure. Some of these vulnerabilities are a result of the PDF standard allowing PDF documents to be scripted with JavaScript. Disabling JavaScript execution in the PDF reader can help mitigate such future exploits, although it does not protect against exploits in other parts of the PDF viewing software. Security experts say that JavaScript is not essential for a PDF reader and that the security benefit that comes from disabling JavaScript outweighs any compatibility issues caused.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One way of avoiding PDF file exploits is to have a local or web service convert files to another format before viewing. </p><p>On March 30, 2010, security researcher Didier Stevens reported an Adobe Reader and Foxit Reader exploit that runs a malicious executable if the user allows it to launch when asked.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_PDF_software" title="List of PDF software">List of PDF software</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viewers_and_editors">Viewers and editors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Viewers and editors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many PDF viewers are provided free of charge from a variety of sources. Programs to manipulate and edit PDF files are available, usually for purchase. </p><p>There are many software options for creating PDFs, including the PDF printing capabilities built into <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions. Much document processing software including <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_2007" title="Microsoft Office 2007">Microsoft Office 2007</a> (if updated to <a href="/wiki/Office_2007#Service_Pack_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Office 2007">SP2</a>) and later,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/WordPerfect" title="WordPerfect">WordPerfect</a> 9, and <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> can export documents in PDF. There are many PDF print drivers for Microsoft Windows, the <a href="/wiki/PdfTeX" title="PdfTeX">pdfTeX</a> typesetting system, the <a href="/wiki/DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a> PDF tools, applications developed around <a href="/wiki/Ghostscript" title="Ghostscript">Ghostscript</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a> itself as well as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_FrameMaker" title="Adobe FrameMaker">Adobe FrameMaker</a>, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, that allow a "PDF printer" to be set up, which when selected sends output to a PDF file instead of a physical printer. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s online office suite <a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a> allows uploading and saving to PDF. Some web apps offer free PDF editing and annotation tools. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> was "developing a free, high-quality and fully functional set of libraries and programs that implement the PDF file format and associated technologies to the ISO 32000 standard", as one of its <a href="/wiki/High_priority_free_software_projects" class="mw-redirect" title="High priority free software projects">high priority projects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, however, the GNU PDF project was removed from the list of "high priority projects" due to the maturation of the <a href="/wiki/Poppler_(software)" title="Poppler (software)">Poppler library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has enjoyed wider use in applications such as <a href="/wiki/Evince" title="Evince">Evince</a> with the <a href="/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a> desktop environment. Poppler is based on <a href="/wiki/Xpdf" title="Xpdf">Xpdf</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> code base. There are also commercial development libraries available as listed in <a href="/wiki/List_of_PDF_software" title="List of PDF software">List of PDF software</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Apache_PDFBox" title="Apache PDFBox">Apache PDFBox</a> project of the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a> is an open source Java library, licensed under the <a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache License</a>, for working with PDF documents.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing">Printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Raster_image_processor" title="Raster image processor">Raster image processors</a> (RIPs) are used to convert PDF files into a <a href="/wiki/Raster_graphics" title="Raster graphics">raster format</a> suitable for imaging onto paper and other media in printers, digital production presses and <a href="/wiki/Prepress" title="Prepress">prepress</a> in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Rasterization" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasterization">rasterization</a>. RIPs capable of processing PDF directly include the Adobe PDF Print Engine<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Adobe Systems and Jaws<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Harlequin_RIP" title="Harlequin RIP">Harlequin RIP</a> from <a href="/wiki/Global_Graphics" title="Global Graphics">Global Graphics</a>. </p><p>In 1993, the Jaws raster image processor from Global Graphics became the first shipping prepress RIP that interpreted PDF natively without conversion to another format. The company released an upgrade to its Harlequin RIP with the same capability in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agfa-Gevaert" title="Agfa-Gevaert">Agfa-Gevaert</a> introduced and shipped Apogee, the first prepress workflow system based on PDF, in 1997. </p><p>Many commercial offset printers have accepted the submission of press-ready PDF files as a print source, specifically the PDF/X-1a subset and variations of the same.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submission of press-ready PDF files is a replacement for the problematic need for receiving collected native working files. </p><p>In 2006, PDF was widely accepted as the standard print job format at the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs" title="Open Source Development Labs">Open Source Development Labs</a> Printing Summit. It is supported as a print job format by the <a href="/wiki/CUPS" title="CUPS">Common Unix Printing System</a> and desktop application projects such as GNOME, <a href="/wiki/KDE" title="KDE">KDE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a>, LibreOffice and <a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice</a> have switched to emit print jobs in PDF.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some desktop printers also support direct PDF printing, which can interpret PDF data without external help. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_display_model">Native display model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Native display model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/PDF" title="Special:EditPage/PDF">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>PDF was selected as the "native" <a href="/wiki/Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Metafile">metafile</a> format for <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (originally called Mac OS X), replacing the <a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a> format of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">classic Mac OS</a>. The imaging model of the <a href="/wiki/Quartz_(graphics_layer)" title="Quartz (graphics layer)">Quartz</a> graphics layer is based on the model common to <a href="/wiki/Display_PostScript" title="Display PostScript">Display PostScript</a> and PDF, leading to the nickname <i>Display PDF</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a> application can display PDF files, as can version 2.0 and later of the <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> web browser. System-level support for PDF allows macOS applications to create PDF documents automatically, provided they support the OS-standard printing architecture. The files are then exported in PDF 1.3 format according to the file header. When taking a screenshot under Mac OS X versions 10.0 through 10.3, the image was also captured as a PDF; later versions save screen captures as a PNG file, though this behavior can be set back to PDF if desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annotation">Annotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Annotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/PDF" title="Special:EditPage/PDF">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_note-taking_software" title="Comparison of note-taking software">Comparison of note-taking software</a></div> <p>Adobe Acrobat is one example of proprietary software that allows the user to annotate, highlight, and add notes to already created PDF files. One UNIX application available as <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> (under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>) is <a href="/wiki/PDFedit" title="PDFedit">PDFedit</a>. The freeware <a href="/wiki/Foxit_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxit Reader">Foxit Reader</a>, available for Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux, allows annotating documents. Tracker Software's <a href="/wiki/PDF-XChange_Viewer" title="PDF-XChange Viewer">PDF-XChange Viewer</a> allows annotations and markups without restrictions in its <a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">freeware</a> alternative. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s macOS's integrated PDF viewer, Preview, does also enable annotations as does the open-source software <a href="/wiki/Skim_(software)" title="Skim (software)">Skim</a>, with the latter supporting interaction with <a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>, SyncTeX, and PDFSync and integration with <a href="/wiki/BibDesk" title="BibDesk">BibDesk</a> reference management software. Freeware <a href="/wiki/Qiqqa" title="Qiqqa">Qiqqa</a> can create an annotation report that summarizes all the annotations and notes one has made across their library of PDFs. The Text Verification Tool exports differences in documents as annotations and markups. </p><p>There are also <a href="/wiki/Web_annotation" title="Web annotation">web annotation</a> systems that support annotation in pdf and other document formats. In cases where PDFs are expected to have all of the functionality of paper documents, ink annotation is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_and_Information_Extraction">Conversion and Information Extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conversion and Information Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PDF's emphasis on preserving the visual appearance of documents across different software and hardware platforms poses challenges to the conversion of PDF documents to other <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file formats</a> and the targeted <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">extraction of information</a>, such as text, images, tables, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographic information</a>, and document <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>. Numerous tools and source code libraries support these tasks. Several labeled <a href="/wiki/Dataset" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataset">datasets</a> to test PDF conversion and information extraction tools exist and have been used for benchmark evaluations of the tool's performance.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification#Comparison_with_PDF" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification § Comparison with PDF</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a> is a competing format used both as a page description language and as the native print spooler format for Microsoft Windows since <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">Mixed Object: Document Content Architecture</a> is a competing format. MO:DCA-P is a part of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Function_Presentation" title="Advanced Function Presentation">Advanced Function Presentation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">Web page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSL_Formatting_Objects" title="XSL Formatting Objects">XSL Formatting Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Page margin">Page margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF_portfolio" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF portfolio">PDF portfolio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc8118-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8118_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc8118_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyMasinterMarkovicJohnson2017" class="citation cs1">Hardy, M.; Masinter, L.; Markovic, D.; Johnson, D.; Bailey, M. (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8118"><i>The application/pdf Media Type</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC8118">10.17487/RFC8118</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8118">8118</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+application%2Fpdf+Media+Type&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC8118&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Masinter%2C+L.&rft.au=Markovic%2C+D.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+D.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc8118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pdf-ref-1.7-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pdf-ref-1.7_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdobe_Systems_Incorporated2006" class="citation web cs1">Adobe Systems Incorporated (November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001170454/https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf">"PDF Reference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1.7 (6th ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/devnet/acrobat/pdfs/pdf_reference_1-7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF+Reference&rft.series=1.7&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=2006-11&rft.au=Adobe+Systems+Incorporated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fdevnet%2Facrobat%2Fpdfs%2Fpdf_reference_1-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarnock2004" class="citation web cs1">Warnock, J. (October 14, 2004) [Original date 5 May 1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdfa.org/norm-refs/warnock_camelot.pdf">"The Camelot Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230852/http://www.planetpdf.com/planetpdf/pdfs/warnock_camelot.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Camelot+Project&rft.date=2004-10-14&rft.aulast=Warnock&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdfa.org%2Fnorm-refs%2Fwarnock_camelot.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/acrobat/about-adobe-pdf.html">"What is a PDF? Portable Document Format | Adobe Acrobat DC"</a>. Adobe Systems Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130032548/https://www.adobe.com/acrobat/about-adobe-pdf.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+PDF%3F+Portable+Document+Format+%7C+Adobe+Acrobat+DC&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Facrobat%2Fabout-adobe-pdf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726064724/http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf">"ISO 32000-1:2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwimages.adobe.com/www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDF32000_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+32000-1%3A2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwimages.adobe.com%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Facom%2Fen%2Fdevnet%2Fpdf%2Fpdfs%2FPDF32000_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfiffner_Page_137-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfiffner_Page_137_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfiffner2003" class="citation book cs1">Pfiffner, Pamela (2003). <i>Inside the Publishing Revolution: The Adobe Story</i>. Berkeley: Peachpit Press. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-11564-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-11564-3"><bdi>0-321-11564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Publishing+Revolution%3A+The+Adobe+Story&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-321-11564-3&rft.aulast=Pfiffner&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso-standard-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso-standard_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51502">"ISO 32000-1:2008 – Document management – Portable document format – Part 1: PDF 1.7"</a>. ISO. July 1, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206175751/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51502">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+32000-1%3A2008+%E2%80%93+Document+management+%E2%80%93+Portable+document+format+%E2%80%93+Part+1%3A+PDF+1.7&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=2008-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D51502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrion2007" class="citation web cs1">Orion, Egan (December 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213004627/http://www.theinquirer.net/gb/inquirer/news/2007/12/05/pdf-approved-iso-32000">"PDF 1.7 is approved as ISO 32000"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Inquirer" title="The Inquirer">The Inquirer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theinquirer.net/gb/inquirer/news/2007/12/05/pdf-approved-iso-32000">the original</a> on December 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PDF+1.7+is+approved+as+ISO+32000&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft.aulast=Orion&rft.aufirst=Egan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theinquirer.net%2Fgb%2Finquirer%2Fnews%2F2007%2F12%2F05%2Fpdf-approved-iso-32000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adobe.com/pdf/pdfs/ISO32000-1PublicPatentLicense.pdf">"Public Patent License, ISO 32000-1: 2008 – PDF 1.7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adobe Systems Inc. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618144613/http://www.adobe.com/pdf/pdfs/ISO32000-1PublicPatentLicense.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Patent+License%2C+ISO+32000-1%3A+2008+%E2%80%93+PDF+1.7&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fpdf%2Fpdfs%2FISO32000-1PublicPatentLicense.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2013:0224:FIN:EN:PDF">"Guide for the procurement of standards-based ICT – Elements of Good Practice, Against lock-in: building open ICT systems by making better use of standards in public procurement"</a>. European Commission. June 25, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919174545/https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2013:0224:FIN:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>. <q>Example: ISO/IEC 29500, ISO/IEC 26300 and ISO 32000 for document formats reference information that is not accessible by all parties (references to proprietary technology and brand names, incomplete scope or dead web links).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+for+the+procurement+of+standards-based+ICT+%E2%80%93+Elements+of+Good+Practice%2C+Against+lock-in%3A+building+open+ICT+systems+by+making+better+use+of+standards+in+public+procurement&rft.pub=European+Commission&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DSWD%3A2013%3A0224%3AFIN%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iso-meeting-n603-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso-meeting-n603_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121126013025/http://pdf.editme.com/files/pdfREF-meetings/ISO-TC171-SC2-WG8_N0603_SC2WG8_MtgRept_SLC.pdf">"ISO/TC 171/SC 2/WG 8 N 603 – Meeting Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Edit me</i>. June 27, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.editme.com/files/pdfREF-meetings/ISO-TC171-SC2-WG8_N0603_SC2WG8_MtgRept_SLC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 26, 2012 – via Archive. <q>XFA is not to be ISO standard just yet. The Committee urges Adobe Systems to submit the XFA Specification, XML Forms Architecture (XFA), to ISO for standardization The Committee is concerned about the stability of the XFA specification Part 2 will reference XFA 3.1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edit+me&rft.atitle=ISO%2FTC+171%2FSC+2%2FWG+8+N+603+%E2%80%93+Meeting+Report&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.editme.com%2Ffiles%2FpdfREF-meetings%2FISO-TC171-SC2-WG8_N0603_SC2WG8_MtgRept_SLC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069446.s001">"Embedding and publishing interactive, 3-dimensional, scientific figures in Portable Document Format (PDF) files"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (9). 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069446.s001">10.1371/journal.pone.0069446.s001</a></span>. <q>the implementation of the U3D standard was not complete and proprietary extensions were used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Embedding+and+publishing+interactive%2C+3-dimensional%2C+scientific+figures+in+Portable+Document+Format+%28PDF%29+files&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069446.s001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0069446.s001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenthol-adobe-2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosenthol-adobe-2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonard_Rosenthol2012" class="citation web cs1">Leonard Rosenthol (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130902000323/http://cdn.parleys.com/p/5148922a0364bc17fc56c6e5/iSUM2012_00_LRO_presentation.pdf">"PDF and Standards"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Adobe Systems. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.parleys.com/p/5148922a0364bc17fc56c6e5/iSUM2012_00_LRO_presentation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2013</span> – via Parleys.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF+and+Standards&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Leonard+Rosenthol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.parleys.com%2Fp%2F5148922a0364bc17fc56c6e5%2FiSUM2012_00_LRO_presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowfree-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nowfree_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nowfree_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfa.org/sponsored-standards">"Announcing no-cost access to the latest PDF standard: ISO 32000-2 (PDF 2.0)"</a> (Press release). PDF Association. June 16, 2023 [Updated; originally published 5 April 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230923202322/https://pdfa.org/sponsored-standards/">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcing+no-cost+access+to+the+latest+PDF+standard%3A+ISO+32000-2+%28PDF+2.0%29&rft.pub=PDF+Association&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfa.org%2Fsponsored-standards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pdfa.org/iso-32000-22020-is-now-available/">"ISO 32000-2:2020 is now available"</a>. PDFA. December 14, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204112238/https://www.pdfa.org/iso-32000-22020-is-now-available/">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adobe+PDF+Print+Engine&rft.pub=Adobe+Systems+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adobe.com%2Fproducts%2Fpdfprintengine%2Foverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305090728/http://globalgraphics.com/products/jaws_rip">"Jaws® 3.0 PDF and PostScript RIP SDK"</a>. <i>globalgraphics.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgraphics.com/products/jaws_rip/">the original</a> on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globalgraphics.com&rft.atitle=Jaws%C2%AE+3.0+PDF+and+PostScript+RIP+SDK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgraphics.com%2Fproducts%2Fjaws_rip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209215413/http://www.globalgraphics.com/products/harlequin-multi-rip/">"Harlequin MultiRIP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalgraphics.com/products/harlequin-multi-rip">the original</a> on February 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harlequin+MultiRIP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalgraphics.com%2Fproducts%2Fharlequin-multi-rip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205151505/http://www.prepressx.com/">"Press-Ready PDF Files"</a>. Archived from the original on February 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>. <q>For anyone interested in having their graphic project commercially printed directly from digital files or PDFs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Press-Ready+PDF+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prepressx.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114130224/https://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/openprinting/pdf_as_standard_print_job_format">"PDF as Standard Print Job Format"</a>. <i>The Linux Foundation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Linux_Foundation" title="Linux Foundation">Linux Foundation</a>. October 23, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/openprinting/pdf_as_standard_print_job_format">the original</a> on November 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linux+Foundation&rft.atitle=PDF+as+Standard+Print+Job+Format&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxfoundation.org%2Fcollaborate%2Fworkgroups%2Fopenprinting%2Fpdf_as_standard_print_job_format&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeuschkeJagdaleSpindeMitrović2023" class="citation cs2">Meuschke, Norman; Jagdale, Apurva; Spinde, Timo; Mitrović, Jelena; Gipp, Bela (2023), Sserwanga, Isaac; Goulding, Anne; Moulaison-Sandy, Heather; Du, Jia Tina (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-28032-0_31">"A Benchmark of PDF Information Extraction Tools Using a Multi-task and Multi-domain Evaluation Framework for Academic Documents"</a>, <i>Information for a Better World: Normality, Virtuality, Physicality, Inclusivity</i>, vol. 13972, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 383–405, <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.09957">2303.09957</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-28032-0_31">10.1007/978-3-031-28032-0_31</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-28031-3"><bdi>978-3-031-28031-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+for+a+Better+World%3A+Normality%2C+Virtuality%2C+Physicality%2C+Inclusivity&rft.atitle=A+Benchmark+of+PDF+Information+Extraction+Tools+Using+a+Multi-task+and+Multi-domain+Evaluation+Framework+for+Academic+Documents&rft.volume=13972&rft.pages=383-405&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2303.09957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-28032-0_31&rft.isbn=978-3-031-28031-3&rft.aulast=Meuschke&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Jagdale%2C+Apurva&rft.au=Spinde%2C+Timo&rft.au=Mitrovi%C4%87%2C+Jelena&rft.au=Gipp%2C+Bela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-3-031-28032-0_31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyBrailsford2002" class="citation conference cs1">Hardy, M. R. B.; Brailsford, D. F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324072906/https://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~psadb1/Publications/Download/2002/Hardy02.pdf">"Mapping and displaying structural transformations between XML and PDF"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 2002 ACM symposium on Document engineering – DocEng '02</i>. pp. 95–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F585058.585077">10.1145/585058.585077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58113-594-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58113-594-7"><bdi>1-58113-594-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9371237">9371237</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~psadb1/Publications/Download/2002/Hardy02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Mapping+and+displaying+structural+transformations+between+XML+and+PDF&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2002+ACM+symposium+on+Document+engineering+%E2%80%93+DocEng+%2702&rft.pages=95-102&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9371237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F585058.585077&rft.isbn=1-58113-594-7&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=M.+R.+B.&rft.au=Brailsford%2C+D.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.nott.ac.uk%2F~psadb1%2FPublications%2FDownload%2F2002%2FHardy02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. Why would random conference paper about some particular plugin for Adobe Acrobat be of interest to the reader? (May 2022)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>PDF 2.0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/75839.html">"ISO 32000-2:2020(en), Document management — Portable document format — Part 2: PDF 2.0"</a>. <i>International Organization for Standardization</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=ISO+32000-2%3A2020%28en%29%2C+Document+management+%E2%80%94+Portable+document+format+%E2%80%94+Part+2%3A+PDF+2.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F75839.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>PDF 2.0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/63534.html">"ISO 32000-2:2017(en), Document management — Portable document format — Part 2: PDF 2.0"</a>. <i>International Organization for Standardization</i>. August 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.atitle=ISO+32000-2%3A2017%28en%29%2C+Document+management+%E2%80%94+Portable+document+format+%E2%80%94+Part+2%3A+PDF+2.0&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F63534.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APDF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/PDF32000_2008.pdf">PDF 1.7 (ISO 32000-1:2008)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.7old.pdf">PDF 1.7</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306202833/https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/pdf_17_errata.pdf">errata to 1.7</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 6, 2022)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.6.pdf">PDF 1.6</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-30474-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-30474-8">0-321-30474-8</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152230/https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/PDF16Errata.pdf">errata to 1.6</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 6, 2022)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.5_v6.pdf">PDF 1.5</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222122128/https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/errata.txt">errata to 1.5</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 22, 2021)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.4.pdf">PDF 1.4</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-75839-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-75839-3">0-201-75839-3</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152229/https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference_archive/PDF14errata.txt">errata to 1.4</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 6, 2022)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.3.pdf">PDF 1.3</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-61588-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-61588-6">0-201-61588-6</a>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306152234/https://www.adobe.com/content/dam/acom/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/PDFerrata.txt">errata to 1.3</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived March 6, 2022)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.2.pdf">PDF 1.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/pdfstandards/pdfreference1.0.pdf">PDF 1.0</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-62628-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-62628-4">0-201-62628-4</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=PDF&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portable_Document_Format" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portable Document Format">Portable Document Format</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfa.org/">PDF Association</a> – The PDF Association is the industry association for software developers producing or processing PDF files. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfa.org/resource/pdf-specification-index/">PDF Specification Index</a> at the PDF Association</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007220449/http://partners.adobe.com/public/developer/tips/topic_tip31.html">Adobe PDF 101: Summary of PDF</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2010-10-07)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160413212438/https://www.adobe.com/print/features/psvspdf/">Adobe: PostScript vs. PDF</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2016-04-13) – Official introductory comparison of PS, EPS vs. PDF.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424013530/http://www.aiim.org/Resources/Archive/Magazine/2007-Jul-Aug/33448">PDF Standards....transitioning the PDF specification from a de facto standard to a de jure standard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2011-04-24) – Information about PDF/E and PDF/UA specification for accessible documents file format</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/38920.html">PDF/A-1 ISO standard</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (with corrigenda)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116133007/https://www.adobe.com/devnet/pdf/pdf_reference.html">PDF Reference and Adobe Extensions to the PDF Specification</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2021-01-16)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preserve.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.15/15.09/PDFIntro/index.html">Portable Document Format: An Introduction for Programmers</a> – Introduction to PDF vs. PostScript and PDF internals (up to v1.3)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422013101/http://www.planetpdf.com/enterprise/article.asp?ContentID=6519">The Camelot Paper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2019-04-22) – the paper in which John Warnock outlined the project that created PDF</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118105015/http://river-valley.zeeba.tv/everything-you-wanted-to-know-about-pdf-but-were-afraid-to-ask/">Everything you wanted to know about PDF but was afraid to ask</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2016-01-18) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poc9PVmFzpc">recording of a talk by Leonard Rosenthol</a> (45 mins) (<a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe Systems</a>) at TUG 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/ANIM" title="ANIM">ANIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART_image_file_format" title="ART image file format"> ART</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format"> BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics"> BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAVE" title="BSAVE"> BSAVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALS_Raster_file_format" title="CALS Raster file format"> CAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon"> CIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_Perceptual_Compression" title="Cartesian Perceptual Compression"> CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPT_(file_format)" title="CPT (file format)"> CPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectDraw_Surface" title="DirectDraw Surface"> DDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange"> DPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECW_(file_format)" title="ECW (file format)"> ECW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR"> EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FITS" title="FITS">FITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLIC_(file_format)" title="FLIC (file format)"> FLIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format"> FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlashPix" title="FlashPix"> FPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDRi_(data_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="HDRi (data format)"> HDRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding"> HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format"> ICNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICO_(file_format)" title="ICO (file format)"> ICO / CUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Cytometry_Standard" title="Image Cytometry Standard"> ICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILBM" title="ILBM">ILBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_Network_Graphics" title="JPEG Network Graphics"> JNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_JPEG#JPEG-LS" title="Lossless JPEG"> JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-HDR" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-HDR">JPEG-HDR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krita" title="Krita"> KRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics"> MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magick_Image_File_Format" title="Magick Image File Format"> MIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearly_raw_raster_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearly raw raster data"> NRRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRaster" title="OpenRaster"> ORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm#PAM_graphics_format" title="Netpbm"> PAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netpbm" title="Netpbm"> PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCX" title="PCX">PCX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File"> PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICtor_PIC_image_format" title="PICtor PIC image format"> PICtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop#PSD" title="Adobe Photoshop"> PSD / PSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaintShop_Pro" title="PaintShop Pro"> PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)"> QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR"> QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Raster" title="Sun Raster"> RAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGBE_image_format" title="RGBE image format"> RGBE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logluv_TIFF" title="Logluv TIFF">Logluv TIFF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics_Image" title="Silicon Graphics Image"> SGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truevision_TGA" title="Truevision TGA"> TGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_Image_File_Format#TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag Image File Format"> TIFF/IT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulead_PhotoImpact" title="Ulead PhotoImpact"> UFO / UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format"> WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_BitMap" title="X BitMap"> XBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCF_(file_format)" title="XCF (file format)"> XCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_PixMap" title="X PixMap"> XPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xwd" title="Xwd"> XWD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Raw_image_format" title="Raw image format">Raw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_Image_File_Format" title="Camera Image File Format"> CIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Negative" title="Digital Negative"> DNG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">Vector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator_Artwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Illustrator Artwork"> AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW#CDR_file_format" title="CorelDRAW"> CDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile"> CGM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF"> DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Metafile" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced Metafile"> EMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMF%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="EMF+">EMF+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format"> Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku_Vector_Icon_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiku Vector Icon Format"> HVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision_Graphics_Markup_Language" title="Precision Graphics Markup Language"> PGML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics"> SVG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_Markup_Language" title="Vector Markup Language"> VML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Metafile" title="Windows Metafile"> WMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xar_(graphics)" title="Xar (graphics)"> Xar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_file_format#Compound_formats" title="Image file format">Compound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computable_Document_Format" title="Computable Document Format"> CDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encapsulated_PostScript" title="Encapsulated PostScript"> EPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MODCA</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PICT" title="PICT">PICT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript"> PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWF" title="SWF">SWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language"> XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exif" title="Exif">Exchangeable image file format (Exif)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council#Photo_metadata" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">International Press Telecommunications Council § Photo metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF#Metadata" title="GIF">GIF § Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Graphics_file_formats" title="Category:Graphics file formats">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_na_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-article page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/16px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/23px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Symbol_na_class.svg/31px-Symbol_na_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_graphics_file_formats" title="Comparison of graphics file formats">Comparison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multi-purpose_office_document_file_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Office_document_file_formats" title="Template:Office document file formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Office_document_file_formats" title="Template talk:Office document file formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Office_document_file_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Office document file formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multi-purpose_office_document_file_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/Office_suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Office suite">office</a> <a href="/wiki/Document_file_format" title="Document file format">document file formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editable document formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_Document_Format" title="Compound Document Format">Compound Document Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office_XML_formats" title="Microsoft Office XML formats">Microsoft Office XML formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MODCA" title="MODCA">MO:DCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">Open Document Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDoc" title="OpenDoc">OpenDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org_XML" title="OpenOffice.org XML">OpenOffice.org XML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisable-Form_Text" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisable-Form Text">Revisable-Form Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">Rich Text Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format" title="Uniform Office Format">Uniform Office Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_(computing)" title="Doc (computing)">Word document</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fixed document formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_(WordPerfect)" title="Envoy (WordPerfect)">Envoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portable Document Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISO_standards" title="Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISO_standards" title="Template talk:ISO standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> 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