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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venetian_domination_to_Bourbon_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Venetian domination to Bourbon restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venetian_domination_to_Bourbon_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_the_Restoration_to_the_Great_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_Restoration_to_the_Great_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>From the Restoration to the Great War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_Restoration_to_the_Great_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Autonomist movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_languages_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_languages_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional languages and dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_languages_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Asteroid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Friuli</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frioeli%C3%AB" title="Frioelië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frioelië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="فريولي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фриули – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фриули" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frioul" title="Frioul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frioul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%BCl" title="Friül – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Friül" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlansko" title="Furlansko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Furlansko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friaul" title="Friaul – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friaul" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulo" title="Friulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Friulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فریولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frioul" title="Frioul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frioul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%BBl" title="Friûl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Friûl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="프리울리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리울리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulska" title="Friulska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Friulska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlanija" title="Furlanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Furlanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фриули – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Фриули" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Iulii_(terra)" title="Forum Iulii (terra) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Forum Iulii (terra)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulis" title="Friulis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Friulis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri%C3%B9l" title="Friùl – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Friùl" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA" title="フリウーリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリウーリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friol_(It%C3%A0lia)" title="Friol (Itàlia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Friol (Itàlia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Фриули – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фриули" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlansko" title="Furlansko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Furlansko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlanija" title="Furlanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Furlanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Фурланија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фурланија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furlanija" title="Furlanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Furlanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Friuli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friulien" title="Friulien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Friulien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Фріулі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фріулі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friul" title="Friul – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Friul" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%95%99%E5%88%A9" title="弗留利 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗留利" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160570#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friuli&params=46_10_N_13_00_E_region:IT_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.167°N 13.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.167; 13.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in northeast Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical region of Friuli. For the administrative region of which it is a part, see <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>. For the beer, see <a href="/wiki/Fruli" title="Fruli">Fruli</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Friuli" title="Special:EditPage/Friuli">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Friuli%22">"Friuli"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Friuli%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Friuli%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Friuli%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Friuli%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Friuli%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Friuli</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Friulian-language text"><i lang="fur">Friûl</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Venetian-language text"><i lang="vec">Friul</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Furlanija</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>)</span> <br /><span title="Croatian-language text"><i lang="hr">Furlanija</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">Historical region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Friuli"><img alt="Flag of Friuli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg/250px-Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg/375px-Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg/500px-Bandiere_dal_Fri%C3%BBl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="693" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Friuli" title="Flag of Friuli">Flag of Friuli</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: Incuintri al doman<br /><div class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="196" data-mwtitle="INNO_DEL_FRIULI_-_Incuintri_al_doman.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/INNO_DEL_FRIULI_-_Incuintri_al_doman.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1c/INNO_DEL_FRIULI_-_Incuintri_al_doman.ogg/INNO_DEL_FRIULI_-_Incuintri_al_doman.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friulian_Language_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Friulian language area superposed to the borders of Friuli-Venezia Giulia"><img alt="Friulian language area superposed to the borders of Friuli-Venezia Giulia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Friulian_Language_distribution.png/250px-Friulian_Language_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Friulian_Language_distribution.png/375px-Friulian_Language_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Friulian_Language_distribution.png/500px-Friulian_Language_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Friulian language area superposed to the borders of Friuli-Venezia Giulia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,240 km<sup>2</sup> (3,180 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">~800,000–1,000,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">128/km<sup>2</sup> (330/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">English: <span lang="en">Friulian</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Friulano</i> (man)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Friulana</i> (woman) <br /><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>: <i lang="fur">Furlan</i> (man)<br /><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>: <i lang="fur">Furlane</i> (woman)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">UTC + 1</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Friuli</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[friˈuːli]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>: <i lang="fur">Friûl</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fur-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[fɾiˈuːl]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/Friul.ogg\/Friul.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Friul.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Friul.ogg/Friul.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Friul.ogg" title="File:Friul.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>: <i lang="vec">Friul</i> or <span title="Venetian-language text"><i lang="vec">Friułi</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Furlanija</i>; <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian German language">Austrian German</a>: <i lang="de-AT">Friaul</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">northeast Italy</a>. The region is marked by its separate regional and ethnic identity predominantly tied to the <a href="/wiki/Friulians" title="Friulians">Friulians</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian language</a>. It comprises the major part of the autonomous region <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a>, i.e. the administrative <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Udine" title="Province of Udine">Udine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pordenone" title="Province of Pordenone">Pordenone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia" title="Province of Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Trieste</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name originates from the ancient Roman town of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Forum Iulii</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius</a>' <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a>"), now <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friuli is bordered on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> region with the border running along the <a href="/wiki/Livenza" title="Livenza">Livenza</a> river, on the north by the crest of the <a href="/wiki/Carnic_Alps" title="Carnic Alps">Carnic Alps</a> between <a href="/wiki/Carnia" title="Carnia">Carnia</a> and Austrian <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, on the east by the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Julian Alps</a>, the border with <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Timavo" title="Timavo">Timavo</a> river, and on the south by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. The adjacent Slovene parts of the <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a>/<a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a> valley from <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a> up to <a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Triglav</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vipava_Valley" title="Vipava Valley">Vipava Valley</a>, forming the <i><a href="/wiki/Gori%C5%A1ka" title="Goriška">Goriška</a></i> region, may also be considered part of historic Friuli. </p><p>The mountainous northern part of the region belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a>. From west to east, the region's highest peaks are, in the <a href="/wiki/Carnic_Prealps" title="Carnic Prealps">Carnic Prealps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friulian_Dolomites" title="Friulian Dolomites"><i>Dolomiti Friulane</i></a>)—the <a href="/wiki/Cima_dei_Preti" title="Cima dei Preti">Cima dei Preti</a>, 2,703 metres (8,868 ft), Duranno 2,652 metres (8,701 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cridola" title="Monte Cridola">Cridola</a> 2,581 metres (8,468 ft); in the Carnic Alps—<a href="/wiki/Peralba" title="Peralba">Peralba</a> 2,694 metres (8,839 ft), <a href="/wiki/Monte_B%C3%ACvera" title="Monte Bìvera">Monte Bìvera</a> 2,474 metres (8,117 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Coglians" title="Coglians">Coglians</a> 2,780 metres (9,120 ft); in the Julian Alps, the Jôf Fuârt 2,666 metres (8,747 ft), the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B4f_di_Montasio" title="Jôf di Montasio">Jôf di Montasio</a> 2,754 metres (9,035 ft), <a href="/wiki/Mangart" title="Mangart">Mangart</a> 2,677 metres (8,783 ft), and <a href="/wiki/Kanin_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanin (mountain)">Canin</a> 2,587 metres (8,488 ft), which dominates the plain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg/220px-Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg/330px-Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg/440px-Tagliamento_Gemona_del_Friuli_01112007_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tagliamento river at Gemona</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laguna_di_Grado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Laguna_di_Grado.jpg/220px-Laguna_di_Grado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Laguna_di_Grado.jpg/330px-Laguna_di_Grado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Laguna_di_Grado.jpg/440px-Laguna_di_Grado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Lagoon of Grado, Alps in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Rivers flowing southwards from the mountains are numerous. The Friulian mountains surround the course of the <a href="/wiki/Tagliamento" title="Tagliamento">Tagliamento</a> river, which, at the latitude of <a href="/wiki/Gemona_del_Friuli" title="Gemona del Friuli">Gemona del Friuli</a> first crosses the hills that occupy the center of the Friuli, then flows into a large flood plain. This plain is commonly divided into the High Friulian plain and the Low Friulian plain (<a href="/wiki/Bassa_Friulana" title="Bassa Friulana">Bassa Friulana</a>), whose boundary is the Napoleonic road that connects the cities of <a href="/wiki/Codroipo" title="Codroipo">Codroipo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a>. To the south of this road is the <i>risorgive</i> zone, where water resurfaces from underground waterways in spring-fed pools throughout the area. South of the plains lie the <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marano_Lagunare" title="Marano Lagunare">Marano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grado,_Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Grado</a>, which are nature reserves. Other important rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Torre_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Torre River">Torre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natisone" title="Natisone">Natisone</a>, Stella, <a href="/wiki/Isonzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isonzo">Isonzo</a>/<a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ausa_(Udine)" title="Ausa (Udine)">Ausa</a>. </p><p>Friuli covers an area of 8,240 square kilometres (3,180 sq mi), subdivided among the provinces of Udine 4,905 square kilometres (1,894 sq mi), Pordenone 2,178 square kilometres (841 sq mi) and Gorizia 466 square kilometres (180 sq mi). The historical capital and most important city is <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>, which was also the capital of the medieval <a href="/wiki/Patria_del_Friuli" title="Patria del Friuli">Patria del Friuli</a>. Other important towns are <a href="/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nova_Gorica" title="Nova Gorica">Nova Gorica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacile" title="Sacile">Sacile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codroipo" title="Codroipo">Codroipo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervignano_del_Friuli" title="Cervignano del Friuli">Cervignano del Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemona_del_Friuli" title="Gemona del Friuli">Gemona del Friuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolmezzo" title="Tolmezzo">Tolmezzo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The climate of the Friulian plain is mainly <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a>. The climate in this area is suitable for growing white wine grapes, and 2.5% of wine produced in Italy comes from this part of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hills, however, have a continental climate, and the mountainous regions have an alpine climate. On the coast the mean annual temperature is 14 °C (57 °F), while in the inner plains, the average is lowered to 13 to 13.5 °C (55.4 to 56.3 °F; Udine 13.1 °C (55.6 °F), Pordenone 13.3 °C (55.9 °F), Gorizia 13.4 °C (56.1 °F)). Further north, in Tolmezzo, the average temperature is approximately 10.6 °C (51.1 °F). The lowest values are recorded in the Alps: 4 °C (39 °F) at <i>Passo di Monte Croce Carnico</i> (at 1,300 metres / 4,300 ft) and between 5.5 and 7 °C (41.9–44.6 °F) in Val Canale, which is situated 850 metres (2,790 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. In the coldest month, January, temperatures vary between approximately 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) in Monfalcone and nearly −5 °C (23 °F) in <i>Passo di Monte Croce Carnico</i>, with intermediate temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) in Udine and −2 or −3 °C (28 or 27 °F) in Valcanale. Gorizia, a short distance from Udine, enjoys a particularly milder micro-climate with its approximate annual average of 4 °C (39 °F). In the warmest month, July, the temperatures range between 22.5 and 24 °C (72.5–75.2 °F) along the coast and plains and between 14 and 16 °C (57–61 °F) in Val Canale. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg/250px-CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg/330px-CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg/500px-CividaledelFriuliPanoramacolNatisone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Cividale on Natisone river</figcaption></figure> <p>Precipitation in Friuli is relatively abundant; the distribution of rainfall varies a great deal during the course of the year. Minimum values in the southern part generally fall between 1,200 and 1,500 mm (47–59 in) (Gorizia over 1,350 mm (53 in) and Udine over 1,400 mm (55 in)), whereas the alpine area's maximum annual rainfall is approximately 3,000 mm (120 in). The Julian Prealps is one of Italy's rainiest regions: Musi receives about 3,300 mm (130 in) of annual precipitation, sometimes even 5000 mm, and can receive 400 mm (16 in) in a single month. In some areas of Friuli, excessive rainfall has caused erosion and the flooding of many rivers. Snow is sparse in the southern plains (3 or 4 snowy days each year in Udine and Pordenone) but falls more consistently further to the north (Val Canale 25 days, Sauris 23 days, and <i>Passo di Monte Croce Carnico</i> 28 days). </p><p>The following weatherbox is from <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>, the main city of Friuli. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Udine (1971–2000, extremes 1969–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE3C7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5<br />(47.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.1<br />(55.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4<br />(38.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC285; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.3<br />(55.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.6<br />(5.7) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6<br />(11.1) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br />(14.0) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2<br />(46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4<br />(16.9) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.9<br />(2.95) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.6<br />(2.43) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.2<br />(3.39) </td> <td style="background: #47FF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.0<br />(4.69) </td> <td style="background: #4EFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">118.2<br />(4.65) </td> <td style="background: #2AFF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137.9<br />(5.43) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.2<br />(3.20) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.1<br />(3.11) </td> <td style="background: #3FFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">124.3<br />(4.89) </td> <td style="background: #36FF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.5<br />(5.30) </td> <td style="background: #58FF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">108.1<br />(4.26) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.9<br />(3.38) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,210.9<br />(47.67) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #9898FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACACFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">94.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Servizio_Meteorologico" title="Servizio Meteorologico">Servizio Meteorologico</a><sup id="cite_ref-extremes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friuli, <a href="/wiki/Portogruaro" title="Portogruaro">Mandament of Portogruaro</a> included, is inhabited by over 1,000,000 people. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zona </th> <th>Population <small>(2005)</small> </th> <th>Land area<br /> (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population density<br /> (inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Province of <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a> </td> <td align="center">140,681 </td> <td align="center">466 </td> <td align="center">302 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Province of <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a> </td> <td align="center">528,246 </td> <td align="center">4,905 </td> <td align="center">108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Province of <a href="/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a> </td> <td align="center">297,699 </td> <td align="center">2,178 </td> <td align="center">137 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td align="center">966,626 </td> <td align="center">7,549 </td> <td align="center">128 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the most important demographic phenomena in Friuli was emigration. It began in the final decades of the 19th century and ended in the 1970s. It is estimated that more than a million Friulian people emigrated away over a period of approximately one hundred years. According to the most recent census by AIRE (2005), Friulian émigrés living abroad number 134,936. Of these, 56.0% reside in Europe, 24.0% in South America, 10.3% in North America and 4.7% in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>. This data only reflects those Friulians and their descendants who have Italian citizenship. The descendants of Friulians are excluded from the census because they are not Italian citizens. Friulians in the world have supported cultural associations called Fogolârs furlans, of which there are 46 in Italy and 156 in the rest of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_the_Roman_era">Origins and the Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins and the Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udine_aquileia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Udine_aquileia2.jpg/220px-Udine_aquileia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Udine_aquileia2.jpg/330px-Udine_aquileia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Udine_aquileia2.jpg/440px-Udine_aquileia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Roman forum ruins in Aquileia, which played an important role in Roman times and the early Middle Ages when it became seat of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the prehistoric era, Friuli was home to the <a href="/wiki/Castellieri_culture" title="Castellieri culture">Castellieri culture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a>. These peoples were the dominant culture in the area from about the 15th century BC until the early historical period. During the course of the 4th century BC Friuli was also settled by the <b><a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a></b> (in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> <i>Καρνίοι</i>), a tribe of unknown ethnicity which may have spoken a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venetic_language" title="Venetic language">Venetic</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic language</a>, and which introduced advanced techniques of working iron and silver. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> [4.6] the <a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a> inhabited "the country about the Adriatic Gulf and Aquileia" and both <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> [3.22(18)] and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> [3.1] ascribe <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Sagittaria" title="Concordia Sagittaria">Concordia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Forum Julii</a> to belong to the "towns of the Carni" in the "country of the Carni". The <a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a> worshiped the deity <a href="/wiki/Belenus" title="Belenus">Belenus</a> which is attested by the most numerous votive inscriptions found in and around <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KDE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A northern mountainous area of Friuli still retains the ancient name <a href="/wiki/Carnia" title="Carnia">Carnia</a>. </p><p>Beginning from the 2nd century BC, Friuli was colonized by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> was the fourth largest city of Italy during Roman imperial times, capital of <i>Regio X</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman province)">Italia</a> province (the Augustan region <i>Venetia et Histria</i>). The city was the most important river port on the <a href="/wiki/Natisone" title="Natisone">Natissa</a> river, dominating trade between the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and northern Europe (carried over the <a href="/wiki/Via_Iulia_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Iulia Augusta">Via Iulia Augusta</a> road). Aquileia owed its importance to the strategic position it has on the Adriatic sea and its proximity to the Alps. This location allowing Rome to intercept barbarian invasions from the East. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> quartered his legions in Aquileia during winter. The development of other centers, such as <i>Forum Iulii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>) and <i>Iulium Carnicum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuglio" title="Zuglio">Zuglio</a>), contributed to the increase in economic and cultural wealth of Friuli until the first barbarian incursions, at the beginning of the 5th century. In the final decades of the 3rd century, Aquileia became the center of one of the most prestigious bishoprics of the empire, competing in Italy with <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and, subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a>, for second place to Rome. A <a href="/wiki/Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hun">Hun</a> invasion marked the start of Friuli's decline: Aquileia, protected by meager forces, was forced to surrender and was razed to the ground by <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> in 452. After the retreat of the Huns, the survivors, who had found shelter in the lagoon of <a href="/wiki/Grado,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grado, Italy">Grado</a>, returned to the city, but found it completely destroyed. The reconstruction of Aquileia was never completed and it never regained the old splendour of the capital of <i>X Regio</i>. The city remained important even after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, due to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia_(Episcopal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia (Episcopal)">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a>. It ranked among the highest ecclesiastic authorities in Italy from the mid-6th century onward. The lack of security in the Friulian plain, crossroads of all the great barbarian invasions, drove many people to seek shelter on the islands of the lagoons or in fortified hill-villages, causing a generalized depopulation of the more fertile part of the region and its consequent colonization by barbarian <i>gentes</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg/250px-Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg/330px-Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg/500px-Mappa_Italia_bizantina_e_longobarda-it.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption>Duchy of Friuli in Italian context (750)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, Friuli belonged to the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> and subsequently to that of <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> reconquest under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> was brief in the region, in 568 it was one of the first provinces conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>, who invaded from <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, and with that, ended the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek-Byzantine</a> era of the region. The Lombard king <a href="/wiki/Alboin" title="Alboin">Alboin</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli" title="Duchy of Friuli">Duchy of Friuli</a>, the first Lombard duchy, and granted it to his relative <a href="/wiki/Gisulf_I_of_Friuli" title="Gisulf I of Friuli">Gisulf I</a>. The capital of the duchy was established at <i>Forum Iulii</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a>), which became the most important city of the area and for where it derived its name. </p><p>The duchy of Friuli was from the start one of the most important Lombard duchies. It served as a barrier against the threat of invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. Among the duchies of the North, which were closely aligned with the crown (unlike <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Spoleto" title="Duchy of Spoleto">Spoleto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento" title="Duchy of Benevento">Benevento</a> to the South), it was the most powerful, probably due to its <a href="/wiki/Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Marches">marcher</a> status. Among later dukes, <a href="/wiki/Ratchis" title="Ratchis">Ratchis</a> became king in 744 and his ducal successor, <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a>, succeeded him as king in 749. The historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> was born in Friuli (730/5), he went on to write the <i>Historia Langobardorum</i> and taught Latin grammar at <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s court. Another teacher and a trusted advisor Charlemagne's court, <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus</a>, was born at Cividale and eventually became patriarch of Aquileia. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (medieval)">Kingdom of Italy</a> fell to the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, the duchy of Friuli was reorganized into counties according to the Frankish model. The region was again reorganized into the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Friuli" title="March of Friuli">March of Friuli</a> in 846. The march was granted to the <a href="/wiki/Unruochings" title="Unruochings">Unruoching dynasty</a>. Friuli became the base of power of <a href="/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy" title="Berengar I of Italy">Berengar I</a> during his struggles for the throne of Italy between 888 and 924. </p><p>The march was transformed under his rule, its territory extended to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Garda" title="Lake Garda">Lake Garda</a>, the capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, and a new <a href="/wiki/March_of_Verona_and_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="March of Verona and Aquileia">March of Verona and Aquileia</a> established in its place. The territory was now subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Duchy of Bavaria</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a>, for more than a century. </p><p>On 3 April 1077, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry IV</a> granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to <a href="/wiki/Sigehard_(patriarch_of_Aquileia)" title="Sigehard (patriarch of Aquileia)">Sigaerd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Aquileia">Patriarch of Aquileia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the succeeding centuries, the patriarchate expanded its control over neighboring <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cadore" title="Cadore">Cadore</a>. The patriarchal state of Friuli was one of the best organized polities of the Italian Middle Ages. From the 12th century it possessed a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> representing the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">communes</a> as well as the nobility and the clergy. This institution only survived six centuries, remaining alive yet weak even during <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> domination. It convened for the last time in 1805, when it was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. The Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Marquard_of_Randeck" title="Marquard of Randeck">Marquard of Randeck</a> (1365–1381) had gathered together and codified all the laws of Friuli and promulgated them as the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutiones_Patriae_Foriiulii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii (page does not exist)">Constitutiones Patriae Foriiulii</a></i> ("Constitutions of the Country of Friuli"). Cividale del Friuli was seat of the Patriarchate until 1238, when the patriarch moved his seat to <a href="/wiki/Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a>, where he had a magnificent episcopal edifice constructed. Udine was so important that it in time became the institutional capital of Friuli. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venetian_domination_to_Bourbon_restoration">Venetian domination to Bourbon restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Venetian domination to Bourbon restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg/250px-Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg/330px-Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg/500px-Udine-PiazzaLiberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The Venetian-style <a href="/wiki/Piazza_Libert%C3%A0" title="Piazza Libertà">Piazza Libertà</a> in Udine. The city became <i>de facto</i> capital of Friuli.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Patriarchate ended in 1420: surrounded by the powerful states of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, it was the theatre of a war between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, and was conquered by the latter. Friuli maintained some form of autonomy, by keeping its own Parliament ruling on the old territory of the Patriarchate, an autonomy not granted to the other cities and provinces submitted to Venice (even Venetian ones); on the other side, it maintained also its feudal nobility, which was able to keep their feudal rights over the land and its inhabitants for some time. </p><p>Friuli was the eastern border of the <i><a href="/wiki/Stato_da_Tera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stato da Tera">Stato da Tera</a></i>, and suffered both from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raids_in_Friuli" title="Ottoman raids in Friuli">Ottoman raids</a> and from the border wars with Austria. These wars led to poverty and instability of the rural population, with the inability to cultivate the land crossed by fighting armies and with the forced surrender of all livestock to feed traveling troops. The harvesting of timber needed to build Venetian ships caused complete deforestation of the <a href="/wiki/Bassa_Friulana" title="Bassa Friulana">Bassa Friulana</a> and central Friuli. Venice took possession of collective farms belonging to rural Friulian communities, seriously impoverishing them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These properties in turn would be sold by Venice during the 17th century to raise cash to alleviate its poor financial condition. </p><p>Beginning in the 1630s, the Venetian Republic entered a relative decline, due to the enlarging horizon of European markets (reaching now from Asia to Africa to the Americas). Venice's richest families often directed financial resources into unproductive investments (specifically real estate), while there was a loss of competitiveness in industries and services. Friuli was subject to increasing fiscal pressure, and its industries and commercial activities were affected. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png/275px-FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png/413px-FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png/550px-FRIULI_1650_Ioannis_Blaeu.png 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><i>Patria del Friuli</i>, 1650 map</figcaption></figure> <p>According to some historians, the political populism practiced by Venice looked for ways to limit the most oppressive and anachronistic effects of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. Other researchers assert that the Venetian aristocratic government maintained a most oppressive feudal condition in Friuli.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These policies were practiced by the Venetian government to ensure the support of the urban and rural population as a counterbalance to the independent tendencies and power of local oligarchies and aristocrats. </p><p>An important <a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">jacquerie</a>, known as <i>Joibe Grasse 1511</i> (<a href="/wiki/Friulan_Revolt_of_1511" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulan Revolt of 1511">Fat Thursday 1511</a>), was started in Udine on February 27 by starving <i>Udinesi</i> citizens. They were subsequently joined by the farmers and the revolt spread to the whole territory of Friûl, against the feudal rule of some noble families; some other noble family, like the pro-Venetian Savorgnan, initially supported the revolters. This insurrection was one of the largest in Renaissance Italy and it lasted from 27 February until 1 March, when it ended as Venice dispatched around one hundred cavalry to put down the rebellion. The chiefs of the revolt were executed, but the feudal powers of the Friulian noblemen were reduced. </p><p>With the 1516 <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">Noyon pacts</a> the boundary between the Venetian Republic and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Gorizia and Gradisca">County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a>, now in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, were redefined. Venice lost the upper Isonzo valley (that is the Gastaldia of Tolmino with Plezzo and Idria), but it kept <a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marano_Lagunare" title="Marano Lagunare">Marano</a> and a series of shed feudal islands in the Western Friuli stayed with the Archduke of Austria (until 1543). Between 1615 and 1617 Venice and Austria again fought for the possession of the fort of <a href="/wiki/Gradisca_d%27Isonzo" title="Gradisca d'Isonzo">Gradisca d'Isonzo</a>. The so-called War of Gradisca ended with a return to the <i>status quo</i>. </p><p>Beginning in 1516 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg Empire</a> controlled eastern Friuli, while western and central Friuli was Venetian. In 1797, the year of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a>, this part of the Friuli was surrendered to Austria. For a brief period from 1805 until the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, Friuli belonged to the Italic Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_Restoration_to_the_Great_War">From the Restoration to the Great War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: From the Restoration to the Great War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/205px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/308px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg/410px-Ethnographic_map_of_austrian_monarchy_czoernig_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7997" data-file-height="5862" /></a><figcaption>Ethnographic map of the Austrian Empire (1855) by Karl Freiherrn von Czoernig</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg/205px-Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg/308px-Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg/410px-Autonomist_mural_Friuli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti of <i>Friûl libar</i> ("Free Friuli") in Aiello del Friuli</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> confirmed the union of Veneto, which Central-West Friuli was part of, with Lombardy (previously divided between Austrian Empire and Venetian Republic), to constitute the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>. Eastern Friuli was not included in the puppet state. In 1838, the District of Portogruaro was removed from the Province of the Friuli due to the Austrians' wishes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Austrian wishes is not an historical reason (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and assigned to the Province of Venice. Portogruaro was for long time part of Friuli, even under Venetian Republic, and Friulian language was spoken in the area. In 1866, central Friuli (today's <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Udine" title="Province of Udine">province of Udine</a>) and western Friuli (today's <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pordenone" title="Province of Pordenone">province of Pordenone</a>) were annexed by Italy together with Veneto after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a>, while eastern Friuli (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Gorizia and Gradisca">County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a>) remained under Austria until the end of World War I. </p><p>The Ethnographic map of Karl von Czoernig-Czernhausen, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_and_Royal" title="Imperial and Royal">k. u. k.</a> Administration of Statistics in 1855, recorded a total of 401,357 Friulians living in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. The majority of Friulians (351,805) lived in that part of Friuli that belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, the others (49.552) in the Friulian parts of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Küstenland</a>. Friulians were registered as their own category separate from Italians. </p><p>During World War I, Friuli was a theater of battle that had serious consequences for the civilian population, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomist_movements">Autonomist movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Autonomist movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War II, the pro-devolution movement gained momentum in 1945. Friuli got entangled in the maze of opposing forces acting in the territory. Yugoslavian Titoists pursued an annexation of Friuli to the rising communist Yugoslavia. By contrast, in 1945, the traditionalist association Patrie tal Friul was founded by Tiziano Tessitori with a view to establishing an autonomous Friuli within Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The draft autonomic project was launched with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>In January 1947, the poet and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a> went on to found the party Movimiento Popolari Friulano, with the same purpose of devolution. Pasolini opposed a possible Yugoslavian annexation, but at the same time lashed out at those who aimed at using regionalism for their immobilist, "backwards Conservatism".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasolini dropped membership in his party after the Christian Democrats came to pull its strings. The Communist Party of Italy opposed devolution, sticking to an Italian centralist agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 350,000 people claim Friulan as their native language, though it is sparsely used in public life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some movements and political parties that advocate a more autonomous, or even an independent Friuli in line with historical borders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Friuli_Movement" title="Friuli Movement">Friuli Movement</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Front_Furlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Front Furlan (page does not exist)">Front Furlan</a>, Patrie Furlane and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republiche_dal_Fri%C3%BBl_%E2%80%93_Parlament_furlan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan (page does not exist)">Republiche dal Friûl – Parlament furlan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_languages_and_dialects">Regional languages and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional languages and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg/250px-Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg/330px-Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg/500px-Cartei_stradai_bilengai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual road sign (Italian and Friulian) near San Vito al Torre</figcaption></figure> <p>While standard <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> is the primary official language of the region, several other regional languages and dialects are spoken in Friuli. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> is spoken in the provinces of Udine, Gorizia, and Pordenone. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> and its dialects are usually spoken (for historical reasons) on the western border regions (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pordenone" title="Pordenone">Pordenone</a>), sparingly in a few internal towns (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Gorizia" title="Gorizia">Gorizia</a>, etc.), and historically in some places along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast. </p><p>In the southeastern part of Friuli, a Venetian transitional dialect is spoken, called <i>Bisiaco</i>, that has influences of both <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> and Friulian. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slovene_dialects" title="Slovene dialects">Slovene dialects</a> are spoken in the largely rural border mountain region known as <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (Bavarian dialect) is spoken in Val Canale (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Tarvisio" title="Tarvisio">Tarvisio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pontebba" title="Pontebba">Pontebba</a>); in some of Val Canale's municipalities (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Malborghetto_Valbruna" title="Malborghetto Valbruna">Malborghetto Valbruna</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenian</a> dialects are spoken too. <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> is also spoken in the <i>Collio</i> area north of Gorizia. In the <a href="/wiki/Resia_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Resia Valley">Resia valley</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a> and the Val Canale, most of the inhabitants still speak an archaic dialect of Slovene, known as <a href="/wiki/Resian" class="mw-redirect" title="Resian">Resian</a>. According to the official estimates of the Italian government, between 45,000 and 51,000 Slovene speakers live in Friuli: around 11,000 in the Province of Gorizia, and the rest in the Province of Udine.<sup id="cite_ref-samo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to emigration, most Slovene speakers in the Province of Udine live outside their traditional compact zone of settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-samo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German-related dialects (like Rogasaxon) are spoken in several ancient enclaves like Timau, Zahre (<a href="/wiki/Sauris" title="Sauris">Sauris</a>) and Plodn (<a href="/wiki/Sappada" title="Sappada">Sappada</a>). </p><p>Only Friulian, Slovenian and German are allowed to be local secondary official languages in their historic areas, but not their related dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asteroid">Asteroid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Asteroid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroid <a href="/wiki/212705_Fri%C3%BBl" class="mw-redirect" title="212705 Friûl">212705 Friûl</a> was named in honor of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_212001%E2%80%93213000#705" title="Meanings of minor-planet names: 212001–213000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 25 September 2018 (<span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 111803</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlanis" title="Furlanis">Furlanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladinia" title="Ladinia">Ladinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dukes_and_margraves_of_Friuli" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dukes and margraves of Friuli">List of dukes and margraves of Friuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friulian_place_names" title="List of Friulian place names">List of Friulian place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triveneto" title="Triveneto">Triveneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Slovenia">Venetian Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intowine.com/refreshing-and-sometimes-quirky-whites-friuli">"Friuli White Wines: Refreshing (and Sometimes Quirky)"</a>. IntoWine.com. 28 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friuli+White+Wines%3A+Refreshing+%28and+Sometimes+Quirky%29&rft.pub=IntoWine.com&rft.date=2007-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intowine.com%2Frefreshing-and-sometimes-quirky-whites-friuli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extremes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/italia/stazioni-wmo/udine-rivolto/">"Udine Rivolto: Record mensili dal 1969"</a> (in Italian). Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Udine+Rivolto%3A+Record+mensili+dal+1969&rft.pub=Servizio+Meteorologico+dell%27Aeronautica+Militare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclimaintoscana.altervista.org%2Fitalia%2Fstazioni-wmo%2Fudine-rivolto%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SM_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clima.meteoam.it/AtlanteClim2/pdf/(045)Udine%20Rivolto.pdf">"Udine/Rivolto (UD)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Atlante climatico</i>. Servizio Meteorologico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlante+climatico&rft.atitle=Udine%2FRivolto+%28UD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclima.meteoam.it%2FAtlanteClim2%2Fpdf%2F%28045%29Udine%2520Rivolto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KDE_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaier2000" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Bernhard (2000). <i>Die Kelten</i>. Ulm. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Kelten&rft.place=Ulm&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColuzzii2007" class="citation book cs1">Coluzzii, Paolo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTQnOahQ4T4C"><i>Minority Language Planning and Micronationalism in Italy: An Analysis of the Situation of Friulian, Cimbrian and Western Lombard With Reference to Spanish Minority Languages</i></a>. Oxford, UK: Peter Lang. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039110414" title="Special:BookSources/9783039110414"><bdi>9783039110414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minority+Language+Planning+and+Micronationalism+in+Italy%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Situation+of+Friulian%2C+Cimbrian+and+Western+Lombard+With+Reference+to+Spanish+Minority+Languages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783039110414&rft.aulast=Coluzzii&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTQnOahQ4T4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiciliano2014" class="citation book cs1">Siciliano, Enzo (2014). <i>Pasolini; Una vida tormentosa</i>. Torres de Papel. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-943726-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-943726-4-3"><bdi>978-84-943726-4-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasolini%3B+Una+vida+tormentosa&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Torres+de+Papel&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-84-943726-4-3&rft.aulast=Siciliano&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siciliano, Enzo. 2014, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasolini held this move to be tactic, just a way of opposing the Christian Democratic stance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data sourced from the website of Italian publisher "Treccani": <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/identita-regionali-e-varieta-linguistiche-friuli-venezia-giulia-e-sardegna_%28L%27Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%29/">http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/identita-regionali-e-varieta-linguistiche-friuli-venezia-giulia-e-sardegna_%28L%27Italia-e-le-sue-Regioni%29/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samo-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samo_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samo_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509181935/http://www.slomedia.it/prof-samo-pahor-koliko-je-slovencev-v-italiji">"Prof. Samo Pahor: "Koliko je Slovencev v Italiji?"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slomedia.it/prof-samo-pahor-koliko-je-slovencev-v-italiji">the original</a> on 2016-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prof.+Samo+Pahor%3A+%22Koliko+je+Slovencev+v+Italiji%3F%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slomedia.it%2Fprof-samo-pahor-koliko-je-slovencev-v-italiji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-object-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-object_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=212705">"212705 Friul (2007 RF15)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=212705+Friul+%282007+RF15%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D212705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFriuli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friuli&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/60px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Circle" title="Austrian Circle">Austrian Circle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Austria"><img alt="Flag of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> lands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Austria" title="Further Austria">Further Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weingarten,_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Weingarten, Württemberg">Altdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Bregenz" title="County of Bregenz">Bregenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breisgau" title="Breisgau">Breisgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Burgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Margraviate of Burgau">Burgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Hohenberg_(Swabia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Hohenberg (Swabia)">Hohenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Constance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Constance">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortenau" title="Ortenau">Ortenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockach" title="Stockach">Stockach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundgau" title="Sundgau">Sundgau</a> <small>(until 1648)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tettnang" title="Tettnang">Tettnang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnweiler" title="Winnweiler">Winnweiler</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia" title="County of Gorizia">Gorizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Istria" title="March of Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasp" title="Tarasp">Tarasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengen,_Germany" title="Tengen, Germany">Tengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Map indicating the Austrian Circle of the Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg/120px-Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg/250px-Locator_Austrian_Circle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1140" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span style="padding-left:22px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishoprics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen" title="Prince-Bishopric of Brixen">Brixen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Chur" title="Prince-Bishopric of Chur">Chur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Trent" title="Prince-Bishopric of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order"><img alt="Coat of arms of the Teutonic Order" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/20px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg/40px-Insignia_Germany_Order_Teutonic.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic</a> bailiwicks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_der_Etsch" title="An der Etsch">An der Etsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailiwick_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailiwick of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Circles est. 1500: <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Circle" title="Bavarian Circle">Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swabian_Circle" title="Swabian Circle">Swabian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Circle" title="Upper Rhenish Circle">Upper Rhenish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhenish%E2%80%93Westphalian_Circle" title="Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle">Lower Rhenish–Westphalian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franconian_Circle" title="Franconian Circle">Franconian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxon_Circle" title="Lower Saxon Circle">(Lower) Saxon</a><br />Circles est. 1512: <b>Austrian</b>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Circle" title="Burgundian Circle">Burgundian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Saxon_Circle" title="Upper Saxon Circle">Upper Saxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Rhenish_Circle" title="Electoral Rhenish Circle">Electoral Rhenish</a> <span class="nowrap">   </span> · <span class="nowrap">   </span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire_outside_the_Imperial_Circles" title="Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles">Unencircled territories</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Friuli&params=46_10_N_13_00_E_region:IT_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°10′N</span> <span class="longitude">13°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.167°N 13.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.167; 13.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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