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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Haustorium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="হাস্টোরিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাস্টোরিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustori" title="Haustori – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Haustori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haustorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustor" title="Haustor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haustor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C5%ADstorio" title="Haŭstorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Haŭstorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="اندام مکنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندام مکنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haustorium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%BAl%C3%A1n" title="Diúlán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diúlán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorio" title="Haustorio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Haustorio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorij" title="Haustorij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Haustorij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austorio" title="Austorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Austorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorija" title="Haustorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haustorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haustorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ssawki" title="Ssawki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ssawki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haust%C3%B3rio" title="Haustório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Haustório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Haustorium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haust%C3%B3rium_(botanika)" title="Haustórium (botanika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Haustórium (botanika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haustorier" title="Haustorier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Haustorier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="உறிஞ்சும் உறுப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உறிஞ்சும் உறுப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eme%C3%A7" title="Emeç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emeç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гаусторія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаусторія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1c_m%C3%BAt" title="Giác mút – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giác mút" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Haustorium" title="Special:EditPage/Haustorium">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Haustorium%22">"Haustorium"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Haustorium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Haustorium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Haustorium%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Haustorium%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Haustorium%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg/220px-Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg/330px-Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg/440px-Hyaloperonospora-parasitica-hyphae-haustoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption><i><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hyaloperonospora">Hyaloperonospora</a> parasitica</i>: <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> and haustoria</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haustorium_DSC_5361_(28948051265).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg/220px-Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg/330px-Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg/440px-Haustorium_DSC_5361_%2828948051265%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Haustoria of <a href="/wiki/Muellerina_eucalyptoides" title="Muellerina eucalyptoides">creeping mistletoe</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_haemastoma" title="Eucalyptus haemastoma">scribbly gum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG/220px-01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG/330px-01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG/440px-01098jfRoads_Orion_Pilar_Limay_Bataan_Bridge_Landmarksfvf_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coconut_sprout" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut sprout">coconut sprout</a>, the edible haustorium of germinating <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> seeds</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, a <b>haustorium</b> (plural <b>haustoria</b>) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Mistletoe" title="Mistletoe">mistletoe</a> or members of the <a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">broomrape family</a>, the structure penetrates the host's tissue and draws nutrients from it. In <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, it refers to the appendage or portion of a <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> fungus (the <a href="/wiki/Hyphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyphal">hyphal</a> tip), which performs a similar function. Microscopic haustoria penetrate the host plant's <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> and siphon nutrients from the space between the cell wall and <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> but do not penetrate the membrane itself.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger (usually botanical, not fungal) haustoria do this at the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> level. </p><p>The etymology of the name corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/haustor" class="extiw" title="wikt:haustor">haustor</a></i> meaning <i>the one who draws, drains or drinks</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the action performed by the outgrowth. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fungi">In fungi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haustorium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungi in all major divisions form haustoria. Haustoria take several forms. Generally, on penetration, the fungus increases the surface area in contact with host plasma membrane releasing enzymes that break up the cell walls, enabling greater potential movement of organic <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> from host to fungus. Thus, an insect hosting a parasitic fungus such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cordyceps" title="Cordyceps">Cordyceps</a></i> may look as though it is being "eaten from the inside out" as the haustoria expand inside of it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The simplest forms of haustoria are small spheres. The largest are complex formations adding significant mass to a cell, expanding between the cell wall and cell membrane. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></i>, the entire fungus may become enclosed in the cell, and it is arguable whether this should be considered analogous to a haustorium.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Haustoria arise from intercellular hyphae, <a href="/wiki/Appressoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Appressoria">appressoria</a>, or external hyphae. The hypha narrows as it passes through the cell wall and then expands on invaginating the cell. A thickened, <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>-dense collar of material is deposited around the hypha at the point of invagination. Further, the host cell wall becomes highly modified in the invaginated zone. Inclusions normally present in plasma membrane are absent, and the outer layer contains more polysaccharide. The wall of both partners is severely reduced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Functional exchange takes place within the haustorial complex. The host supplies organic carbon to the fungus, and the metabolic activity within the complex is considerably greater than outside. Carbon from the host is absorbed by the fungus, and transported to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a>. The host plant appears to be functioning according to signals from the fungus and the complex appears to be under the control of the invader.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The haustorium may be mycelium or root-shaped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_plants">In plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haustorium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mistletoes (including <a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viscaceae" title="Viscaceae">Viscaceae</a>) attach to their hosts via a haustorium. The haustoria attacks the host's xylem and/or phloem and attaches itself to the host.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This structure both anchors the mistletoe, and taps into the host plant. Mistletoes use passive mechanisms to draw water from their hosts. They keep their leaf stomata open night and day which sets up a moisture gradient between mistletoe and host.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second meaning of 'haustorium' in botany is to describe tissues in a developing plant embryo that transfer nutrients from the seed's <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> to the embryo. These tissues are found widely in the seeds of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haustorium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzabo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Szabo, Les (July 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35395">"Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants"</a>. <i>PNAS</i>. <b>98</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">7654–</span>7655. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.7654S">2001PNAS...98.7654S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.151262398">10.1073/pnas.151262398</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC35395">35395</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11438718">11438718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.atitle=Hidden+robbers%3A+The+role+of+fungal+haustoria+in+parasitism+of+plants&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7654-%3C%2Fspan%3E7655&rft.date=2001-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC35395%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11438718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.151262398&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PNAS...98.7654S&rft.aulast=Szabo&rft.aufirst=Les&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC35395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaffiot1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaffiot, Félix (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexilogos.com/latin/gaffiot.php?q=haustor"><i>Dictionnaire illustré Latin-Français</i></a> (in French). Paris: Librairie Hachette. p. 737<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+illustr%C3%A9+Latin-Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=737&rft.pub=Librairie+Hachette&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Gaffiot&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A9lix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexilogos.com%2Flatin%2Fgaffiot.php%3Fq%3Dhaustor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry=haustor">haustor</a>. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. <i><a href="/wiki/A_Latin_Dictionary" title="A Latin Dictionary">A Latin Dictionary</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221094440/http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml">"Mycology – Structure and Function – Haustoria"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/learning/resources/Mycology/StructureFunction/haustoria.shtml">the original</a> on 2011-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mycology+%E2%80%93+Structure+and+Function+%E2%80%93+Haustoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbugs.bio.usyd.edu.au%2Flearning%2Fresources%2FMycology%2FStructureFunction%2Fhaustoria.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPressPhoenix2005" class="citation journal cs1">Press, Malcolm C.; Phoenix, Gareth K. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x">"Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>166</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">737–</span>751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2005.01358.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01358.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15869638">15869638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+parasitic+plants+on+natural+communities&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E737-%3C%2Fspan%3E751&rft.date=2005-06&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15869638&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2005.01358.x&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+C.&rft.au=Phoenix%2C+Gareth+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2005.01358.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, D. M. (2011) <i>Mistletoes of Southern Australia</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publish.csiro.au/book/6436/">CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhatnagar, S.P. and Veena Sawhney. (1981) "Endosperm—Its Morphology, infrastructure, and Histochemistry", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0074769608612863">International Review of Cytology</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haustorium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFP.M._KirkP.F._CannonD.W._MinterJ.A._Stalpers2008" class="citation book cs1">P.M. Kirk; P.F. Cannon; D.W. Minter; J.A. Stalpers (30 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IFD4_VFRDdUC&pg=PA306"><i>Dictionary of the Fungi</i></a>. CABI. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8"><bdi>978-0-85199-826-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Fungi&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-826-8&rft.au=P.M.+Kirk&rft.au=P.F.+Cannon&rft.au=D.W.+Minter&rft.au=J.A.+Stalpers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIFD4_VFRDdUC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLersten2004" class="citation book cs1">Lersten, Nels R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2YbwF7tH6dUC"><i>Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species</i></a>. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470752678" title="Special:BookSources/9780470752678"><bdi>9780470752678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowering+plant+embryology+with+emphasis+on+economic+species&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Blackwell+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780470752678&rft.aulast=Lersten&rft.aufirst=Nels+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2YbwF7tH6dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaustorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/what-is-mistletoe.html">ANBG: What is mistletoe</a> Accessed 22 January 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anbg.gov.au/mistletoe/haustoria.html">ANBG: Haustoria</a> Accessed 22 January 2018.</li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_fungi" title="Outline of fungi">Outline of fungi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_lichens" title="Outline of lichens">Outline of lichens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_uses_of_fungi" title="Medicinal uses of fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Mycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction/<a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">teleomorph/sexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">Zygospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascospore">Ascospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ascus" title="Ascus">Ascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">Basidiospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basidium" title="Basidium">Basidium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teliospore" title="Teliospore">Teliospore</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">anamorph/asexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidium" title="Conidium">Conidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">Chlamydospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oidium_(spore)" title="Oidium (spore)">Oidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycniospore" title="Pycniospore">Pycniospore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">Hypha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haustorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">Mycelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">Mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">Yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">Mushroom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Glossary of mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungal_orders" title="List of fungal orders">List of fungal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycologists" title="List of mycologists">List of mycologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mycology_journals" title="List of mycology journals">List of mycology journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fungi" title="Category:Fungi">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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