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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Illegal immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Spanish-language_media_and_religious_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Spanish-language_media_and_religious_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of Spanish-language media and religious leaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Spanish-language_media_and_religious_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_backlash_over_flag_symbolism_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_backlash_over_flag_symbolism_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversy and backlash over flag symbolism and protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_backlash_over_flag_symbolism_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Backlash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_the_2006_immigration_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_the_2006_immigration_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consequences of the 2006 immigration protests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences_of_the_2006_immigration_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy_attitudes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy_attitudes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social policy attitudes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy_attitudes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latino_political_contributions_and_civic_engagement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latino_political_contributions_and_civic_engagement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Latino political contributions and civic engagement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latino_political_contributions_and_civic_engagement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>April</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>May</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kennedy_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kennedy_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kennedy ruling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kennedy_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruiting_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Recruiting methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooperation_between_anti-illegal_immigration_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperation_between_anti-illegal_immigration_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Cooperation between anti-illegal immigration groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperation_between_anti-illegal_immigration_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_U.S._Immigration_Reform_Protests" title="2006 U.S. Immigration Reform Protests – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="2006 U.S. Immigration Reform Protests" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestas_de_inmigrantes_en_los_Estados_Unidos_de_2006" title="Protestas de inmigrantes en los Estados Unidos de 2006 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protestas de inmigrantes en los Estados Unidos de 2006" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B0%DB%B6_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اعتراضات ۲۰۰۶ اصلاحات مهاجرتی ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اعتراضات ۲۰۰۶ اصلاحات مهاجرتی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_de_2006_contre_la_r%C3%A9forme_de_la_loi_sur_l%27immigration_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Mouvement de 2006 contre la réforme de la loi sur l'immigration aux États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement de 2006 contre la réforme de la loi sur l'immigration aux États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_(2006)" title="המחאה נגד רפורמת ההגירה בארצות הברית (2006) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המחאה נגד רפורמת ההגירה בארצות הברית (2006)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestos_de_imigrantes_nos_Estados_Unidos_em_2006" title="Protestos de imigrantes nos Estados Unidos em 2006 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protestos de imigrantes nos Estados Unidos em 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">2006 United States immigration reform protests</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NashvilleProtest2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/NashvilleProtest2006.jpg/300px-NashvilleProtest2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/NashvilleProtest2006.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Thousands gather in favor of immigrants' rights in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a> on March 29, 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">March - May</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2006–2007, millions of people participated in protests over a proposed change to U.S. immigration policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These large scale mobilizations are widely seen as a historic turning point in Latino politics, especially Latino immigrant civic participation and political influence, as noted in a range of scholarly publications in this field.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests began in response to proposed legislation known as <a href="/wiki/H.R._4437" class="mw-redirect" title="H.R. 4437">H.R. 4437</a>, which would raise penalties for <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a> and classify illegal individuals and anyone who helped them enter or remain in the US as felons. As part of the wider <a href="/wiki/United_States_immigration_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States immigration debate">immigration debate</a>, most of the protests not only sought a rejection of this bill, but also a comprehensive reform of the country's immigration laws that included a path to citizenship for all illegal immigrants. </p><p>The 2006 immigration protests were a series of demonstrations that began in Chicago and continued throughout major cities nationwide for a period of eight weeks. The first major demonstration in Chicago was held on March 10, 2006, and was estimated to have about 100,000 participants. It was the initial impetus for many of the other protests which followed throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-chicago060310_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago060310-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest single protest occurred on March 25, 2006, in downtown Los Angeles with an official estimate of more than 500,000 people marching in what organizers called "La Gran Marcha" ("The Great March") .<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizers of La Gran Marcha, however, state that the actual revised number of participants is somewhere between 1.25 and 1.5 million estimated through later photographic analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest nationwide day of protest occurred on April 10, 2006, in 102 cities across the country,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 350,000–500,000 in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>. The overwhelming majority of the protests were peaceful and attracted modest media attention. Additional protests took place on May Day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="May_Day">May Day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: May Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg/220px-San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg/330px-San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg/440px-San_Jose_May_Day_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The marches reached a climax on May 1, 2006, and were nicknamed "A Day Without Immigrants." Naming the protests in such way encouraged immigrants and others to quit their daily labor-intensive jobs for a day to draw attention to their significant contributions to U.S. daily life. Latino immigrants and others across the country were urged to boycott work, school and other economic activities. Those outside the Latino community were shocked to see the growing workforce of janitors, nannies, restaurant workers and many other service workers leave their jobs to join the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mobilization of working-class illegal individuals was intended to challenge the belief that the United States would be able to prosper without illegal immigrants. </p><p>The protests took place on May 1, a date meant to honor workers throughout the country. The May 1st marches reflected the immigrant protesters' identities as workers and significant contributors to U.S. society. Most immigrants of Latin American descent come to the United States seeking economic prosperity for themselves and their families,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they frequently accept low wage jobs to survive in the United States. Therefore, missing work for a day burdened their families. Yet, thousands of immigrants risked their jobs and joined the marches to demand political recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illegal_immigration">Illegal immigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Illegal immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexicans were not considered "immigrants" until 1960, when the United States issued visas to emigrate to America. Before 1960, Mexicans could only apply for work visas as <i>Braceros</i> or cross the border without inspection. Mexicans didn't have a "legal" way to enter the United States before then.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To understand the 2006 immigrant protests and the discourse behind illegal immigration as a leading topic in U.S. political debate, it is necessary to understand the history of illegal immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 19th century, mass illegal immigration from Latin American countries to the United States has greatly impacted Latino politics. Illegal immigrants are individuals who arrive and live in the United States without legal documentation. In many cases, individuals arrive to the United States with legal documentation such as tourist or student visas and overstay the amount of time they are allowed to remain in the United States, thus becoming illegal immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many others cross the borders between the United States and Mexico, or the United States and Canada, without legal documentation. Today, undocumented entry to the United States is a misdemeanor. Illegal immigration did not always exist to the extent that it does today. Before 1965, the United States did not have numerical restrictions on immigration from countries in the western hemisphere. In 1965, the United States passed the Immigration Nationality Act and repealed the 1924 National Origins Act designed to limit migration from southern and eastern European countries,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus making it possible for eastern-hemisphere countries to have equal access to visas in addition and consequently restricting migration from the western hemisphere for the first time. Furthermore, the 1965 Act provided unlimited number of visas for family reunification because it allowed naturalized U.S. citizens and permanent residents to request permission to bring their family members to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1965 Act influenced Latinos/as citizens and permanent residents to request visas that allowed their family members to immigrate to the United States. This resulted in a shift of the country's ethno racial makeup and the creation of a large Latino population in the United States. The 1965 Act's restriction on the number of visas allotted to western hemisphere countries created the phenomenon of large scale illegal western hemisphere migration,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly from Latin American countries like Mexico. </p><p>In the 1980s, the United States government began to express concern about the large scale flow of illegal immigration, which led to the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986. First, the Act made it illegal for employers to hire workers who could not provide proof of legal immigration to the United States. Second, it allowed for the legalization of immigrants who could prove residency in the U.S. since January 1, 1982 and agricultural workers who began working in the United States prior to May 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the 3 million migrants that applied for IRCA, 2.7 million, many of whom were Mexican, were given a path to citizenship. However, in the long term, IRCA was not successful in reducing the flow of illegal immigration to the United States. As a result, the U.S. government began to increase the funding of Border Patrol as a means to regulate the flow of undocumented immigrants to the United States. These actions proved to have little impact on illegal immigration, resulting in about eleven million illegal immigrants living in the United States, the majority being of Mexican origin. Therefore, discourse about the flow of illegal immigration has been known as a "Mexican" or "Latino" problem. The large scale flow of illegal migrants and the significant ethno-racial shift that occurred as a result of 1965 Act, have resulted in anti-immigrant backlash that targets Latino immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_Spanish-language_media_and_religious_leaders">Role of Spanish-language media and religious leaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role of Spanish-language media and religious leaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spanish-language media outlets, in particular <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>, Azteca América and La Opinión (Los Angeles' largest Spanish newspaper), advertised the protests on their front page.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They called it a "Mega Marcha", a mega march, as a way to emphasize the large scale of the marches. This strategy allowed for the spread of mobilizations throughout the country. KMEX- TV in Los Angeles, an Univision owned and operated television station, called the protests "Pisando Firme", stepping strong, to remind protesters to march "with pride, with dignity, with order, for your children, for your people, for your community."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although television and newspapers effectively mobilized protesters, it was radio stations which truly promoted the protests. </p><p>Various Spanish-language radio stations across the country, in large part aided in mobilizing people for the protests. <a href="/wiki/Eddie_%22Piol%C3%ADn%22_Sotelo" title="Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo">Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo</a>, a Spanish-language radio personality from Los Angeles, persuaded eleven of his counterparts from Spanish-language radio stations based in Los Angeles to also rally listeners to attend planned protests.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piolin Por La Mañana, is known to be one of the most popular radio shows in the country. The Piolín's radio show, recorded near Los Angeles, is broadcast in 47 markets across the country including Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Miami, Phoenix, San Francisco and New York, many of the cities where the protests took place.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to mobilizing thousands of immigrant protestors, Eddie "Piolin" Sotelo made multiple appearances during protests, which increased his moral authority towards his Latino audience. </p><p>Religious leader Cardinal Roger M. Mahony, from the Archdiocese of Los Angeles, showed his support of immigrant protesters and urged Catholics, many of whom are Latino, to support the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He urged the Catholic community to spend Lent fasting and praying for an immigration reform that would counteract HR-4437 and the criminalization of immigrants. Cardinal Mahony made an official statement against HR-4437 through which he instructed Catholic priests to defy any law that required them to ask immigrants for legal documents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated that immigration was not about politics, rather the way in which human beings treat one another, while asserting that all Americans are of immigrant ancestry and share universal citizenship. </p><p>It was not media alone that mobilized protesters, rather the media in partnership with migrant organizations and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When analyzing the immigrant civic participation in the 2006 protests simply acknowledging the media's influence is not enough. It absolutely necessary to understand the "meta-network" of activists and leaders that used media as a call to action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_and_backlash_over_flag_symbolism_and_protests">Controversy and backlash over flag symbolism and protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy and backlash over flag symbolism and protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial protests caused much controversy after some protesters waved <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican</a> and Central American flags instead of American flags. Various talk-radio hosts and columnists played up the contentious nature of displaying non-U.S. flags during the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particular incident referred to involved a protest at <a href="/wiki/Montebello_High_School" title="Montebello High School">Montebello High School</a> in California, where a Mexican flag was raised on a flagpole over a United States flag flying in the distressed (or upside-down) position.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the backlash over the protests and the controversy over the flag symbolism issue, a group calling themselves "Border Guardians" burned a Mexican flag in front of the Mexican Consulate in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, on April 9, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day the group proceeded to burn two Mexican flags during protest in Tucson which was estimated to have had 15,000 participants. After the police seized a student who had thrown a water bottle at the "Border Guardians", they followed the police officers calling for them to let the student go. As the situation escalated violence broke out and 6 were arrested with dozens being pepper-sprayed. The next day the police arrested the leader of the Border Guardians, Roy Warden, for charges including assault and starting a fire in a public park. </p><p>Because of the controversy, organizers of the protests encouraged protesters to leave their Mexican flags at home, with <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Roger_Mahony" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Roger Mahony">Cardinal Roger Mahony</a> telling Los Angeles protesters to not fly any flag other than the United States flag because, "...they do not help us get the legislation we need."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this controversy later protests featured fewer Mexican flags and more protesters carrying American flags.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, California's <a href="/wiki/Oceanside,_California" title="Oceanside, California">Oceanside</a> Unified School District banned flags and signs from its campuses after "Mexican flag-wavers clashed with U.S. flag-wavers."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Backlash">Backlash</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Backlash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> reported that, in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Herndon, a day labor center at which suspected illegal individuals gathered was closed and its mayor and two aldermen lost reelection, in part due to immigration concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Membership in the <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a> increased due in part to backlash from the protests. On May 3, responding to the May 1 boycotts, the Minutemen embarked on a caravan across the United States in an effort to bring attention to a need for border enforcement. The caravan was expected to reach Washington, D.C., on May 12. </p><p>Regarding the Tucson-based anti-immigration movement: In 2006, the Southern Poverty Law Center wrote: "Roy Warden, 59, emerged this spring as one of the country's most controversial, volatile, and, many believe, dangerous characters of the anti-immigration movement."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_the_2006_immigration_protests">Consequences of the 2006 immigration protests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consequences of the 2006 immigration protests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although HR-4437 failed to pass through the Senate, it left a trail of consequences that affected the immigrant community. One of those consequences was intensive Immigration Customs Enforcement (ICE) raids during the final years of the Bush administration which continued throughout the Obama presidency. In the next couple of years, more than 300,000 undocumented immigrant were deported to their home countries, that is 100,000 more than the number of deported immigrants in 2005, a year before the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in deportations caused fear of retaliation within the undocumented community and resulted in rapid demobilization. </p><p>Although HR-4437 did not become a law at the federal level, it did not prevent individual states from passing similar laws. In 2006, Pennsylvania passed the Illegal Immigration Relief Act, which fined landlords who rented housing to undocumented immigrants and also fined business owners who hired them. The State of Arizona passed S.B. 1070, which led to racial profiling and required police officers to request legal documentation from anyone they suspected was undocumented. Both laws, along with similar others, were deemed unconstitutional in part because the U.S. Constitution assigns control over immigration to the federal government, not individual states.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_policy_attitudes">Social policy attitudes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social policy attitudes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of the protests were not limited to governmental and policy changes, either. Public opinion in the Latino community showed clear development based on both temporal and spacial exposure to the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2006/07/13/2006-national-survey-of-latinos/">The Latino National Survey</a> (LNS) took place during the course of the protests, with approximately 37% of respondents being surveyed before the protests began. Using the data from respondents before and after the advent of the protests, a study from <i>The American Journal of Political Science</i> compared immigration sentiments from before and after exposure to the 2006 protests. The table divided sentiments into three categories: amnesty, supporting immediate legalization; citizenship after time as a guest worker; or allowing guest workers temporary residence. Support for immediate legalization showed a 10% increase postprotest, while support for the temporary residence of guest workers dropped by 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Predicted Probabilities: Pre- and Postprotest </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Preprotest </th> <th>Postprotest </th> <th>Prob. </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Amnesty</b> </td> <td>.34 (.02) </td> <td>.44 (.01) </td> <td>.10 (.02) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Guest worker legalization</b> </td> <td>.37 (.01) </td> <td>.35 (.01) </td> <td>-.2 (.02) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Guest worker temporary</b> </td> <td>.16 (.01) </td> <td>.12 (.01) </td> <td>-.4 (.02) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The LNS also showed that 75% of Latino citizens believed the passing of the bill through the House and resulting discourse would prompt more Latinos to vote. The portion of Latinos who said they thought neither political party had acceptable immigration policy also increased from the 9% reported in 2004 to 20% in the 2006 report.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the immigration reform protests were felt across the United States, both in policy and public opinion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latino_political_contributions_and_civic_engagement">Latino political contributions and civic engagement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Latino political contributions and civic engagement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since undocumented immigrant communities were unable to vote, lobby, or influence politicians in more traditional ways, Latino leaders mobilized immigrants through non-voting activities, such as protests.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Latinos indicated that the marches were the beginning of a new social and political movement that sought to gain civic empowerment.<sup id="cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report released by the Pew Hispanic Center indicated that Latinos would most likely vote in subsequent elections and The National Immigration Forum found that Latino voters were more enthusiastic to vote in 2006 due to the immigration debate,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the need to prevent legislation like HR-4437 from being approved by Congress. "Today we march, tomorrow we vote," was one of the most popular slogans during the 2006 immigrant protests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such slogan indicated the value and need for Latino/a political contribution and recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March">March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>March 10</b>: 100,000 marched from Union Park to Federal Plaza in Chicago but organizers say that about 250,000- 500,000 actually marched.<sup id="cite_ref-chicago060310_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chicago060310-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 24</b>: 20,000 marched to Senator <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a>'s office in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tens of thousands of workers participate in a work stoppage in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 25</b>: more than 500,000 (casual police estimate) march in downtown Los Angeles,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but organizers claim more than 1.25 million based on photographic analysis <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 26</b>: 7,000 people rallied at the Statehouse in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 27</b>: Hundreds of high school students walk out of class in protest in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 29</b>: 8,000–9,000 marched from <a href="/wiki/The_Coliseum_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coliseum (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Coliseum</a> to Legislative Plaza in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 30</b>: Robert Pambello, the principal of <a href="/wiki/Reagan_High_School_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan High School (Houston)">Reagan High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, placed a Mexican flag below the American and Texan flags and was ordered to remove it. He later resigned from his position for apparently unrelated reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In South West Houston, high school students from <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_High_School_(Houston)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert E. Lee High School (Houston)">Robert E. Lee High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellaire_High_School_(Bellaire,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellaire High School (Bellaire, Texas)">Bellaire High</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_Math,_Science,_and_Technology_Center" title="Sam Houston Math, Science, and Technology Center">Sam Houston High School</a> (joining from Houston's Northside) and other middle schoolers joined in a march that was taken to city hall.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>March 31</b>: 3,000 high school and middle school students in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> walk out of class to protest. Some college and community college students join them on their protest.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April">April</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: April"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>April 1</b>: 10,000 marched across the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> to <a href="/wiki/Foley_Square" title="Foley Square">Foley Square</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>April 6</b>: Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora, Illinois</a> students left school to march downtown to protest.</li> <li><b>April 8</b>: Several hundred people rally at Chicano Park in San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2010)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><b>April 9</b>: Demonstrations in several cities across the United States, including: <ul><li>50,000 marched in San Diego from Balboa Park, through downtown to the County Administration Building.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YEAH!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/YEAH%21.jpg/220px-YEAH%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/YEAH%21.jpg/330px-YEAH%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/YEAH%21.jpg/440px-YEAH%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Students Of <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/McNair_Academic_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="McNair Academic High School">McNair Academic High School</a> gather to protest the proposed H.R. 4437 at Liberty State Park after walking out of their school at 2:00 pm on April 10, 2006.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>6,000 protested in Des Moines, Iowa at Nollen Plaza in support of comprehensive immigration reform.,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> April 9</li></ul></li> <li><b>April 10</b>: Demonstrations were staged in many cities and towns across the United States; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, at least 50,000 people rallied both for and against amnesty.</li> <li>Boston, Massachusetts, approximately 2,000 demonstrators march from <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common_(park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Common (park)">Boston Common</a> to <a href="/wiki/Copley_Square" title="Copley Square">Copley Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, at least 4,000 people gathered and protested the inability of lawmakers to agree on legislation that would lead to citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers, Florida</a>, an estimated 75,000 people took part in "The Great March" which affected traffic in nearby areas of the march. The stream of protesters was at least a mile long at times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, a well-organized march of approximately 3,000 people was held. Protesters marched two miles from Jaycee Park to the Federal Courthouse during the first day of the Clark Country Spring Break, waving Mexican and American flags alike. They protested in favor of amnesty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>New York City, between 70,000 and 125,000 people demonstrated in front of City Hall. Senators <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a> spoke at the rally. Neither called for amnesty, though many of the crowd's signs and chants did.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a>, an estimated 10,000 people took part in the demonstration.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah, a unity rally was held at the City-County Building; there were an estimated 15,000 protesters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose, California</a>, an estimated 25,000 demonstrators marched several miles from <a href="/wiki/King_and_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="King and Story">King and Story</a> to city hall. Highway access to <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_101_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 101 (California)">US 101</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_680_(California)" title="Interstate 680 (California)">I-680</a> was closed, causing significant traffic backups.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, between 15,000 and 25,000 marched to a rally at the federal building where speakers in support of the demonstrators, such as <a href="/wiki/Greg_Nickels" title="Greg Nickels">Mayor Greg Nickels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Sims" title="Ron Sims">County Executive Ron Sims</a> spoke. Just five thousand were expected.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>April 11</b>: Several protests occurred in Nevada. <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, a rally with an estimated minimum of 300+ was held at the <a href="/wiki/Cashman_Center" title="Cashman Center">Cashman Center</a>; several important opposition figures showed up, such as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilchrist" title="Jim Gilchrist">Jim Gilchrist</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada Secretary of State">Nevada Secretary of State</a>, local radio host Mark Edwards, and numerous state <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a> branches to protest against <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City, Nevada</a>, an estimated 200 students walked out of class, rallying in front of the Governor's Mansion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>, between 2,000 and 4,000 protesters marched through the downtown area, from the University of Nevada, Reno campus to the Bruce R. Thompson Federal Building, and continued to a designated spot near the <a href="/wiki/Meadowood_Mall" title="Meadowood Mall">Meadowood Mall</a>. Traffic was held and diverted along South Virginia Street during the march.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>April 13</b>: Students from several <a href="/wiki/Woodburn,_Oregon" title="Woodburn, Oregon">Woodburn, Oregon</a> (a town with a large <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> community) schools marched out of class.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>April 19</b>: Students from various Denver high schools and middle schools walked out of class and marched to the capitol.</li> <li><b>April 27</b>: Approximately 200 volunteers and supporters built a 6 foot high, quarter mile section of barbed wire fencing along the Mexico and United States border to send a clear message to Americans and leaders in Washington regarding the lack of security at our borders.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>April 28</b>: <a href="/wiki/Nuestro_Himno" title="Nuestro Himno">Nuestro Himno</a>, a Spanish language rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Star_Spangled_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Spangled Banner">Star Spangled Banner</a>, is played simultaneously on about 500 Spanish language radio stations across the country. The controversy died in a few days, after it was revealed that Cuban immigrant Jon Secada had sung the anthem in Spanish at Bush inauguration ceremony <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2006/05/02/5146/national-anthem-sung-in-spanish-at-first-bush-inaugural/">[1]</a>, and that a Spanish version of the anthem had been commissioned by the Bureau of Education of the United States in 1919 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=1911431">[2]</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May">May</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: May"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/May_1_2006_Rally_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>A rally on May 1 in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>May 1</b>: The "<a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a>" takes place across the United States and at a few locations abroad. <ul><li>An estimated 400,000 marched in Chicago, according to police, though organizers pegged the total at closer to 700,000; "Latinos were joined by immigrants of Polish, Irish, Asian and African descent."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An estimated 400,000 marched in Los Angeles, according to police<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The boycott was said to have had "little economic impact" in Arizona<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a> saw close to 10,000 people marching in the streets, possibly the largest assembly of people in the city's history. Major city streets were shut down as a direct result.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2010)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Over 15,000 protesters were reported in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>.</li> <li>Some supporters have hailed this as "the most important boycott since the days of the civil rights movement".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Over 100,000 marched in the Bay Area of California.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At least 10,000 marched in Orange County<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A minor disturbance in <a href="/wiki/Vista,_California" title="Vista, California">Vista, California</a> was disbursed by 200 police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Local news estimates that 3,000+ people marched from Jaycee Park in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>; some local businesses suffered but the majority of businesses felt no financial impact.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to <i>LA Observed</i>, an altercation occurred between protestors and police at MacArthur Park in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protests.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protests.jpg/220px-Protests.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Protests.jpg/330px-Protests.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Protests.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Immigrant rights protest at the US–Mexico border in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><ul><li>Thousands of immigrants and their supporters did not go to work or school in Iowa<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United for the Dignity and Safety of Immigrants (UDSI) (organizing group estimates)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>May 2</b>: The Minuteman Project says that 400 new members joined in April in response to the protests.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 3</b>: In response to the pro-immigration reform boycott, the Minutemen started a two-vehicle caravan across the United States which reached Washington, D.C., on May 12.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>May 25</b>: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> passes <a href="/wiki/S._2611" class="mw-redirect" title="S. 2611">S. 2611</a> which includes a path to citizenship for up to 8.5 million illegal individuals. The bill eventually failed and was never enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H.R._4437" class="mw-redirect" title="H.R. 4437">H.R. 4437</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/H.R._4437" class="mw-redirect" title="H.R. 4437">H.R. 4437</a> (<i>The Border Protection, Anti terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005</i>) was passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> on December 16, 2005, by a vote of 239 to 182. It is also known as the "Sensenbrenner Bill", for its sponsor in the House of Representatives, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a>. H.R. 4437 was seen by many as the catalyst for the 2006 U.S. immigration reform protests.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986</a> previously gave "amnesty" to 2.7 million undocumented immigrants. Proponents of the measure, including then-President Reagan, said the measure, paired with stricter employer rules and a better path for legal entry, would reduce illegal immigration. </p><p>The companion bill passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> was <a href="/wiki/S._2611" class="mw-redirect" title="S. 2611">S. 2611</a>, which never passed <a href="/wiki/Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference committee">conference committee</a>. The House Republican leadership stated that it rejected S. 2611 wholly and would only pass legislation that addressed border security. The end of the 109th Congress marked the death of this bill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kennedy_ruling">Kennedy ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Kennedy ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The USA Supreme Court on June 16, 2008, ruled in <a href="/wiki/Dada_v._Mukasey" title="Dada v. Mukasey">Dada v. Mukasey</a>, per ponente Justice Kennedy ruled (5–4) "that someone who is here illegally may withdraw his voluntarily agreement to depart and continue to try to get approval to remain in the United States." The Court held that complying with a deportation order did not strip an immigrant of the right to appeal that deportation order.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawsuit is about 2 seemingly contradictory provisions of immigration law. One prevents deportation by voluntary departure from the country. The other section allows immigrants who are here illegally but whose circumstances have changed to build their case to immigration officials, and who must remain in the US. In the case, Samson Dada, a Nigerian citizen, overstayed beyond the expiration of his tourist visa in 1998. Immigration authorities ordered him to leave the country as he agreed to leave voluntarily, but to allow his legal re-entry, unlike if he had been deported.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following organizations mobilized from hundreds (<a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a>) to millions of people (<a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a>) around immigration reform in the United States during 2006. </p> <ul><li>May 1, 2006 'A Day Without Immigrant' National Mobilization Endorsers' – national coalition of 215 organizations that mobilized one million protesters across the U.S. on May 1, 2006, for the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weareamericaalliance.org">We Are America Alliance</a> – national network of hundreds of regional coalitions that mobilized 2 million protesters across the U.S. on April 10, 2006, and coordinated protests in the May 1 national protests</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060920075948/http://daywithoutanimmigrant.com/">El Paro and the Day Without and Immigrant Coalition</a> (Philadelphia Region) <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> regional coalition of dozens of organizations invited and mobilized thousands of protesters in 7 marches from February 14 to April 10, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Coalition_for_Immigrant_and_Refugee_Rights" title="Kentucky Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights">Kentucky Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> coalition that mobilized an estimated 10,000 people in downtown Lexington, Kentucky on April 10, 2006, with other mobilizations around the state.</li> <li>March 25 Coalition – <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>-based coalition that mobilized 750,000 protesters in Los Angeles on March 25, 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a> (FAIR) – mobilized dozens of people in various counter-protests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a> – held sporadic counter-protests in some major US cities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruiting_methods">Recruiting methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recruiting methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically anti-illegal immigration movements focus on <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> recruiting tactics; the Minutemen Civil Defense Corps and Minuteman Project use these methods to boost membership. After the 2006 immigration reform protest, anti-immigration movement participation increased by 600%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cooperation_between_anti-illegal_immigration_groups">Cooperation between anti-illegal immigration groups</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cooperation between anti-illegal immigration groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-illegal immigration groups often do not pursue the same agenda in the same ways; however, they do form <a href="/wiki/Coalitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalitions">coalitions</a> when their agendas match other movements. One of the major joint efforts that these groups engage in is access to mailing lists for individuals who have donated money in the past to support the movement; Federation for American Immigration Reform and Minutemen Civil Defense Corps have shared lists of mailers with one another in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.R._4437" class="mw-redirect" title="H.R. 4437">H.R. 4437</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Nation!_The_Battle_for_the_Dream" title="Immigrant Nation! The Battle for the Dream">Immigrant Nation! The Battle for the Dream</a></i>, documentary movie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2006_LAUSD_student_walkouts" title="March 2006 LAUSD student walkouts">March 2006 LAUSD student walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._2611" class="mw-redirect" title="S. 2611">S. 2611</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_immigration_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="United States immigration debate">United States immigration debate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zepeda-Millán,_Chris_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZepeda-Millán,_Chris2017" class="citation book cs1">Zepeda-Millán, Chris (September 28, 2017). <i>Latino mass mobilization : immigration, racialization, and activism</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107076945" title="Special:BookSources/9781107076945"><bdi>9781107076945</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/992743862">992743862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+mass+mobilization+%3A+immigration%2C+racialization%2C+and+activism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2017-09-28&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F992743862&rft.isbn=9781107076945&rft.au=Zepeda-Mill%C3%A1n%2C+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chicago060310-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chicago060310_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chicago060310_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilaOlivo2006" class="citation cs2">Avila, Oscar; Olivo, Antonio (March 11, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2006/03/11/a-show-of-strength-2/">"A Show of Strength: Thousands March to Loop for Immigrants' Rights"</a>, <i>Chicago Tribune</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=A+Show+of+Strength%3A+Thousands+March+to+Loop+for+Immigrants%27+Rights&rft.date=2006-03-11&rft.aulast=Avila&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft.au=Olivo%2C+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2006%2F03%2F11%2Fa-show-of-strength-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabeBecerra2006" class="citation cs2">Watanabe, Teresa; Becerra, Hector (March 26, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-26-me-immig26-story.html">"500,000 Pack Streets to Protest Immigration Bills; The rally, part of a massive mobilization of immigrants and their supporters, may be the largest L.A. has seen."</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, p. A1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=500%2C000+Pack+Streets+to+Protest+Immigration+Bills%3B+The+rally%2C+part+of+a+massive+mobilization+of+immigrants+and+their+supporters%2C+may+be+the+largest+L.A.+has+seen.&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2006-03-26&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft.au=Becerra%2C+Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-mar-26-me-immig26-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenez2015" class="citation cs2">Tenez, Angel (March 25, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexican-american.org/history/21st-century/2006/la-gran-marcha_largest-march-in-us-history.html">"La Gran Marcha "The Largest Mass Protest Demonstration in U.S. History"."</a>, <i>Mexican American News</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mexican+American+News&rft.atitle=La+Gran+Marcha+%22The+Largest+Mass+Protest+Demonstration+in+U.S.+History%22.&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.aulast=Tenez&rft.aufirst=Angel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mexican-american.org%2Fhistory%2F21st-century%2F2006%2Fla-gran-marcha_largest-march-in-us-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna11442705">"500,000 rally immigration rights in L.A. – Politics"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. March 25, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=500%2C000+rally+immigration+rights+in+L.A.+%E2%80%93+Politics&rft.date=2006-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna11442705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/03/28/immigration/index.html">"CNN.com – Protests precede Senate immigration battle – Mar 28, 2006"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=CNN.com+%E2%80%93+Protests+precede+Senate+immigration+battle+%E2%80%93+Mar+28%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F03%2F28%2Fimmigration%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawn Garcia, "Spanish-Language and Digital Media: A New Counterpublic Sphere In California." <i>Tangents: The Journal of the Master of Liberal Arts Program at Stanford University</i> Volume 8 (2009): 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura Pulido, "A Day Without Immigrants: The Racial and Class Politics of Immigrant Exclusion." <i>Antipode</i> 39, no. 1 (2007): 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/the-birth-of-illegal-immigration">"The Birth of 'Illegal' Immigration"</a>. July 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+%27Illegal%27+Immigration&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-birth-of-illegal-immigration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Bedolla2014" class="citation book cs1">Garcia Bedolla, Lisa (2014). <i>Latino Politics</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745664996" title="Special:BookSources/9780745664996"><bdi>9780745664996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Politics&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780745664996&rft.aulast=Garcia+Bedolla&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Bedolla2014" class="citation book cs1">Garcia Bedolla, Lisa (2014). <i>Latino Politics</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745664996" title="Special:BookSources/9780745664996"><bdi>9780745664996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Politics&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780745664996&rft.aulast=Garcia+Bedolla&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Bedolla2014" class="citation book cs1">Garcia Bedolla, Lisa (2014). <i>Latino Politics</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745664996" title="Special:BookSources/9780745664996"><bdi>9780745664996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Politics&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780745664996&rft.aulast=Garcia+Bedolla&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia_Bedolla2014" class="citation book cs1">Garcia Bedolla, Lisa (2014). <i>Latino Politics</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Polity Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745664996" title="Special:BookSources/9780745664996"><bdi>9780745664996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Politics&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780745664996&rft.aulast=Garcia+Bedolla&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaccus2006" class="citation news cs1">Flaccus, Gillian (March 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2006/03/29/spanish_language_media_credited_on_pro_immigrant_rallies/">"Spanish-language media credited on pro-immigrant rallies"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Spanish-language+media+credited+on+pro-immigrant+rallies&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.aulast=Flaccus&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F29%2Fspanish_language_media_credited_on_pro_immigrant_rallies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melissa Block, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5307593">"Spanish D.J. Organizes Immigration-Reform Protests"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210053/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5307593">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NPR <i>All Things Considered</i> March 28, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5330091&ft=1&f=17">"Immigration Protests, Part 1: Spanish-Language Media"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103340/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5330091&ft=1&f=17">Archived</a> December 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NPR <i>Day to Day</i> April 7, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawn Garcia, "Spanish-Language and Digital Media: A New Counterpublic Sphere In California." <i>Tangents: The Journal of the Master of Liberal Arts Program at Stanford University</i> Volume 8 (2009): 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo R. Chavez, "The Immigrant Marches of 2006 and The Struggle for Inclusion", in <i>The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and The Nation</i>. Second ed. (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2013). 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Ayon, "Migrant Organization and Mexican Policy" (Conference Speech, A Lehman-Cuny Sponsored Invitational Conference, Manhattan, October 20, 2006). 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2006" class="citation web cs1">Page, Clarence (April 14, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-2006-04-14-0604140101-story.html">"The foreign flag rule"</a>. <i>The Baltimore Sun</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=The+foreign+flag+rule&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-2006-04-14-0604140101-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209094900/http://www.whittierdailynews.com/search/ci_3661910">Student punished for American flag incident</a> by Tracy Garcia, <i>Whittier Daily News</i>, April 1, 2006, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://michellemalkin.com/archives/004869.htm">"The American Flag Comes Second"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517234750/http://michellemalkin.com/archives/004869.htm">Archived</a> May 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Michelle Malkin, posted March 29, 2006 01:15 AM. Both accessed April 14, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=4755663&nav=HMO6HMaY">"Mexico says U.S. group burning Mexican flag is unacceptable"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902164711/http://kvoa.com/Global/story.asp?S=4755663&nav=HMO6HMaY">Archived</a> September 2, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> KVOA TV, Tucson, Arizona, April 11, 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presstelegram.com/news/ci_3696093">"Protesters work to change image"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412170310/http://presstelegram.com/news/ci_3696093">Archived</a> April 12, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Peter Prengaman, Associated Press, <i>Long Beach Press-Telegram</i>, April 11, 2006. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shelbyville+Times-Gazette&rft.atitle=Latinos+rally+for+rights&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-g.com%2Fstory%2F1146206.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houstonist.com/2006/05/04/reagan_hs_princ.php">"Reagan HS principal resigns – Houstonist: Houston News, Food, Arts & Events"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100126030329/http://houstonist.com/2006/05/04/reagan_hs_princ.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reagan+HS+principal+resigns+%E2%80%93+Houstonist%3A+Houston+News%2C+Food%2C+Arts+%26+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoustonist.com%2F2006%2F05%2F04%2Freagan_hs_princ.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070319222956/http://abclocal.go.com/ktrk/story?section=local&id=4040574">abc13.com: News from KTRK, around Houston and southeast Texas March 30, 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-law-protests-march-on/">"Immigration Law Protests March On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. March 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Immigration+Law+Protests+March+On&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fimmigration-law-protests-march-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConfessore2006" class="citation news cs1">Confessore, Nicholas (April 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/02/nyregion/thousands-rally-in-new-york-in-support-of-immigrants-rights.html">"Thousands Rally in New York in Support of Immigrants' Rights"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thousands+Rally+in+New+York+in+Support+of+Immigrants%27+Rights&rft.date=2006-04-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Confessore&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F02%2Fnyregion%2Fthousands-rally-in-new-york-in-support-of-immigrants-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2006/04/115129.shtml">sandiego.indymedia.org |Zapatista rally & march Chicano Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191701/http://sandiego.indymedia.org/en/2006/04/115129.shtml">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060410-9999-1n10march.html">50,000 throng downtown in immigrant-rights march</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404054813/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/metro/20060410-9999-1n10march.html">Archived</a> April 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union-Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union-Tribune">San Diego Union-Tribune</a></i>, April 10, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/09/immigration/index.html">"CNN.com – Lawmakers: Immigration bill not dead – Apr 9, 2006"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=CNN.com+%E2%80%93+Lawmakers%3A+Immigration+bill+not+dead+%E2%80%93+Apr+9%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2006%2FPOLITICS%2F04%2F09%2Fimmigration%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebostonchannel.com/newsarchive/8603503/detail.html">Protestors Rally Against Immigration Changes – News Archive Story – WCVB Boston</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306040222/http://www.thebostonchannel.com/newsarchive/8603503/detail.html">Archived</a> March 6, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanEgeren2006" class="citation web cs1">VanEgeren, Jessica (April 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charleston.net/stories/?section=localnews&newsID=80808">"Local rally draws 4,000 | Pro-immigrant demonstrators fill Marion Square"</a>. <i>The Post and Courier</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Local+rally+draws+4%2C000+%26%23124%3B+Pro-immigrant+demonstrators+fill+Marion+Square&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.aulast=VanEgeren&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charleston.net%2Fstories%2F%3Fsection%3Dlocalnews%26newsID%3D80808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwarns2006" class="citation news cs1">Swarns, Rachel L. (April 11, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/11/us/11immig.html">"Immigrants Rally in Scores of Cities for Legal Status"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immigrants+Rally+in+Scores+of+Cities+for+Legal+Status&rft.date=2006-04-11&rft.aulast=Swarns&rft.aufirst=Rachel+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F04%2F11%2Fus%2F11immig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff writer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/localnews/ci_3697514">"Oakland Adds Voice to Growing National Debate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001803/http://www.insidebayarea.com/oaklandtribune/localnews/ci_3697514">Archived</a> March 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Oakland Tribune</i>, April 11, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2006" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Brad (April 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/Thousands-march-for-immigration-rights-1202394.php">"Thousands march for immigration rights"</a>. <i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Post-Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Thousands+march+for+immigration+rights&rft.date=2006-04-30&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Fseattlenews%2Farticle%2FThousands-march-for-immigration-rights-1202394.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20060328/NEWS/103280055&SearchID=73241356192303">Carson students join nationwide protest of immigration reform | Nevada Appeal |Serving Carson City, Nevada</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120225091106/http://www.nevadaappeal.com/article/20060328/NEWS/103280055%26SearchID%3D73241356192303">Archived</a> February 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_Sciba2006" class="citation news cs1">Derek Sciba (April 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060518024112/http://www.katu.com/stories/85048.html">"Woodburn students march over immigration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KATU" class="mw-redirect" title="KATU">KATU</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katu.com/stories/85048.html">the original</a> on May 18, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Woodburn+students+march+over+immigration&rft.date=2006-04-13&rft.au=Derek+Sciba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katu.com%2Fstories%2F85048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404000708/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F04%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn072238D91.DTL">"Minutemen volunteers build fence to protest illegal immigration"</a>. <i>The San Francisco Chronicle</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2006/04/30/state/n072238D91.DTL">the original</a> on April 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Minutemen+volunteers+build+fence+to+protest+illegal+immigration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fn%2Fa%2F2006%2F04%2F30%2Fstate%2Fn072238D91.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibold2006" class="citation news cs1">Archibold, Randal (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/02/us/02immig.html">"Immigrants Take to U.S. Streets in Show of Strength"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Immigrants+Take+to+U.S.+Streets+in+Show+of+Strength&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.aulast=Archibold&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F05%2F02%2Fus%2F02immig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGormanMillerLandsberg2006" class="citation news cs1">Gorman, Anna; Miller, Marjorie; Landsberg, Mitchell (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-02-me-main2-story.html">"Marchers fill L.A.'s streets"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. A1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Marchers+fill+L.A.%27s+streets&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Miller%2C+Marjorie&rft.au=Landsberg%2C+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-may-02-me-main2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indybay.org/news/2006/05/1819412.php">Modesto Rising: 10,000 Protest, Unpermitted March Lasts Hours : Indybay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512002832/http://www.indybay.org/news/2006/05/1819412.php">Archived</a> May 12, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agrnews.org/?section=archives&cat_id=20&article_id=478">The Global Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806134541/http://www.agrnews.org/?section=archives&cat_id=20&article_id=478">Archived</a> August 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802084547/http://www.indybay.org/archives/archive_by_id.php?id=4517&category_id=56">Massive Immigrant General Strike in US, Northern California : Indybay</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelsonReyes2006" class="citation news cs1">Delson, Jennifer; Reyes, David (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-may-02-me-ocprotest2-story.html">"Santa Ana Rally Draws at Least 10,000; Many Businesses Close"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. p. B1 (Orange County edition).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Santa+Ana+Rally+Draws+at+Least+10%2C000%3B+Many+Businesses+Close&rft.pages=B1+%28Orange+County+edition%29&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft.aulast=Delson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Reyes%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-may-02-me-ocprotest2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Repard, Pauline; Davis, Kristina (May 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20060502-9999-7m2vista.html">"200 officers clear streets in Vista after reported riot"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404054828/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/northcounty/20060502-9999-7m2vista.html">Archived</a> April 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The San Diego Union-Tribune</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kvbc.com/Global/story.asp?S=4848128">Aftermath of the Mayday Immigration Walk-Out</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513200820/http://www.kvbc.com/Global/story.asp?S=4848128">Archived</a> May 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roderick, Kevin (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2006/05/police_fighting_with_prot.php">"Police fighting with protesters at MacArthur Park"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001316/http://www.laobserved.com/archive/2006/05/police_fighting_with_prot.php">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>LA Observed</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman, Jane; de Jesus, Jose (April 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729183316/http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20060402/NEWS09/604020379/Iowa%5C-s-future-linked-to-fate-of-immigration">"Iowa's future linked to fate of immigration"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>. <i>The Des Moines Register</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu" class="citation news cs1">Vu, Thuy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183255/http://cbs5.com/topstories/local_story_122200429.html">"Protests May Stir Anti Immigration Backlash"</a>. San Francisco: KPIX-TV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs5.com/topstories/local_story_122200429.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Protests+May+Stir+Anti+Immigration+Backlash&rft.aulast=Vu&rft.aufirst=Thuy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs5.com%2Ftopstories%2Flocal_story_122200429.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe" class="citation web cs1">Lowe, Peggy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090405035727/http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1132964.php">"New voice joins minuteman caravan"</a>. <i>Orange County Register</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1132964.php">the original</a> on April 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=New+voice+joins+minuteman+caravan&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocregister.com%2Focregister%2Fhomepage%2Fabox%2Farticle_1132964.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongley" class="citation web cs1">Longley, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413100541/http://usgovinfo.about.com/b/2006/03/26/immigration-reform-act-hr-4437.htm">"Immigration Reform: Protest and Support"</a>. <i>US Government Info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usgovinfo.about.com/b/2006/03/26/immigration-reform-act-hr-4437.htm">the original</a> on April 13, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Government+Info&rft.atitle=Immigration+Reform%3A+Protest+and+Support&rft.aulast=Longley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusgovinfo.about.com%2Fb%2F2006%2F03%2F26%2Fimmigration-reform-act-hr-4437.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5302920">"Immigration Bill Protests Crop Up Across U.S."</a> <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Immigration+Bill+Protests+Crop+Up+Across+U.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5302920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2006+United+States+immigration+reform+protests" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Dada_v._Mukasey" title="Dada v. Mukasey">Dada v. Mukasey</a>, 554 U.S. 1 (2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/06-1181.pdf">supremecourt.gov, Dada vs. Mukasey, No 06-1181, June 16, 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060220/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/07pdf/06-1181.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iFvCMGfUQz-s6KsYpvzkWlX8kbXwD91B7U500">ap.google.com, Top court eases rules for foreigners to try to stay in US</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619195048/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iFvCMGfUQz-s6KsYpvzkWlX8kbXwD91B7U500">Archived</a> June 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060812030901/http://aad.english.ucsb.edu/immigration.html">Immigration Debate Resources</a> – A website with education facts concerning the immigration debate</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Relevant colonial era,<br />United States and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">DAPA (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&oldid=1249925061">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests&oldid=1249925061</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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