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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prior to the Mexican–American War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_current_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_current_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Establishment of current border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_current_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_crossing_checkpoints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_crossing_checkpoints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Border crossing checkpoints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Border_crossing_checkpoints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Border crossing checkpoints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Border_crossing_checkpoints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tijuana-San Ysidro border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_inspections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_inspections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Veterinary inspections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_inspections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>US security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-US_security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle US security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-US_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Border enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Barrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_incursions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_incursions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Border incursions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_incursions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Disagreements over need for more resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trump_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trump_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Trump administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trump_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Proposed wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biden_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biden_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Biden administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biden_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Humanitarian assistance along the border</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_border_zone_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_border_zone_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>US border zone policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-US_border_zone_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle US border zone policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-US_border_zone_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secure_Border_Initiative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secure_Border_Initiative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Secure Border Initiative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secure_Border_Initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100-mile_border_zone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100-mile_border_zone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>100-mile border zone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100-mile_border_zone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Streamline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Streamline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Operation Streamline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Streamline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Drug trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transborder_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transborder_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transborder students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transborder_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexico–United States border</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحدود الأمريكية المكسيكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحدود الأمريكية المكسيكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_Be%CC%8Dk-se-ko_pian-k%C3%A0i" title="Bí-kok Be̍k-se-ko pian-kài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok Be̍k-se-ko pian-kài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Граница между САЩ и Мексико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Граница между САЩ и Мексико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontera_entre_els_Estats_Units_i_M%C3%A8xic" title="Frontera entre els Estats Units i Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frontera entre els Estats Units i Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenze_zwischen_den_Vereinigten_Staaten_und_Mexiko" title="Grenze zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grenze zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und Mexiko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontera_entre_Estados_Unidos_y_M%C3%A9xico" title="Frontera entre Estados Unidos y México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frontera entre Estados Unidos y México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuak_eta_Mexiko_arteko_muga" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak eta Mexiko arteko muga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuak eta Mexiko arteko muga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%E2%80%93%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مرز ایالات متحده آمریکا–مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرز ایالات متحده آمریکا–مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fronti%C3%A8re_entre_les_%C3%89tats-Unis_et_le_Mexique" title="Frontière entre les États-Unis et le Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frontière entre les États-Unis et le Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94-%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD" title="멕시코-미국 국경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코-미국 국경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbatasan_Amerika_Serikat%E2%80%93Meksiko" title="Perbatasan Amerika Serikat–Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbatasan Amerika Serikat–Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confine_tra_il_Messico_e_gli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Confine tra il Messico e gli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confine tra il Messico e gli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="גבול ארצות הברית – מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבול ארצות הברית – מקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wates_antara_M%C3%A8ksiko_lan_Am%C3%A9rika_Sar%C3%A9kat" title="Wates antara Mèksiko lan Amérika Sarékat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wates antara Mèksiko lan Amérika Sarékat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="മെക്സിക്കോ-അമേരിക്കൻ അതിർത്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെക്സിക്കോ-അമേരിക്കൻ അതിർത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sempadan_Amerika_Syarikat%E2%80%93Mexico" title="Sempadan Amerika Syarikat–Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sempadan Amerika Syarikat–Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">International border in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the physical barrier separating the two countries, see <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States barrier</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Mexico–United States border</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg/230px-Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg/345px-Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg/460px-Families_at_International_Friendship_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The border between <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> spans six Mexican states and four U.S. states.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entities</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3,145 kilometers (1,954 mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">September 28, 1821<br /><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Mexico)" title="Declaration of Independence (Mexico)">Declaration of Independence (Mexico)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current shape</th><td class="infobox-data">April 18, 1972<br /><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treaties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notes</th><td class="infobox-data">It is the busiest border in the Western Hemisphere</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/310px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/465px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Border_USA_Mexico.jpg/620px-Border_USA_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2475" /></a><figcaption>The vast majority of the current border was decided after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848). Most of the border is settled on the Rio Grande River on the border of Texas and northeastern Mexico. To the left lies San Diego, California and on the right is Tijuana, Baja California. The building in the foreground on the San Diego side is a sewage treatment plant built to clean the <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_River" title="Tijuana River">Tijuana River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/310px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/465px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg/620px-Plaque_at_Mexico_United_States_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>A typical plaque constructed by the <a 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decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/30px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/40px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Chaparral" title="El Chaparral">El Chaparral</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="FLUGg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/20px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/30px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/BSicon_FLUGg.svg/40px-BSicon_FLUGg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/20px-BSicon_REq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/30px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/40px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cross_Border_Xpress" title="Cross Border Xpress">Cross Border Xpress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP4q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_RP4q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP4q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tecate_Port_of_Entry" title="Tecate Port of Entry">Tecate Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exSTRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/20px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/30px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_exSTRq.svg/40px-BSicon_exSTRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_and_Arizona_Eastern_Railway" title="San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway">San Diego and Arizona Eastern Railway</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calexico_West_Port_of_Entry" title="Calexico West Port of Entry">Calexico West Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Calexico Subdivision (<a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Calexico_East_Port_of_Entry" title="Calexico East Port of Entry">Calexico East Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andrade_Port_of_Entry" title="Andrade Port of Entry">Andrade Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> <div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERr; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BSicon_WASSERr.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Port_of_Entry" title="San Luis Port of Entry">San Luis Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_II_Port_of_Entry" title="San Luis II Port of Entry">San Luis II Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lukeville_Port_of_Entry" title="Lukeville Port of Entry">Lukeville Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sasabe_Port_of_Entry" title="Sasabe Port of Entry">Sasabe Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Mariposa_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry">Nogales-Mariposa Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry">Nogales-Grand Avenue Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="STRq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/20px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/30px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/BSicon_STRq.svg/40px-BSicon_STRq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">Nogales Subdivision (<a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="REq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/20px-BSicon_REq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/30px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BSicon_REq.svg/40px-BSicon_REq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nogales-Morley_Gate_Port_of_Entry" title="Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry">Nogales-Morley Gate Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naco_Arizona_Port_of_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Naco Arizona Port of Entry">Naco Arizona Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Port_of_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Port of Entry">Douglas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Wells_Port_of_Entry" title="Antelope Wells Port of Entry">Antelope Wells Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Columbus_New_Mexico_Port_of_Entry" title="Columbus New Mexico Port of Entry">Columbus New Mexico Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2q; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/BSicon_RP2q.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2q.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Port_of_Entry" title="Santa Teresa Port of Entry">Santa Teresa Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div class="RM_"></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BSicon_exGRZaq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZaq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER+l; exGRZaq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER%2Bl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSERq; exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BSicon_WASSERq.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSERq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_PDN_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso PDN Port of Entry">El Paso PDN Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ferromex" title="Ferromex">Ferromex</a> / <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">UP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Stanton_Street_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry">El Paso Stanton Street Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_BOTA_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso BOTA Port of Entry">El Paso BOTA Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Ysleta_Port_of_Entry" title="El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry">El Paso Ysleta Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Serna_Port_of_Entry" title="Marcelino Serna Port of Entry">Marcelino Serna Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock_Port_of_Entry" title="Fort Hancock Port of Entry">Fort Hancock Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidio_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Presidio Texas Port of Entry">Presidio Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exhKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exhKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exhKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidio%E2%80%93Ojinaga_International_Rail_Bridge" title="Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge">Presidio–Ojinaga International Rail Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boquillas_Port_of_Entry" title="Boquillas Port of Entry">Boquillas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amistad_Reservoir" title="Amistad Reservoir">Amistad Reservoir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amistad_Dam_Port_of_Entry" title="Amistad Dam Port of Entry">Amistad Dam Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Del Rio Texas Port of Entry">Del Rio Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass_Port_of_Entry" title="Eagle Pass Port of Entry">Eagle Pass Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass_Camino_Real_Port_of_Entry" title="Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry">Eagle Pass Camino Real Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_International_Railroad_Bridge_(Eagle_Pass%E2%80%93Piedras_Negras)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge (Eagle Pass–Piedras Negras)">Union Pacific International Railroad Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Colombia_Solidarity_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Colombia Solidarity Port of Entry">Laredo Colombia Solidarity Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="exGRZq"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/BSicon_exGRZq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/20px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/30px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/BSicon_exGRZeq.svg/40px-BSicon_exGRZeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exGRZeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div class="RM_"></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;border-bottom:1px solid gray;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_World_Trade_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo World Trade Port of Entry">Laredo World Trade Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Mexican_Railway_International_Bridge" title="Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge">Texas Mexican Railway International Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Convent_Avenue_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Convent Avenue Port of Entry">Laredo Convent Avenue Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Laredo_Juarez%E2%80%93Lincoln_Port_of_Entry" title="Laredo Juarez–Lincoln Port of Entry">Laredo Juarez–Lincoln Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WDOCKS; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/20px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/30px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/BSicon_WDOCKS.svg/40px-BSicon_WDOCKS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Falcon_International_Reservoir" title="Falcon International Reservoir">Falcon International Reservoir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Dam_Port_of_Entry" title="Falcon Dam Port of Entry">Falcon Dam Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roma_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Roma Texas Port of Entry">Roma Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_City_Port_of_Entry" title="Rio Grande City Port of Entry">Rio Grande City Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/20px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/30px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/BSicon_exBOOT.svg/40px-BSicon_exBOOT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WASSER; exBOOT; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/20px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/30px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BSicon_WASSER.svg/40px-BSicon_WASSER.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Los_Ebanos_Port_of_Entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Ebanos Port of Entry">Los Ebanos Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Anzalduas_Port_of_Entry" title="Anzalduas Port of Entry">Anzalduas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry">Hidalgo Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharr_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Pharr Texas Port of Entry">Pharr Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Donna Texas Port of Entry">Donna Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Progreso_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Progreso Texas Port of Entry">Progreso Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Los_Indios_Texas_Port_of_Entry" title="Los Indios Texas Port of Entry">Los Indios Texas Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2">West Rail Bypass International Bridge </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWaeq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWaeq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%26_Matamoros_International_Bridge" title="Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge">Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%E2%80%93_B%26M_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville – B&M Port of Entry">Brownsville – B&M Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_Gateway_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville Gateway Port of Entry">Brownsville Gateway Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BSicon_GRZ.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="RP2oWq; GRZ"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/20px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/30px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BSicon_RP2oWq.svg/40px-BSicon_RP2oWq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%E2%80%93_Veterans_Port_of_Entry" title="Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry">Brownsville – Veterans Port of Entry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFILL"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/20px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/30px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/40px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div><div><div class="RMov"><div class="RMic"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFILL; GRZe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/20px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/30px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BSicon_GRZe.svg/40px-BSicon_GRZe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFILL; GRZe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/20px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/30px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/40px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WFILL"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/20px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/30px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/BSicon_WFILL.svg/40px-BSicon_WFILL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mexico–United States border</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">frontera Estados Unidos–México</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/International_border" class="mw-redirect" title="International border">international border</a> separating <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, extending from the Pacific Ocean in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in the east. The border traverses a variety of terrains, ranging from urban areas to deserts. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Mexico–United States border crossings">most frequently crossed</a> border in the world with approximately 350 million documented crossings annually. <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal crossing of the border to enter the United States</a> has caused the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a>. It is one of two international borders that the United States has, the other being the northern <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a>; Mexico has two other borders: <a href="/wiki/Belize-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Belize-Mexico border">with Belize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guatemala-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemala-Mexico border">with Guatemala</a>. </p><p>Four American states border Mexico: <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. One definition of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a> includes only the six Mexican states that border the U.S.: <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world. The total length of the continental border is 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles). From the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the course of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte)</a> to the border crossing at <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>. Westward from <a href="/wiki/El_Paso%E2%80%93Ju%C3%A1rez" title="El Paso–Juárez">El Paso–Juárez</a>, it crosses vast tracts of the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a> deserts to the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Delta" title="Colorado River Delta">Colorado River Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a>, before reaching the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-ibwc-about-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/220px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/330px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg/440px-Algodones_sand-dune-fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> at Algodones Sand Dunes, California. The fence on the U.S.–Mexican border is a special construction of narrow, 4.6 m (15 ft) tall elements, that are movable vertically. This way, they can be lifted on top of the ever shifting sand dunes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexico–United States border extends 3,145 kilometers (1,954 miles), in addition to the maritime boundaries of 29 km (18 mi) into the Pacific Ocean and 19 km (12 mi) into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1970BT_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1970BT-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssrn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the tenth-longest border between two countries in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexico–U.S. border begins at the <a href="/wiki/Initial_Point_of_Boundary_Between_U.S._and_Mexico" title="Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico">Initial Point of Boundary Between U.S. and Mexico</a>, which is set one marine league (three <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a>) south of the southernmost point of <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Bay" title="San Diego Bay">San Diego Bay</a>. The border then proceeds for 227 km (141 mi) in a straight line towards the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border continues southwards along the Colorado River for 39 km (24 mi), until it reaches a point 32 km (20 mi) south of the Gila River confluence. The border then follows a series of lines and <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_latitude" title="Circle of latitude">parallels</a> totaling 859 km (534 mi). First, it follows a straight line from the Colorado River to the intersection of the 31° 20′ parallel north and the <a href="/wiki/111th_meridian_west" title="111th meridian west">111th meridian west</a>. It then proceeds eastwards along the 31° 20′ parallel north up to a meridian 161 km (100 mi) west of the point where the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> crosses the 31° 47′ parallel north,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then proceeds northwards along that meridian up to the 31° 47′ parallel north and then eastwards along that parallel until it meets the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-ibwc-about-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the continental border then follows the middle of the Rio Grande—according to the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> between the two nations, "along the deepest channel" (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">thalweg</a>)—a distance of 2,020 km (1,255 mi) to its mouth at the Gulf of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rio Grande frequently meanders along the Texas–Mexico border. As a result, the U.S. and Mexico have a treaty by which the Rio Grande is maintained as the border, with new cut-offs and islands being transferred to the other nation as necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a> between Mexico and the U.S. settled all outstanding <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">boundary disputes</a> and uncertainties related to the Rio Grande border. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> along the border, from west to east, are <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Mexican states</a> along the border are <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>. Among the U.S. states, Texas has the longest stretch of the border with Mexico, while California has the shortest. Among the states in Mexico, Chihuahua has the longest border with the U.S., while Nuevo León has the shortest. Along the border are 23 <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">U.S. counties</a> and 39 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Mexican municipalities</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrolling_Rio_Grande_@_Laredo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border Patrol patrolling the Rio Grande in an airboat in Laredo, Texas"><img alt="Border Patrol patrolling the Rio Grande in an airboat in Laredo, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/280px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/420px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg/560px-Patrolling_Rio_Grande_%40_Laredo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a> patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Airboat" title="Airboat">airboat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas"><img alt="The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/280px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/420px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG/560px-USA_Mexico_border_New_Mexico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The start of the border fence in the state of New Mexico – just west of El Paso, Texas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Camino_del_Diablo,_border_patrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along El Camino del Diablo, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004"><img alt="U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along El Camino del Diablo, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/280px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/420px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg/560px-El_Camino_del_Diablo%2C_border_patrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. Border Patrol helicopter along <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_del_Diablo" title="El Camino del Diablo">El Camino del Diablo</a>, Arizona–Sonora border, 2004</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border between Nogales, Arizona, on the left, and Nogales, Sonora, on the right"><img alt="Border between Nogales, Arizona, on the left, and Nogales, Sonora, on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/315px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/473px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg/630px-Mexican-American_border_at_Nogales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Border between <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>, on the left, and <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>, on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="On the left: Nogales, Arizona; on the right, Nogales, Sonora"><img alt="On the left: Nogales, Arizona; on the right, Nogales, Sonora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/157px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/236px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg/315px-US-Mexico-Nogales-Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">On the left: <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>; on the right, <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borderbeachtj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006"><img alt="Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/280px-Borderbeachtj.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/420px-Borderbeachtj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Borderbeachtj.jpg/560px-Borderbeachtj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beach in Tijuana at the border in 2006</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border"><img alt="A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/374px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/560px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg/747px-Border_Patrol_Vehicle_near_U.S._Mexico_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A CBP Border Patrol vehicle sitting near Mexico–U.S. border</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 424.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 422.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with Tijuana Airport on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right"><img alt="View of the Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with Tijuana Airport on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/634px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg" decoding="async" width="423" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/951px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg/1268px-View_of_CBX_bridge_from_parking_lot_on_U.S._side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of the Cross Border Xpress (CBX) bridge from parking lot on U.S. side, with <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana Airport">Tijuana Airport</a> on the left and the CBX U.S. terminal on the right</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_the_Mexican–American_War"><span id="Prior_to_the_Mexican.E2.80.93American_War"></span>Prior to the Mexican–American War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prior to the Mexican–American War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adams_onis_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/440px-Adams_onis_map.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png/660px-Adams_onis_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Adams_onis_map.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>The US-New Spain/Mexico border from 1819 to 1836</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-16th century, after the discovery of silver, settlers from various countries and backgrounds began to arrive in the area. This period of sparse settlement included colonizers from different backgrounds. The area was part of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. In the early 19th century, the U.S. bought the lands known as the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and began to expand steadily westward.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the border between the U.S. and New Spain was not clearly defined. The border was established in the 1819 <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> between the U.S. and Spain, which specified northern and eastern borders. Mexico <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">gained its independence</a> from Spain, and the border was reaffirmed in the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits</a>. </p><p>Mexico attempted to create a buffer zone at the border that would prevent possible invasion from the north. The Mexican government encouraged thousands of their own citizens to settle in <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">the region</a> that is now known as Texas and even offered inexpensive land to settlers from the U.S. in exchange for populating the area. The influx of people did not provide the defense that Mexico had hoped for and instead <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Texas</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">declared</a> its <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">independence</a> in 1836, which lasted until 1845 when the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed</a> it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_current_border">Establishment of current border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of current border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg/220px-San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg/330px-San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg/440px-San_Diego-Tijuana_JPLLandsat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana</a> creates the bi-national <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area">San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The constant conflicts in the Texas region in the mid-19th century eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, which began in 1846 and ended in 1848 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. In the terms of the peace treaty, Mexico lost more than 2,500,000 square kilometers (970,000 sq mi) of land, 55%<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of its territory, including all of what is today <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> and parts of what is <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. In addition, all disputes over Texas and the disputed territory between Rio Grande and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Nueces" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Nueces">Rio Nueces</a> were abandoned. </p><p>Five years later, the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> completed the creation of the current U.S.–Mexico border. The purchase was initially to accommodate a planned <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">railway right-of-way</a>. These purchases left approximately 300,000 people living in the once disputed lands, many of whom were Mexican nationals. Following the establishment of the current border, several towns sprang up along this boundary, and many of the Mexican citizens were given free land in the northern regions of Mexico in exchange for returning and repopulating the area.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/220px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/330px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg/440px-ISS067-E-174541_El_Paso_and_Ju%C3%A1rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez</a>, Chihuahua (right), taken on June 30, 2022, from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> with north oriented towards the bottom-left side. The Rio Grande appears as a thin line separating the two cities through the middle of the photograph. El Paso and Juarez make up the third largest U.S. international metroplex after <a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor" title="Detroit–Windsor">Detroit–Windsor</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and another treaty in 1884 were the agreements originally responsible for the settlement of the international border, both of which specified that the middle of the Rio Grande was the border, irrespective of any alterations in the channels or banks. The Rio Grande shifted south between 1852 and 1868, with the most radical shift in the river occurring after a flood in 1864. By 1873 the moving river-center border had cut off approximately 2.4 square kilometers (590 acres) of Mexican territory in the El Paso-Juarez area, in effect transferring the land to the U.S.. By a treaty negotiated in 1963, Mexico regained most of this land in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a> and transferred 1.07 km<sup>2</sup> (260 acres) in return to the U.S. Border treaties are jointly administered by the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> (IBWC), which was established in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism, by-passed by modern social, environmental and political issues.<sup id="cite_ref-ssrn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, jurisdictional issues regarding <a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">water rights</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Valley (Texas)">Rio Grande Valley</a> have continued to cause tension between farmers along the border, according to Mexican political scientist <a href="/wiki/Armand_Peschard-Sverdrup" title="Armand Peschard-Sverdrup">Armand Peschard-Sverdrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic development of the border region on the Mexican side of the border depended largely on its proximity to the U.S., because of its remoteness from commercial centers in Mexico. During the years of Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, between 1876 and 1910, the border communities boomed because of close ties to the U.S. and the Mexican government's support for financial investments from the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Railroads were built that connected the northern Mexican states more to the U.S. than to Mexico, and the population grew tremendously. The mining industry also developed, as did the U.S.'s control of it. By the early 20th century companies from the U.S. controlled 81% of the mining industry and had invested US$500 million in the Mexican economy overall, 25% of it in the border regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/220px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/330px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG/440px-Border_barrier_near_IBM_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Vehicle barrier in the New Mexico desert, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a> authorized the implementation of inspection stations at ports of entry along the Mexican and Canadian borders. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act of 1917</a> required the passing of a literacy test and a head tax by Mexicans wanting to enter the U.S. legally; however, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when labor shortages grew, the provisions were temporarily suspended. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a> established the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, caused at least partially by animosity toward foreign ownership of Mexican properties, began in 1910. The revolution increased the political instability in Mexico but did not significantly slow U.S. investment. It did reduce economic development within Mexico, however, and the border regions reflected this. As the infrastructure of communities on the U.S. side continued to improve, the Mexican side began to fall behind in the construction and maintenance of important transportation networks and systems necessary to municipal development.<sup id="cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Mexican Revolution caused insecurity in Mexico, it also strained U.S.–Mexico relations. With the Mexican Revolution lasting for 10 years, ending in 1920, and World War I simultaneously occurring between 1914 and 1918, the division between the U.S. and Mexico began to polarize the two nations. <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Constant battles and raids along the border</a> made both authorities nervous about borderland security. The <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmerman Telegram</a>, a diplomatic cable sent by Germany but intercepted and decrypted by British intelligence, was meant to bait Mexico into war with the U.S. in order to reconquer what was taken from them during the Mexican-American War. This inspired the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> to monitor suspicious activities and potential violence at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within 10 years, frequent provocations caused border towns to transform into battlefields, which intensified transborder restrictions, brought federal soldiers to patrol the border, and caused the construction of fences and barriers between border towns. When the battles concluded, restrictions for crossing the border were relaxed and most soldiers were sent home; however, the fences remained as a physical reminder of the division between the two nations. As years passed, more fences and higher barriers were established as attentions focused on the boundary demarcation between the U.S. and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first international bridge was the <a href="/wiki/Brownsville_%26_Matamoros_International_Bridge" title="Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge">Brownsville & Matamoros International Bridge</a> built in 1910. The first barrier built by the U.S. was between 1909 and 1911 in California, the first barrier built by Mexico was likely in 1918; barriers were extended in the 1920s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a> between the U.S. and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sudden changes often created <i>bancos</i> (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often caused by rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> investigates if land previously belonging to the U.S. or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was small (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez valley. Numerous parcels of land were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a> transferred an area of Mexican territory to the U.S., near <a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas" title="Hidalgo, Texas">Hidalgo, Texas</a>, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded other land to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the <a href="/wiki/Horc%C3%B3n_Tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Horcón Tract">Horcon Tract</a> and Beaver Island near <a href="/wiki/Roma,_Texas" title="Roma, Texas">Roma, Texas</a>. On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico. At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 bancos to the U.S. This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-maritime_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maritime-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bancos_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bancos-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-minute315_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minute315-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 27, 2023, at least 38 detained migrants (mostly from Central America) were killed—and dozens more injured—in <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez_migrant_center_fire" title="Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire">a fire</a> started in protest inside a locked and crowded detention center cell in northern Mexico, with motives ranging from pending deportation to overcrowding and lack of access to drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border_crossing_checkpoints">Border crossing checkpoints</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Border crossing checkpoints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings" title="List of Mexico–United States border crossings">List of Mexico–United States border crossings</a>.</div> <p>The border separating Mexico and the U.S. is the most frequently crossed international boundary in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-BGTG_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGTG-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with approximately 350 million legal crossings taking place annually.<sup id="cite_ref-BGTG_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGTG-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.com_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Border crossings take place by roads, pedestrian walkways, railroads and ferries. From west to east, below is a list of the border city "twinnings"; cross-border municipalities connected by one or more legal border crossings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_of_the_Americas_(El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez),_June_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/220px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/330px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg/440px-Bridge_of_the_Americas_%28El_Paso%E2%80%93Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez%29%2C_June_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5754" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Going into Mexico from El Paso, Texas, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego, California</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro,_San_Diego" title="San Ysidro, San Diego">San Ysidro</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a> (<a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana Metro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Border_Xpress" title="Cross Border Xpress">Cross Border Xpress, Otay Mesa, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana_International_Airport" title="Tijuana International Airport">Tijuana International Airport, Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa,_San_Diego" title="Otay Mesa, San Diego">Otay Mesa, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecate,_California" title="Tecate, California">Tecate, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tecate,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecate, Baja California">Tecate, Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calexico,_California" title="Calexico, California">Calexico, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mexicali,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali, Baja California">Mexicali, Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrade,_California" title="Andrade, California">Andrade, California</a> – <a href="/wiki/Los_Algodones,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Algodones, Baja California">Los Algodones, Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Arizona" title="San Luis, Arizona">San Luis, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_R%C3%ADo_Colorado,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora">San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukeville,_Arizona" title="Lukeville, Arizona">Lukeville, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sonoyta" title="Sonoyta">Sonoyta, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasabe,_Arizona" title="Sasabe, Arizona">Sasabe, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Altar,_Sonora" title="Altar, Sonora">Altar, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naco,_Arizona" title="Naco, Arizona">Naco, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Naco,_Sonora" title="Naco, Sonora">Naco, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Arizona" title="Douglas, Arizona">Douglas, Arizona</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Agua Prieta, Sonora">Agua Prieta, Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Wells,_New_Mexico" title="Antelope Wells, New Mexico">Antelope Wells, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/El_Berrendo,_Chihuahua" title="El Berrendo, Chihuahua">El Berrendo, Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_New_Mexico" title="Columbus, New Mexico">Columbus, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/Palomas,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Palomas, Chihuahua">Palomas, Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Teresa, New Mexico">Santa Teresa, New Mexico</a> – <a href="/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo,_Chihuahua" title="San Jerónimo, Chihuahua">San Jerónimo, Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Paso-Juarez" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso-Juarez">El Paso-Juarez</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabens,_Texas" title="Fabens, Texas">Fabens, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1xedis_G._Guerrero,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua">Práxedis G. Guerrero, Chihuahua</a> municipality</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hancock,_Texas" title="Fort Hancock, Texas">Fort Hancock, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">El Porvenir, Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio,_Texas" title="Presidio, Texas">Presidio, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ojinaga,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojinaga, Chihuahua">Ojinaga, Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_County,_Texas" title="Brewster County, Texas">Heath Canyon, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">La Linda, Coahuila</a> (<i>closed</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rio,_Texas" title="Del Rio, Texas">Del Rio, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Acu%C3%B1a" title="Ciudad Acuña">Ciudad Acuña, Coahuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Piedras_Negras,_Coahuila" title="Piedras Negras, Coahuila">Piedras Negras, Coahuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Laredo" title="Nuevo Laredo">Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colombia,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Colombia, Nuevo León">Colombia, Nuevo León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heights,_Texas" title="Falcon Heights, Texas">Falcon Heights, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Dam" title="Falcon Dam">Presa Falcón, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma,_Texas" title="Roma, Texas">Roma, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas">Ciudad Miguel Alemán, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_City,_Texas" title="Rio Grande City, Texas">Rio Grande City, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Camargo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas">Ciudad Camargo, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Ebanos,_Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Los Ebanos, Hidalgo County, Texas">Los Ebanos, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz,_Tamaulipas" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission,_Texas" title="Mission, Texas">Mission, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo,_Texas" title="Hidalgo, Texas">Hidalgo, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharr,_Texas" title="Pharr, Texas">Pharr, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reynosa,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynosa, Tamaulipas">Reynosa, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna,_Texas" title="Donna, Texas">Donna, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rio_Bravo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas">Rio Bravo, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progreso,_Texas" title="Progreso, Texas">Progreso, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Progreso,_R%C3%ADo_Bravo,_Tamaulipas" title="Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas">Nuevo Progreso, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Indios,_Texas" title="Los Indios, Texas">Los Indios, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a></li></ul> </div> <p>The total population of the borderlands—defined as those <a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">municipios</a></i> lining the border on either side—stands at some 12 million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tijuana-San_Ysidro_border">Tijuana-San Ysidro border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tijuana-San Ysidro border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_(28555925151).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/220px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/330px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg/440px-CBP_San_Diego_Operations_-_San_Ysidro_%2828555925151%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> through vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> is located between <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro,_San_Diego" title="San Ysidro, San Diego">San Ysidro, California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tijuana" title="Tijuana">Tijuana, Baja California</a>. Approximately 50,000 vehicles and 25,000 pedestrians use this entry daily.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Interstate_5_in_California" title="Interstate 5 in California">I-5</a> crosses directly to Tijuana, and the highway's southern terminus is this crossing. In 2005, more than 17 million vehicles and 50 million people entered the U.S. through <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro" class="mw-redirect" title="San Ysidro">San Ysidro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berndes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berndes-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaynor2009_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaynor2009-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those who enter the U.S. through San Ysidro are <i>transfronterizos</i>, American citizens who live in Mexico and attend school in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has influenced the every day lifestyle of people that live in these <a href="/wiki/Border_town" title="Border town">border towns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the coast of Baja California, there are neighborhoods of Americans living in Tijuana, <a href="/wiki/Rosarito_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosarito Beach">Rosarito Beach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ensenada,_Baja_California" title="Ensenada, Baja California">Ensenada</a>, whose residents commute to the U.S. daily to work.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, many Mexicans also enter the U.S. to commute daily to work.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, 7.6% of the labor force of Tijuana was employed in San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/220px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/330px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg/440px-San_Diego_San_Ysidro_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4516" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Mexico from San Diego, California, United States of America</figcaption></figure> <p>The average wait time to cross into the U.S. is approximately an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-MESA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MESA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thousands of vehicles that transit through the border every day is causing air pollution in San Ysidro and Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emission of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide (CO)</a> and other vehicle related air contaminants have been linked to health complications such as cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, birth outcomes, premature death, obesity, asthma and other respiratory diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-sandag_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandag-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high levels of traffic collusion and the extended wait times has affected the mental health, stress levels, and aggressive behavior of the people who cross frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-sandag_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sandag-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The San Ysidro border is heavily policed, separated by three walls, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">border patrol</a> agents and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tijuana is the next target for San Diegan developers because of its fast-growing economy, lower cost of living, cheap prices and proximity to San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this would benefit the tourist aspect of the city, it is damaging to low-income residents that will no longer be able to afford the cost of living in Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tijuana is home to many deportees from the U.S., many who have lost everything and do not have an income to rely on and are now in a new city in which they have to quickly adapt in order to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Diego developers would bring many benefits to Tijuana, but deportees and the poor run the risk of being impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a> of Tijuana.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/220px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/330px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG/440px-SanYsidroBorderCrossing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption>The San Ysidro border crossing between <a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego–Tijuana metropolitan area">San Diego and Tijuana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In late 2006, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a> (DHS) announced a rule regarding new identification requirements for U.S. citizens and international travelers entering the U.S. implemented on January 23, 2007. This final rule and first phase of the WHTI specifies nine forms of identification, one of which is required to enter the U.S. by air: a valid <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passport</a>; a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Passport_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Passport Card">passport card</a>; a state <a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_licenses_in_the_United_States#Enhanced_driver's_licenses" title="Driver's licenses in the United States">enhanced driver's license</a> or state enhanced non-driver ID card (available in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) approved by the Secretary of Homeland Security; a trusted traveler program card (<a href="/wiki/Global_Entry" title="Global Entry">Global Entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXUS" title="NEXUS">NEXUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_and_Secure_Trade" title="Free and Secure Trade">FAST</a>, or <a href="/wiki/SENTRI" title="SENTRI">SENTRI</a>); an enhanced tribal identification card; a Native American Tribal Photo Identification Card; Form I-872 – American Indian Card; a valid Merchant Mariner Document when traveling in conjunction with official maritime business; or a valid U.S. military identification card when traveling on official orders.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2015, Mexico began enforcing a rule that all foreign citizens that plan to stay in the country for more than seven days or are travelling on business will have to pay a 330 <a href="/wiki/Peso" title="Peso">pesos</a> ($21) fee and show their passport.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterinary_inspections">Veterinary inspections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Veterinary inspections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg/220px-Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg/330px-Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Mexico_Baja_California_passport_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Passport stamp upon arrival in <a href="/wiki/Tijuana,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana, Baja California">Tijuana, Baja California</a> land border crossing</figcaption></figure> <p>When animals are imported from one country to another, there is the possibility that diseases and parasites can move with them. Thus, most countries impose animal health regulations on the import of animals. Most animals imported to the U.S. must be accompanied by import permits obtained in advance from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>'s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and/or health certification papers from the country of origin. </p><p>Veterinary inspections are often required, and are available only at designated ports;<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advance contact with port veterinarians is recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals crossing the U.S.–Mexico border may have a country of origin other than the country where they present for inspection. Such animals include those from the U.S. that cross to Mexico and return, and animals from other countries that travel overland through Mexico or the U.S. before crossing the border. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/220px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/330px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg/440px-Tijuana_Border_Traffic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of cars sit from fifteen minutes to two hours waiting to cross the border.<sup id="cite_ref-MESA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MESA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>APHIS imposes precautions to keep out several equine diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">glanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covering_sickness" title="Covering sickness">dourine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemia" title="Equine infectious anemia">equine infectious anemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">equine piroplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_equine_encephalitis_virus" title="Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus">Venezuelan equine encephalitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contagious_equine_metritis" title="Contagious equine metritis">contagious equine metritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-APHIS1997_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHIS1997-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> APHIS also checks horses to prevent the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> and other parasites. In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, U.S. Department of Agriculture inspectors look for horses and livestock that stray across the border carrying ticks. These animals are often called wetstock, and the inspectors are referred to as tickriders.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2000_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2000-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per APHIS, horses originating from Canada can enter the U.S. with a Canadian government veterinary health certificate and a negative test for EIA.<sup id="cite_ref-APHIS1997_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APHIS1997-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses from Mexico must have a health certificate; pass negative tests for EIA, dourine, glanders, and EP at a USDA import center; and undergo precautionary treatments for external parasites at the port of entry. Horses from other Western Hemisphere countries must have the same tests as those from Mexico and, except for horses from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, must be held in quarantine for at least seven days as a check for VEE. </p><p>APHIS imposes similar testing and certification requirements on horses from other parts of the world but without the quarantine for VEE. These horses are held in quarantine—usually three days—or until tests are completed. Because the disease equine piroplasmosis (equine <a href="/wiki/Babesiosis" title="Babesiosis">babesiosis</a>) is endemic in Mexico but not established in the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transportation of horses from Mexico to the U.S. requires evaluation of horses for the presence of this disease. A leading exception to this rule is the special waiver obtained by riders participating in the Cabalgata Binacional Villista (see <a href="/wiki/Cavalcade" title="Cavalcade">cavalcade</a>). </p><p>Import from the U.S. to Mexico requires evidence within the prior 45 days of freedom from EIA, among other requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_security">US security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: US security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canyon,_Rio_Grande,_Texas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/220px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/330px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg/440px-Canyon%2C_Rio_Grande%2C_Texas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a> is located at the border.</figcaption></figure> <p>Data from the U.S. Border Patrol Agency's 2010 annual report shows that among the total number of border crossings without documentation from various countries into the U.S., 90% were from Mexico alone. In addition, there are more than 6 million undocumented Mexican nationals residing in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border has a very high rate of documented and undocumented migrant crossings every year. With such a high rate of people crossing annually to the U.S., the country has invested in several distinct security measures. </p><p>In 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed an <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_bill" title="Appropriation bill">appropriation bill</a> which gave the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">Customs and Border Protection</a>, specifically the Border Patrol, 600 million dollars to implement and improve security. The U.S. government has invested many millions of dollars on <a href="/wiki/United_States_border_security_concerns" class="mw-redirect" title="United States border security concerns">border security</a>, although this has not stopped undocumented immigration in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, the U.S. government announced installation of <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial recognition system</a> for monitoring immigrant activities.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_enforcement">Border enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Border enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lone_Star" title="Operation Lone Star">Operation Lone Star</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Texas,_Border_Patrol_Agents,_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/220px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/330px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg/440px-South_Texas%2C_Border_Patrol_Agents%2C_McAllen_Horse_Patrol_Unit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol" title="United States Border Patrol">Border Patrol</a> agents in southern Texas in 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The Border Patrol was created in 1924 with its primary mission to detect and prevent the illegal entry of immigrants into the U.S. Together with other law enforcement officers, the Border Patrol maintains the U.S.' borderlands—regulating the flow of legal immigration and goods while patrolling for undocumented migrants and trafficking of people and contraband. The present strategy to enforce migration along the U.S.–Mexico border is by the means of "prevention through deterrence". Its primary goal is to completely prevent undocumented immigrants from entering the U.S. from Mexico rather than apprehending the unauthorized who are already in the country. As assertive as it was, "prevention through deterrence" was arguably unsuccessful, with a doubling in size of undocumented immigrants population during the two decades leading up to 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbp.gov_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp.gov-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to effectively enforce border protection, the U.S.' policies and regulations have looked to make border crossings more hazardous through the implementation of various operations, one of those being the "funnel effect". The tactic was meant to discourage migration from Mexico into the U.S. by forcing migrants to travel further around barriers where the terrain and weather are more risky, but the strategy was not as successful as initially planned.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the effect funneled more immigrants to their death even with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(person)" title="Coyote (person)">coyotes</a> (smugglers). Not only has this approach caused fatalities throughout the U.S.–Mexico border, but it has even stirred up a nuisance for documented immigrants and American citizens. There has been general concern about the Border Patrol and other agencies abusing their authority by racial profiling and conducting unwarranted searches outside the exception of the 40 km (25 mi) border zone, but still within the 161 km (100 mi) border zone. </p><p>In 2012, Border Patrol agents made over 364,000 arrests of people illegally entering the country. Considerable success has been achieved in restoring integrity and safety to the border, by putting in place a border-control strategy. These include <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>; Operation Hold the Line in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>; Operation Rio Grande in <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen</a>; Operation Safeguard in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>; and the Arizona Border Control Initiative along the Arizona border.<sup id="cite_ref-pulsamerica1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsamerica1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smithson1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithson1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbp.gov_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp.gov-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Vulliamy, one in five Mexican nationals will visit or work in the U.S. at one point in their lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2010, the border is guarded by more than 20,000 Border Patrol agents, more than at any time in its history.<sup id="cite_ref-2010-06-fact_sheet_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010-06-fact_sheet-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border is paralleled by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">U.S. Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a> on major roads generally between 40 and 121 km (25 and 75 mi) from the U.S. side of the border, and <a href="/wiki/Garitas" title="Garitas">garitas</a> generally within 50 km (31 mi) of the border on the Mexican side.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GAO2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/220px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/330px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg/440px-Sinaloa_Cartel_Drug_Tunnel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Drug trafficking</a> tunnel under the U.S.–Mexico border used by the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are an estimated half a million <a href="/wiki/Illegal_entry" title="Illegal entry">illegal entries</a> into the U.S. each year.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO-06-770_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO-06-770-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Border Patrol activity is concentrated around border cities such as San Diego and El Paso which have extensive border fencing. This means that the flow of illegal immigrants is diverted into rural mountainous and desert areas, leading to several hundred <a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">migrant deaths along the Mexico–U.S. border</a> of those attempting to cross into the U.S. from Mexico illegally and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-GAO-06-770_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAO-06-770-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undocumented labor contributes $395 billion to the economy every year. While the U.S. is in favor of immigration, the increase in undocumented immigration has given border-crossing a negative image. There are around 11.5 million undocumented workers in the U.S. today, and 87% of undocumented immigrants have been living in the U.S. for more than 7 years.<sup id="cite_ref-pulsamerica1_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulsamerica1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local economies that develop on the Mexican side capitalize not only on available skills but also on available, usually discarded, materials. Small businesses trade in clothes that are purchased by the pound and cardboard from the U.S. Some items, like the used tires found everywhere along the border, are made into certain items that support local economies and define a border.<sup id="cite_ref-smithson1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithson1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a> was passed providing for the construction of 1,127 km (700 mi) of high-security fencing. Attempts to complete the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a> have been challenged by the Mexican government and various U.S.–based organizations. </p><p>In January 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> released a report stating that the U.S. Border Patrol intercepted 61% of individuals illegally crossing the border in 2011, which translates to 208,813 individuals not apprehended.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 85,827 of the 208,813 would go on to illegally enter the U.S., while the rest returned to Mexico and other Central American countries.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report also shows that the number of illegal border crossings has dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-JAN13GAO_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAN13GAO-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The apprehensions per (fiscal) year are shown in the graph; they reached a maximum of over 1.643 million in the year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-cbp_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar numbers had been reached in 1986 with over 1.615 million.<sup id="cite_ref-cbp_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbp-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase of border security throughout the years has progressively made crossings at the U.S.–Mexico border more dangerous, which has developed a human rights crisis at the border. The number of migrant deaths occurring along the U.S.–Mexico border has dramatically increased since the implementation of the funnel effect.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the Arizona-Mexico border, only seven migrant deaths were recorded in 1996; however, the remains of over 2,000 migrants were discovered from 2001 to 2012. Since the majority of deaths occur in rural areas, where extreme temperatures are common, it is likely the number of recorded deaths are far below the total. Because of the harsh, inaccessible terrain, human remains may not be found for years or ever.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> cited on April 22, 2020, that a U.S.–Mexico border shutdown could be expected following the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus disease 2019">COVID-19</a> public health emergency. According to HRW, the new rule introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a> overlooks the fact that the U.S. is obligated to protect refugees from return to conditions threatening prosecution, as per treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Joe Biden's border executive plan as the COVID-19 restrictions – known as Title 42 – expired in May 2023. Under Title 42, which had been in effect since March 2020, many border crossers have been quickly deported to Mexico without a chance for asylum.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrier">Barrier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Barrier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></div> <p>The U.S. government had plans in 2006, during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, to erect a border fence along the Mexico–U.S. border. The controversial proposal included creating many individual fences. Almost 966 km (600 mi) of fence were constructed, with each of the individual fences composed of steel and concrete.<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In between these fences are infrared cameras and sensors, National Guard soldiers, and SWAT teams on alert, giving rise to the term "virtual fence".<sup id="cite_ref-Vulliamy2010_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vulliamy2010-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction on the fence began in 2006, with each mile costing the U.S. government about $2.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodge,_Roger_D._2012-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the initiative was terminated because of costs, after having completed 1,030 km (640 mi) of either barrier fence or vehicle barriers, that were either new or had been rebuilt over older, inferior fencing. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>-built SBI-net systems of using radar, watchtowers, and sensors (without a fence or physical barrier) were scrapped for being over budget, full of glitches, and far behind schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The U.S.–Mexico border fence near El Paso, Texas"><img alt="The U.S.–Mexico border fence near El Paso, Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/340px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/511px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg/680px-US-Mexico_border_fence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The U.S.–Mexico border fence near <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BorderAtJacumba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2003"><img alt="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/340px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/511px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/BorderAtJacumba.jpg/680px-BorderAtJacumba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portion of border near <a href="/wiki/Jacumba_Hot_Springs,_California" title="Jacumba Hot Springs, California">Jacumba, California</a>, in 2003</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 292.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 290.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BorderAtJacumba2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security"><img alt="Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/436px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/655px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/BorderAtJacumba2.jpg/872px-BorderAtJacumba2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portion of border near Jacumba, California, in 2009 with enhanced security</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_incursions">Border incursions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Border incursions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/170px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/255px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg/340px-Pedestrian_border_crossing_sign_Tijuana_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Border for pedestrians in Tijuana, Baja California</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the U.S. Border Patrol, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border reduced from 70,000 to 55,000 attempted illegal migrants from 2007 to 2011. Thereafter, the number of apprehensions increased dramatically to 95,000 in 2012, 150,000 in 2013 and 220,000 in 2014. The increased apprehensions could have been the result of improved border security or a dramatic rise in attempted crossings, or both.<sup id="cite_ref-officialstats_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officialstats-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the fiscal year of 2006, there were 29 confirmed border incursions by Mexican government officials, of which 17 were by armed individuals. Since 1996, there have been 253 incursions by Mexican government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 the U.S. Department of Homeland Security informed California Representative <a href="/wiki/Duncan_D._Hunter" title="Duncan D. Hunter">Duncan D. Hunter</a> that since 2004, there have been 300 documented border incursions, which resulted in 131 individuals being detained.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 3, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexican military</a> personnel crossed into Arizona from Mexico and encountered a U.S. Border Patrol agent, whom they held at gunpoint. The soldiers later returned to Mexico, as backup Border Patrol agents came to investigate.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreements_over_need_for_more_resources">Disagreements over need for more resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Disagreements over need for more resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of greater spending on the border argue that continuing the buildup is necessary because of increased violence and drug trafficking from Mexico spilling into the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critics such as the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Office_on_Latin_America" title="Washington Office on Latin America">Washington Office on Latin America</a> have argued that the diminishing number of border crossings can only be partially attributed to U.S. security measures. Unintentional factors, such as a weakened U.S. economy in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> have made attempting illegal border crossings more risky and less rewarding.<sup id="cite_ref-Insightcrime_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Insightcrime-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, there have been humanitarian crises on the border because of lack of resources. Migrant children have specifically been affected.<sup id="cite_ref-roguerocket.com_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roguerocket.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic members of the House of Representatives introduced legislation that would aid the humanitarian crisis by giving $4.5 billion to emergency spending to address the humanitarian crisis at the border, with significant funding for priorities including legal assistance, food, water, and medical services, support services for unaccompanied children, alternatives to detention, and refugee services.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distribution of natural resources across the border has also been a major challenge, particularly for water use and water quality. Toxic sewage flowing into Mexico, and over-consumption of water from the Colorado River Basin and middle-lower Rio Grande have been central to the conflict. Large-scale infrastructure investments may be necessary to address the growing water and energy issues in this arid region.<sup id="cite_ref-Applied_Energy_2021_p._99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applied_Energy_2021_p.-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trump_administration">Trump administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trump administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_(48036606282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/220px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/330px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg/440px-2019_US_Mexico_Border_Crossing_apprehension_%2848036606282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Border Patrol agents review documents of individuals suspected of attempted illegal entry in 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, Republican nominee for president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> proposed building a border wall to control immigration. He declared that, as president, he would force Mexico to pay all costs.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 25, 2017, several days after his inauguration and two days in advance of a planned meeting in Washington, D.C., with Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a>, new U.S. president Trump signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a> to enable the building of the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peña Nieto denied that Mexico would pay for the wall and declined the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after, Trump announced that he intended to impose a 20% tariff on Mexican goods.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexico did not make any payments.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 20, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">California Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Becerra" title="Xavier Becerra">Xavier Becerra</a> filed a lawsuit alleging that the Trump administration has overstepped its powers in expediting construction of a border wall.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of the end of 2017, Mexico had not agreed to pay any amount toward the wall, no new tariffs on Mexican goods had been considered by the U.S. Congress,<sup id="cite_ref-payforwall_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payforwall-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Congress had not appropriated funding for a wall, and no further wall construction had started beyond what was already planned during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payforwall_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payforwall-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, the Trump administration established a <a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">new policy of separating parents from their children at the Mexican border</a>. People asking for asylum at official ports of entry were "being turned away and told there's no room for them now."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. and Mexico mutually placed tariffs on each other's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/220px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/330px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg/440px-Cerco_fronterizo_de_H._Nogales_y_Nogales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Nogales border fence</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 8, 2018, the Trump administration announced new rules to deny asylum to anyone who crosses into the U.S. illegally from any nation, at Trump's discretion. This was based on the Supreme Court decision of <i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> and the presidential powers of the <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trump signed a proclamation the next day to specify that people crossing the Mexican border illegally would not qualify for asylum; he called the march of migrants from Central America towards the U.S. a "crisis".<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_asylum_20181109-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil rights groups strongly criticized the move, and several groups, including the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Constitutional_Rights" title="Center for Constitutional Rights">Center for Constitutional Rights</a>, filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California</a> to challenge the proclamation.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_asylum_20181109_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes_asylum_20181109-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge <a href="/wiki/Jon_S._Tigar" title="Jon S. Tigar">Jon S. Tigar</a> ruled in favor of the advocacy groups on November 20, 2018, placing an injunction on the administration to delay implementation of the rule.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administration appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>, where a divided 2-1 panel ruled that the new asylum rules were inconsistent with existing law and upheld the injunction.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 21, 2018, the Supreme Court declined to hear the administration's challenge, leaving the injunction in place and preventing the asylum ban from being enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 2018 fiscal year, U.S. border agents arrested 107,212 people traveling in families, a record-high number. During the following five months (October 2018 through February 2019), that record was shattered by the arrest of 136,150 people traveling in families.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 2019, Trump threatened to close the border, cutting off trade between the countries.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 4, Trump said that instead he would give Mexico a year to stop illegal drugs from coming into the U.S. If this did not happen, he said tariffs on automobiles would be used first, and then closing of the border.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed_wall">Proposed wall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Proposed wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">Trump wall</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/220px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/330px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg/440px-United_States-Mexico-border-wall-Progreso-Lakes-Texas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>U.S.–Mexico border wall, <a href="/wiki/Progreso_Lakes,_Texas" title="Progreso Lakes, Texas">Progreso Lakes, Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While running for president, Trump estimated that a border wall would cost $8 to $12 billion<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that he could force Mexico to pay for it. Cost estimates of the proposed wall vary widely. In early 2017, shortly after Trump took office, the DHS estimated the cost at $22 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Democratic staff on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee estimated $70 billion to build the wall and $150 million in annual maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2017, four major construction companies planned to bid for the contract. The Customs and Border Protection agency budgeted $20 million to hire these companies to build half-million-dollar prototypes of the wall. At this time, Congress had only approved $341 million to maintain the existing wall; no funds had been allocated to build new sections of wall.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DHS recommended that the wall's height should be between 5.5 and 9.1 m (18 and 30 ft) and its depth should be up to 1.8 m (6 ft) to deter drug traffickers from building tunnels.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Trump administration, 732 km (455 mi) were added to barrier between the two countries. The construction of the wall has been halted by President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> as he canceled the national emergency declaration, originally used by Trump.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biden_administration">Biden administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Biden administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Border Patrol detained more than 1.7 million migrants crossing the U.S.-Mexico border illegally in fiscal year 2021, the highest number ever recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A greater demographic diversity of southwest border apprehensions was noted in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 31, 2023, Homeland Security Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Alejandro Mayorkas">Alejandro Mayorkas</a> testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Homeland_Security_and_Governmental_Affairs" title="United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs">Senate Homeland Security Committee</a> that more than 600,000 people illegally made their way into the United States without being apprehended by border agents during the 2023 fiscal year.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 17, 2024, a Republican-led non-binding resolution denouncing the Biden-Harris administration's handling of the U.S. southern border passed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> by a vote of 225–187, with 211 Republicans and 14 Democrats supporting it.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 8, 2024, a group of 24 House Republicans wrote a letter<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to urge President Biden not to federalize the Texas National Guard in the midst of Texas wanting to crack down on the spike of illegal immigration on the U.S.-Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 13, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> Mayorkas was <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Alejandro_Mayorkas" title="Impeachment of Alejandro Mayorkas">impeached</a> on a 214-213 party-line vote by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> over his handling of the Mexico–United States border.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 25, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> voted 220–196 to pass another Republican-led resolution condemning the Biden-Harris administration for their handling of the U.S. southern border. Six Democrats, all in electorally competitive districts, voted with all Republicans in the House to pass the resolution. Democratic Caucus Chair <a href="/wiki/Pete_Aguilar" title="Pete Aguilar">Pete Aguilar</a> said Republicans were playing politics and that the resolution "isn't moving the needle with voters," so members vote how they need to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_assistance_along_the_border">Humanitarian assistance along the border</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Humanitarian assistance along the border"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/220px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/330px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg/440px-Water_Stations_at_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>A volunteer from the Humane Border group is refilling water stations located on the desert of the U.S.-Mexico border.</figcaption></figure> <p>Humanitarian groups such as Humane Borders, No More Deaths, and Samaritans provide water in order to reduce deaths of immigrants who are journeying through the Arizona desert.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A policy passed in 2010 by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife federal agency allows water drums to be placed on roads of disturbed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No More Deaths (<i>No Más Muertes</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> that is designed to assist in ending death and suffering of immigrants along the U.S.-Mexico border by upholding fundamental human rights. Elemental services of No More Deaths is to provide humanitarian assistance, giving food and first aid treatment, witness and respond to human rights abuses, encouraging humane immigration policy, and making phone calls to relatives of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since its founding in 2004, No More Deaths has provided assistance to thousands of migrant border crossers; however the Border Patrol and other public land agencies near the U.S.–Mexico border have challenged the efforts of various humanitarian groups, by following immigrants to a medical volunteer camp and raiding it.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanitarian groups along the border have been tested by Border Patrol and other agencies, however the authority of the Trump administration has introduced a new tier of restriction through surveillance, harassment, and intimidation to border relief efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/220px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/330px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg/440px-Tijuana-san_diego_border_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Memorial coffins on the US-Mexico barrier in Tijuana for those killed crossing the border fence</figcaption></figure> <p>Incidence rates of HIV and tuberculosis are higher in border towns such as El Paso and Ciudad Juárez than at the national level in both countries. The Nuestra Casa Initiative tried to counter the health disparities by using a cross-border strategy that moved around an exhibit prominent in various museums and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, special action groups as part of the Border Health Strategic Initiative created by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> with other groups helped create a healthier Hispanic community in Arizona border towns by creating policy and infrastructure changes.<sup id="cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenMeister2016-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These groups provided humanitarian assistance to counter the prominence of Type 2 diabetes among the Hispanic community by acquiring a grant for new walking trails and encouraging public elementary schools to provide healthier food choices for students.<sup id="cite_ref-CohenMeister2016_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CohenMeister2016-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigrants are considered easy targets by gang members, because they do not have the strength to resist aggressive offenders and end up left with nothing. In June 2018, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Jeff Sessions</a> disqualified victims of gangs or domestic violence to be reasonable causes for asylum seekers.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BigBendMexicans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/220px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/330px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/BigBendMexicans.jpeg/440px-BigBendMexicans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Mexicans crossing the Río Grande face the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Not only do these Hispanic communities face health inequalities, but political inequalities as well.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for political change was so huge that it has encouraged Hispanic women to engage in activism at a local level. The Neighborhood Action Group in Chula Vista, California, is one of the groups that attracted the help of local Hispanic women to implement a feminist perspective in activism in spite of the social and economic obstacles as well as Assembly Bill No. 775, 2005 that prohibited children being used as interpreters.<sup id="cite_ref-BoscoAitken2011_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoscoAitken2011-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These humanitarian groups have implemented various strategies to pursue their goals that ultimately try to counter the number of immigrant deaths and abuses in immigrant detention even if it means the criminalization and higher levels of discrimination against them.<sup id="cite_ref-AndroffTavassoli2012_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AndroffTavassoli2012-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mexico, most humanitarian groups focus on assisting the deportees. As rates of deportation increase, "the deportation of many individuals is becoming more and more notable" in the streets of Mexico cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many humanitarian groups have formed in Mexican cities where undocumented individuals are deported such as <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nogales, Sonora">Nogales, Sonora</a>. The humanitarian groups consist of faith-based communities and primarily non-profit organizations that assist deportees, many of whom do not have any resources with them such as money, food, or family information, and who would otherwise become homeless and emotionally and psychologically devastated.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contributing factors that might have caused them to be devastated can either be that they were separated from "their family members or the inability to work legally in the United States".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the primary purpose of the humanitarian groups on the Mexico side of the border is to create a pathway for transitional support such as providing the deportees food, shelter, clothing, legal help and social services.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there are humanitarian groups that provides meals and shelter to deportees according to their deportation documents. Humanitarian groups along the border in Mexico are El Comedor, Nazareth House, Camino Juntos, <a href="/wiki/La_72" title="La 72">La 72</a>, and FM4: Paso Libre. </p><p>In June 2019, 300 migrant children were moved from a detention facility in <a href="/wiki/Clint,_Texas" title="Clint, Texas">Clint, Texas</a>, after a group of lawyers who visited reported unsafe and unsanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-roguerocket.com_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roguerocket.com-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same month, the body of Óscar Alberto Martínez and his 23-month-old daughter, Angie Valeria, were found dead in the Rio Grande River. The family was from El Salvador, attempting to cross from Mexico into the U.S. near <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaining attention from the media, the House passed a bill, appropriating $4.5 billion for resources at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_border_zone_policies">US border zone policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: US border zone policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arizona_Borderlands" title="Politics of the Arizona Borderlands">Politics of the Arizona Borderlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Border_Police_Initiative" title="California Border Police Initiative">California Border Police Initiative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A_Proclamation_on_Securing_the_Border" title="A Proclamation on Securing the Border">A Proclamation on Securing the Border</a></div> <p>Per the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border#La_Paz_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">La Paz Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the official "border area" extends 100 km (62 mi) "on either side of the inland and maritime boundaries" from the Gulf of Mexico west into the Pacific Ocean. There is also a <a href="#100-mile_border_zone">100-mile border zone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secure_Border_Initiative">Secure Border Initiative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Secure Border Initiative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely upon a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border##" title="Talk:Mexico–United States border">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit">improve this article</a> by introducing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to additional sources at this section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_060719-A-3715G-077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">Army National Guard</a> member working with the U.S. Border Patrol in support of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a>, Arizona, July 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>A National Border Patrol Strategic Plan was first developed in 1994; it was then updated in 2004 and 2012. In 2004, the updated strategy focused on command structures, intelligence and surveillance, enforcement and deployment of U.S. Border Patrol agents to better respond to threats at the border. The strategic planning led to broader policy development for the DHS which led to the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Border_Initiative" title="Secure Border Initiative">Secure Border Initiative</a> (SBI) in 2005 to secure U.S. borders and reduce illegal migration. The main components of SBI dealt with staffing concerns, removal capacity, surveillance and tactical infrastructure and interior enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of this initiative is to overcome the limitations of physical barriers through the use of surveillance technologies known as "SBInet."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SBInet technology has not worked as well as potentially intended, facing a number of technical issues that have limited its effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the initiative also focused on increasing detention and removal capacity, with an objective to add an additional 2,000 beds to detentional facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With expansion of detention and removal capabilities this was also the objective to end the "catch and release" process that had been occurring previously.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional component was "high consequence enforcement", which was not the subject of a formal public policy document. There was the allowance, historically, for voluntary returns of individuals apprehended at the border by Border Patrol agents. These voluntary returns, after the SBI of 2005, were limited to three "high consequence outcomes".<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One "high consequence outcome" was formal removal, which meant the individual would be deemed ineligible for a visa for at least five years and subject to criminal charges if caught re-entering illegally. The <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act</a> permitted aliens to be formally removed with "limited judicial processing" known as expedited removal. The DHS has expanded between 2002 and 2006, expedited removal for "certain aliens that entered within previous two weeks and were apprehended within 161 km (100 mi) of the border".<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_155-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another "high consequence outcome" is the increase in criminal charges. The DHS has also worked with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> (DOJ) to increase the number of apprehended individuals crossing the border illegally who are charged with criminal offenses. Most of these cases are prosecuted under Operation Streamline.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_155-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third "high consequence outcome" is known as remote repatriation. This is the return of apprehended Mexicans to remote locations by Border Patrol rather than the nearest Mexican port of entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Seghetti_155-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seghetti-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="100-mile_border_zone">100-mile border zone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 100-mile border zone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Border_search_exception" title="Border search exception">Border search exception</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Special:EditPage/Mexico–United States border">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC-10343.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/220px-USMC-10343.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/330px-USMC-10343.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/USMC-10343.jpg/440px-USMC-10343.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Army_National_Guard" title="North Carolina Army National Guard">North Carolina Army National Guard</a> monitoring the U.S.–Mexico border in southwest Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. has established a 161 km (100 mi) border zone which applies to all U.S. external borders including all coasts, in effect covering two-thirds of the U.S. population,<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a majority of the largest cities in the U.S. and several entire states (namely <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The border zone was established by the U.S. DOJ in its interpretation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customs and Border Protection (CBP) officials have authority to stop and search within this zone and are authorized to enter private property without a warrant within 40 km (25 mi) of the border as well as establish checkpoints.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_159-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rickerd_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rickerd-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution</a> protects against unreasonable <a href="/wiki/Search_and_seizure" title="Search and seizure">search and seizure</a>. However, under the border search exception, this protection does not fully apply at borders or border crossings (also known as ports of entry) or in the border zone. This means that much of the U.S. population is subject to CBP regulations including stop and search. There are some limits to CBP officials' ability to stop and search. For instance CBP officials are not allowed to pull anyone over without a reasonable suspicion of immigration violation or crime, or search vehicles without warrant or probable cause.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_159-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, however, found that CBP officials routinely ignore or misunderstand the limits of authority, and this is compounded by inadequate training, lack of oversight and failure to hold officials accountable for abuse—incidence of abuse is common.<sup id="cite_ref-100mileborder_159-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100mileborder-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Streamline">Operation Streamline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operation Streamline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Tucson_Federal_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption>Federal courthouse in Tucson, Arizona, where Operation Streamline proceedings take place</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">Operation Streamline</a> refers collectively to zero-tolerance policies implemented at the Mexico–U.S. border that seek to remove illegal immigrants through an expedited process if they have arrived with missing or fraudulent identification or have previously been convicted for an immigration crime.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first implemented in Del Rio, Texas, in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program has since expanded to four out of the five federal judicial districts on the U.S.–Mexico border: Yuma, Arizona; Laredo, Texas; Tucson, Arizona; and Rio Grande Valley, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, immigrants apprehended at the border were either given the option to voluntarily return to their home country or they were placed in civil immigration proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_161-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Operation Streamline was implemented, nearly all people apprehended at the border who are suspected of having crossed illegally are subject to criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defendants who are charged with crossing into the U.S. illegally are tried en masse to determine their guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense attorneys often are responsible for representing up to 40 immigrants at once.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 99% of defendants in Operation Streamline proceedings plead guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-Lydgate_161-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lydgate-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defendants are charged with a <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> if convicted of crossing the border illegally for the first time and a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> if it is a <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">repeat offense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2009, it was decided in <i>United States v. Roblero-Solis</i> that en masse judicial proceedings like those in Operation Streamline violated Rule 11 in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Rules_of_Criminal_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure">Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure</a>. Rule 11 states that the court must determine that a guilty plea is voluntarily made by addressing the defendant personally in court. The <i>Roblero-Solis</i> case determined that "personally" means that the judge must address the defendant in a person-to-person manner. Though many courts have changed their procedures to adapt to the ruling, there are still forms of en masse trials practiced at the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICE_Arrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/220px-ICE_Arrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/330px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/ICE_Arrest.jpg/440px-ICE_Arrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE ERO</a> officers deporting a man wanted for two murders in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Proponents of Operation Streamline claim that the harsher prosecution has been an important factor in deterring immigrants from crossing the border illegally. Apprehensions have decreased in certain sectors after 2005, which is seen as a sign of success. For example, the Del Rio sector saw a decline from 2005 to 2009 of 75% (from 68,510 to 17,082). Similarly, apprehensions declined in Yuma by 95% (from 138,438 to 6,951) from 2006 to 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticisms of Operation Streamline point to the program's heavy use of federal court and enforcement resources as a negative aspect.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_163-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the prosecution of all illegal border crossings takes the focus away from prosecuting more serious crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerwin_&_McCabe_163-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerwin_&_McCabe-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claim that the program's cost is too high for the effectiveness of the work it is accomplishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the claim that Operation Streamline is an effective deterrent, critics of the program claim that the incentives to cross the border in order to work or be with family are much stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazarian_162-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazarian-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border</a></div> <p>The Agreement on Cooperation for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment in the Border Area, known as the <i>La Paz Agreement</i>, was signed into law on August 14, 1983, and became enforceable on February 16, 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement to protect the environment is the political foundation between the U.S. and Mexico for 4 subsequent programs. Each program has addressed environmental destruction in the border region resulting from the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladora</a> industries, those who migrated to northern Mexico to work in the industries, the lack of infrastructure to accommodate the people, Mexico's lax regulations concerning all these factors, the resulting spillover into the U.S., and the U.S.'s own environmentally destructive tendencies. The programs were: IBEP (1992), Border XXI (1996), Border 2012 (2003) and Border 2020 (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border##" title="Talk:Mexico–United States border">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">"Mexico–United States border"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/220px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/330px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg/440px-Mexico-US_border_at_Tijuana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5916" data-file-height="3434" /></a><figcaption>Mexico–U.S. border wall at Tijuana, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006, during the presidency of George W. Bush, Congress approved Secure Fence Act which allowed the Department of Homeland Security to erect a border fence along the U.S.–Mexico border. Congress also approved a different law called the REAL ID Act which gave the Department of Homeland Security the approval to build the wall without taking into consideration the environmental and legal issues related to the wall. The U.S. Congress insisted that the act was passed for the sake of national security of the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2007_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2007-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a delegation of Arizona park and refuge managers, wildlife biologists, and conservationists who studied the U.S. and Mexico border concluded that building a wall along the Mexico border would also have negative impacts on the natural environment in the region. They argued that the border wall would negatively affect the wildlife in the Sonoran Desert including plants and animals. Naturally, animals do not tend to stay in one place and instead, they expedite to various places for water, plants, and other means in order to survive. The wall would restrict animals to a specific territory and would reduce their chances of survival. According to Brian Segee, a staff attorney with Wildlife Activists says that except high flying birds, animals would not be able to move to other places because of the wall along the border. For instance, participants in this study argued that some species such as <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">javelinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_pronghorn" title="Sonoran pronghorn">Sonoran pronghorn</a> would not be able to freely move along the border areas. It would also restrict the movement of jaguars from Sierra Madre occidental forests to the southwestern parts of the U.S. According to Brian Nowicki, a conservation biologist at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity" title="Center for Biological Diversity">Center for Biological Diversity</a>, there are 30 animal species living in the Arizona and Sonora that face danger.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2007_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2007-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, an endangered <a href="/wiki/Mexican_gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican gray wolf">Mexican gray wolf</a> was stopped from crossing from New Mexico into Mexico by a section of border wall.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drug_trafficking">Drug trafficking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Drug trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Illegal drug trade in Latin America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">Illegal drug trade in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime in Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic in the United States</a></div> <p>Mexico is estimated to be the world's third largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> with poppy cultivation. It also is a major supplier of <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and the largest foreign supplier of <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> to the U.S. market.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a>, about 93% of the <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_in_the_United_States" title="Cocaine in the United States">cocaine</a> in the United States came from <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and was smuggled across the border between Mexico and the United States. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Narcotics_and_Law_Enforcement_Affairs" title="Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs">INL</a> estimated that "between 90 and 94 percent of all heroin consumed in the United States comes from Mexico."<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These drugs are supplied by <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_organizations" title="Drug trafficking organizations">drug trafficking organizations</a>. The U.S. government estimates that Mexican drug cartels gain tens of billions of dollars each year from drug sales in the U.S. alone.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Border towns on the Mexico–United States border have been negatively affected by the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">opioid crisis</a> in the United States. According to César González Vaca, head of the Forensic Doctor's Service in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, "It seems the closer we are to the border, the more consumption of this drug we see."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-07-02-2024_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-07-02-2024-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, around 80,411 people died from <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">opioid overdoses</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the deaths are from an extremely potent opioid, <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a>, which is trafficked from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-07-02-2024_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-07-02-2024-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drug is usually manufactured in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, then shipped to Mexico, where it is processed and packaged, which is then smuggled into the United States by Mexican <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, the Biden administration announced a crackdown on members of the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> smuggling fentanyl into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transborder_students">Transborder students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transborder students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Special:EditPage/Mexico–United States border">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">"Mexico–United States border"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexico%E2%80%93United+States+border%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/220px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/330px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg/440px-Nogales-Grand_Avenue_Port_of_Entry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Entrance into Mexico at Nogales, AZ </figcaption></figure> <p>Many schools near the border in America have students that live on the Mexican side of the border. These students are "transborder students", as they live in Mexico but are enrolled in the U.S. education system. There are thousands of elementary through high school students that cross the Mexican-American border. They are known to wake up in the early hours of the morning to make their way to the border, where they wait in long lines to cross into the U.S. After crossing the border, the students find a ride to school. Many students come to America for the opportunity, because it has a more developed and organized educational system. Students who go to school in America have a better chance of reaching higher education in the U.S. In many parts of Mexico, compulsory education ends at age sixteen. Many of the transborder students are natural-born U.S. citizens. Students that were born in America have the right to American education, even if they do not live in the U.S. In places like the San Diego and Tijuana border, it is much cheaper to live in Mexico. San Diego has a high cost of living and one of the highest student homeless rates in the country, so many families move to Tijuana because it is more affordable to raise a family. </p><p>In order to prevent Mexican children from illegally coming to America for education, some bordertown schools require official documentation (bills, mail, etc.) from students. This is to ensure that only students that are entitled to an education in the U.S. receive one. </p><p>In Brownsville, a city on the southern border of Texas, a court ruled that school districts cannot deny students education if they have the proper paperwork. Many transborder students who live in these districts with these requirements will use extended family members' addresses to prove their residency. Questions about the legitimacy of student residency have risen since the Trump administration took office in 2017, making it riskier to cross the border for education. </p><p>These transborder students also raise questions about the acquisition of healthcare, as most Mexican students who attend university in the U.S. who also have family across the border are known to use the Mexican healthcare system instead of U.S. or university sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opposite case was also studied, seeking to find if U.S. students and citizens outsource their medical care from Mexican hospitals; however it was concluded that the use of, "cross-border healthcare diminishes significantly with English language acquisition."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also researched is the impact of changing education for those children who attended school in the U.S. prior to deportation, and are now readjusting to a new education system within Mexico. In one study, when repatriated children were asked about how their world perspectives were changed once they returned to Mexico, they spoke to three main areas, "shifting identities, learning and losing named language, and schooling across borders."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent point mentioned in terms of changing schooling is the difficulty to adapt to a system in which they are unfamiliar, in a named language they might have lost, and where there is minimal continuity in the methodology of teaching. It is suggested in this study that while the U.S. has a long history of teaching immigrant students, along with tried and tested assimilation programming to support foreign children in U.S. border schools, Mexican systems do not, making the change nearly impossible for newly deported students to learn.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Mexican Secretariat of the Public has vowed to change the legislation surrounding this issue, bilingual education is still only awarded to expensive private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_179-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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title="List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border">List of municipalities (municipios) and counties on the Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">Operation Phalanx (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Reservation" title="Roosevelt Reservation">Roosevelt Reservation</a></li> <li>Spillover of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_migrants_from_Latin_America_to_the_United_States" title="Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States">Sexual assault of migrants from Latin America to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMizeSwords2010" class="citation book cs1">Mize, Ronald L.; Swords, Alicia C. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0158-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-0158-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuming+Mexican+Labor%3A+From+the+Bracero+Program+to+NAFTA&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0158-1&rft.aulast=Mize&rft.aufirst=Ronald+L.&rft.au=Swords%2C+Alicia+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DDre5B1lLcC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us-ibwc-about-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-us-ibwc-about_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032356/http://www.ibwc.gov/About_Us/About_Us.html">"The International Boundary and Water Commission - Its Mission, Organization and Procedures for Solution of Boundary and Water Problems"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission+-+Its+Mission%2C+Organization+and+Procedures+for+Solution+of+Boundary+and+Water+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.gov%2FAbout_Us%2Fabout_us.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1970BT-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1970BT_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/bi-51757.pdf">"Treaty to Resolve Pending Boundary Differences and Maintain the Rio Grande and Colorado River as the International Boundary between the United States of America and México"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. November 23, 1970<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+to+Resolve+Pending+Boundary+Differences+and+Maintain+the+Rio+Grande+and+Colorado+River+as+the+International+Boundary+between+the+United+States+of+America+and+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1970-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaolex.fao.org%2Fdocs%2Fpdf%2Fbi-51757.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssrn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssrn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2011" class="citation journal cs1">McCarthy, Robert J. (Spring 2011). "Executive Authority, Adaptive Treaty Interpretation, and the International Boundary and Water Commission, U.S.–Mexico". <i>Water Law Review</i>: 3–5. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1839903">1839903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Executive+Authority%2C+Adaptive+Treaty+Interpretation%2C+and+the+International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission%2C+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1839903%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html">"Countries With the Longest Land Borders"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Countries+With+the+Longest+Land+Borders&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcountries-with-the-longest-land-borders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevanetz" class="citation web cs1">Levanetz, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/v54-1/pdf/Levanetz.pdf">"A Compromised Country: Redefining the U.S.-Mexico Border"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>San Diego History Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+History+Center&rft.atitle=A+Compromised+Country%3A+Redefining+the+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.aulast=Levanetz&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2Fv54-1%2Fpdf%2FLevanetz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015035847/http://ibwc.gov/Files/US-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf">"United States Section Directive"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Section+Directive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.gov%2FFiles%2FUS-Mx_Boundary_Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.library.pima.gov/content/gadsden-purchase/">"Gadsden Purchase"</a>. <i>Pima County Public Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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El Paso: Cinco Puntos Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938317-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938317-24-1"><bdi>978-0-938317-24-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Great+Mexican+Border%3A+Reports+from+a+Disappearing+Line&rft.place=El+Paso&rft.pub=Cinco+Puntos+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-938317-24-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeschard-Sverdrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Peschard-Sverdrup, Armand (2003). <i>U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo</i> (1 ed.). Center for Strategic & International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-424-3"><bdi>978-0-89206-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.-Mexico+Transboundary+Water+Management%3A+The+Case+of+the+Rio+Grande%2FRio+Bravo&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+%26+International+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-89206-424-3&rft.aulast=Peschard-Sverdrup&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley2002" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (April 19, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html">"Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Water+Rights+War+Rages+on+Faltering+Rio+Grande&rft.date=2002-04-19&rft.aulast=Yardley&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F04%2F19%2Fus%2Fwater-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2000" class="citation book cs1">Hart, John M. (2000). "The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433"><i>Oxford History of Mexico</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/433">433–466</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511228-3"><bdi>978-0-19-511228-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+Revolution%2C+1910%E2%80%931920&rft.btitle=Oxford+History+of+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=433-466&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511228-3&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195112283%2Fpage%2F433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorey,_David_E_1999-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lorey,_David_E_1999_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Lorey, David E. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmexicanborderi0000lore"><i>The U.S.-Mexican Border in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2756-4"><bdi>978-0-8420-2756-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.-Mexican+Border+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Wilmington&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2756-4&rft.aulast=Lorey&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusmexicanborderi0000lore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Some Events in the History of Mexico and the Border". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>86</b> (2): 453–454. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2567039">10.2307/2567039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2567039">2567039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Some+Events+in+the+History+of+Mexico+and+the+Border&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453-454&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2567039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2567039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sherman, John W. (Fall 2016). "Fascist 'Gold Shirts' on the Río Grande: Borderlands Intrigue in the Time of Lázaro Cárdenas". <i>Journal of South Texas</i>. <b>30</b>: 8–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Texas&rft.atitle=Fascist+%27Gold+Shirts%27+on+the+R%C3%ADo+Grande%3A+Borderlands+Intrigue+in+the+Time+of+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=8-21&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John2011" class="citation book cs1">St. John, Rachel (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john"><i>Line in the Sand: A History of the Western U.S.-Mexico Border</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linesandhistoryw00john/page/n16">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15613-2"><bdi>978-0-691-15613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Line+in+the+Sand%3A+A+History+of+the+Western+U.S.-Mexico+Border&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Princeton%2C+NJ%3A+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15613-2&rft.aulast=St.+John&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinesandhistoryw00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn" class="citation web cs1">John, Rachel St. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/raging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343/">"The Raging Controversy at the Border Began With This Incident 100 Years Ago"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Raging+Controversy+at+the+Border+Began+With+This+Incident+100+Years+Ago&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Rachel+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fraging-controversy-border-began-100-years-ago-180969343%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009042029/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf">"Convention Between the United States and Mexico for the Elimination of the Bancos in the Rio Grande from the Effects of Article II of the Treaty of November 12, 1884"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 5, 1907. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Convention_of_1905.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+Between+the+United+States+and+Mexico+for+the+Elimination+of+the+Bancos+in+the+Rio+Grande+from+the+Effects+of+Article+II+of+the+Treaty+of+November+12%2C+1884&rft.date=1907-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FConvention_of_1905.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2010" class="citation web cs1">Metz, Leon C. (June 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08">"Bancos of the Rio Grande"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027194705/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/rnb08%29">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Bancos+of+the+Rio+Grande&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Leon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Frnb08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html">"IBWC Minutes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Treaties_Minutes/Minutes.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minutes+between+the+United+States+and+Mexican+Sections+of+the+IBWC&rft.pub=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FTreaties_Minutes%2FMinutes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minute315-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minute315_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411202233/http://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf">"Minute 315: Adoption of the Delineation of the International Boundary on the 2008 Aerial Photographic Mosaic of the Rio Grande"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a>. November 24, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibwc.state.gov/Files/Minutes/Joint_Report_315.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minute+315%3A+Adoption+of+the+Delineation+of+the+International+Boundary+on+the+2008+Aerial+Photographic+Mosaic+of+the+Rio+Grande&rft.pub=International+Boundary+and+Water+Commission&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibwc.state.gov%2FFiles%2FMinutes%2FJoint_Report_315.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinthicumMcDonnellMinjares2023" class="citation web cs1">Linthicum, Kate; McDonnell, Patrick J.; Minjares, Gabriela (March 28, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-03-28/mexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire">"At least 38 migrants killed in a fire at a detention center in Mexico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=At+least+38+migrants+killed+in+a+fire+at+a+detention+center+in+Mexico&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft.aulast=Linthicum&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Minjares%2C+Gabriela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2023-03-28%2Fmexico-border-dozens-dead-migrant-center-fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGTG-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGTG_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGTG_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolsonThia_Golson2008" class="citation book cs1">Golson, Barry; Thia Golson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hknZxFWtWnQC&pg=PA75"><i>Retirement Without Borders: How to Retire Abroad – in Mexico, France, Italy, Spain, Costa Rica, Panama, and Other Sunny, Foreign Places</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-9701-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-9701-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Retirement+Without+Borders%3A+How+to+Retire+Abroad+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bin+Mexico%2C+France%2C+Italy%2C+Spain%2C+Costa+Rica%2C+Panama%2C+and+Other+Sunny%2C+Foreign+Places&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-9701-1&rft.aulast=Golson&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Thia+Golson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhknZxFWtWnQC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2009" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHYt0RNSDfgC&q=most%20frequently%20crossed%20border%20guinness&pg=PA457"><i>Guinness World Records 2009</i></a>. Random House Digital, Inc. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-59256-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-59256-6"><bdi>978-0-553-59256-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2009&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-553-59256-6&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHYt0RNSDfgC%26q%3Dmost%2520frequently%2520crossed%2520border%2520guinness%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google.com_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228012612/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA">"US, Mexico open first new border crossing in 10 years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">AFP</a></i>. Washington. January 12, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA">the original</a> on February 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>The US–Mexico border is the busiest in the world, with approximately 350 million crossings per year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AFP&rft.atitle=US%2C+Mexico+open+first+new+border+crossing+in+10+years&rft.date=2010-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jHLM81sN-H02Sf1CANZvBoE9mUwA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915105245/http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf">"The United States–Mexico Border Region at a Glance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States–Mexico Border Health Commission</i>. New Mexico State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmsu.edu/~bec/BEC/Readings/10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In 2001, over 300 million two-way border crossings took place at the 43 POEs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Health+Commission&rft.atitle=The+United+States%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Region+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmsu.edu%2F~bec%2FBEC%2FReadings%2F10.USMBHC-TheBorderAtAGlance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/gallery/2017/02/photo-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710?slide=0">"A Day at the Busiest Border Crossing in the World"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i>. February 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Day+at+the+Busiest+Border+Crossing+in+the+World&rft.date=2017-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fgallery%2F2017%2F02%2Fphoto-gallery-san-ysidro-california-us-mexico-border-000710%3Fslide%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2010_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2010" class="citation book cs1">OECD (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_vRPU5LZcIC&pg=PA331"><i>Regional Development Policies in OECD Countries</i></a>. OECD Publishing. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-08725-5"><bdi>978-92-64-08725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Development+Policies+in+OECD+Countries&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-64-08725-5&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_vRPU5LZcIC%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berndes-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berndes_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerndes2009" class="citation book cs1">Berndes, Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9ejDrOkkc4C&pg=PA227"><i>The San Diegan – 41st Edition</i></a>. The San Diegan. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890226-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890226-13-8"><bdi>978-1-890226-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+San+Diegan+%E2%80%93+41st+Edition&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=The+San+Diegan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-890226-13-8&rft.aulast=Berndes&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9ejDrOkkc4C%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaynor2009-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaynor2009_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaynor2009" class="citation book cs1">Gaynor, Tim (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Etodgf8bEGsC&pg=PA81"><i>Midnight on the Line: The Secret Life of the U.S.–Mexico Border</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-9462-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-9462-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midnight+on+the+Line%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-9462-0&rft.aulast=Gaynor&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtodgf8bEGsC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08219.pdf"><i>Border Security: Despite Progress, Weaknesses in Traveler Inspections Exist at Our Nation's Port of Entry</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Government Accountability Office. November 2007. p. 10. GAO-08-219<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2014</span>. <q>and the busiest land crossing in the United States at San Ysidro, California, which processes over 17 million vehicles a year (see fig. 1);</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Border+Security%3A+Despite+Progress%2C+Weaknesses+in+Traveler+Inspections+Exist+at+Our+Nation%27s+Port+of+Entry&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Accountability+Office&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gao.gov%2Fnew.items%2Fd08219.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Patricia Leigh (January 16, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/us/young-us-citizens-in-mexico-up-early-to-learn-in-the-us.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Young U.S. Citizens in Mexico Brave Risks for American Schools"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27People+will+keep+dying%27%3A+Fentanyl+crisis+grips+Mexico%27s+border+cities&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-68101263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68101263">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'People will keep dying': Fentanyl crisis grips Mexico's border cities"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. February 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27People+will+keep+dying%27%3A+Fentanyl+crisis+grips+Mexico%27s+border+cities&rft.date=2024-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-68101263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2023/06/07/opioid-deaths-could-hit-165000-annually-without-intervention-biden-official-warns/">"Opioid Deaths Could Hit 165,000 Annually Without Intervention, Biden Official Warns"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. June 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Opioid+Deaths+Could+Hit+165%2C000+Annually+Without+Intervention%2C+Biden+Official+Warns&rft.date=2023-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmollybohannon%2F2023%2F06%2F07%2Fopioid-deaths-could-hit-165000-annually-without-intervention-biden-official-warns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroff2017" class="citation news cs1">Miroff N (November 13, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/at-the-new-york-division-of-fentanyl-inc-a-banner-year/2017/11/13/c3cce108-be83-11e7-af84-d3e2ee4b2af1_story.html">"Mexican traffickers making New York a hub for lucrative — and deadly — fentanyl"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Mexican+traffickers+making+New+York+a+hub+for+lucrative+%E2%80%94+and+deadly+%E2%80%94+fentanyl&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft.aulast=Miroff&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fnational-security%2Fat-the-new-york-division-of-fentanyl-inc-a-banner-year%2F2017%2F11%2F13%2Fc3cce108-be83-11e7-af84-d3e2ee4b2af1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinthicum2020" class="citation web cs1">Linthicum, Kate (April 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-04-24/wuhan-china-coronavirus-fentanyl-global-drug-trade">"Coronavirus chokes the drug trade — from Wuhan, through Mexico and onto U.S. streets"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+chokes+the+drug+trade+%E2%80%94+from+Wuhan%2C+through+Mexico+and+onto+U.S.+streets&rft.date=2020-04-24&rft.aulast=Linthicum&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fworld-nation%2Fstory%2F2020-04-24%2Fwuhan-china-coronavirus-fentanyl-global-drug-trade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coloradonewsline.com/briefs/mexican-cartel-biden-fentanyl-indictments/">"Mexican cartel targeted by Biden administration in multiple fentanyl indictments"</a>. <i>Colorado Newsline</i>. April 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Newsline&rft.atitle=Mexican+cartel+targeted+by+Biden+administration+in+multiple+fentanyl+indictments&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoloradonewsline.com%2Fbriefs%2Fmexican-cartel-biden-fentanyl-indictments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezAmastae2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Leticia; Amastae, Jon (September 1, 2006). "Transborder use of medical services among Mexican American students in a U.S. border university". <i>Journal of Borderlands Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661">10.1080/08865655.2006.9695661</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-5655">0886-5655</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143982920">143982920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Borderlands+Studies&rft.atitle=Transborder+use+of+medical+services+among+Mexican+American+students+in+a+U.S.+border+university&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143982920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0886-5655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08865655.2006.9695661&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Leticia&rft.au=Amastae%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_179-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_179-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_179-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleyn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kleyn, Tatyana (April 3, 2017). "Centering Transborder Students: Perspectives on Identity, Languaging and Schooling Between the U.S. and Mexico". <i>Multicultural Perspectives</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 76–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336">10.1080/15210960.2017.1302336</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-0960">1521-0960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149362544">149362544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Multicultural+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Centering+Transborder+Students%3A+Perspectives+on+Identity%2C+Languaging+and+Schooling+Between+the+U.S.+and+Mexico&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-84&rft.date=2017-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149362544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1521-0960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15210960.2017.1302336&rft.aulast=Kleyn&rft.aufirst=Tatyana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Arbelaez, Harvey, and Claudio Milman. "The New Business Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean". International Journal of Public Administration (2007): 553</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbelaezMilman2000" class="citation journal cs1">Arbelaez, Harvey; Milman, Claudio (2000). "The new business environment of latin america and the caribbean". <i>International Journal of Public Administration</i>. <b>23</b> (5–8): 553–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01900690008525475">10.1080/01900690008525475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-0692">0190-0692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154543297">154543297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+new+business+environment+of+latin+america+and+the+caribbean&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5%E2%80%938&rft.pages=553-562&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154543297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0190-0692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01900690008525475&rft.aulast=Arbelaez&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Milman%2C+Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, Patricia, and Douglas Massey. "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political Science 610 (2007): 98–118.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández-KellyMassey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández-Kelly, Patricia; Massey, Douglas S. (2016). "Borders for Whom? The Role of NAFTA in Mexico-U.S. Migration". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>610</b> (1): 98–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716206297449">10.1177/0002716206297449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7162">0002-7162</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154846310">154846310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Borders+for+Whom%3F+The+Role+of+NAFTA+in+Mexico-U.S.+Migration&rft.volume=610&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-118&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154846310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-7162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716206297449&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Massey%2C+Douglas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Miller_(travel_writer)" title="Tom Miller (travel writer)">Miller, Tom</a>. <i>On the Border: Portraits of America's Southwestern Frontier</i>, 1981.</li> <li>Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/313">"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"</a>. Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 313.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Olivia N. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3758">"Binational Water Management: Perspectives of Local Texas Officials in the U.S.–Mexico Border Region"</a>. <i>Applied Research Projects.</i> (Paper 313). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10877%2F3758">10877/3758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Research+Projects.&rft.atitle=Binational+Water+Management%3A+Perspectives+of+Local+Texas+Officials+in+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+Border+Region&rft.issue=Paper+313&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10877%2F3758&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Olivia+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.txstate.edu%2Fhandle%2F10877%2F3758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexico%E2%80%93United+States+border" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andrew Becker and Agustin Armendariz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/06/22/california-border-crossing_n_1619067.html">"California Border Crossing: San Ysidro Port of Entry Is the Busiest Land Border in the World"</a>. HuffPost social reading, article on California watch. (2012)</li> <li>Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds.). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro" Part IV 'About the Border<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". Firenze University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fupress.com/">Firenze University Press</a> (2013): 461–517.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Feldman, Megan (October 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasobserver.com/news/border-town-6373408">"Border Town"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Observer" title="Dallas Observer">Dallas Observer</a></i>.</li> <li>Jeremy Slack, Daniel E. Martínez, Scott Whiteford, eds. <i>The Shadow of the Wall: Violence and Migration on the U.S.-Mexico Border</i>. University of Arizona Press, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816535590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816535590">978-0816535590</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexico-United_States_border" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mexico-United States border"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mexico-United States border</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906171559/http://usmexico.org/">U.S.–Mexico Business Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/usmexicohealth/about-border-region.html">About binational health – United States–Mexico Public Health – CDC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.borderstories.org/">Border Stories: a mosaic documentary on the U.S.–Mexico Border</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R41821.pdf">Status of Mexican Trucks in the United States: Frequently Asked Questions</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/">A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War</a>, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Begley_(artist)" title="Josh Begley (artist)">Josh Begley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theintercept.com/2016/10/26/best-of-luck-with-the-wall/">Best of Luck with the Wall</a> – a short film constructed from satellite imagery that traces the length of the border</li> <li>David Taylor, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/arts/artbound/counties/san-diego/border-monuments-us-mexico.html">The Journey to Border Monument Number 140</a> – photographs and description of the obelisks that mark the border</li> <li>The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/feb/23/cut-in-two-travels-along-the-us-mexico-border-a-photo-essay">The Guardian</a> – photographs and feature-length film that follows the infrastructure of the border from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maritime:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="Cuba–United States Maritime Boundary Agreement">Cuba</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="Cook Islands–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="Niue–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR%E2%80%93USA_Maritime_Boundary_Agreement" title="USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_Maritime_Boundary_Treaties" title="1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_Maritime_Boundary_Treaty" title="United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_United_States_and_related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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and<br />international laws</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonial era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_in_the_American_Colonies" title="Nationality law in the American Colonies">Nationality law in the American Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740" title="Plantation Act 1740">Plantation Act 1740</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">Naturalization Act 1790</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1795" title="Naturalization Act of 1795">1795</a> / <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">1798</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Law_of_1802" title="Naturalization Law of 1802">Naturalization Law 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_Encourage_Immigration" title="An Act to Encourage Immigration">Act to Encourage Immigration (1864)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866" title="Civil Rights Act of 1866">Civil Rights Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1870" title="Naturalization Act of 1870">Naturalization Act 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Act_of_1875" title="Page Act of 1875">Page Act (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1882" title="Immigration Act of 1882">Immigration Act of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion (1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Act_(1888)" title="Scott Act (1888)">Scott Act (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geary_Act" title="Geary Act">Geary Act (1892)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1900–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1903" title="Immigration Act of 1903">Immigration Act 1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act 1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1907" title="Immigration Act of 1907">Immigration Act 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1917" title="Immigration Act of 1917">Immigration Act 1917 (Asian Barred Zone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1918" title="Immigration Act of 1918">Immigration Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Quota_Act" title="Emergency Quota Act">Emergency Quota Act (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_Act" title="Cable Act">Cable Act (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Repatriation_Act" title="Filipino Repatriation Act">Filipino Repatriation Act (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_Act_of_1940" title="Nationality Act of 1940">Nationality Act of 1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program (1942–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson_Act" title="Magnuson Act">Magnuson Act (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Brides_Act" title="War Brides Act">War Brides Act (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Fianc%C3%A9es_and_Fianc%C3%A9s_Act" title="Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act">Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce%E2%80%93Celler_Act" title="Luce–Celler Act">Luce–Celler Act (1946)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1950–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention relating to the Status of Refugees">UN Refugee Convention (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act 1952</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_212(f)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 212(f)">Section 212(f)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_Section_287(g)" title="Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)">Section 287(g)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_Act" title="Refugee Act">Refugee Act (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">Immigration Reform and Control Act (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Fairness" title="Family Fairness">Family Fairness (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Homecoming_Act" title="American Homecoming Act">American Homecoming Act (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1990" title="Immigration Act of 1990">Immigration Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Technical_Corrections_Act_of_1994" title="Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act of 1994">Immigration and Nationality Technical Corrections Act (INTCA) 1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_Immigration_Reform_and_Immigrant_Responsibility_Act_of_1996" title="Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996">Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Adjustment_and_Central_American_Relief_Act" title="Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act">Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_and_Workforce_Improvement_Act" title="American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act">American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act (ACWIA) (1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Competitiveness_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act">American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act (AC21) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Immigration_Family_Equity_Act" title="Legal Immigration Family Equity Act">Legal Immigration Family Equity Act (LIFE Act) (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-1B_Visa_Reform_Act_of_2004" title="H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004">H-1B Visa Reform Act (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Parents_of_Americans" title="Deferred Action for Parents of Americans">DAPA (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780 (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ending_Discriminatory_Bans_on_Entry_to_The_United_States" title="Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States">Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Families_Together_(United_States_immigration_policy)" title="Keeping Families Together (United States immigration policy)">Keeping Families Together (KFT) (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visas and policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Visa policy of the United States">Visa policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card" title="Green card">Permanent residence (Green card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Waiver_Program" title="Visa Waiver Program">Visa Waiver Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_protected_status" title="Temporary protected status">Temporary protected status (TPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_Immigrant_Visa" title="Diversity Immigrant Visa">Green Card Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Minors_Program" title="Central American Minors Program">Central American Minors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_authorization_document" title="Employment authorization document">Employment authorization document (EAD card)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferred_action" title="Deferred action">Deferred action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_(United_States_immigration)" title="Parole (United States immigration)">Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjustment_of_status" title="Adjustment of status">Adjustment of status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US-VISIT" class="mw-redirect" title="US-VISIT">US-VISIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Advisory_Opinion" title="Security Advisory Opinion">Security Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Verify" title="E-Verify">E-Verify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Origins_Formula" title="National Origins Formula">National Origins Formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedited_removal" title="Expedited removal">Expedited removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration detention in the United States">Detention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_immigration_detention_in_the_United_States" title="Family immigration detention in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccompanied_Alien_Children" title="Unaccompanied Alien Children">Unaccompanied children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_administration_family_separation_policy" title="Trump administration family separation policy">Trump administration family separation policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Government<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Border_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Border Patrol">U.S. Border Patrol</a> (<a href="/wiki/BORTAC" title="BORTAC">BORTAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_for_Immigration_Review" title="Executive Office for Immigration Review">Executive Office for Immigration Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Immigration_Appeals" title="Board of Immigration Appeals">Board of Immigration Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Refugee_Resettlement" title="Office of Refugee Resettlement">Office of Refugee Resettlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_immigration_and_naturalization_case_law" title="Category:United States immigration and naturalization case law">Supreme Court cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark"><i>US v. Wong Kim Ark</i> (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozawa_v._United_States" title="Ozawa v. United States"><i>Ozawa v. US</i> (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind"><i>US v. Bhagat Singh Thind</i> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce"><i>US v. Brignoni-Ponce</i> (1975)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zadvydas_v._Davis" title="Zadvydas v. Davis">Zadvydas v. Davis</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce_v._Whiting" title="Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting"><i>Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting</i> (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_v._Barr" title="Barton v. Barr"><i>Barton v. Barr</i> (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California"><i>DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</i></a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_v._Vidal" title="Wolf v. Vidal">Wolf v. Vidal</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niz-Chavez_v._Garland" title="Niz-Chavez v. Garland"><i>Niz-Chavez v. Garland</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanchez_v._Mayorkas" title="Sanchez v. Mayorkas"><i>Sanchez v. Mayorkas</i> (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State_v._Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Department of State v. Muñoz"><i>Department of State v. Muñoz</i> (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related issues<br />and events</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_reform_protests" title="2006 United States immigration reform protests">2006 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_County,_Texas" title="Brooks County, Texas">Brooks County, Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_illegal_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic impact of illegal immigrants in the United States">Economic impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Effects of immigration to the United States">Effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">Eugenics in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">Guest worker program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States" title="Human trafficking in the United States">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_smuggling" title="People smuggling">Human smuggling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coyotaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyotaje">Coyotaje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_deported_or_removed_from_the_United_States" title="List of people deported or removed from the United States">List of people deported from the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_wall" title="Mexico–United States border wall">Mexico–United States border wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage#add_Labor_shortage" title="Shortage">Labor shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_for_America" title="March for America">March for America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigrant_population_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigrant population of the United States">Illegal immigrant population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_immigration_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse immigration in the United States">Reverse immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">Unaccompanied minors from Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Border_Patrol_interior_checkpoints" title="United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints">United States Border Patrol interior checkpoints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DREAM_Act" title="DREAM Act">DREAM Act (2001–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Protection,_Anti-terrorism_and_Illegal_Immigration_Control_Act_of_2005" title="Border Protection, Anti-terrorism and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005">H.R. 4437 (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_America_and_Orderly_Immigration_Act" title="Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act">McCain–Kennedy (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2006" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Through_Regularized_Immigration_and_a_Vibrant_Economy_Act_of_2007" title="Security Through Regularized Immigration and a Vibrant Economy Act of 2007">STRIVE Act (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform_Act_of_2007" title="Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007">Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_American_Families_Act" title="Uniting American Families Act">Uniting American Families Act (2000–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Security,_Economic_Opportunity,_and_Immigration_Modernization_Act_of_2013" title="Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013">Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_SAFE_Act_of_2015" title="American SAFE Act of 2015">SAFE Act (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAISE_Act" title="RAISE Act">RAISE Act (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Citizenship_Act_of_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="US Citizenship Act of 2021">US Citizenship Act of 2021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigration stations<br />and points of entry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_Immigration_Station" title="Angel Island Immigration Station">Angel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Boston_Immigration_Station" title="East Boston Immigration Station">East Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otay_Mesa_Port_of_Entry" title="Otay Mesa Port of Entry">Otay Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Avenue_Immigration_Station" title="Washington Avenue Immigration Station">Washington Avenue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">"Wetback" (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peter_Pan" title="Operation Peter Pan">"Peter Pan" (1960–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Babylift" title="Operation Babylift">"Babylift" (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">"Gatekeeper" (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Endgame" title="Operation Endgame">"Endgame" (2003–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Front_Line" title="Operation Front Line">"Front Line" (2004–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Streamline" title="Operation Streamline">"Streamline" (2005–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Return_to_Sender" title="Operation Return to Sender">"Return to Sender" (2006–2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">"Jump Start" (2006–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Phalanx_(2010-2016)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Phalanx (2010-2016)">"Phalanx" (2010–2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faithful_Patriot" title="Operation Faithful Patriot">"Faithful Patriot" (2018–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_DREAM_Act" title="California DREAM Act">California DREAM Act (2006–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070 (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_HB_56" title="Alabama HB 56">Alabama HB 56 (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-governmental<br />organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Border_Recon" title="Arizona Border Recon">Arizona Border Recon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coalition_for_Immigration_Reform" title="California Coalition for Immigration Reform">California Coalition for Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="CASA of Maryland">CASA of Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">Center for Immigration Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Migration_Studies_of_New_York" title="Center for Migration Studies of New York">Center for Migration Studies of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Humane_Immigrant_Rights_of_Los_Angeles" title="Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles">Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Comprehensive_Immigration_Reform" title="Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform">Coalition for Comprehensive Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Change" title="Community Change">Community Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">Federation for American Immigration Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improve_The_Dream" title="Improve The Dream">Improve The Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexica_Movement" title="Mexica Movement">Mexica Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_Without_Borders" title="Mexicans Without Borders">Mexicans Without Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Policy_Institute" title="Migration Policy Institute">Migration Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Civil_Defense_Corps" title="Minuteman Civil Defense Corps">Minuteman Civil Defense Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Korean_American_Service_%26_Education_Consortium" title="National Korean American Service & Education Consortium">National Korean American Service & Education Consortium (NAKASEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Population_Growth" title="Negative Population Growth">Negative Population Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_More_Deaths" title="No More Deaths">No More Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_State" title="Save Our State">Save Our State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Compact" title="Utah Compact">Utah Compact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borderland_(TV_series)" title="Borderland (TV series)">Borderland (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missing_in_Brooks_County" title="Missing in Brooks County">Missing in Brooks County</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Mexico&#124;link=Mexico_Mexico–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Mexico,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Mexico, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Mexico_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Mexico to the United States">Ambassadors of Mexico to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Mexico_City" title="Embassy of the United States, Mexico City">Embassy of the United States, Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Mexico" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Mexico">Ambassadors of the United States to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Mexico,_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas">Consulate General of Mexico, Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Mexico_to_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States">Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Western_Hemisphere_Affairs" title="Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs">Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Limits_(Mexico%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)">Treaty of Limits (Mexico–United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLane%E2%80%93Ocampo_Treaty" title="McLane–Ocampo Treaty">McLane–Ocampo Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_and_Water_Commission" title="International Boundary and Water Commission">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant">International Boundary Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_dispute" title="Colorado River dispute">Colorado River dispute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Convention_of_1905" title="Banco Convention of 1905">Banco Convention of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saavedra_Lamas_Treaty" title="Saavedra Lamas Treaty">Saavedra Lamas Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico_Convention_relating_to_the_Final_Adjustment_of_Certain_Unsettled_Claims" title="United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims">United States–Mexico Convention relating to the Final Adjustment of Certain Unsettled Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Selection_Process" title="Bracero Selection Process">Bracero Selection Process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Treaty_of_1970" title="Boundary Treaty of 1970">Boundary Treaty of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Governors_Conference" title="Border Governors Conference">Border Governors Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Protection_of_Commerce_and_Investments_from_Foreign_Policies_that_Contravene_International_Law" title="Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law">Law of Protection of Commerce and Investments from Foreign Policies that Contravene International Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina">Mexican response to Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement" title="United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement">United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_visits_to_Mexico" title="United States presidential visits to Mexico">United States presidential visits to Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_upon_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="United States declaration of war upon Mexico">United States declaration of war upon Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Commission" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Commission">United States and Mexican Boundary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_Mexican_Boundary_Survey" title="United States and Mexican Boundary Survey">United States and Mexican Boundary Survey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_affair" title="Crawford affair">Crawford affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War (1910–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypiranga_incident" title="Ypiranga incident">Ypiranga incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Pancho Villa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_la_Huerta%E2%80%93Lamont_Treaty" title="De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty">De la Huerta–Lamont Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucareli_Treaty" title="Bucareli Treaty">Bucareli Treaty</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamizal_dispute" title="Chamizal dispute">Chamizal dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Cart_War" title="Texas Cart War">Texas Cart War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_Troubles" title="Cortina Troubles">Cortina Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Mendoza-Martinez" title="Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez">Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna-Dolphin_GATT_Case_(I_and_II)" title="Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)">Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">United States v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Camarena" title="Kiki Camarena">Kiki Camarena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosa_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain">Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mark_Kilroy" title="Murder of Mark Kilroy">Murder of Mark Kilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Verdugo-Urquidez" title="United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez">United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez-Machain" title="United States v. Alvarez-Machain">United States v. Alvarez-Machain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunique_v._Powell" title="Eunique v. Powell">Eunique v. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Matamoros_standoff" title="1999 Matamoros standoff">1999 Matamoros standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avena_case" title="Avena case">Avena case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gunrunner" title="Project Gunrunner">Project Gunrunner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATF_gunwalking_scandal" title="ATF gunwalking scandal">ATF gunwalking scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Mexico_Trade_Dispute_-_Stainless_Steel_Sheets_and_Coils_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping">US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopez_v._Gonzales" title="Lopez v. Gonzales">Lopez v. Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Medell%C3%ADn" title="José Medellín">José Medellín</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Leal_Garcia" title="Humberto Leal Garcia">Humberto Leal Garcia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Zapata" title="Jaime Zapata">Jaime Zapata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Matamoros_mass_kidnapping" title="2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping">2011 Matamoros mass kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Jos%C3%A9_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Shooting of José Rodríguez">Shooting of José Rodríguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_sugarcane_trade_dispute" title="Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute">Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_Air_Conditioner_move_to_Mexico" title="Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico">Carrier Air Conditioner move to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13767" title="Executive Order 13767">Executive Order 13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Mesa" title="Hernandez v. Mesa">Hernandez v. Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Claudia_G%C3%B3mez_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Killing of Claudia Gómez González">Killing of Claudia Gómez González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Antonio_migrant_deaths" title="2022 San Antonio migrant deaths">2022 San Antonio migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Matamoros_kidnappings" title="2023 Matamoros kidnappings">2023 Matamoros kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key_Bridge_collapse" title="Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse">Francis Scott Key Bridge collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mexico_City" title="Siege of Mexico City">Siege of Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico–United States border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico–United States barrier">Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gatekeeper" title="Operation Gatekeeper">Operation Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Mexico–United States border crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Project" title="Minuteman Project">Minuteman Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Salsa" title="Minuteman Salsa">Minuteman Salsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_Rescue" title="Ranch Rescue">Ranch Rescue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_wall" title="Trump wall">Trump wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Fence_Act_of_2006" title="Secure Fence Act of 2006">Secure Fence Act of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jump_Start" title="Operation Jump Start">Operation Jump Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emergency_Concerning_the_Southern_Border_of_the_United_States" title="National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States">National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_border_disputes" title="Rio Grande border disputes">Rio Grande border disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_conflicts_on_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_barrier" title="Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier">Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_deaths_along_the_Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Migrant deaths along the Mexico–United States border">Migrant deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Environment_Cooperation_Commission" title="Border Environment Cooperation Commission">Border Environment Cooperation Commission</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_Activism_At_The_Border" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence and Activism At The Border">Violence and Activism At The Border</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_soccer_rivalry" title="Mexico–United States soccer rivalry">Mexico–United States soccer rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Puerto_Rico_boxing_rivalry" title="Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry">Mexico–Puerto Rico boxing rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Republic_of_Texas_relations" title="Mexico–Republic of Texas relations">Mexico–Republic of Texas relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_extradition_relations_with_Mexico" title="United States extradition relations with Mexico">United States extradition relations with Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Prieta_pipeline" title="Agua Prieta pipeline">Agua Prieta pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Baja_Pipeline" title="North Baja Pipeline">North Baja Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Mexican_Claims_Commission" title="American-Mexican Claims Commission">American-Mexican Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Antorcha_de_la_Amistad" title="La Antorcha de la Amistad">La Antorcha de la Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_Media_Project" title="Chiapas Media Project">Chiapas Media Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directo_a_M%C3%A9xico" title="Directo a México">Directo a México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Mexico" title="Exclusive economic zone of Mexico">Exclusive economic zone of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_the_United_States" title="Exclusive economic zone of the United States">Exclusive economic zone of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibuster (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_international_park" title="Mexico–United States international park">Mexico–United States international park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Development_Bank" title="North American Development Bank">North American Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere_Travel_Initiative" title="Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative">Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Virginia_Colony" title="New Virginia Colony">New Virginia Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">Maquiladora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-tier_Mexican_sugar" title="Second-tier Mexican sugar">Second-tier Mexican sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1orita_M%C3%A9xico_U.S." title="Señorita México U.S.">Señorita México U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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