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trees</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: monumental trees"> <meta name="keywords" content="monumental trees"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="monumental trees"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 616</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: monumental trees</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">556</span> Evaluation of the Impact of Green Infrastructure on Dispersion and Deposition of Particulate Matter in Near-Roadway Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deeksha%20Chauhan">Deeksha Chauhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamal%20Jain"> Kamal Jain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pollutant concentration is high in near-road environments, and vegetation is an effective measure to mitigate urban air quality problems. This paper presents the influence of roadside green infrastructure in dispersion and Deposition of Particulate matter (PM) by the ENVI-met Simulations. Six green infrastructure configurations were specified (i) hedges only, (ii) trees only, (iii) a mix of trees and shrubs (iv) green barrier (v) green wall, and (vi) no tree buffer were placed on both sides of the road. The changes in concentrations at all six scenarios were estimated to identify the best barrier to reduce the dispersion and deposition of PM10 and PM2.5 in an urban environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier" title="barrier">barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concentration" title=" concentration"> concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title=" dispersion"> dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deposition" title=" deposition"> deposition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Particulate%20matter" title=" Particulate matter"> Particulate matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollutant" title=" pollutant"> pollutant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127902/evaluation-of-the-impact-of-green-infrastructure-on-dispersion-and-deposition-of-particulate-matter-in-near-roadway-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">555</span> Effect of Thinning Practice on Carbon Storage in Soil Forest Northern Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zouhaier%20Nasr">Zouhaier Nasr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Nouri"> Mohamed Nouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The increase in greenhouse gases since the pre-industrial period is a real threat to disrupting the balance of marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Along with the oceans, forest soils are considered to be the planet's second-largest carbon sink. North African forests have been subject to alarming degradation for several decades. The objective of this investigation is to determine and quantify the effect of thinning practiced in pine forests in northern Tunisia on the storage of organic carbon in the trees and in the soil. The plot planted in 1989 underwent thinning in 2005 on to plots; the density is therefore 1600 trees/ha in control and 400 trees/ha in thinning. Direct dendrometric measurements (diameter, height, branches, stem) were taken. In the soil part, six profiles of 1m / 1m / 1m were used for soil and root samples and biomass and organic matter measurements. The measurements obtained were statistically processed by appropriate software. The results clearly indicate that thinning improves tree growth, so the diameter increased from 24.3 cm to 30.1 cm. Carbon storage in the trunks was 35% more and 25% for the whole tree. At ground level, the thinned plot shows a slight increase in soil organic matter and quantity of carbon per tree, exceeding the control by 10 to 25%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forest" title="forest">forest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon" title=" carbon"> carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title=" climate change"> climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tunisia" title=" Tunisia"> Tunisia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146020/effect-of-thinning-practice-on-carbon-storage-in-soil-forest-northern-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">554</span> Building and Tree Detection Using Multiscale Matched Filtering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20H.%20%C3%96zcan">Abdullah H. Özcan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dilara%20Hisar"> Dilara Hisar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yetkin%20Sayar"> Yetkin Sayar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cem%20%C3%9Cnsalan"> Cem Ünsalan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, an automated building and tree detection method is proposed using DSM data and true orthophoto image. A multiscale matched filtering is used on DSM data. Therefore, first watershed transform is applied. Then, Otsu’s thresholding method is used as an adaptive threshold to segment each watershed region. Detected objects are masked with NDVI to separate buildings and trees. The proposed method is able to detect buildings and trees without entering any elevation threshold. We tested our method on ISPRS semantic labeling dataset and obtained promising results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20detection" title="building detection">building detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local%20maximum%20filtering" title=" local maximum filtering"> local maximum filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=matched%20filtering" title=" matched filtering"> matched filtering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiscale" title=" multiscale"> multiscale</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59277/building-and-tree-detection-using-multiscale-matched-filtering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">553</span> A Dynamic Round Robin Routing for Z-Fat Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20O.%20Adda">M. O. Adda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a topology called Zoned fat tree (Z-Fat tree) which is a further extension to the classical fat trees. The extension relates to the provision of extra degree of connectivity to maximize the number of deployed ports per routing nodes, and hence increases the bisection bandwidth especially for slimmed fat trees. The extra links, when classical routing is used, tend, in deterministic environment, to be under-utilized for some traffic patterns, hence achieving poor performance. We suggest two versions of a dynamic round robin scheme that outperforms the classical D-mod-k and S-mod-K routing and show by simulation that our proposal utilize all the extra added links to the classical fat tree, and achieve better performance for general applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deterministic%20routing" title="deterministic routing">deterministic routing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fat%20tree" title=" fat tree"> fat tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interconnection" title=" interconnection"> interconnection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traffic%20pattern" title=" traffic pattern"> traffic pattern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40045/a-dynamic-round-robin-routing-for-z-fat-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">484</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">552</span> Angular-Coordinate Driven Radial Tree Drawing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farshad%20Ghassemi%20Toosi">Farshad Ghassemi Toosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nikola%20S.%20Nikolov"> Nikola S. Nikolov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We present a visualization technique for radial drawing of trees consisting of two slightly different algorithms. Both of them make use of node-link diagrams for visual encoding. This visualization creates clear drawings without edge crossing. One of the algorithms is suitable for real-time visualization of large trees, as it requires minimal recalculation of the layout if leaves are inserted or removed from the tree; while the other algorithm makes better utilization of the drawing space. The algorithms are very similar and follow almost the same procedure but with different parameters. Both algorithms assign angular coordinates for all nodes which are then converted into 2D Cartesian coordinates for visualization. We present both algorithms and discuss how they compare to each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radial%20drawing" title="Radial drawing">Radial drawing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Visualization" title=" Visualization"> Visualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algorithm" title=" Algorithm"> Algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Use%20of%20node-link%20diagrams" title=" Use of node-link diagrams"> Use of node-link diagrams</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2184/angular-coordinate-driven-radial-tree-drawing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2184.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">551</span> Using Neural Networks for Click Prediction of Sponsored Search</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afroze%20Ibrahim%20Baqapuri">Afroze Ibrahim Baqapuri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ilya%20Trofimov"> Ilya Trofimov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sponsored search is a multi-billion dollar industry and makes up a major source of revenue for search engines (SE). Click-through-rate (CTR) estimation plays a crucial role for ads selection, and greatly affects the SE revenue, advertiser traffic and user experience. We propose a novel architecture of solving CTR prediction problem by combining artificial neural networks (ANN) with decision trees. First, we compare ANN with respect to other popular machine learning models being used for this task. Then we go on to combine ANN with MatrixNet (proprietary implementation of boosted trees) and evaluate the performance of the system as a whole. The results show that our approach provides a significant improvement over existing models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title="neural networks">neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponsored%20search" title=" sponsored search"> sponsored search</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web%20advertisement" title=" web advertisement"> web advertisement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=click%20prediction" title=" click prediction"> click prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=click-through%20rate" title=" click-through rate"> click-through rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22874/using-neural-networks-for-click-prediction-of-sponsored-search" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22874.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">572</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">550</span> Impact Analysis of Cultivation of Jatropha Tree on Fuel Prices and Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saba%20Arif">Saba Arif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anam%20Nadeem"> Anam Nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roman%20Kalvin"> Roman Kalvin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muzaffar%20Ali"> Muzaffar Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burhan%20Ali"> Burhan Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juntakan%20Taweekun"> Juntakan Taweekun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globally transportation sector accounts for around 25% of energy demand and nearly 62% of oil consumed. Therefore, new energy sources are required to introduce for this huge demand replenishment of depleting conventional energy sources. Currently, biofuels such as Jatropha trees as an energy carrier for transportation sector are being utilized effectively round the globe. However, climate conditions at low altitudes with an average annual temperature above 20 degrees Celsius and rainfall of 300-1000mm are considered the most suitable environment for the efficient growth of Jatropha trees. The current study is providing a theoretical survey-based analysis to investigate the effect of rate of cultivation of jatropha trees on the reduction of fuel prices and its environmental benefits. The resulted study shows that jatropha tree’s 100 kg seeds give 80kg oil and the conversion process cost is very small as 890 PKR. Moreover, the extraction of oil from Jatropha tree is tax-free compared to other fuels. The analysis proved very essential for potential assessment of Jatropha regarding future energy fuel for transportation sector at global level. Additionally, it can be very beneficial for increment in the total amount of transportation fuel in Pakistan. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jatropha%20tree" title="jatropha tree">jatropha tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20impact" title=" environmental impact"> environmental impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20contents" title=" energy contents"> energy contents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theoretical%20survey" title=" theoretical survey"> theoretical survey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83886/impact-analysis-of-cultivation-of-jatropha-tree-on-fuel-prices-and-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83886.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">549</span> Tree-Based Inference for Regionalization: A Comparative Study of Global Topological Perturbation Methods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Orhun%20Aydin">Orhun Aydin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mark%20V.%20Janikas"> Mark V. Janikas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rodrigo%20Alves"> Rodrigo Alves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renato%20Assuncao"> Renato Assuncao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a tree-based perturbation methodology for regionalization inference is presented. Regionalization is a constrained optimization problem that aims to create groups with similar attributes while satisfying spatial contiguity constraints. Similar to any constrained optimization problem, the spatial constraint may hinder convergence to some global minima, resulting in spatially contiguous members of a group with dissimilar attributes. This paper presents a general methodology for rigorously perturbing spatial constraints through the use of random spanning trees. The general framework presented can be used to quantify the effect of the spatial constraints in the overall regionalization result. We compare several types of stochastic spanning trees used in inference problems such as fuzzy regionalization and determining the number of regions. Performance of stochastic spanning trees is juxtaposed against the traditional permutation-based hypothesis testing frequently used in spatial statistics. Inference results for fuzzy regionalization and determining the number of regions is presented on the Local Area Personal Incomes for Texas Counties provided by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regionalization" title="regionalization">regionalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constrained%20clustering" title=" constrained clustering"> constrained clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=probabilistic%20inference" title=" probabilistic inference"> probabilistic inference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20clustering" title=" fuzzy clustering"> fuzzy clustering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84786/tree-based-inference-for-regionalization-a-comparative-study-of-global-topological-perturbation-methods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84786.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">548</span> Extended Boolean Petri Nets Generating N-Ary Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riddhi%20Jangid">Riddhi Jangid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gajendra%20Pratap%20Singh"> Gajendra Pratap Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Petri nets, a mathematical tool, is used for modeling in different areas of computer sciences, biological networks, chemical systems and many other disciplines. A Petri net model of a given system is created by the graphical representation that describes the properties and behavior of the system. While looking for the behavior of any system, 1-safe Petri nets are of particular interest to many in the application part. Boolean Petri nets correspond to those class in 1- safe Petri nets that generate all the binary n-vectors in their reachability analysis. We study the class by changing different parameters like the token counts in the places and how the structure of the tree changes in the reachability analysis. We discuss here an extended class of Boolean Petri nets that generates n-ary trees in their reachability-based analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marking%20vector" title="marking vector">marking vector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=n-vector" title=" n-vector"> n-vector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petri%20nets" title=" petri nets"> petri nets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reachability" title=" reachability"> reachability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160357/extended-boolean-petri-nets-generating-n-ary-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">547</span> Dyeing Cotton with Dyes Extracted from Eucalyptus and Mango Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamrat%20Tesfaye">Tamrat Tesfaye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bruce%20Sithole"> Bruce Sithole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Shabaridharan"> K. Shabaridharan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of natural dyes to replace synthetic dyes has been advocated for to circumvent the environmental problems associated with synthetic dyes. This paper is a preliminary study on the use of natural dyes extracted from eucalyptus and mango trees. Dyes extracted from eucalyptus bark gave more colourized material than the dyes extracted from eucalyptus leaves and mango pills and leaves. Additionally, the extracts exhibited a deeper colour shade. Cotton fiber dyed using the same dye but with different mordants resulted in fabric that exhibited different colours. It appears that natural dyes from these plants could be effective dyes for use on cotton fabrics especially considering that the dyes exhibited excellent colour fastness. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20dyes" title="natural dyes">natural dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mango" title=" mango"> mango</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eucalyptus" title=" eucalyptus"> eucalyptus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cotton" title=" cotton"> cotton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mordants" title=" mordants"> mordants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour%20fastness" title=" colour fastness"> colour fastness</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65021/dyeing-cotton-with-dyes-extracted-from-eucalyptus-and-mango-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">546</span> Brain Tumor Segmentation Based on Minimum Spanning Tree</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simeon%20Mayala">Simeon Mayala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ida%20Herdlev%C3%A6r"> Ida Herdlevær</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonas%20Bull%20Haugs%C3%B8en"> Jonas Bull Haugsøen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shamundeeswari%20Anandan"> Shamundeeswari Anandan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonia%20Gavasso"> Sonia Gavasso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Morten%20Brun"> Morten Brun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose a minimum spanning tree-based method for segmenting brain tumors. The proposed method performs interactive segmentation based on the minimum spanning tree without tuning parameters. The steps involve preprocessing, making a graph, constructing a minimum spanning tree, and a newly implemented way of interactively segmenting the region of interest. In the preprocessing step, a Gaussian filter is applied to 2D images to remove the noise. Then, the pixel neighbor graph is weighted by intensity differences and the corresponding minimum spanning tree is constructed. The image is loaded in an interactive window for segmenting the tumor. The region of interest and the background are selected by clicking to split the minimum spanning tree into two trees. One of these trees represents the region of interest and the other represents the background. Finally, the segmentation given by the two trees is visualized. The proposed method was tested by segmenting two different 2D brain T1-weighted magnetic resonance image data sets. The comparison between our results and the standard gold segmentation confirmed the validity of the minimum spanning tree approach. The proposed method is simple to implement and the results indicate that it is accurate and efficient. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tumor" title="brain tumor">brain tumor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brain%20tumor%20segmentation" title=" brain tumor segmentation"> brain tumor segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=minimum%20spanning%20tree" title=" minimum spanning tree"> minimum spanning tree</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation" title=" segmentation"> segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148591/brain-tumor-segmentation-based-on-minimum-spanning-tree" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148591.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">545</span> Effect of Xylophagous On The Productivity Of The Trees Of The Fruit-bearing Pistachio Tree In Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chebouti-meziou%20Nadjiba1">Chebouti-meziou Nadjiba1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=And%20Chebouti%20Yahia2%3A"> And Chebouti Yahia2:</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> the cultivation of Pistachios Pistacia vera of rare plants in Algeria and this point to see the lack of knowledge of techniques, which resulted in the proliferation of the tree to obtain a limited benefit does not exceed 0.75 tons / hectare, in addition to the enemy that lead to poor product on the one hand, one of which buds into wood and fruit Chaetoptelius vestitus. Since the tree is the raw sound production, while 25 kg of infected tree produces about 15 kg of any shortage of fact that this insect Chaetoptelius vestitus spend the amount of trouble going in the summer the young twigs of the trees into a sound the product by20% and due to the composition by the problem of spending in the newly formed branches, which lead to this loss in yield <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaetoptelius%20vestitus" title="chaetoptelius vestitus">chaetoptelius vestitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pistacia%20vera" title=" pistacia vera"> pistacia vera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spending" title=" spending"> spending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=return" title=" return"> return</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20product." title=" poor product."> poor product.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168081/effect-of-xylophagous-on-the-productivity-of-the-trees-of-the-fruit-bearing-pistachio-tree-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">69</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">544</span> Evaluating Alternative Structures for Prefix Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Feras%20Hanandeh">Feras Hanandeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Izzat%20Alsmadi"> Izzat Alsmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20M.%20Kwafha"> Muhammad M. Kwafha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Prefix trees or tries are data structures that are used to store data or index of data. The goal is to be able to store and retrieve data by executing queries in quick and reliable manners. In principle, the structure of the trie depends on having letters in nodes at the different levels to point to the actual words in the leafs. However, the exact structure of the trie may vary based on several aspects. In this paper, we evaluated different structures for building tries. Using datasets of words of different sizes, we evaluated the different forms of trie structures. Results showed that some characteristics may impact significantly, positively or negatively, the size and the performance of the trie. We investigated different forms and structures for the trie. Results showed that using an array of pointers in each level to represent the different alphabet letters is the best choice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20structures" title="data structures">data structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indexing" title=" indexing"> indexing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree%20structure" title=" tree structure"> tree structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trie" title=" trie"> trie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20retrieval" title=" information retrieval"> information retrieval</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12226/evaluating-alternative-structures-for-prefix-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12226.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">452</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">543</span> Fruit Growing in Romania and Its Role for Rural Communities’ Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Toader">Maria Toader</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gheorghe%20Valentin%20Roman"> Gheorghe Valentin Roman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The importance of fruit trees and bushes growing for Romania is due the concordance that exists between the different ecological conditions in natural basins, and the requirements of different species and varieties. There are, in Romania, natural areas dedicated to the main trees species: plum, apple, pear, cherry, sour cherry, finding optimal conditions for harnessing the potential of fruitfulness, making fruit quality both in terms of ratio commercial, and content in active principles. The share of fruits crops in the world economy of agricultural production is due primarily to the role of fruits in nourishment for human, and in the prevention and combating of diseases, in increasing the national income of cultivator countries and to improve comfort for human life. For Romania, the perspectives of the sector are positive, and are due to European funding opportunities, which provide farmers a specialized program that meets the needs of development and modernization of fruit growing industry, cultivation technology and equipment, organization and grouping of producers, creating storage facilities, conditioning, marketing and the joint use of fresh fruit. This paper shows the evolution of fruit growing, in Romania compared to other states. The document presents the current situation of the main tree species both in terms of surface but also of the productions and the role that this activity may have for the development of rural communities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruit%20growing" title="fruit growing">fruit growing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruits%20trees" title=" fruits trees"> fruits trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=productivity" title=" productivity"> productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20development" title=" rural development"> rural development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65915/fruit-growing-in-romania-and-its-role-for-rural-communities-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">262</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">542</span> Variation of Carbon Isotope Ratio (δ13C) and Leaf-Productivity Traits in Aquilaria Species (Thymelaeceae)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arlene%20L%C3%B3pez-Sampson">Arlene López-Sampson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20Page"> Tony Page</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Betsy%20Jackes"> Betsy Jackes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aquilaria genus produces a highly valuable fragrant oleoresin known as agarwood. Agarwood forms in a few trees in the wild as a response to injure or pathogen attack. The resin is used in perfume and incense industry and medicine. Cultivation of Aquilaria species as a sustainable source of the resin is now a common strategy. Physiological traits are frequently used as a proxy of crop and tree productivity. Aquilaria species growing in Queensland, Australia were studied to investigate relationship between leaf-productivity traits with tree growth. Specifically, 28 trees, representing 12 plus trees and 16 trees from yield plots, were selected to conduct carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) and monitor six leaf attributes. Trees were grouped on four diametric classes (diameter at 150 mm above ground level) ensuring the variability in growth of the whole population was sampled. Model averaging technique based on the Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) was computed to identify whether leaf traits could assist in diameter prediction. Carbon isotope values were correlated with height classes and leaf traits to determine any relationship. In average four leaves per shoot were recorded. Approximately one new leaf per week is produced by a shoot. Rate of leaf expansion was estimated in 1.45 mm day-1. There were no statistical differences between diametric classes and leaf expansion rate and number of new leaves per week (p > 0.05). Range of δ13C values in leaves of Aquilaria species was from -25.5 ‰ to -31 ‰ with an average of -28.4 ‰ (± 1.5 ‰). Only 39% of the variability in height can be explained by δ13C in leaf. Leaf δ13C and nitrogen content values were positively correlated. This relationship implies that leaves with higher photosynthetic capacities also had lower intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations (ci/ca) and less depleted values of 13C. Most of the predictor variables have a weak correlation with diameter (D). However, analysis of the 95% confidence of best-ranked regression models indicated that the predictors that could likely explain growth in Aquilaria species are petiole length (PeLen), values of δ13C (true13C) and δ15N (true15N), leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA) and number of new leaf produced per week (NL.week). The model constructed with PeLen, true13C, true15N, LA, SLA and NL.week could explain 45% (R2 0.4573) of the variability in D. The leaf traits studied gave a better understanding of the leaf attributes that could assist in the selection of high-productivity trees in Aquilaria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=13C" title="13C">13C</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petiole%20length" title=" petiole length"> petiole length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20leaf%20area" title=" specific leaf area"> specific leaf area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree%20growth" title=" tree growth"> tree growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35327/variation-of-carbon-isotope-ratio-d13c-and-leaf-productivity-traits-in-aquilaria-species-thymelaeceae" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">509</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">541</span> Augmented Reality to Support the Design of Innovative Agroforestry Systems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laetitia%20Lemiere">Laetitia Lemiere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Gosme"> Marie Gosme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerard%20Subsol"> Gerard Subsol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marc%20Jaeger"> Marc Jaeger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Agroforestry is recognized as a way of developing sustainable and resilient agriculture that can fight against climate change. However, the number of species combinations, spatial configurations, and management options for trees and crops is vast. These choices must be adapted to the pedoclimatic and socio-economic contexts and to the objectives of the farmer, who therefore needs support in designing his system. Participative design workshops are a good way to integrate the knowledge of several experts in order to design such complex systems. The design of agroforestry systems should take into account both spatial aspects (e.g., spacing of trees within the lines and between lines, tree line orientation, tree-crop distance, species spatial patterns) and temporal aspects (e.g., crop rotations, tree thinning and pruning, tree planting in the case of successional agroforestry). Furthermore, the interactions between trees and crops evolve as the trees grow. However, agroforestry design workshops generally emphasize the spatial aspect only through the use of static tokens to represent the different species when designing the spatial configuration of the system. Augmented reality (AR) may overcome this limitation, allowing to visualize dynamic representations of trees and crops, and also their interactions, while at the same time retaining the possibility to physically interact with the system being designed (i.e., move trees, add or remove species, etc.). We propose an ergonomic digital solution capable of assisting a group of agroforestry experts to design an agroforestry system and to represent it. We investigated the use of web-based marker-based AR that does not require specific hardware and does not require specific installation so that all users could use their own smartphones right out of the pocket. We developed a prototype mobilizing the AR.js, ArToolKit.js, and Three.js open source libraries. In our implementation, we gradually build a virtual agroforestry system pattern scene from the users' interactions. A specific set of markers initialize the scene properties, and the various plant species are added and located during the workshop design session. The full virtual scene, including the trees positions with their neighborhood, are saved for further uses, such as virtual, augmented instantiation in the farmer fields. The number of tree species available in the application is gradually increasing; we mobilize 3D digital models for walnut, poplar, wild cherry, and other popular species used in agroforestry systems. The prototype allows shadow computations and the representation of trees at various growth stages, as well as different tree generations, and is thus able to visualize the dynamics of the system over time. Future work will focus on i) the design of complex patterns mobilizing several tree/shrub organizations, not restricted to lines; ii) the design of interfaces related to cultural practices, such as clearing or pruning; iii) the representation of tree-crop interactions. Beside tree shade (light competition), our objective is to represent also below-ground competitions (water, nitrogen) or other variables of interest for the design of agroforestry systems (e.g., predicted crop yield). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry%20system%20design" title="agroforestry system design">agroforestry system design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=augmented%20reality" title=" augmented reality"> augmented reality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marker-based%20AR" title=" marker-based AR"> marker-based AR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participative%20design" title=" participative design"> participative design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=web-based%20AR" title=" web-based AR"> web-based AR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131189/augmented-reality-to-support-the-design-of-innovative-agroforestry-systems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">540</span> Influence of Agroforestry Trees Leafy Biomass and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Crop Growth Rate and Relative Growth Rate of Maize</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20B.%20Alarape">A. B. Alarape</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20D.%20Aba"> O. D. Aba </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of legume tree pruning as mulch in agroforestry system is a common practice to maintain soil organic matter and improve soil fertility in the tropics. The study was conducted to determine the influence of agroforestry trees leafy biomass and nitrogen fertilizer on crop growth rate and relative growth rate of maize. The experiments were laid out as 3 x 4 x 2 factorial in a split-split plot design with three replicates. Control, biomass species (Parkia biglobosa and Albizia lebbeck) as main plots were considered, rates of nitrogen considered include (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha⁻¹) as sub-plots, and maize varieties (DMR-ESR-7 and 2009 EVAT) were used as sub-sub plots. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA) at α = 0.05. Incorporation of leafy biomass was significant in 2015 on Relative Growth Rate (RGR), while nitrogen application was significant on Crop Growth Rate (CGR). 2009 EVAT had higher CGR in 2015 at 4-6 and 6-8 WAP. Incorporation of Albizia leaves enhanced the growth of maize than Parkia leaves. Farmers are, therefore, encouraged to use Albizia leaves as mulch to enrich their soil for maize production and most especially, in case of availability of inorganic fertilizers. Though, production of maize with biomass and application of 120 kg N ha⁻¹ will bring better growth of maize. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry%20trees" title="agroforestry trees">agroforestry trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertilizer" title=" fertilizer"> fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=incorporation" title=" incorporation"> incorporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leafy%20biomass" title=" leafy biomass "> leafy biomass </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94859/influence-of-agroforestry-trees-leafy-biomass-and-nitrogen-fertilizer-on-crop-growth-rate-and-relative-growth-rate-of-maize" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">539</span> Nanotechnology in Conservation of Artworks: TiO2-Based Nanocoatings for the Protection and Preservation of Stone Monuments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sayed%20M.%20Ahmed">Sayed M. Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sawsan%20S.%20Darwish"> Sawsan S. Darwish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nagib%20A.%20Elmarzugi"> Nagib A. Elmarzugi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20A.%20Al-Dosari"> Mohammad A. Al-Dosari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmoud%20A.%20Adam"> Mahmoud A. Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20A.%20Al-Mouallimi"> Nadia A. Al-Mouallimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The preservation of cultural heritage is a worldwide problem. Stone monuments represent an important part of this heritage, but due to their prevalently outdoor location, they are generally subject to a complex series of weathering and decay processes, in addition to physical and chemical factors, also biological agents usually play an important role in deterioration phenomena. The aim of this paper is to experimentally verify applicability and feasibility of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles for the preservation of historical (architectural, monumental, archaeological) stone surfaces which enables to reduce the deterioration behaviors mentioned above. TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed in an aqueous colloidal suspension were applied directly on travertine (Marble and limestone often used in historical and monumental buildings) by spray-coating in order to obtain a nanometric film on stone samples. SEM, coupled with EDX microanalysis. (SEM-EDX), in order to obtain information oncoating homogeneity, surface morphology before and after aging and penetration depth of the TiO2 within the samples. Activity of the coated surface was evaluated with UV accelerated aging test. Capillary water absorption, thermal aging and colorimetric measurements have been performed on on coated and uncoated samples to evaluate their properties and estimate change of appearance with colour variation. Results show Tio2 nanoparticles good candidate for coating applications on calcareous stone, good water-repellence was observed on the samples after treatment; analyses were carried out on both untreated and freshly treated samples as well as after artificial aging. Colour change showed negligible variations on the coated or uncoated stone as well as after aging. Results showed that treated stone surfaces seem to be not affected after 1000 hours of exposure to UV radiation, no alteration of the original features. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20and%20archaeological%20heritage" title="architectural and archaeological heritage">architectural and archaeological heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcareous%20stone" title=" calcareous stone"> calcareous stone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photocatalysis%20TiO2" title=" photocatalysis TiO2"> photocatalysis TiO2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-cleaning" title=" self-cleaning"> self-cleaning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20aging" title=" thermal aging"> thermal aging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47907/nanotechnology-in-conservation-of-artworks-tio2-based-nanocoatings-for-the-protection-and-preservation-of-stone-monuments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">538</span> Practical Methods for Automatic MC/DC Test Cases Generation of Boolean Expressions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sekou%20Kangoye">Sekou Kangoye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexis%20Todoskoff"> Alexis Todoskoff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihaela%20Barreau"> Mihaela Barreau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC) is a structural coverage criterion that aims to prove that all conditions involved in a Boolean expression can influence the result of that expression. In the context of automotive, MC/DC is highly recommended and even required for most security and safety applications testing. However, due to complex Boolean expressions that often embedded in those applications, generating a set of MC/DC compliant test cases for any of these expressions is a nontrivial task and can be time consuming for testers. In this paper we present an approach to automatically generate MC/DC test cases for any Boolean expression. We introduce novel techniques, essentially based on binary trees to quickly and optimally generate MC/DC test cases for the expressions. Thus, the approach can be used to reduce the manual testing effort of testers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=binary%20trees" title="binary trees">binary trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MC%2FDC" title=" MC/DC"> MC/DC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=test%20case%20generation" title=" test case generation"> test case generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nontrivial%20task" title=" nontrivial task"> nontrivial task</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29442/practical-methods-for-automatic-mcdc-test-cases-generation-of-boolean-expressions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">537</span> Artificial Neural Networks with Decision Trees for Diagnosis Issues</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Kourd">Y. Kourd</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Lefebvre"> D. Lefebvre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Guersi"> N. Guersi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a new idea for fault detection and isolation (FDI) technique which is applied to industrial system. This technique is based on Neural Networks fault-free and Faulty behaviors Models (NNFM's). NNFM's are used for residual generation, while decision tree architecture is used for residual evaluation. The decision tree is realized with data collected from the NNFM’s outputs and is used to isolate detectable faults depending on computed threshold. Each part of the tree corresponds to specific residual. With the decision tree, it becomes possible to take the appropriate decision regarding the actual process behavior by evaluating few numbers of residuals. In comparison to usual systematic evaluation of all residuals, the proposed technique requires less computational effort and can be used for on line diagnosis. An application example is presented to illustrate and confirm the effectiveness and the accuracy of the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20networks" title="neural networks">neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title=" decision trees"> decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnosis" title=" diagnosis"> diagnosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behaviors" title=" behaviors"> behaviors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8203/artificial-neural-networks-with-decision-trees-for-diagnosis-issues" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">505</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">536</span> Occurrence and Habitat Status of Osmoderma barnabita in Lithuania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Augutis">D. Augutis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Balalaikins"> M. Balalaikins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Bastyte"> D. Bastyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Ferenca"> R. Ferenca</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Gintaras"> A. Gintaras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Karpuska"> R. Karpuska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Svitra"> G. Svitra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Valainis"> U. Valainis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Osmoderma species complex (consisting of Osmoderma eremita, O. barnabita, O. lassallei and O. cristinae) is a scarab beetle serving as indicator species in nature conservation. Osmoderma inhabits cavities containing sufficient volume of wood mould usually caused by brown rot in veteran deciduous trees. As the species, having high demands for the habitat quality, they indicate the suitability of the habitat for a number of other specialized saproxylic species. Since typical habitat needed for Osmoderma and other species associated with hollow veteran trees is rapidly declining, the species complex is protected under various legislation, such as Bern Convention, EU Habitats Directive and the Red Lists of many European states. Natura 2000 sites are the main tool for conservation of O. barnabita in Lithuania, currently 17 Natura 2000 sites are designated for the species, where monitoring is implemented once in 3 years according to the approved methodologies. Despite these monitoring efforts in species reports, provided to EU according to the Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, it is defined on the national level, that overall assessment of O. barnabita is inadequate and future prospects are poor. Therefore, research on the distribution and habitat status of O. barnabita was launched on the national level in 2016, which was complemented by preparatory actions of LIFE OSMODERMA project. The research was implemented in the areas equally distributed in the whole area of Lithuania, where O. barnabita was previously not observed, or not observed in the last 10 years. 90 areas, such as Habitats of European importance (9070 Fennoscandian wooded pastures, 9180 Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes, and ravines), Woodland key habitats (B1 broad-leaved forest, K1 single giant tree) and old manor parks, were chosen for the research after review of habitat data from the existing national databases. The first part of field inventory of the habitats was carried out in 2016 and 2017 autumn and winter seasons, when relative abundance of O. barnabita was estimated according to larval faecal pellets in the tree cavities or around the trees. The state of habitats was evaluated according to the density of suitable and potential trees, percentage of not overshadowed trees and amount of undergrowth. The second part of the field inventory was carried out in the summer with pheromone traps baited with (R)-(+)-γ –decalactone. Results of the research show not only occurrence and habitat status of O. barnabita, but also help to clarify O. barnabita habitat requirements in Lithuania, define habitat size, its structure and distribution. Also, it compares habitat needs between the regions in Lithuania and inside and outside Natura 2000 areas designated for the species. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habitat%20status" title="habitat status">habitat status</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insect%20conservation" title=" insect conservation"> insect conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Osmoderma%20barnabita" title=" Osmoderma barnabita"> Osmoderma barnabita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=veteran%20trees" title=" veteran trees"> veteran trees</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89540/occurrence-and-habitat-status-of-osmoderma-barnabita-in-lithuania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">535</span> Development of the Academic Model to Predict Student Success at VUT-FSASEC Using Decision Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Langa%20Hendrick%20Musawenkosi">Langa Hendrick Musawenkosi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Twala%20Bhekisipho"> Twala Bhekisipho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The success or failure of students is a concern for every academic institution, college, university, governments and students themselves. Several approaches have been researched to address this concern. In this paper, a view is held that when a student enters a university or college or an academic institution, he or she enters an academic environment. The academic environment is unique concept used to develop the solution for making predictions effectively. This paper presents a model to determine the propensity of a student to succeed or fail in the French South African Schneider Electric Education Center (FSASEC) at the Vaal University of Technology (VUT). The Decision Tree algorithm is used to implement the model at FSASEC. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FSASEC" title="FSASEC">FSASEC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=academic%20environment%20model" title=" academic environment model"> academic environment model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20trees" title=" decision trees"> decision trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=k-nearest%20neighbor" title=" k-nearest neighbor"> k-nearest neighbor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=popularity%20index" title=" popularity index"> popularity index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20vector%20machine" title=" support vector machine"> support vector machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77040/development-of-the-academic-model-to-predict-student-success-at-vut-fsasec-using-decision-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77040.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">534</span> Unconventional Dating of Old Peepal Tree of Chandigarh (India) Using Optically Stimulated Luminescence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rita%20Rani">Rita Rani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramesh%20Kumar"> Ramesh Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The intend of the current study is to date an old grand Peepal tree that is still alive. The tree is situated in Kalibard village, Sector 9, Chandigarh (India). Due to its huge structure, it has got the status of ‘Heritage tree.’ Optically Stimulated Luminescence of sediments beneath the roots is used to determine the age of the tree. Optical dating is preferred over conventional dating methods due to more precession. The methodology includes OSL of quartz grain using SAR protocol for accumulated dose measurement. The age determination of an alive tree using sedimentary quartz is in close agreement with the approximated age provided by the related agency. This is the first attempt at using optically stimulated luminescence in the age determination of alive trees in this region. The study concludes that the Luminescence dating of alive trees is the nondestructive and more precise method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=luminescence" title="luminescence">luminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dose%20rate" title=" dose rate"> dose rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20dating" title=" optical dating"> optical dating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sediments" title=" sediments"> sediments</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140440/unconventional-dating-of-old-peepal-tree-of-chandigarh-india-using-optically-stimulated-luminescence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">533</span> Re-Stating the Origin of Tetrapod Using Measures of Phylogenetic Support for Phylogenomic Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yunfeng%20Shan">Yunfeng Shan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoliang%20Wang"> Xiaoliang Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youjun%20Zhou"> Youjun Zhou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Whole-genome data from two lungfish species, along with other species, present a valuable opportunity to re-investigate the longstanding debate regarding the evolutionary relationships among tetrapods, lungfishes, and coelacanths. However, the use of bootstrap support has become outdated for large-scale phylogenomic data. Without robust phylogenetic support, the phylogenetic trees become meaningless. Therefore, it is necessary to re-evaluate the phylogenies of tetrapods, lungfishes, and coelacanths using novel measures of phylogenetic support specifically designed for phylogenomic data, as the previous phylogenies were based on 100% bootstrap support. Our findings consistently provide strong evidence favoring lungfish as the closest living relative of tetrapods. This conclusion is based on high internode certainty, relative gene support, and high gene concordance factor. The evidence stems from five previous datasets derived from lungfish transcriptomes. These results yield fresh insights into the three hypotheses regarding the phylogenies of tetrapods, lungfishes, and coelacanths. Importantly, these hypotheses are not mere conjectures but are substantiated by a significant number of genes. Analyzing real biological data further demonstrates that the inclusion of additional taxa leads to more diverse tree topologies. Consequently, gene trees and species trees may not be identical even when whole-genome sequencing data is utilized. However, it is worth noting that many gene trees can accurately reflect the species tree if an appropriate number of taxa, typically ranging from six to ten, are sampled. Therefore, it is crucial to carefully select the number of taxa and an appropriate outgroup, such as slow-evolving species, while excluding fast-evolving taxa as outgroups to mitigate the adverse effects of long-branch attraction and achieve an accurate reconstruction of the species tree. This is particularly important as more whole-genome sequencing data becomes available. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=novel%20measures%20of%20phylogenetic%20support%20for%20phylogenomic%20data" title="novel measures of phylogenetic support for phylogenomic data">novel measures of phylogenetic support for phylogenomic data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gene%20concordance%20factor%20confidence" title=" gene concordance factor confidence"> gene concordance factor confidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20gene%20support" title=" relative gene support"> relative gene support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internode%20certainty" title=" internode certainty"> internode certainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=origin%20of%20tetrapods" title=" origin of tetrapods"> origin of tetrapods</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179785/re-stating-the-origin-of-tetrapod-using-measures-of-phylogenetic-support-for-phylogenomic-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/179785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">532</span> Assessment of the Adoption and Distribution Pattern of Agroforestry in Faisalabad District Using GIS</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irfan%20Ahmad">Irfan Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raza%20Ghafoor"> Raza Ghafoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hammad%20Raza%20Ahmad"> Hammad Raza Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Asif"> Muhammad Asif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farrakh%20Nawaz"> Farrakh Nawaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Tahir%20Siddiqui"> M. Tahir Siddiqui</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the exploding population of Pakistan the pressure on natural forests is increasing to meet the demands of wood and wood based products. Agroforestry is being practiced throughout the world on scientific basis but unfortunately the farmers of Pakistan are reluctant in its adoption. The presents study was designed to assess the adoption of agroforestry practices in Faisalabad with respect to land holdings of farmers and future suitability by using Geographic information system (GIS). Faisalabad is the third largest city of the country and is famous due to the textile industry. A comprehensive survey from target villages of the Lyallpur town of Faisalabad district was carried out. Out of total 65 villages, 40 were selected for study. From each selected village, one farmer who was actively engaged in farming activities was selected. It was observed that medium sized farmers having 10-20 acre were more in number as compared to small and large farmers. Number of trees was found maximum in large farm lands, ratio of diseased trees was almost similar in all categories with maximum in small farmlands (24.1%). Regarding the future prospects 35% farmer were interested in agroforestry practices 65% were not interested in the promotion of trees due to the non-availability of technical guidance and proper markets. Geographic images of the study site can further help the researchers and policy makers in the promotion of agroforestry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agroforestry%20trends" title="agroforestry trends">agroforestry trends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adoption" title=" adoption"> adoption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faisalabad" title=" Faisalabad"> Faisalabad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geographic%20information%20system%20%28GIS%29" title=" geographic information system (GIS)"> geographic information system (GIS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37737/assessment-of-the-adoption-and-distribution-pattern-of-agroforestry-in-faisalabad-district-using-gis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37737.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">504</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">531</span> Analyzing the Efficiency of Several Gum Extraction Tapping Systems for Wood Apple Trees</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20K.%20D%20Weerasekara">K. M. K. D Weerasekara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20M.%20K.%20M%20Rathnayake"> R. M. K. M Rathnayake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20U.%20Halwatura"> R. U. Halwatura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Y.%20Jayasinghe"> G. Y. Jayasinghe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wood apple (Limonia acidissima L.) trees are native to Sri Lanka and India. Wood apple gum is widely used in the food, coating, and pharmaceutical industries. Wood apple gum was a major component in ancient Sri Lankan coating technology as well. It is also used as a suspending agent in liquid syrups and food ingredients such as sauces, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Industrial applications include adhesives for labeling and packaging, as well as paint binder. It is also used in the production of paper and cosmetics. Extraction of wood apple gum is an important step in ensuring maximum benefits for various uses. It is apparent that an abundance of untapped potential lies in wood apple gum if people are able to mass produce them. Hence, the current study uses a two-factor factorial design with two major variables and four replications to investigate the best gum-extracting tapping system for Wood apple gum. This study's findings will be useful to Wood apple cultivators, researchers, and gum-based industries alike. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wood%20apple%20gum" title="wood apple gum">wood apple gum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limonia%20acidissima%20l." title=" limonia acidissima l."> limonia acidissima l.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tapping" title=" tapping"> tapping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tapping%20cuts" title=" tapping cuts"> tapping cuts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174725/analyzing-the-efficiency-of-several-gum-extraction-tapping-systems-for-wood-apple-trees" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">530</span> Discerning Divergent Nodes in Social Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehran%20Asadi">Mehran Asadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afrand%20Agah"> Afrand Agah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In data mining, partitioning is used as a fundamental tool for classification. With the help of partitioning, we study the structure of data, which allows us to envision decision rules, which can be applied to classification trees. In this research, we used online social network dataset and all of its attributes (e.g., Node features, labels, etc.) to determine what constitutes an above average chance of being a divergent node. We used the R statistical computing language to conduct the analyses in this report. The data were found on the UC Irvine Machine Learning Repository. This research introduces the basic concepts of classification in online social networks. In this work, we utilize overfitting and describe different approaches for evaluation and performance comparison of different classification methods. In classification, the main objective is to categorize different items and assign them into different groups based on their properties and similarities. In data mining, recursive partitioning is being utilized to probe the structure of a data set, which allow us to envision decision rules and apply them to classify data into several groups. Estimating densities is hard, especially in high dimensions, with limited data. Of course, we do not know the densities, but we could estimate them using classical techniques. First, we calculated the correlation matrix of the dataset to see if any predictors are highly correlated with one another. By calculating the correlation coefficients for the predictor variables, we see that density is strongly correlated with transitivity. We initialized a data frame to easily compare the quality of the result classification methods and utilized decision trees (with k-fold cross validation to prune the tree). The method performed on this dataset is decision trees. Decision tree is a non-parametric classification method, which uses a set of rules to predict that each observation belongs to the most commonly occurring class label of the training data. Our method aggregates many decision trees to create an optimized model that is not susceptible to overfitting. When using a decision tree, however, it is important to use cross-validation to prune the tree in order to narrow it down to the most important variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=online%20social%20networks" title="online social networks">online social networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20mining" title=" data mining"> data mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20cloud%20computing" title=" social cloud computing"> social cloud computing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20and%20collaboration" title=" interaction and collaboration"> interaction and collaboration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129011/discerning-divergent-nodes-in-social-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">529</span> A Relative Analysis of Carbon and Dust Uptake by Important Tree Species in Tehran, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahar%20Elkaee%20Behjati">Sahar Elkaee Behjati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air pollution, particularly with dust, is one of the biggest issues Tehran is dealing with, and the city's green space which consists of trees has a critical role in absorption of it. The question this study aimed to investigate was which tree species the highest uptake capacity of the dust and carbon have suspended in the air. On this basis, 30 samples of trees from two different districts in Tehran were collected, and after washing and centrifuging, the samples were oven dried. The results of the study revealed that Ulmus minor had the highest amount of deposited dust in both districts. In addition, it was found that in Chamran district Ailanthus altissima and in Gandi district Ulmus minor has had the highest absorption of deposited carbon. Therefore, it could be argued that decision making on the selection of species for urban green spaces should take the above-mentioned parameters into account. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dust" title="dust">dust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leaves" title=" leaves"> leaves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uptake%20total%20carbon" title=" uptake total carbon"> uptake total carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tehran" title=" Tehran"> Tehran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tree%20species" title=" tree species"> tree species</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98035/a-relative-analysis-of-carbon-and-dust-uptake-by-important-tree-species-in-tehran-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98035.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">528</span> Machine Learning Classification of Fused Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Image Data Towards Mapping Fruit Plantations in Highly Heterogenous Landscapes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yingisani%20Chabalala">Yingisani Chabalala</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elhadi%20Adam"> Elhadi Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20Adem%20Ali"> Khalid Adem Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mapping smallholder fruit plantations using optical data is challenging due to morphological landscape heterogeneity and crop types having overlapped spectral signatures. Furthermore, cloud covers limit the use of optical sensing, especially in subtropical climates where they are persistent. This research assessed the effectiveness of Sentinel-1 (S1) and Sentinel-2 (S2) data for mapping fruit trees and co-existing land-use types by using support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) classifiers independently. These classifiers were also applied to fused data from the two sensors. Feature ranks were extracted using the RF mean decrease accuracy (MDA) and forward variable selection (FVS) to identify optimal spectral windows to classify fruit trees. Based on RF MDA and FVS, the SVM classifier resulted in relatively high classification accuracy with overall accuracy (OA) = 0.91.6% and kappa coefficient = 0.91% when applied to the fused satellite data. Application of SVM to S1, S2, S2 selected variables and S1S2 fusion independently produced OA = 27.64, Kappa coefficient = 0.13%; OA= 87%, Kappa coefficient = 86.89%; OA = 69.33, Kappa coefficient = 69. %; OA = 87.01%, Kappa coefficient = 87%, respectively. Results also indicated that the optimal spectral bands for fruit tree mapping are green (B3) and SWIR_2 (B10) for S2, whereas for S1, the vertical-horizontal (VH) polarization band. Including the textural metrics from the VV channel improved crop discrimination and co-existing land use cover types. The fusion approach proved robust and well-suited for accurate smallholder fruit plantation mapping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smallholder%20agriculture" title="smallholder agriculture">smallholder agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruit%20trees" title=" fruit trees"> fruit trees</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20fusion" title=" data fusion"> data fusion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20agriculture" title=" precision agriculture"> precision agriculture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183366/machine-learning-classification-of-fused-sentinel-1-and-sentinel-2-image-data-towards-mapping-fruit-plantations-in-highly-heterogenous-landscapes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/183366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">54</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">527</span> Heat Stress Adaptive Urban Design Intervention for Planned Residential Areas of Khulna City: Case Study of Sonadanga</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanjil%20Sowgat">Tanjil Sowgat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shamim%20Kobir"> Shamim Kobir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> World is now experiencing the consequences of climate change such as increased heat stress due to high temperature rise. In the context of changing climate, this study intends to find out the planning interventions necessary to adapt to the current heat stress in the planned residential areas of Khulna city. To carry out the study Sonadanga residential area (phase I) of Khulna city has been taken as the study site. This residential neighbourhood covering an area of 30 acres has 206 residential plots. The study area comprises twelve access roads, one park, one playfield, one water body and two street furniture’s. This study conducts visual analysis covering green, open space, water body, footpath, drainage and street trees and furniture and questionnaire survey deals with socio-economic, housing tenancy, experience of heat stress and urban design interventions. It finds that the current state that accelerates the heat stress condition such as lack of street trees and inadequate shading, maximum uses are not within ten minutes walking distance, no footpath for the pedestrians and lack of well-maintained street furniture. It proposes that to adapt to the heat stress pedestrian facilities, buffer sidewalk with landscaping, street trees and open spaces, soft scape, natural and man-made water bodies, green roofing could be effective urban design interventions. There are evidences of limited number of heat stress adaptive planned residential area. Since current sub-division planning practice focuses on rigid land use allocation, it partly addresses the climatic concerns through creating open space and street trees. To better respond to adapt to the heat stress, urban design considerations in the context of sub-division practice would bring more benefits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20design" title=" urban design"> urban design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptation" title=" adaptation"> adaptation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20stress" title=" heat stress"> heat stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water-logging" title=" water-logging"> water-logging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49744/heat-stress-adaptive-urban-design-intervention-for-planned-residential-areas-of-khulna-city-case-study-of-sonadanga" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49744.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monumental%20trees&page=2" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monumental%20trees&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monumental%20trees&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">3</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=monumental%20trees&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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