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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1551" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1551"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 1551 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1551-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1552" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1552"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1552 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1552-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1553" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1553"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1553 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1553-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1554" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1554"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1554 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1554-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1555" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1555"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 1555 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1555-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1556" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1556"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1556 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1556-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1557" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1557"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 1557 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1557-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1558" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1558"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 1558 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1558-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.5 Unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongoing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongoing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.6 Ongoing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongoing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1559" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1559"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 1559 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1559-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–March_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–March_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.1 January–March </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–March_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-April–June_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#April–June_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.2 April–June </div> </a> <ul id="toc-April–June_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–September_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–September_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.3 July–September </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–September_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October–December_10" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December_10"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.4 October–December </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December_10-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown_9" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown_9"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.5 Date unknown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown_9-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Births </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">1550s</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" > 87 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1550" title="عقد 1550 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1550" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1550" title="Anyos 1550 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1550" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_del_1550" title="Década del 1550 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década del 1550" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-an" title="1550-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1550-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95" title="১৫৫০-এর দশক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৫৫০-এর দশক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1550 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1550 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%8F" title="1550-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1550-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%8F" title="1550-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1550-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-e" title="1550-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1550-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1550" title="Bloavezhioù 1550 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1550" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1550" title="Dècada del 1550 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1550" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1550-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1550-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550au" title="1550au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1550au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%27erne" title="1550'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1550'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1550" title="عوام 1550 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1550" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550er" title="1550er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1550er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550._aastad" title="1550. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1550. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1550" title="An 1550 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1550" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1550 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1550 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1550" title="Años 1550 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1550" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-aj_jaroj" title="1550-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1550-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550eko_hamarkada" title="1550eko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1550eko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B5%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۵۵۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۵۵۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%C3%A1rini" title="1550-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1550-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1550" title="Années 1550 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1550" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550id%C3%AD" title="1550idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1550idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550an" title="1550an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1550an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1550" title="Década de 1550 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1550" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1550年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1550年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1550년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1550년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1550a" title="Yari 1550a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1550a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-an" title="1550-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1550-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1550-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1550-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1551-1560" title="1551-1560 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1551-1560" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1550" title="Anni 1550 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1550" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-50_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-16" title="שנות ה-50 של המאה ה-16 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-50 של המאה ה-16" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-an" title="1550-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1550-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1550-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1550-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1550" title="Miaka ya 1550 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1550" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1550-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1550-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVI_am%C5%BEiaus_6-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XVI amžiaus 6-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XVI amžiaus 6-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1550" title="Anni 1550 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1550" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-es_%C3%A9vek" title="1550-es évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1550-es évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1550-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1550-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १५५० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १५५० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1550-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1550-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1550" title="عقد 1550 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1550" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-an" title="1550-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1550-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1550 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1550 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-1559" title="1550-1559 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1550-1559" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1550年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1550年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%C3%A5rene" title="1550-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1550-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1550" title="Annaées 1550 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1550" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1550" title="Ans 1550 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1550" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="1550 ийла – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1550 ийла" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-lar" title="1550-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1550-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1550 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1550 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1550" title="Década de 1550 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1550" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1550" title="Anii 1550 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1550" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_watakuna" title="1550 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1550 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1550-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1550-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%81" title="1550-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1550-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550s" title="1550s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1550s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1550" title="Vitet 1550 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1550" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550ini" title="1550ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1550ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550s" title="1550s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1550s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/50._roky_16._storo%C4%8Dia" title="50. roky 16. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="50. roky 16. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550." title="1550. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1550." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A5%D9%A5%D9%A0%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="١٥٥٠کان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٥٥٠کان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D0%B5" title="1550-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1550-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-e" title="1550-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1550-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-an" title="1550-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1550-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-luku" title="1550-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1550-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-talet" title="1550-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1550-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1550கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1550கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1550-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1550-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1550" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1550 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1550" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1550_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1550 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1550 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1550ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1550ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1550-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1550-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1550ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1550ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1550" title="Thập niên 1550 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1550" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1550" title="Anêyes 1550 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1550" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550_nga_dekada" title="1550 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1550 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1550年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1550年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1550年代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1550年代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1550年代 – Chinese" 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centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1530s" title="1530s">1530s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1540s" title="1540s">1540s</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1550s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1560s" title="1560s">1560s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1570s" title="1570s">1570s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1550" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1550">1550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1551" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1552" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1552">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1553" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1554" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1554">1554</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1555" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1556">1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1557" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1558" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1559" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1559">1559</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_births" title="Category:1550s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_deaths" title="Category:1550s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_by_country" title="Category:1550s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_establishments" title="Category:1550s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_disestablishments" title="Category:1550s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG/280px-1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG/420px-1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG/560px-1555-56_CE_World_Map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the world in 1556</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/220px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/330px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/440px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>January 23, 1556: <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanxi earthquake">Shaanxi earthquake</a>, devastation kills 830,000 in China.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1550">1550</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1550&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – Spanish Captain <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Santana" title="Hernando de Santana">Hernando de Santana</a> founds the city of <a href="/wiki/Valledupar" title="Valledupar">Valledupar</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – After a <a href="/wiki/1549%E2%80%931550_papal_conclave" title="1549–1550 papal conclave">10-week conclave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to elect a new Pope, Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, Bishop of Palestrina, is selected on the 61st ballot after <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> of England falls two votes short of winning. Ciocchi del Monte takes the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> and is crowned the next day, succeeding the late <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – (10th day of 2nd month of Tenbun 19) In <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_(city)" title="Ōita (city)">Oita</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_Prefecture" title="Ōita Prefecture">Ōita Prefecture</a>, an attack within the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_clan" title="Ōtomo clan">Ōtomo clan</a> of Japanese samurai takes place after clan leader Ōtomo Yoshikazu seeks to disinherit his oldest son and to make his third son, Ōtomo Shioichimaru, as his designated successor. Supporters of the oldest son, <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Ctomo_S%C5%8Drin" title="Ōtomo Sōrin">Ōtomo Yoshishige</a>, invade Yoshikazu's home and kill Shioichimaru and four other family members.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Battle of Penco</a> – Several hundred <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> and indigenous troops under the command of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> defeat an army of 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> is founded by 30 families sent from <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – "<a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>": England and France sign the Treaty of Boulogne, by which England withdraws from <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a> in France and returns territorial gains in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_School" title="Sherborne School">Sherborne School</a> in England is refounded by King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Valladolid_debate" title="Valladolid debate">Valladolid debate</a> on the rights and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> by their Spanish conquerors opens at the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Gregorio" title="Colegio de San Gregorio">Colegio de San Gregorio</a> in <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs#Toungoo_(1510–1752)" title="List of Burmese monarchs">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a> of Burma is assassinated by two of his bodyguards while he is on a hunting trip. The two swordsmen, sent by <a href="/wiki/Smim_Sawhtut" title="Smim Sawhtut">Smim Sawhtut</a>, Governor of Sittaung, behead the King, and a civil war begins as major governors rebel against the new Burmese King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – Italian Protestant <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Florio" title="Michelangelo Florio">Michelangelo Florio</a>, jailed since 1548 before being brought to trial for and sentenced to death for heresy, escapes from prison and is able flee to France.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Vestments_controversy" title="Vestments controversy">vestments controversy</a> is resolved in the Church of England with a compromise on the style of clothing worn by Anglican priests. <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hopper</a> is allowed ordination as the Bishop of Gloucester without being required to wear Anglican vestments, but must not forbid anyone in his bishoporic from wearing the vestments if they wish.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – The Spanish Catalan city of <a href="/wiki/Cullera" title="Cullera">Cullera</a> is plundered by the Ottoman Empire General <a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut Reis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and most of its inhabitants are sold into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_12" title="June 12">June 12</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> but known as Helsingfors in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> at this time) is founded by King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Capture of Mahdia (1550)</a>: The Spanish Armada arrives in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> to begin the process of capturing the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>) from control of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Duro-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a> (Jesuits) is approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">Capture of Mahdia (1550)</a>: Troops commanded by Ottoman General Turgut Reis make a counterattack on the Spanish invaders, led by General Andrea Doria. Both sides sustain heavy losses, and the Spanish succeed in forcing the Ottomans to retreat back inside Mahdia.<a href="#cite_note-Duro-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santa_Catalina" title="University of Santa Catalina">University of Santa Catalina</a> is authorized in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> by a canonical bull from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> (5th waning of Tawthalin 912 ME) – King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> of <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> begins a four-month siege of the former Burmese capital, <a href="/wiki/Toungoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo">Toungoo</a>, occupied by the king's rebellious brother <a href="/wiki/Minkhaung" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkhaung">Minkhaung</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – Spanish troops, commanded by Genoa's General <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdia_(1550)" title="Capture of Mahdia (1550)">capture the Tunisian fortress</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mahdia" title="Mahdia">Mahdia</a> from the Ottoman Empire after fighting that began on June 28.<a href="#cite_note-Duro-15">[15]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sau%C3%B0afell" title="Battle of Sauðafell">Battle of Sauðafell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Da%C3%B0i_Gu%C3%B0mundsson" title="Daði Guðmundsson">Daði Guðmundsson</a> of Snóksdalur defeats the forces of Catholic Bishop <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason" title="Jón Arason">Jón Arason</a>, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Reformation" title="Icelandic Reformation">Iceland becoming fully Protestant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Arason is captured; he is executed, along with his two sons, on November 7.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Velasco,_2nd_Viceroy_of_New_Spain" title="Luis de Velasco, 2nd Viceroy of New Spain">Luis de Velasco</a> becomes the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a>, which encompasses all Spanish territory in North America and Central America. Velasco succeeds <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the first Viceroy, who has been ordered to become the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Peru">Viceroy of Peru</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_VII_of_Kotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte">Bhuvanaikabahu VII</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a> on most of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, is assassinated by a gunman hired by the government of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> crosses the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and besieges <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, burning the suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Summit_level_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit level canal">summit level canal</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Alster" title="Alster">Alster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trave" title="Trave">Trave</a> in Germany ceases to be navigable.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li>The first grammatical description of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> is published by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Maigret_(grammarian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Maigret (grammarian)">Louis Maigret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li> <li>The first book in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechismus">Catechismus</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> reformer <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a>, is printed in <a href="/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall" title="Schwäbisch Hall">Schwäbisch Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostradamus" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a>' first <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> is written.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li> <li>Approximate date – The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> stimulates silver rushes.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1551">1551</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1551&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_2"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Spinola_(1489%E2%80%931579)" title="Luca Spinola (1489–1579)">Luca Spinola</a> is elected to a two-year term as the new <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Grimaldi_Bracelli" title="Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli">Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> (5th waxing of Tabodwe 912 ME) – King <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> of Burma is successful in capturing his ancestral city of <a href="/wiki/Toungoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo">Toungoo</a> from his rebellious half-brother <a href="/wiki/Minkhaung_II_of_Toungoo" title="Minkhaung II of Toungoo">Minkhaung II</a>, and sets about to make Toungoo the capital for the first time since 1539.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Minkhaung is forgiven by King Bayinnaung rather than being executed, and assists in the King's campaign to capture the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Kingdom of Prome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a>– <a href="/wiki/Macarius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow</a>, and Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV of Russia</a> preside over the reforming <a href="/wiki/Stoglavy_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoglavy Synod">Stoglavy Synod</a> ("Hundred-Chapter") church council.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code (<a href="/wiki/Stoglav" title="Stoglav">Stoglav</a>) are introduced.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_Arden" title="Alice Arden">Alice Arden</a> and her lover, Richard Mosbey, carry out the murder-for-hire of her husband, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arden" title="Thomas Arden">Thomas Arden</a> of Faversham with the assistance of a <a href="/wiki/Highwayman" title="Highwayman">highwayman</a> known as "Black Will", two of Arden’s domestic servants (Michael Saunderson and Elizabeth Stafford) and Mosbye's sister (Cicely Pounder). The body is carried outside, and Thomas is reported as missing, but a discovery is made that the murder was committed inside the house. The conspirators are later executed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a>– At the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Tsar Ivan IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macarius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow">the Metropolitan Macarius</a>, present the proposed code of laws, drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Stoglavy_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoglavy Synod">Stoglavy Synod</a>, to the clergy, nobility and principal Russian citizens for their approval.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – French mechanical engineer <a href="/wiki/Aubin_Olivier" title="Aubin Olivier">Aubin Olivier</a> becomes the director of the new Royal Mint, the Moulin des Etuves on the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9" title="Île de la Cité">Île de la Cité</a> in Paris after having learned the technique of producing uniform <a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">milled coinage</a> during a sabbatical in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_2"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, issues an edict to reduce tensions among the three major ethnic groups in the Kingdom of Hungary, with an administration to have equal representation of for ethnic Hungarians, Slovaks and Germans.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> reconvenes by order of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> after having been adjourned on September 17, <a href="/wiki/1549" title="1549">1549</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_San_Marcos" title="National University of San Marcos">National University of San Marcos</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a>, being the first officially established university in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_27" title="May 27">May 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: A defensive alliance, placing the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma_and_Piacenza" title="Duchy of Parma and Piacenza">Duchy of Parma and Piacenza</a> under the protection of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, is signed between representatives of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>, placing Parma under French protection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ilie_II_Rare%C8%99" title="Ilie II Rareș">Ilie II Rareș</a>, Ruler of Moldavia since 1556, is forced by the Ottoman Empire to abdicate the throne.<a href="#cite_note-Unsprung-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – With the approval of the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, Prince Ilie's brother <a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_VI_Rare%C8%99" title="Ștefan VI Rareș">Ștefan VI Rareș</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Moldavia" title="List of monarchs of Moldavia">Prince of Moldavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unsprung-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Edict of Châteaubriant">Edict of Châteaubriant</a> is promulgated in France by King Henri II, providing for an increasingly severe series of measures in the Roman Catholic Kingdom to be taken against Protestants, considered to be <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_2"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – The fifth, and final outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Sweating_sickness" title="Sweating sickness">sweating sickness</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> reaches <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, as documented by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Machyn" title="Henry Machyn">Henry Machyn</a> in his diary, and continues until July 19. Machyn notes that "ther ded from the vii day of July unto the xix ded of the swett in London of all dyssesus viij/c, iij/xx and xij and no more in alle, and so the chanseller is sertefiyd." ("There died from the 7th day of July unto the 19th dead of the sweat in London of all diseases 8 hundred, 3 score and 12 [i.e., 872], and no more in all, and so the Chancellor is certified.")<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Caius" title="John Caius">John Caius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a> writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_regents" title="List of Spanish regents">regency over the Kingdom of Spain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Austria,_Holy_Roman_Empress" title="Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress">Archduchess Maria</a> and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Maximilian of Austria</a>, ends after almost three years when Maria's brother <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Crown Prince Philip</a> returns to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Philip resumes his role as regent for <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">King Charles I</a>, the father of both Maria and Philip; Maria and Maximilian had served during the absence of both the King and the Crown Prince starting on October 1, 1548.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> invade the Mediterranean island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>), and enslave almost all of its 6,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Badger-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Weissenburg" title="Treaty of Weissenburg">Treaty of Weissenburg</a> goes into effect as <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Sigismund Zápolya">John Sigismund Zápolya</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">King of Hungary</a> since 1540, abdicates in favor of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Ferdinand of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In addition, the independent Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Jagiellon" title="Isabella Jagiellon">Isabella Jagiellon</a>, is ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> as part of peace with Ferdinand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – With the surrender of the island of Gozo, the Ottoman place 6,000 survivors on ships and transporting them to <a href="/wiki/Tarhuna_Wa_Msalata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarhuna Wa Msalata">Tarhuna Wa Msalata</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>), where they are sold into slavery. The only natives left on the island are 300 persons who escaped the citadel and 41 elderly residents.<a href="#cite_note-Badger-39">[39]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> ends, with the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Knights of Malta</a> surrendering <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_30" title="August 30">August 30</a> (1st waxing of <a href="/wiki/Thadingyut" title="Thadingyut">Thadingyut</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">913 ME</a>)– King Bayinnaung of Burma conquers the rebellious <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Prome" title="List of rulers of Prome">Kingdom of Prome</a> (with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Pyay" title="Pyay">Pyay</a>) and kills the rebel Thado Thu, a former servant who had proclaimed himself as <a href="/wiki/Thado_Dhamma_Yaza_I_of_Prome" title="Thado Dhamma Yaza I of Prome">King Thado Dhamma Yaza</a> after the 1550 assassination of King <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_Mexico" title="Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico">Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>), being the second officially established university in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – (1st day of 9th month of <a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun</a> 21) <a href="/wiki/Tainei-ji_incident" title="Tainei-ji incident">Tainei-ji incident</a>: A coup in <a href="/wiki/Yamaguchi_(city)" title="Yamaguchi (city)">Yamaguchi</a>, by the military establishment of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_clan" title="Ōuchi clan">Ōuchi clan</a>, forces their lord <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshitaka" title="Ōuchi Yoshitaka">Ōuchi Yoshitaka</a> to commit suicide, and the city is burned.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_2"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, Earl of Warwick</a>, de facto <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, is created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Duke of Northumberland">Duke of Northumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – The Office of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a>, the second highest position in the Roman Catholic Church after the Pope, is created to temporarily fill the vacancy between the death of one Pontiff and the election of another. Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Dandini_(cardinal)" title="Girolamo Dandini (cardinal)">Girolamo Dandini</a> is appointed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> to serve as the first Secretary of State.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Martinuzzi" title="George Martinuzzi">George Martinuzzi</a>, the Hungarian Archbishop of Esztergom and the Governor of Transylvania, is assassinated by Marco Aurelio Ferrari on orders of Ferdinand, King of Hungary. Martinuzzi had been suspected of treason after attempting to negotiate a separate peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_2"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1551&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Qizilbash forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> raid and destroy the cave monastery of <a href="/wiki/Vardzia" title="Vardzia">Vardzia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province, China, during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a metre of water). In the fall, a large <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a> demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a>. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years <a href="/wiki/1528" title="1528">1528</a>, <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>, <a href="/wiki/1539" title="1539">1539</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, Guta (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%A1rovo" title="Kolárovo">Kolárovo</a>) receives town status.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> founds a sugar <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Betanzos" title="Juan de Betanzos">Juan de Betanzos</a> begins to write his Narrative of the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a>.</li> <li>The new edition of the <a href="/wiki/Genevan_psalter" class="mw-redirect" title="Genevan psalter">Genevan psalter</a>, Pseaumes octantetrois de David, is published, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bourgeois_(composer)" title="Louis Bourgeois (composer)">Louis Bourgeois</a> as supervising composer, including the first publication of the <a href="/wiki/Hymn_tune" title="Hymn tune">hymn tune</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_100th" title="Old 100th">Old 100th</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1552">1552</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1552&action=history">history</a>)</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae,_1769_-_2981432.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg/110px-Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg/165px-Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg/220px-Eustachi_-_Tabulae_anatomicae%2C_1769_-_2981432.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4613" data-file-height="6885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Eustachi" title="Bartolomeo Eustachi">Bartolomeo Eustachi</a> completes his Tabulae anatomicae.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_3"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice, Elector of Saxony</a>, sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chambord" title="Treaty of Chambord">Treaty of Chambord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> founds the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivia (city)">Valdivia</a>, as Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – The privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> are abolished in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> becomes the Third <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_3"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice, Elector of Saxony</a>, liberates <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> and sets about to capture <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Metz_Cathedral" title="Metz Cathedral">Metz Cathedral</a> is consecrated.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1552" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Uniformity 1552">Act of Uniformity</a> is given <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> and imposes use of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a> founds the city of <a href="/wiki/La_Imperial,_Chile" title="La Imperial, Chile">La Imperial, Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> enters the city of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, ceded to France by Saxony by the January 15 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chambord" title="Treaty of Chambord">Treaty of Chambord</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – The delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> adjourn for two years after learning that the Holy Roman Emperor is fleeing from Maurice of Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – Learning of the rapid approach of the Elector Maurice, the Emperor Charles V flees from <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> ahead of being captured.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> (14th waxing of Waso 914 <a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">ME</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Minye_Sithu_of_Martaban" title="Minye Sithu of Martaban">Minye Sithu</a> is appointed as the Burmese <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Martaban" title="List of rulers of Martaban">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Martaban" class="mw-redirect" title="Martaban">Martaban</a> by his older brother, <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>, King of Burma.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yuri_of_Uglich" title="Yuri of Uglich">Yuri of Uglich</a>, the only brother of the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, is placed in charge of Russia's domestic affairs as Ivan departs <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to lead 150,000 troops in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars#Wars_of_Ivan_II" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ernst_I_von_Mansfeld-Vorderort" title="Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort">Peter Ernst I von Mansfeld-Vorderort</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Luxembourg" title="List of governors of Luxembourg">Spanish Governor of Luxembourg</a>, is taken prisoner by France and remains captive for almost five years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> ship São João is wrecked off of the coast of South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> While 480 people survive initially, all but 25 of them die during the next 165 days while trying to reach the mouth of the Maputo River in what is now <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_3"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – In Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A9gely_Castle" title="Drégely Castle">Drégely Castle</a> is attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Captain <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Szondy" title="György Szondy">György Szondy</a> and c. 140 soldiers in the castle die, after 4 days of fighting against 8,000 Turkish raiders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Temesvar_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Temesvar (1552)">capture</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Temesvar">Temesvar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick,_Elector_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick, Elector of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_I_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp I of Hesse">Philipp I of Hesse</a>, taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> in <a href="/wiki/1546" title="1546">1546</a>, are released.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Passau" title="Peace of Passau">Peace of Passau</a> revokes the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a> of <a href="/wiki/1548" title="1548">1548</a>, and promises religious freedom to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> princes.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eger_(1552)" title="Siege of Eger (1552)">Siege of Eger</a> begins as thousands of Ottoman troops, led by General <a href="/wiki/Kara_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Kara Ahmed Pasha">Kara Ahmed Pasha</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> attack a greatly outnumbered force of Hungarian defenders, captained by <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Dob%C3%B3" title="István Dobó">István Dobó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Debatable_Lands" title="Debatable Lands">Debatable Lands</a> on the border of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> are divided between the two kingdoms by a commission creating the <a href="/wiki/Scots%27_Dike" title="Scots' Dike">Scots' Dike</a> in an unsuccessful attempt to halt lawlessness here, but giving both countries their modern borders.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_3"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan" title="Siege of Kazan">falls to troops</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – After heavy losses by the Ottoman Empire, the Siege of Eger in Hungary is broken off by the Ottomans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Radu_Ilie_Haid%C4%83ul" title="Radu Ilie Haidăul">Radu Ilie Haidăul</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> in what is now Romania after defeating Prince Mircea the Shepherd at the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_Prahova" title="Mănești, Prahova">battle of Mănești</a>. Prince Mircea retakes the throne seven months later.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Simeon Sulaka</a> arrives in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> from the Middle Eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> and brings a letter asking <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> to appoint him as the Patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, leader of the Chaldean Catholic Church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and top cleric of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, delivers the proposed <a href="/wiki/Forty-two_Articles" title="Forty-two Articles">Forty-two Articles</a> to the Privy Council of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">King Edward VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_26" title="December 26">December 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> issues a papal brief revoking resolutions passed by the colegii <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Papal State of Bologna</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_3"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1552&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Bur%C3%ADa" title="Miguel de Buría">Miguel de Buría</a> leads the first African rebellion in South America's history. This may be because Buría has more slaves than other regions in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, of which most join Miguel, and is still being contested between the Europeans and the natives, who also join his side. During this insurrection he takes over the Gold mines de San Felipe de Buría, established within the area with the consent of the Spanish Crown, to pull out the ore that was discovered in the Buria river, a task that heavily depends on slave work.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Red Sea Fleet attacks the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz</a>, but fails to capture it.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Eustachi" title="Bartolomeo Eustachi">Bartolomeo Eustachi</a> completes his Tabulae anatomicae, presenting his discoveries on the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> although, for fear of the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, it will not be published until <a href="/wiki/1714" title="1714">1714</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> founds 35 <a href="/wiki/Grammar_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammar schools in the United Kingdom">grammar schools</a> by royal charter,<a href="#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-5">[5]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Grammar_School" title="Leeds Grammar School">Leeds Grammar School</a> is also established.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1553">1553</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1553" title="1553">1553</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1553&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_4">January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Metz_(1552)" title="Siege of Metz (1552)">siege of Metz</a> in France, started by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%9359" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1551–59">Italian War of 1551–59</a> on October 19 last<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> is lifted after 75 days. During the city's defense by the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Duke of Guise</a> and 6,000 soldiers, Charles V had lost two-thirds of his original force of at least 20,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timmaraja_Wodeyar_II" title="Timmaraja Wodeyar II">Timmaraja Wodeyar II</a> becomes the sixth <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharaja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> (a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>), after the death of his father, the Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Chamaraja_Wodeyar_III" title="Chamaraja Wodeyar III">Chamaraja Wodeyar III</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – Lieutenant General Luis Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio temporarily serves as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">Spanish Viceroy of Naples</a> (in modern-day Italy) upon the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Álvarez de Toledo">Pedro Álvarez de Toledo</a>. Luis steps down after <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pacheco_de_Villena" title="Pedro Pacheco de Villena">Pedro Pacheco de Villena</a> is appointed as the new Viceroy in June.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – The second (and last) session of the Parliament of England during the reign of King Edward VI is opened by the King at Westminster and lasts until March 31. Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Dyer" title="James Dyer">James Dyer</a> serves during the session as Speaker of the House of Commons.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_4">April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shimun_VIII_Yohannan_Sulaqa" title="Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa">Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, is recognized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> as the Patriarch of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, receives its first <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> as a borough.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – Lady <a href="/wiki/Jane_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Grey">Jane Grey</a>, a 16-year-old first cousin of King Edward VI of England, marries <a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Lord Guildford Dudley</a>, son of the <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">Duke of Northumberland</a>, who has engineered the marriage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – The first of the five <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Kawanakajima" title="Battles of Kawanakajima">Battles of Kawanakajima</a>, the "Battle of the Fuse," commences in Japan between <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Shingen" title="Takeda Shingen">Takeda Shingen</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kai_Province" title="Kai Province">Kai Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uesugi_Kenshin" title="Uesugi Kenshin">Uesugi Kenshin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Echigo_Province" title="Echigo Province">Echigo Province</a>. The clash, fought 12 days after Shingen has taken <a href="/wiki/Katsurao_Castle" title="Katsurao Castle">Katsurao Castle</a>, takes place at a shrine of <a href="/wiki/Hachiman" title="Hachiman">Hachiman</a> (near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Yashiro,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" title="Yashiro, Hyōgo">Yashiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyōgo prefecture">Hyōgo prefecture</a>), is part of a major series of conflicts during the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – On his deathbed, King Edward summons prominent English judges and signs his devise of the throne to Lady Jane Grey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – Under threats from the Duke of Northumberland, the devise by King Edward to make Jane Grey the heir to the throne is signed by over 100 prominent persons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – Two new schools, <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Witley" title="King Edward's School, Witley">King Edward's School, Witley</a>, are created by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in accordance with the will of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a>, London, in existence since the 12th century, is named in the same charter.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_4">July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">King Edward VI of England</a> dies at the age of 15 after a reign of only six years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sievershausen" title="Battle of Sievershausen">Battle of Sievershausen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Prince-elector</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice of Saxony</a> defeats the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> forces of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a>. Maurice is mortally wounded.<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1999-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – Four days after the death of her cousin King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> is proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a> of England – a position she holds for the next nine days.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a> proclaims <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> the rightful <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen</a>, following a change of allegiance by the Privy Council; <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tallis2016-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_3" title="August 3">August 3</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> arrives in London from <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a>, is tried and convicted of treason for his role in putting his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a> enters the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and reaches <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He goes on afterwards to the court of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan IV of Russia">Ivan IV of Russia</a>, opening up trade between England and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Sadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadians">Sadians</a> consolidate their power in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, by defeating the last of their enemies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> in England are arrested, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> are restored.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_4">October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a>, oldest son of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, is executed in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> by order of his father.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva's</a> governing council <a href="/wiki/Execution_by_burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution by burning">burns</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a> at the stake as a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-michael-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, who had claimed the title of Queen of England for nine days, is convicted of <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>, along with her husband Lord Guilford Dudley, two of Dudley's brothers, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, after trial conducted by a special commission at <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Referred to by the court as "Jane Dudley, wife of Guildford", Lady Jane is found to have treacherously assumed the title and the power of the monarch of England, as evidenced by a number of documents she had signed as "Jane the Quene". All five defendants are sentenced to death. Beheading is the sentence for the men, while Lady Jane is to either be "burned alive on <a href="/wiki/Tower_Hill" title="Tower Hill">Tower Hill</a> or beheaded as the Queen pleases", with the decision (for a private decapitation) to be made by Queen Mary.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – A delegation from the English Parliament formally asks the new queen, Mary I, to choose an English husband rather than to marry Spain's <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Prince Philip</a>, and suggests <a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Queen Mary's choice to marry Philip, in the interests of protecting England from an invasion, will ultimately lead to <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> (13th waxing of Natdaw 915 ME) – <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>, King of Burma, commissions the building of the <a href="/wiki/Kanbawzathadi_Palace" title="Kanbawzathadi Palace">Kanbawzathadi Palace</a> in his capital, <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Pegu</a> (modern-day Bago in Myanmar).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The palace is completed in 1556 but is burned down in 1599.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a>, signs a secret treaty with <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a> to bring it back into the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Margrave_War" title="Second Margrave War">Second Margrave War</a>: The city of <a href="/wiki/Kulmbach" title="Kulmbach">Kulmbach</a>, near Brandenburg in Bavaria in Germany, is sacked and burned to the ground after its margrave, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert Alcibiades</a>, makes an unsuccessful attempt to bring all of the Duchy of Franconia under his control.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Battle of Tucapel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> rebels under <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a> defeat the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a>, and execute <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Royal_Governor_of_Chile" title="Royal Governor of Chile">Royal Governor of Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_4">Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1553&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonbridge_School" title="Tonbridge School">Tonbridge School</a> is founded by Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Judde" title="Andrew Judde">Andrew Judde</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneados" title="Eneados">The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose Poete Virgill</a>, the first complete translation of any major work of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> into one of the <a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">English languages</a>, is published in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China: <ul><li>The addition of a new section of the <a href="/wiki/Beijing_city_fortifications#Outer_city" title="Beijing city fortifications">Outer City fortifications</a> is completed in southern Beijing, bringing the overall size of Beijing to 18 <a href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">square miles</a> (4662 <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> is fortified for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1554">1554</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1554&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_5"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – A great fire breaks out in <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, Netherlands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> (10th waxing of Tabodwe 915 ME) – <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> is crowned king of the Burmese <a href="/wiki/Taungoo_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Taungoo Dynasty">Taungoo Dynasty</a> at his new capital at <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Pegu</a>, after a previous coronation on January 11, 1551, and takes the regnal name of Thiri Thudhamma Yaza.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="Edward Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">Edward Courtenay</a>, one of the four plotters of <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a> in England, is arrested and reveals that an attempt will be made to overthrow the English government.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a>, is founded.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a> begins in England at <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger" title="Thomas Wyatt the Younger">Sir Thomas Wyatt</a> reads a proclamation that Queen Mary of England’s marriage to King Philip of Spain will "bring upon this realm most miserable servitude, and establish popish religion". Within two days, Wyatt has raised 2,000 soldiers to join his plan to overthrow Queen Mary.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk">Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk</a>, one of the English conspirators in Wyatt's rebellion, leads troops from <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, but the group finds that the gates of the city are closed because the rebellion has been exposed.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger" title="Thomas Wyatt the Younger">Thomas Wyatt</a> surrenders to government forces in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Palmer1992-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – After claiming the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> the previous year, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> is beheaded for treason.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – Princess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a> is imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> on charges of working with the organizers of <a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a> for the overthrow of Queen Mary of England.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_5"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a> of Scotland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a> is released from the Tower of London, although she continues to be confined at home after she is cleared of suspicion of conspiracy to overthrow the government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – Italian General <a href="/wiki/Piero_Strozzi" title="Piero Strozzi">Piero Strozzi</a> successfully defends an attack on the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a> by French troops, led by <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> at the battle of <a href="/wiki/Pontedera" title="Pontedera">Pontedera</a>, but suffers a tremendous loss of his own troops in the process.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_5"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a>– Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary_I_of_England_and_Philip_of_Spain" title="Wedding of Mary I of England and Philip of Spain">marries</a> King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Prince Philip of Naples</a>, the only son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> and heir to the throne of Spain, at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_Cathedral" title="Winchester Cathedral">Winchester Cathedral</a> just two days after their first meeting.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marciano" title="Battle of Marciano">Battle of Marciano</a>: <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Senese</a>–French forces are defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Renty" title="Battle of Renty">Battle of Renty</a>: French forces led by <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a> turn back an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, by Charles V.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> (Shawwal 15, 961 AH) – At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tadla" title="Battle of Tadla">Battle of Tadla</a> in Morocco, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed ash-Sheikh">Mohammed ash-Sheikh</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> enters the city of Fez and becomes the undisputed sultan. <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abu_Hassun" title="Ali Abu Hassun">Ali Abu Hassun</a>, last ruler of the Wattasid dynasty, flees.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_5"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – In Peru, an 11-month long rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Gir%C3%B3n" title="Francisco Hernández Girón">Francisco Hernández Girón</a> is ended at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cusco#Civil_wars_(1538-1554)" title="History of Cusco">Battle of Pucará</a> with the rebels defeated by the Viceroy of Peru near <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cuzco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Plassenburg" title="Plassenburg">Plassenburg</a> castle in Bavaria, residence of the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ansbach" title="Principality of Ansbach">Principality of Ansbach</a>, is destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Margrave_War" title="Second Margrave War">Second Margrave War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – English captain <a href="/wiki/John_Lok" title="John Lok">John Lok</a>, commanding three ships (the Trinitie, the Bartholomew and the John Evangelist), departs from Dartmouth in England to voyage to the <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(region)" title="Guinea (region)">Guinea Coast</a> at West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Hakluyt-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-tts245-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_22" title="November 22">November 22</a> – Upon the death of his father, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Islam_Shah_Suri" title="Islam Shah Suri">Islam Shah Suri</a>, 10-year-old <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Suri" title="Firuz Shah Suri">Firuz Shah Suri</a> becomes the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, but he is murdered within a few days.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – The John Lok expedition reaches <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, anchoring at the Sesto River and remains for seven days to begin trading.<a href="#cite_note-Hakluyt-96">[96]</a>"<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_5"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1554&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a> becomes the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi</a> conquers the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Fez">Kingdom of Fez</a>.</li> <li>Exact center year of <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>.</li> <li>The name of the beer brewed by <a href="/wiki/New_Belgium_Brewing_Company" title="New Belgium Brewing Company">New Belgium Brewing Company</a> is based on a recipe from this date, called "1554."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Chinese_agreement_(1554)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso-Chinese agreement (1554)">Luso-Chinese agreement</a>: Portugal reaches an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> of China, to be allowed to legally trade in the province of Guangdong. This agreement is often seen as a starting point of the Portuguese colony of Macau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Surjan_Singh" title="Rao Surjan Singh">Rao Surjan Singh</a> becomes ruler of <a href="/wiki/Bundi_State" title="Bundi State">Bundi</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1555">1555</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1555&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_6"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a> falls.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Augsburg" title="Diet of Augsburg">Diet of Augsburg</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a> is <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned at the stake</a> at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield, London</a>, becoming the first of the 284 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation</a> to be killed during the five and one-half year reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBH-100">[100]</a> His death is followed within the week by that of <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Saunders" title="Laurence Saunders">Laurence Saunders</a> on February 8 in <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Taylor" title="Rowland Taylor">Rowland Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">Rector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Suffolk" title="Hadleigh, Suffolk">Hadleigh, Suffolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, deposed <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Gloucester" title="Bishop of Gloucester">Bishop of Gloucester</a> on February 9.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a> is chartered in England to trade with the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a> negotiates with the Tsar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Venezuela" title="Valencia, Venezuela">Valencia, Venezuela</a>, is founded by Captain Alonso Díaz Moreno.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_6"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a>, who died on March 23, and takes the name of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus II</a> as the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – After 18 months of siege, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a> surrenders to the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Imperial</a> army.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – Foundation of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Oxford" title="St John's College, Oxford">St John's College, Oxford</a>, England, to teach Catholic theology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_30" title="May 30">May 30</a> – Foundation of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College, Oxford</a>, England, to teach Catholic theology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15" title="May 15">May 15</a> – The <a href="/wiki/May_1555_papal_conclave" title="May 1555 papal conclave">conclave</a> opens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Carafa, the 223rd Pope, takes the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne d'Albret</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Queen of Navarre</a> upon the death of her father, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">King Henry II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Love2001-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1" title="June 1">June 1</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amasya">Treaty of Amasya</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a> concludes the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">Ottoman-Safavid War</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adil_Shah_Suri" title="Adil Shah Suri">Adil Shah Suri</a> becomes the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah Suri</a> is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_6"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghetto" title="Roman Ghetto">Roman Ghetto</a>, the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – England's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thirlby" title="Thomas Thirlby">Thomas Thirlby</a>, the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a>, returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> is signed between <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="/wiki/Schmalkaldic_League" title="Schmalkaldic League">Schmalkaldic League</a>, establishing the principle <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">Cuius regio, eius religio</a>, that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.</li> <li>September – The <a href="/wiki/1555_Kashmir_earthquake" title="1555 Kashmir earthquake">1555 Kashmir earthquake</a> causes widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_6"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> <ul><li>(1st day of 10th month <a href="/wiki/Tenbun" title="Tenbun">Tenbun 24</a>) – At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miyajima" title="Battle of Miyajima">Battle of Miyajima</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Mori_Motonari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mori Motonari">Mori Motonari</a> defeats <a href="/wiki/Sue_Harukata" title="Sue Harukata">Sue Harukata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></li> <li>The first two Protestant <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Martyrs" title="Oxford Martyrs">Oxford Martyrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a>, are burned at the stake in England.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> abdicates as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> and is succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – French Navy Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Durand_de_Villegaignon" title="Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon">Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon</a> leads a small fleet of two ships and 200 soldiers and colonists to take possession of <a href="/wiki/Villegagnon_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Villegagnon island">Serigipe Island</a>, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guanabara_Bay" title="Guanabara Bay">Guanabara Bay</a>, and builds <a href="/wiki/Fort_Coligny" title="Fort Coligny">Fort Coligny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> is officially removed from office as the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> by order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_11" title="December 11">December 11</a> – Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> is made a cardinal-priest in the Roman Catholic Church and made the administrator of the <a href="/wiki/See_of_Canterbury" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Canterbury">See of Canterbury</a> in England,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> though he will not become the new Archbishop of Canterbury until the following March 20.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_6"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1555&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> breaks a 60-year-old truce with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)">Sweden</a> by attacking Finland.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> resumes rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> collapses.</li> <li>English captain <a href="/wiki/John_Lok" title="John Lok">John Lok</a> returns from <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Eden_(translator)" title="Richard Eden (translator)">Richard Eden</a> publishes The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India, a translation into English of parts of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Martire_d%27Anghiera" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietro Martire d'Anghiera">Pietro Martire d'Anghiera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Decades_of_the_New_World" title="Decades of the New World">De orbe novo decades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a> work Natural hystoria de las Indias and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>;<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.</li> <li>Establishment in England of the following <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boston_Grammar_School" title="Boston Grammar School">Boston Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_School" title="Gresham's School">Gresham's School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Holt,_Norfolk" title="Holt, Norfolk">Holt, Norfolk</a> (founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Gresham" title="John Gresham">Sir John Gresham</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Grammar_School" title="Ripon Grammar School">Ripon Grammar School</a> (re-foundation).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Annyas" title="William Annyas">William Annyas</a> becomes the Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a>, Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Affairs1987-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlande_de_Lassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlande de Lassus">Orlande de Lassus</a>' first book of <a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigals</a> is published, in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1556">1556</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1556&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_7"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Yoshitatsu" title="Saitō Yoshitatsu">Saitō Yoshitatsu</a>, the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_D%C5%8Dsan" title="Saitō Dōsan">Saitō Dōsan</a>, arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> abdicates the thrones of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>, and retires to a monastery.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_23" title="January 23">January 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1556_Shaanxi_earthquake" title="1556 Shaanxi earthquake">Shaanxi earthquake</a>, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its <a href="/wiki/Epicenter" title="Epicenter">epicenter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – In India, at the <a href="/wiki/Sher_Mandal" title="Sher Mandal">Sher Mandal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Vaucelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Truce of Vaucelles">Truce of Vaucelles</a>: Fighting temporarily ends between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_14" title="February 14">February 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a> ascends the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> at age 13; he will rule until his death in <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>, by which time most of the north and centre of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> will be under his control.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a>, is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_7"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Shah of Iran</a> <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a>, becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his son <a href="/wiki/Ismail_II" title="Ismail II">Ismail II</a>, and sends Ismail to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to serve as the Iranian governor of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_M%C3%A1rkh%C3%A1zy" title="Pál Márkházy">Pál Márkházy</a> surrenders the Hungarian fortress at <a href="/wiki/Hajn%C3%A1%C4%8Dka" title="Hajnáčka">Ajnácskő</a> (now Hajnáčka in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> (20th day of 4th month of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji 2</a>) – In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nagara-gawa" title="Battle of Nagara-gawa">Battle of Nagara-gawa</a> takes place along the <a href="/wiki/Nagara_River" title="Nagara River">Nagara River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mino_Province" title="Mino Province">Mino Province</a> near what is now the <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Prefecture" title="Gifu Prefecture">Gifu Prefecture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_Yoshitatsu" title="Saitō Yoshitatsu">Saitō Yoshitatsu</a>, with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_D%C5%8Dsan" title="Saitō Dōsan">Saitō Dōsan</a>, who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_14" title="June 14">June 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Priuli" title="Lorenzo Priuli">Lorenzo Priuli</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Doges_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doges of Venice">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "<a href="/wiki/Stratford_Martyrs" title="Stratford Martyrs">Stratford Martyrs</a>", are burned at the stake at <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Stratford-le-Bow</a> near <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> after being convicted of heresy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_7"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kostajnica_Fortress" title="Kostajnica Fortress">Kostajnica Fortress</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> falls to the Ottoman Empire and remains under Turkish control for the next 132 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – Work begins on the <a href="/wiki/Peresopnytsia_Gospel" title="Peresopnytsia Gospel">Peresopnytsia Gospel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Monastery,_Iziaslav" title="Bernardine Monastery, Iziaslav">Monastery of the Holy Trinity</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, and continues for the next five years.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> abdicates his position as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in favor of his younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand, King of the Romans</a>. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – After <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> attempts to get <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henry II of France</a> to join him in an invasion of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Naples#The_Aragonese_period" title="History of Naples">Spanish-controlled Naples</a>, Spain's <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a> invades the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_7"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tughlaqabad" title="Battle of Tughlaqabad">Battle of Delhi</a> is fought in India, at <a href="/wiki/Tughlaqabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaqabad">Tughlaqabad</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> between forces of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (ruled by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Adil_Shah_(died_1557)" title="Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)">Muhammad Adil Shah</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> (ruled by <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar the Great</a>). General <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemchandra Vikramaditya</a> (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Tardi_Beg_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tardi Beg Khan">Tardi Beg Khan</a> within one day.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Second Battle of Panipat</a>: Fifty miles north of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> army defeats the forces of <a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a> and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s rule.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – The English ship Edward Bonadventure, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a> is wrecked on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pitsligo" title="Pitsligo">Pitsligo</a>, killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – In the Holy Roman Empire, the <a href="/wiki/Hofkriegsrat" title="Hofkriegsrat">Steter Kriegsrat</a> is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – The Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar</a> personally travels with <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah Suri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-r2-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Erd%C5%91dy" title="Péter Erdődy">Péter Erdődy</a> is appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia</a> after the death on September 7 of <a href="/wiki/Nikola_IV_Zrinski" title="Nikola IV Zrinski">Nikola IV Zrinski</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_7">Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1556&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The kings of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> take control of the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> region, including what is now the French <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nord_(French_department)" title="Nord (French department)">Nord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> are started in King's County (now <a href="/wiki/County_Offaly" title="County Offaly">County Offaly</a>) and Queen's County (now <a href="/wiki/County_Laois" title="County Laois">County Laois</a>), the earliest attempt at systematic <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in Ireland, by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> ruler Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a>.</li> <li>Future King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">Prince John</a>, younger son of King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Finland" title="Duke of Finland">Duke of Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> conquers <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, opening the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> to Russian traffic and trade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Welser" class="mw-redirect" title="Welser">Welser</a> banking families of <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a> lose colonial control of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>The false <a href="/wiki/Martin_Guerre" title="Martin Guerre">Martin Guerre</a> appears in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> village of Artigat.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in India is introduced by <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College,_Goa" title="Saint Paul's College, Goa">Saint Paul's College, Goa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1557">1557</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1557&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_8"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Giovanni_Chiavica_Cibo" title="Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo">Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo</a> becomes the new <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> for a term of 2 years as the term of the Doge <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Pinelli_Ardimenti" title="Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti">Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti</a> comes to an end.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_II_de_Coligny" title="Gaspard II de Coligny">Gaspard II de Coligny</a>, the French governor of <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a> (in northern France), launches surprise attacks on <a href="/wiki/Douai" title="Douai">Douai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais" title="Lens, Pas-de-Calais">Lens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> and captures both cities for France.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Dzierzgowski" title="Mikołaj Dzierzgowski">Mikołaj Dzierzgowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_archbishops_of_Gniezno_and_primates_of_Poland" title="List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland">Primate of Poland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a>, King of Burma and head of the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a>, conquers two the <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongmit_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongmit State">Mongmit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hsipaw_State" title="Hsipaw State">Hsipaw</a> in what is now northern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The event is later commemorated with an inscription on the <a href="/wiki/Shwezigon_Pagoda_Bell" title="Shwezigon Pagoda Bell">Shwezigon Pagoda Bell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> creates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – Delegates from Sweden, Finland and Russia arrive at <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> to negotiate <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1557)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1557)">a treaty to end</a> the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">war between the two empires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heininen-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – The Burmese conquest of the Shan States continues as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mongkawng" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongkawng">Mongkawng</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Mogaung" title="Mogaung">Mong Kawng</a>, falls to the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> invaders, five days after the March 6 surrender of the town of <a href="/wiki/Mohnyin" title="Mohnyin">Mong Yang</a>. The event is later commemorated on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Takeda_clan" title="Takeda clan">Takeda clan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Katsurayama" title="Siege of Katsurayama">besiege Katsurayama Castle</a> in eastern Japan.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The siege ends with the <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a> of the castle garrison, and the complete destruction of Katsurayama, allowing the Takeda to further expand in <a href="/wiki/Shinano_Province" title="Shinano Province">Shinano Province</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_8"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Novgorod_(1557)" title="Treaty of Novgorod (1557)">Treaty of Novgorod</a> between Sweden and Russia is put into effect as delegates kiss the cross, as demanded by the Tsar Ivan IV.<a href="#cite_note-Heininen-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Ecuador" title="Cuenca, Ecuador">Cuenca, Ecuador</a>, is founded.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – English aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stafford_(rebel)" title="Thomas Stafford (rebel)">Thomas Stafford</a> attempts a rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>, landing at <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough, North Yorkshire</a> with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel from <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself "Protector of the Realm".<a href="#cite_note-odnb-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland">Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland</a>, arrives in Scarborough and ends the Stafford rebellion, arresting Stafford and the small rebel force.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Battle of Mataquito</a>: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> forces of Governor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Villagra" title="Francisco de Villagra">Francisco de Villagra</a> launch a dawn surprise attack against the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> (headed by their <a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">toqui</a> <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>), in present-day <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Stationers' Company</a>, officially the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers, is granted a royal charter and a monopoly on the English publishing industry.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> For the next 150 years, the Stationers will regulate and censor the printing industry until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Copyright Act 1710</a> on April 10, 1710.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Shwezigon_Pagoda_Bell" title="Shwezigon Pagoda Bell">Shwezigon Pagoda Bell</a>, weighing 7,560 pounds (3,430 kg), is dedicated. The Bell, commissioned by King Bayinnaung and located in the Myanmar city of <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, bears a detailed inscription of the 16th century Burmese conquest of the Shan States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – English rebel Thomas Stafford and 32 of his followers are beheaded at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> after being convicted of treason.<a href="#cite_note-odnb-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – King Philip II of Spain signs a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to rule of the Principality of Piombino a bargain with Cosimo I de' Medici.<a href="#cite_note-:2-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_7" title="June 7">June 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> joins her husband <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, in his war against <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">Bible translation into English</a> (produced under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/William_Whittingham" title="William Whittingham">William Whittingham</a>, and printed in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a>), is published in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebastian,_King_of_Portugal" title="Sebastian, King of Portugal">Sebastião I</a> is crowned as the new <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">King of Portugal</a>, five days after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">King João III</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_18" title="June 18">June 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_martyrs_of_the_English_Reformation" title="List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation">Mass executions by burning at the stake</a> resume in England for Protestants convicted of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> under the law of England's Catholic ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>. On the first day, four women and three men are put to death at <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. The next day, at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Martyrs" title="Canterbury Martyrs">another seven prisoners are burned</a>. On June 22, <a href="/wiki/Lewes_Martyrs" title="Lewes Martyrs">ten more people</a> (six men and four women) burn at the stake at <a href="/wiki/Lewes" title="Lewes">Lewes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. In all, 24 people (12 men and 12 women) are killed in a five-day period<a href="#cite_note-Foxe-156">[156]</a></li> <li>By <a href="/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">1557 influenza pandemic</a>, probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_8"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – The small <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Presidi" title="State of the Presidi">Stato dei Presidi</a>, a 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi) section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, is created by a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo I de' Medici">Cosimo I de' Medici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_the_Florentine_Republic" title="Duke of the Florentine Republic">Duke of the Florentine Republic</a> and the future <a href="/wiki/List_of_grand_dukes_of_Tuscany" title="List of grand dukes of Tuscany">Grand Duke of Tuscany</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King Felipe II of Spain</a>. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Republic of Siena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_24" title="July 24">July 24</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Edict of Compiègne">Edict of Compiègne</a> is issued by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henri II of France</a>, providing for the death penalty to be applied to Protestants for a variety of crimes, including a relapse after having renounced Protestantism; unauthorized travel to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>; publication of Protestant books; possessing graven images; and unauthorized participation in Protestant religious gatherings, whether public or private.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Suri" title="Sikandar Shah Suri">Sikandar Shah Suri</a>, Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at <a href="/wiki/Mau,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Mau, Uttar Pradesh">Mau</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nurpur_kingdom" title="Nurpur kingdom">Nurpur kingdom</a> (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> allows Sikandar to live in exile in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Mal" title="Bakht Mal">Bakht Mal</a>, Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> and later beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">Battle of St. Quentin</a>: French forces under Marshal <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Montmorency" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne de Montmorency">Anne de Montmorency</a> are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English under <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy</a>, after a 17-day battle. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a>– The <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms</a> convenes in Germany as a dialog on religious issues between clerics of the German Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church.<a href="#cite_note-Wormer-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a>– The Spanish occupation of the Papal States is confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> signs a separate peace treaty, the Peace of Cave-Palestrina, with Spain's <a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a>, who has massed troops outside of Rome in preparationfor an attack.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_8"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Colloquy_of_Worms_(1557)" title="Colloquy of Worms (1557)">Colloquy of Worms</a> is adjourned with no resolution on reconciling the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, after the parties are unable to agree on the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">theological justification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wormer-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Shaykh" title="Mohammed al-Shaykh">Mohammed al-Shaykh</a>, Sultan of Morocco since 1549, is assassinated by Ottoman soldiers who had infiltrated the Moroccan army. The assassination comes on orders of the Ottoman sultan after Mohammed makes plans for an alliance with Spain against the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Mohammed is succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Ghalib" title="Abdallah al-Ghalib">Abdallah al-Ghalib</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> (27th day of the 10th month of <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_(Muromachi_period)" title="Kōji (Muromachi period)">Kōji 3</a>) – Prince Michihito of Japan becomes the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_%C5%8Cgimachi" title="Emperor Ōgimachi">Emperor Ōgimachi</a> almost two months after the September 27 death of his father, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_24" title="December 24">December 24</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Shepherd" title="Mircea the Shepherd">Mircea the Shepherd</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia"></a></li></ul><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia"></a><a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> for the third time, succeeding <a href="/wiki/P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu_the_Good" title="Pătrașcu the Good">Pătrașcu the Good</a>, who has died suddenly.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/December_30" title="December 30">December 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">Italian War of 1551–1559</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henri II of France</a>, through his ambassador <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cavenac_de_la_Vigne" title="Jean Cavenac de la Vigne">Jean Cavenac de la Vigne</a> sends a letter to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Sultan of the Ottoman Empire</a> for the dispatch of 150 Ottoman Navy ships to protect the French coast.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_8"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1557&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Özdemir Pasha conquers the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li>With the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">China</a>, and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> settle in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> (retroceded in <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>).<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Direct Sino-Portuguese trade has existed since <a href="/wiki/1513" title="1513">1513</a>, but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>, throwing the German banking houses into chaos.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>, is refounded by <a href="/wiki/John_Caius" title="John Caius">John Caius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li>The following schools are founded in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_School_(Brentwood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood School (Brentwood)">Brentwood School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, by Sir Antony Browne.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_School" title="Hampton School">Hampton School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton, London</a>, by Robert Hammond.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repton_School" title="Repton School">Repton School</a>, by <a href="/wiki/John_Port_(the_younger)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Port (the younger)">Sir John Port</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a>-born mathematician <a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a> publishes <a href="/wiki/The_Whetstone_of_Witte" title="The Whetstone of Witte">The Whetstone of Witte</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, containing the first recorded use of the <a href="/wiki/Equals_sign" title="Equals sign">equals sign</a>, and the first use in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plus_and_minus_signs" title="Plus and minus signs">plus and minus signs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">German</a> adventurer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Staden" title="Hans Staden">Hans Staden</a> publishes a widely translated account of his detention by the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tupí people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1558">1558</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1558&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_9"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_7" title="January 7">January 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> troops, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>, take <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, the last continental possession of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">Siege of Calais</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> begins.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – (16th day of 1st month of <a href="/wiki/Eiroku" title="Eiroku">Eiroku</a> 1) <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Shingen" title="Takeda Shingen">Takeda Shingen</a> becomes the <a href="/wiki/Shugo" title="Shugo">shugo</a> (military governor) of <a href="/wiki/Shinano_Province" title="Shinano Province">Shinano Province</a> after his successful military campaign there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" title="Pedro de Avendaño">Pedro de Avendaño</a>, with sixty men, captures <a href="/wiki/Caupolic%C3%A1n" title="Caupolicán">Caupolicán</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> Gran <a href="/wiki/Toqui" title="Toqui">Toqui</a>), who is leading their first revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> (near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihuala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihuala (page does not exist)">Antihuala</a>), encamped with a small band of followers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Pori" title="Pori">Pori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Björneborg) is founded by <a href="/wiki/Duke_John_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke John (Sweden)">Duke John</a> on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_9"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1558)" title="Siege of Thionville (1558)">siege of Thionville</a> in the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led by <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis, Duke of Guise">Francis, Duke of Guise</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Mary,_Queen_of_Scots,_and_Francis,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France">marries</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame de Paris">Notre Dame de Paris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_3" title="May 3">May 3</a> – The Imperial Diet of <a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="The Holy Roman Empire">the Holy Roman Empire</a> gives recognition to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a> as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – An armada of ships from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, dispatched by Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_the_Magnificent" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman the Magnificent">Suleyman the Magnificent</a> at the request of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a>, sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_23" title="June 23">June 23</a> – France is successful in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1558)" title="Siege of Thionville (1558)">siege of Thionville</a> in the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_9"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison at <a href="/wiki/Ciutadella_de_Menorca" title="Ciutadella de Menorca">Ciutadella de Menorca</a> at Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Battle of Gravelines</a>: Near the border between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> forces led by <a href="/wiki/Lamoral,_Count_of_Egmont" title="Lamoral, Count of Egmont">Lamoral, Count of Egmont</a>, and assisted by the <a href="/wiki/English_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="English Navy">English Navy</a>, inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Thermes" title="Paul de Thermes">Paul de Thermes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – The city of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a> (in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>) surrenders to <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – In Spain, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Carranza" title="Bartolomé Carranza">Bartolomé Carranza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Toledo" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo">Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo</a>, is arrested at <a href="/wiki/Torrelaguna" title="Torrelaguna">Torrelaguna</a> on orders of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Inquisitor#List_of_Spanish_Grand_Inquisitors" title="Grand Inquisitor">Grand Inquisitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Vald%C3%A9s_y_Salas" title="Fernando de Valdés y Salas">Fernando de Valdés y Salas</a>. Carranza is brought a prisoner to <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a> to face accusations of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> He remains in prison for eight years before being transferred to Rome for the Pope to hear his appeal.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_9"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Poland">Postal history of Poland</a>: King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> appoints an Italian merchant living in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> to organise a consolidated postal service in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Poland</a>, the origin of <a href="/wiki/Poczta_Polska" class="mw-redirect" title="Poczta Polska">Poczta Polska</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – On her deathbed, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary of England</a> designates her half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a>, as her successor.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Both Mary and Elizabeth are daughters of the late <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – The five <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Martyrs" title="Canterbury Martyrs">Canterbury Martyrs</a>, three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death for <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> during the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Queen Mary dies two days later, bringing an end to her campaign. During the final year of Mary's reign, 49 Protestants are burned at the stake and three others die in prison while awaiting execution.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> – Queen Mary, a devout Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> dies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sister <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth</a>, an adherent to the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a> in British history.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="1st Parliament of Elizabeth I">English Parliament</a> with orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unknown"> Unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>'s attack on female rulers, <a href="/wiki/The_First_Blast_of_the_Trumpet_Against_the_Monstruous_Regiment_of_Women" title="The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women">The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women</a>, is published anonymously from <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li>English explorer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Jenkinson" title="Anthony Jenkinson">Anthony Jenkinson</a> travels from Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tts247-189">[189]</a> He is the first Englishman to note that the <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> changed course, to start flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>Queen Elizabeth I of England grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Well,_Malvern" title="Holy Well, Malvern">Holy Well Spring</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a> in England.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ongoing"> Ongoing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1558&action=edit&section=T-6" title="Edit section: Ongoing">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1557_influenza_pandemic" title="1557 influenza pandemic">1557 influenza pandemic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1559">1559</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/1559" title="1559">1559</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1559&action=history">history</a>)</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="January–March_10"> January–March</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: January–March">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_15" title="January 15">January 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England is crowned</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> establishes the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">Act of Uniformity 1558</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy 1558</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> is reinstated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Gelawdewos of Ethiopia</a>, defending his lands against the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Nur_ibn_Mujahid" title="Nur ibn Mujahid">Nur ibn Mujahid</a>, Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, is killed in battle. His brother, <a href="/wiki/Menas_of_Ethiopia" title="Menas of Ethiopia">Menas</a>, succeeds him as king.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Conference_1559" title="Westminster Conference 1559">Westminster Conference 1559</a> opens at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> in London with nine leading Catholic churchmen, and nine Protestant reformers of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morrissey2011-192">[192]</a> The conference adjourns on April 3 for <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and never reconvenes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="April–June_10"> April–June</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: April–June">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_3" title="April 3">April 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Cateau_Cambr%C3%A9sis" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Cateau Cambrésis">Peace of Cateau Cambrésis</a>: After two days of negotiations, France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%9359" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1551–59">Italian War of 1551–59</a>. France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>), retaining only <a href="/wiki/Saluzzo" title="Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a>, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, and the formerly English town of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> returns from exile to Scotland, to become the leader of the beginning <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth of England</a> gives <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558" title="Act of Supremacy 1558">Act of Supremacy 1558</a> (requiring any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the English monarch as Supreme Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) and to the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558" title="Act of Uniformity 1558">Act of Uniformity 1558</a> (requiring all persons in England to attend Anglican services on penalty of a fine for noncompliance).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, the body of Dutch Anabaptist leader <a href="/wiki/David_Joris" title="David Joris">David Joris</a> is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>: A Protestant mob, incited by the preaching of John Knox, sacks <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and the 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Valois" title="Elisabeth of Valois">Elisabeth of Valois</a> are married in Spain, having married by proxy in January.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg/200px-Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg/300px-Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg/400px-Tournament_between_Henry_II_and_Lorges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>The fatal tournament between King Henry and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel, comte de Montgomery">Lord Montgomery</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">King Henry of France</a> participates in a <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> tournament at the <a href="/wiki/Place_des_Vosges" title="Place des Vosges">Place des Vosges</a> in Paris, where French nobles are celebrating the marriage of Princess Elisabeth to King Philip of Spain. During competition against <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Lorges,_Count_of_Montgomery" title="Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery">Gabriel de Lorges, Count of Montgomery</a>, commander of King Henry's bodyguards, the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Guards_(France)" title="Scottish Guards (France)">Garde Écossaise</a>, King Henry is struck in the eye by a splinter from Montgomery's lance and fatally injured.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Henry survives for 10 days without treatment until dying from <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July–September_10"> July–September</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit&section=T-3" title="Edit section: July–September">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a> becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II.<a href="#cite_note-Henry-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Guise" title="House of Guise">House of Guise</a> and the new king's mother <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> dispute control over the kingdom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Leith" title="Articles of Leith">Articles of Leith</a> are signed in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> between the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Congregation" title="Lords of the Congregation">Lords of the Congregation</a> and the Roman Catholic representatives the Scottish regent, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">King James V</a>, who is ruling on behalf of her daughter, the 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. The Lords, who have occupied Edinburgh since June, withdraw their troops in return for the Scottish crown's agreement to not interfere with the practice of Protestantism in Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> authorizes the creation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Douai" title="University of Douai">University of Douai</a> (which will later become the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lille" title="University of Lille">University of Lille</a>).<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – Led by Don <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Vera Cruz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</a>, founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (<a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> is founded in <a href="/wiki/1565" title="1565">1565</a>.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a>, leader of the Roman Catholic Church since 1555, dies at the age of 83 after a reign of four years. The office of the Pope remains vacant until almost the end of the year before a successor is chosen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> state is established by <a href="/wiki/Dravya_Shah" title="Dravya Shah">Dravya Shah</a>, beating local Khadka kings, which is the origin of the current country of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</a> – The <a href="/wiki/1559_papal_conclave" title="1559 papal conclave">papal conclave to elect a new pope</a> opens 18 days after the death of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> with 47 of the 55 Roman Catholic cardinals present.<a href="#cite_note-Salvador-199">[199]</a> The conclave lasts 101 days before a successor to Pope Paul is elected.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – Just weeks after arrival at <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>, the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a <a href="/wiki/Galleon" title="Galleon">galleon</a>, and grounds a <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravel</a>; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in <a href="/wiki/1561" title="1561">1561</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a> is crowned at <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_25" title="September 25">September 25</a> – At the age of 12, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Younger" title="Peter the Younger">Petru cel Tânăr</a> (Peter the Younger) is named as the new <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Wallachia" title="List of princes of Wallachia">Prince of Wallachia</a> at the capital, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgovi%C8%99te" title="Târgoviște">Târgoviște</a> (now in Romania) after the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/Mircea_the_Shepherd" title="Mircea the Shepherd">Mircea the Shepherd</a>. In response, members of Wallachian nobility (<a href="/wiki/Boyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyars">boyars</a>) opposed to Mircea's rule launch the first of three attempts to take the throne, fighting battles at Românești, Șerpătești and Boiani.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="October–December_10"> October–December</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit&section=T-4" title="Edit section: October–December">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – Backed by Ottoman Empire troops, the army of Wallachia defeats the boyars at the battle of Boiani. The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Ottoman central government</a> at Constantinople confirms Petru as the rightful ruler of the principality within the Empire.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Legnica" title="Frederick III of Legnica">Frederick III</a> is terminated from his post as <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Legnica" title="Duchy of Legnica">Duke of Legnica</a> on orders of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The Emperor Ferdinand orders Frederick placed under house arrest, and restores Frederick's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_XI_of_Legnica" title="Henry XI of Legnica">Henry XI</a> as Duke of Legnica.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – In Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Crichton_Castle" title="Crichton Castle">Crichton Castle</a>, home of the powerful <a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">Earl of Bothwell</a>, is besieged and captured in an attack by the <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_3rd_Earl_of_Arran" title="James Hamilton, 3rd Earl of Arran">Earl of Arran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – The Ottoman Empire ends its attempt to wrest control of the island of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> from Portuguese control, after a siege of Manama Castle that began on July 2.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – After a <a href="/wiki/1559_papal_conclave" title="1559 papal conclave">conclave of almost four months</a>, Giovanni Angelo Medici is elected as the 224th pope, and takes the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IV" title="Pope Pius IV">Pope Pius IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Salvador-199">[199]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Date_unknown_9"> Date unknown</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1559&action=edit&section=T-5" title="Edit section: Date unknown">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> is founded by <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li> <li>John Calvin publishes the final edition of the <a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> wins control of his native province of <a href="/wiki/Owari_Province" title="Owari Province">Owari</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Parma</a> becomes Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in place of her brother, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Nicot" title="Jean Nicot">Jean Nicot</a>, French ambassador to Portugal, introduces <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> to the French court in the form of <a href="/wiki/Snuff_(tobacco)" title="Snuff (tobacco)">snuff</a>, and describes its medicinal properties. The active ingredient in tobacco is later named "<a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>" in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> promulgates the Pauline Index, an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a>.</li> <li>The first generation of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> is completed, according to some historians.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>, <a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>, <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>, <a href="/wiki/1553" title="1553">1553</a>, <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>, <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>, <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>, <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>, <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1559" title="1559">1559</a></div> 1550 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg/110px-Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg/165px-Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg/220px-Paul_V_Caravaggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg/110px-Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg/165px-Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Ana_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Saint_Bartholomew" title="Anne of Saint Bartholomew">Anne of Saint Bartholomew</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg/110px-Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg/165px-Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg/220px-Charles_IX_of_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_18" title="January 18">January 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_Tamenobu" title="Tsugaru Tamenobu">Tsugaru Tamenobu</a>, Japanese daimyō (d. <a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hohenlohe-Neuenstein" title="Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein">Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein</a>, Dutch army commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Ligne,_2nd_Prince_of_Arenberg" title="Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg">Charles de Ligne, 2nd Prince of Arenberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Naccherino" title="Michelangelo Naccherino">Michelangelo Naccherino</a>, Italian sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Drury_(MP_for_Suffolk)" title="William Drury (MP for Suffolk)">William Drury</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1590" title="1590">1590</a>)<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_5" title="April 5">April 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pacheco" title="Andrés Pacheco">Andrés Pacheco</a>, Spanish churchman and theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Pace" title="Giulio Pace">Giulio Pace</a>, Italian philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_de_Vere,_17th_Earl_of_Oxford" title="Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford">Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford</a>, Lord Great Chamberlain of England (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">April 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Anthony" title="Francis Anthony">Francis Anthony</a>, English apothecary and physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pieroni" title="Alessandro Pieroni">Alessandro Pieroni</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>)<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken">John I, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camillus_de_Lellis" title="Camillus de Lellis">Camillus de Lellis</a>, Italian saint and nurse (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marie_Eleonore_of_Cleves" title="Marie Eleonore of Cleves">Marie Eleonore of Cleves</a>, Duchess consort of Prussia (1573–1608) (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1574" title="1574">1574</a>)<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_van_den_Driesche" title="Johannes van den Driesche">Johannes van den Driesche</a>, Flemish Protestant clergyman and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_3" title="July 3">July 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Gallus" title="Jacobus Gallus">Jacobus Gallus</a>, Slovenian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1591" title="1591">1591</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caetani" title="Enrico Caetani">Enrico Caetani</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Gudelinus" title="Petrus Gudelinus">Petrus Gudelinus</a>, Belgian jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_El_Bueno,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Alonso de Guzmán El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>, commander of the Spanish Armada (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_V" title="Pope Paul V">Pope Paul V</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_29" title="September 29">September 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frederick_of_Brieg" title="Joachim Frederick of Brieg">Joachim Frederick of Brieg</a>, Duke of Wołów (1586–1602) (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maestlin" title="Michael Maestlin">Michael Maestlin</a>, German astronomer and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Saint_Bartholomew" title="Anne of Saint Bartholomew">Anne of Saint Bartholomew</a>, Spanish Discalced Carmelite nun (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX of Sweden</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Zapata_y_Cisneros" title="Antonio Zapata y Cisneros">Antonio Zapata y Cisneros</a>, Spanish cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1635" title="1635">1635</a>)<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Sherwin" title="Ralph Sherwin">Ralph Sherwin</a>, English Roman Catholic priest (martyred <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_Kostka" title="Stanislaus Kostka">Stanislaus Kostka</a>, Polish saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1568" title="1568">1568</a>)<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg">Henry of Saxe-Lauenburg</a>, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, Prince-Bishop of Osnabruck and Paderborn (d. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karin_M%C3%A5nsdotter" title="Karin Månsdotter">Karin Månsdotter</a>, Swedish queen (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_y_Cardona" title="Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona">Antonio Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona</a>, Spanish diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Orazio_Vecchi" title="Orazio Vecchi">Orazio Vecchi</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – Lithuanian noble <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Barbara Radziwiłł">Barbara Radziwiłł</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, King of Poland and Duke of Lithuania since 1547, has an elaborate coronation in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> as Queen consort and Grand Duchess, five months before her death at the age of 30.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegidius_Hunnius" title="Aegidius Hunnius">Aegidius Hunnius</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Singh_I" title="Man Singh I">Man Singh I</a>, Mughal noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Cremonini_(philosopher)" title="Cesare Cremonini (philosopher)">Cesare Cremonini</a>, Italian philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Espinel" title="Vicente Espinel">Vicente Espinel</a>, Spanish writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Ahmad_III" title="Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III">Abu al-Abbas Ahmad III</a>, the Sultan of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> (now Tunisia), signs a six-year treaty with Spain.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Silva_Figueroa" title="García de Silva Figueroa">García de Silva Figueroa</a>, Spanish diplomat and traveller (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Duke of Guise">Henry I, Duke of Guise</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Isaac_Ashkenazi" title="Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi">Jacob ben Isaac Ashkenazi</a>, Polish Jewish author (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Barentsz" title="Willem Barentsz">Willem Barentsz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer">explorer</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselmus_de_Boodt" title="Anselmus de Boodt">Anselmus de Boodt</a>, Belgian mineralogist and physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthijs_Bril" title="Matthijs Bril">Matthijs Bril</a>, Flemish painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1583" title="1583">1583</a>)<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Antonia" title="Helena Antonia">Helena Antonia</a>, Austrian court dwarf (d. <a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsa_Dengel" title="Sarsa Dengel">Sarsa Dengel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>, Irish rebel (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a>, Scottish mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Balfour_(philosopher)" title="Robert Balfour (philosopher)">Robert Balfour</a>, Scottish philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Barrowe" title="Henry Barrowe">Henry Barrowe</a>, English Puritan and Separatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_de%27_Cavalieri" title="Emilio de' Cavalieri">Emilio de' Cavalieri</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Corneliszoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis Corneliszoon">Cornelis Corneliszoon</a>, Dutch inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmill</a> (d. c. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henslowe" title="Philip Henslowe">Philip Henslowe</a>, English theatrical entrepreneur (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brianda_Pereira" title="Brianda Pereira">Brianda Pereira</a>, Azorean Portuguese heroine (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1551 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg/110px-Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg/165px-Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg/220px-Jan_Cornelisz._Vermeyen_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1601" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551-1608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608)">Maria Anna of Bavaria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chapeauville" title="Jean Chapeauville">Jean Chapeauville</a>, Belgian theologian and historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a>, Grand vizier of the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dormer,_1st_Baron_Dormer" title="Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer">Robert Dormer, 1st Baron Dormer</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2" title="February 2">February 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Reimers" title="Nicolaus Reimers">Nicolaus Reimers</a>, German astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_9" title="March 9">March 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Alberti" title="Alessandro Alberti">Alessandro Alberti</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551-1608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551-1608)">Maria Anna of Bavaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Schweigger" title="Salomon Schweigger">Salomon Schweigger</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Monau" title="Peter Monau">Peter Monau</a>, German physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_da_Empoli" title="Jacopo da Empoli">Jacopo da Empoli</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>, English historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Drury_(1551%E2%80%931603)" title="Thomas Drury (1551–1603)">Thomas Drury</a>, English government informer and swindler (d. <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Delrio" title="Martin Delrio">Martin Delrio</a>, Flemish theologian and occultist (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_19" title="September 19">September 19</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a>)<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI,_Count_of_Waldeck" title="Philip VI, Count of Waldeck">Philip VI, Count of Waldeck</a> (1567–1579) (d. <a href="/wiki/1579" title="1579">1579</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">Giulio Caccini</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Sauve" title="Charlotte de Sauve">Charlotte de Sauve</a>, French courtesan (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_I_Cornaro" title="Giovanni I Cornaro">Giovanni I Cornaro</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Gurdas" title="Bhai Gurdas">Bhai Gurdas</a> – original scribe of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tuchet,_1st_Earl_of_Castlehaven" title="George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven">George Tuchet, 1st Earl of Castlehaven</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fausto_Veranzio" title="Fausto Veranzio">Fausto Veranzio</a>, Dalmatian/Croatian polymath, bishop, humanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_of_Pochayiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Job of Pochayiv">Job of Pochayiv</a>, Ukrainian Christian Orthodox Saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Galloway" title="Patrick Galloway">Patrick Galloway</a>, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland (d. c.<a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, Tsar of Russia (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stadnicki" title="Stanisław Stadnicki">Stanisław Stadnicki</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1552 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/110px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/165px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg/220px-Sir_Walter_Ralegh_by_%27H%27_monogrammist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudolf2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf2c.jpg/110px-Rudolf2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf2c.jpg/165px-Rudolf2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rudolf2c.jpg/220px-Rudolf2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph II">Rudolph II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG/110px-Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG/165px-Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG/220px-Vasili_IV_of_Russia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV of Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricciportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/110px-Ricciportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/165px-Ricciportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/220px-Ricciportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SimondeRojasOSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SimondeRojasOSS.jpg/110px-SimondeRojasOSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SimondeRojasOSS.jpg/165px-SimondeRojasOSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SimondeRojasOSS.jpg/220px-SimondeRojasOSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Rojas" title="Simón de Rojas">Simón de Rojas</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a>, Italian jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, English explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a>, English colonial entrepreneur and jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_d%27Aubign%C3%A9" title="Agrippa d'Aubigné">Agrippa d'Aubigné</a>, French poet and soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Klesl" title="Melchior Klesl">Melchior Klesl</a>, Austrian statesman and cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_Hidehisa" title="Sengoku Hidehisa">Sengoku Hidehisa</a>, Japanese daimyō (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene of Lippe">Magdalene of Lippe</a>, Countess of Lippe by birth, and by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joost_B%C3%BCrgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joost Bürgi">Joost Bürgi</a>, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Cleves_(1552%E2%80%931632)" title="Anna of Cleves (1552–1632)">Anna of Cleves</a>, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Countess Palatine of Neuburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Leyser_the_Elder" title="Polykarp Leyser the Elder">Polykarp Leyser the Elder</a>, German theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christoph,_Count_of_Hohenzollern-Haigerloch" title="Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch">Christoph, Count of Hohenzollern-Haigerloch</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Liegnitz" title="Frederick IV of Liegnitz">Frederick IV of Liegnitz</a>, German noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1596" title="1596">1596</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ryff" title="Petrus Ryff">Petrus Ryff</a>, Swiss scientist (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bowyer_(died_1627)" title="Edmund Bowyer (died 1627)">Edmund Bowyer</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Raja_Wodeyar_I" title="Raja Wodeyar I">Raja Wodeyar I</a>, King of Mysore (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gabriello_Chiabrera" title="Gabriello Chiabrera">Gabriello Chiabrera</a>, Italian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_17" title="June 17">June 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_George_of_Ohlau" title="John George of Ohlau">John George of Ohlau</a>, Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586-1592) (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Spencer,_Baroness_Hunsdon" title="Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon">Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon</a>, English baroness (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne_(1552%E2%80%931592)" title="Anthony Browne (1552–1592)">Anthony Browne</a>, Sheriff of Surrey and Kent (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wriothesley,_Countess_of_Southampton" title="Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton">Mary Wriothesley, Countess of Southampton</a>, Lady of English peer and others (d. <a href="/wiki/1607" title="1607">1607</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_14" title="August 14">August 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi" title="Paolo Sarpi">Paolo Sarpi</a>, Italian writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_21" title="August 21">August 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qadiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qadiri">Muhammad Qadiri</a>, Founder of the Naushahia branch of the Qadri order (d. <a href="/wiki/1654" title="1654">1654</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lavinia_Fontana" title="Lavinia Fontana">Lavinia Fontana</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_12" title="September 12">September 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Schott" title="Andreas Schott">Andreas Schott</a>, Flemish academic, linguist, translator, editor and a <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> priest (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_20" title="September 20">September 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Scholz_von_Rosenau" title="Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau">Lorenz Scholz von Rosenau</a>, German botanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Longhi" title="Barbara Longhi">Barbara Longhi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – Tsar <a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Flaminio_Scala" title="Flaminio Scala">Flaminio Scala</a>, Italian playwright and stage actor (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, Italian Jesuit missionary to China (d. <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">October 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia</a>, Grand Prince of Moscow (d. <a href="/wiki/1553" title="1553">1553</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Saxony">Elisabeth of Saxony</a>, Countess Palatine of Simmern (d. <a href="/wiki/1590" title="1590">1590</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cherry_(diplomat)" title="Francis Cherry (diplomat)">Francis Cherry</a>, English diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Odet_de_Turn%C3%A8be" title="Odet de Turnèbe">Odet de Turnèbe</a>, French dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_de_Rojas" title="Simón de Rojas">Simón de Rojas</a>, Spanish saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_al-Qadi" title="Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi">Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi</a>, Moroccan writer, judge and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Talbot,_7th_Earl_of_Shrewsbury" title="Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury">Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury</a>, English politician and Earl (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Seonjo_of_Joseon" title="Seonjo of Joseon">Seonjo of Joseon</a>, King of Joseon (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_1st_Earl_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire</a>, English politician and Earl (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_I_de_Bourbon,_prince_de_Cond%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé">Henri I de Bourbon, prince de Condé</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_Forman" title="Simon Forman">Simon Forman</a>, English occultist and astrologer (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li>Date unknown: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Aachen" title="Hans von Aachen">Hans von Aachen</a>, German mannerist painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aufield" title="Thomas Aufield">Thomas Aufield</a>, English Catholic martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bertaut" title="Jean Bertaut">Jean Bertaut</a>, French poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a>, English translator (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Masahito" title="Prince Masahito">Prince Masahito</a>, Japanese prince (d. <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Saig%C5%8D" title="Lady Saigō">Lady Saigō</a>, Japanese concubine (d. <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_Justo_Takayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Justo Takayama">Dom Justo Takayama</a>, Japanese daimyo (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tyrrell" title="Anthony Tyrrell">Anthony Tyrrell</a>, Roman Catholic renegade priest and spy (d. circa <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hotman,_Marquis_de_Villers-St-Paul" title="Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul">Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul</a>, French diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cvijeta_Zuzori%C4%87" title="Cvijeta Zuzorić">Cvijeta Zuzorić</a>, Croatian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Benavides" title="Miguel de Benavides">Miguel de Benavides</a>, Spanish clergyman and sinologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gom%C3%A9z_de_Sandoval_y_Rojas,_Duke_of_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma">Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma</a>, Spanish politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1553 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/110px-In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/165px-In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-In_the_manner_of_Fran%C3%A7ois_Clouet_-_Louise_de_Lorraine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/110px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/165px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg/220px-Reine_Marguerite_de_Valois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_C%C3%A1rdenas_y_Portugal,_Duque_de_Maqueda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda">Bernardino de Cárdenas y Portugal, Duque de Maqueda</a>, Spanish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>)<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/M%C5%8Dri_Terumoto" title="Mōri Terumoto">Mōri Terumoto</a>, Japanese warrior (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cherubino_Alberti" title="Cherubino Alberti">Cherubino Alberti</a>, Italian engraver and painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleonora_di_Garzia_di_Toledo" title="Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo">Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1576" title="1576">1576</a>)<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vitsentzos_Kornaros" title="Vitsentzos Kornaros">Vitsentzos Kornaros</a>, Greek writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Maxwell,_8th_Lord_Maxwell" title="John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell">John Maxwell, 8th Lord Maxwell</a>, Scottish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Lorraine" title="Louise of Lorraine">Louise of Lorraine</a>, French queen consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>)<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a>, Queen of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Baldi" title="Bernardino Baldi">Bernardino Baldi</a>, Italian mathematician and writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Archduke Ernest of Austria</a>, Austrian prince, the son of Maximilian II (d. <a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>)<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Street_(carpenter)" title="Peter Street (carpenter)">Peter Street</a>, English carpenter (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_26" title="September 26">September 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Contarini" title="Nicolò Contarini">Nicolò Contarini</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_8" title="October 8">October 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou" title="Jacques Auguste de Thou">Jacques Auguste de Thou</a>, French historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Marenzio" title="Luca Marenzio">Luca Marenzio</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Magdalene of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, Countess Palatine of Pfalz-Zweibrücken (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wilbraham" title="Roger Wilbraham">Roger Wilbraham</a>, Solicitor-General for Ireland (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Alpini" title="Prospero Alpini">Prospero Alpini</a>, Italian physician and botanist (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_More" title="George More">George More</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1610" title="1610">1610</a>)<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Filaret_of_Moscow_and_All_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Filaret of Moscow and All Rus'">Patriarch Filaret of Moscow and All Rus'</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Florio" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Florio">Giovanni Florio</a>, English writer and translator (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a>, English travel writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hues" title="Robert Hues">Robert Hues</a>, English mathematician and geographer (d. <a href="/wiki/1632" title="1632">1632</a>)<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amago_Katsuhisa" title="Amago Katsuhisa">Amago Katsuhisa</a>, Japanese nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1578" title="1578">1578</a>)<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Rostegny" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre de Rostegny">Pierre de Rostegny</a>, French jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_1st_Baron_Russell_of_Thornhaugh" title="William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh">William Russell, 1st Baron Russell of Thornhaugh</a>, Spanish military leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Sz%C3%A9kely" title="Moses Székely">Moses Székely</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Michiel" title="Beatrice Michiel">Beatrice Michiel</a>, Venetian spy (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Hakim" title="Mirza Muhammad Hakim">Mirza Muhammad Hakim</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> and brother of emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1554 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Philips_Willem_(1554-1618),_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg/110px-Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg/165px-Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg/220px-Portret_van_Philips_Willem_%281554-1618%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-256.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="4618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_William,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Philip William, Prince of Orange">Philip William, Prince of Orange</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Louis III, Duke of Württemberg">Louis III, Duke of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XV" title="Pope Gregory XV">Pope Gregory XV</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">January 20</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1578" title="1578">1578</a>)<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marina_de_Escobar" title="Marina de Escobar">Marina de Escobar</a>, Spanish nun (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Paggi" title="Giovanni Battista Paggi">Giovanni Battista Paggi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li>March – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a>, Anglican theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Stafford_(conspirator)" title="William Stafford (conspirator)">William Stafford</a>, English courtier and conspirator (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Josias_I,_Count_of_Waldeck-Eisenberg" title="Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg">Josias I, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg</a>, Count of Waldeck-Eisenberg (1578-1588) (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Parthenay" title="Catherine de Parthenay">Catherine de Parthenay</a>, French noblewoman and mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne">Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne</a>, French military leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Laurentius" title="Paul Laurentius">Paul Laurentius</a>, German divine (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gosson" title="Stephen Gosson">Stephen Gosson</a>, English satirist (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_VI,_Count_of_Lippe" title="Simon VI, Count of Lippe">Simon VI, Count of Lippe</a>, Count of Lippe-Detmold (1563-1613) (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Bellasio" title="Paolo Bellasio">Paolo Bellasio</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1594" title="1594">1594</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_de%27_Medici" title="Pietro de' Medici">Pietro de' Medici</a>, Italian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Giustiniani" title="Benedetto Giustiniani">Benedetto Giustiniani</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_21" title="June 21">June 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Zollern" title="Joachim of Zollern">Joachim of Zollern</a>, Titular Count of Hohenzollern (d. <a href="/wiki/1587" title="1587">1587</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_5" title="July 5">July 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria,_Queen_of_France" title="Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France">Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1" title="October 1">October 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Lessius" title="Leonardus Lessius">Leonardus Lessius</a>, Jesuit theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke</a>, English poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arnold_III,_Count_of_Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg" title="Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg">Arnold III, Count of Bentheim-Steinfurt-Tecklenburg-Limburg</a> and Lord of Rheda (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1lint_Balassi" title="Bálint Balassi">Bálint Balassi</a>, Hungarian writer and noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1594" title="1594">1594</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Enevold_Kruse" title="Enevold Kruse">Enevold Kruse</a>, Danish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Prospero_Farinacci" title="Prospero Farinacci">Prospero Farinacci</a>, Italian jurist (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_30" title="November 30">November 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Sir Philip Sidney</a>, English courtier and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>)<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest_of_Bavaria" title="Ernest of Bavaria">Ernest of Bavaria</a>, Roman Catholic bishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_William,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Philip William, Prince of Orange">Philip William, Prince of Orange</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bongars" title="Jacques Bongars">Jacques Bongars</a>, French scholar and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a>, English navigator (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a>, English writer, poet, and explorer (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Throckmorton" title="Francis Throckmorton">Francis Throckmorton</a>, English conspirator (d. <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1555 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingNU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/KingNU.jpg/110px-KingNU.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/KingNU.jpg/165px-KingNU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/KingNU.jpg/220px-KingNU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Lord_of_Monaco" title="Charles II, Lord of Monaco">Charles II, Lord of Monaco</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1589" title="1589">1589</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alonso_Lobo" title="Alonso Lobo">Alonso Lobo</a>, Spanish musician (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_18" title="March 18">March 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Anjou">François, Duke of Anjou</a>, youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Leveson" title="John Leveson">John Leveson</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_31" title="March 31">March 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Countess_of_Lennox" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox">Elizabeth Stuart, Countess of Lennox</a>, English countess (d. <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Carracci" title="Ludovico Carracci">Ludovico Carracci</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_28" title="April 28">April 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Karl Friedrich of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, heir apparent of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (d. <a href="/wiki/1575" title="1575">1575</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Uiin" title="Queen Uiin">Queen Uiin</a>, Korean royal consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_9" title="May 9">May 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nima_de_la_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Jerónima de la Asunción">Jerónima de la Asunción</a>, founder of the first Catholic monastery in Manila, the Monastery of Santa Clara (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Carew,_1st_Earl_of_Totnes" title="George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes">George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes</a>, English earl, general and administrator (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Zacconi" title="Lodovico Zacconi">Lodovico Zacconi</a>, Italian composer and music theorist (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Magini" title="Giovanni Antonio Magini">Giovanni Antonio Magini</a>, Italian mathematician, cartographer and astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_16" title="June 16">June 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Duke_Otto_Henry_of_Brunswick-Harburg" title="Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg">Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg</a>, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Harburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1591" title="1591">1591</a>)</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Garnet" title="Henry Garnet">Henry Garnet</a>, English Jesuit (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II, Cardinal of Guise">Louis II, Cardinal of Guise</a>, French Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Carew_(antiquary)" title="Richard Carew (antiquary)">Richard Carew</a>, English scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kelley" title="Edward Kelley">Edward Kelley</a>, English spirit medium (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zbigniew_Ossoli%C5%84ski" title="Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński">Jan Zbigniew Ossoliński</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Thynne_(died_1604)" title="John Thynne (died 1604)">John Thynne</a>, English landowner and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Coligny" title="Louise de Coligny">Louise de Coligny</a>, princess consort of Orange (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_28" title="September 28">September 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_vicomte_de_Turenne,_duc_de_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon">Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne, duc de Bouillon</a>, Marshal of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_N%C3%A1dasdy" title="Ferenc Nádasdy">Ferenc Nádasdy</a>, Hungarian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby" title="Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby">Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby</a>, English baron (d. <a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nyaungyan_Min" title="Nyaungyan Min">Nyaungyan Min</a>, king of Burma (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Meibom_(poet)" title="Heinrich Meibom (poet)">Heinrich Meibom</a>, German historian and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Arndt" title="Johann Arndt">Johann Arndt</a>, German Lutheran theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Andrewes" title="Lancelot Andrewes">Lancelot Andrewes</a>, English clergyman and scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_S%C4%99dziw%C3%B3j_Czarnkowski" title="Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski">Adam Sędziwój Czarnkowski</a>, Polish nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eidels" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Eidels">Samuel Eidels</a>, Polish Jewish rabbi and Talmudist (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Falk" title="Joshua Falk">Joshua Falk</a>, Polish Jewish rabbi and commentator (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Loans" title="Elijah Loans">Elijah Loans</a>, German Jewish rabbi and kabbalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Malherbe" title="François de Malherbe">François de Malherbe</a>, French poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okudaira_Sadamasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Okudaira Sadamasa">Okudaira Sadamasa</a>, Japanese nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konishi_Yukinaga" title="Konishi Yukinaga">Konishi Yukinaga</a>, Japanese Christian daimyō (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderata_Fonte" title="Moderata Fonte">Moderata Fonte</a>, Italian poet, writer and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_van_Schooten" title="Maria van Schooten">Maria van Schooten</a>, Dutch war heroine (d. <a href="/wiki/1573" title="1573">1573</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresuan" title="Naresuan">Naresuan</a>, King of Ayutthaya (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1556 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_of_Nassau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maria_of_Nassau.jpg/110px-Maria_of_Nassau.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maria_of_Nassau.jpg/165px-Maria_of_Nassau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maria_of_Nassau.jpg/220px-Maria_of_Nassau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Countess_Maria_of_Nassau_(1556%E2%80%931616)" title="Countess Maria of Nassau (1556–1616)">Countess Maria of Nassau</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Uesugi_Kagekatsu" title="Uesugi Kagekatsu">Uesugi Kagekatsu</a>, Japanese samurai and warlord (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_24" title="January 24">January 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_Barnekow_(1556%E2%80%931612)" title="Christian Barnekow (1556–1612)">Christian Barnekow</a>, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_of_Hanau-M%C3%BCnzenberg" title="Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg">Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg</a>, German noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Maria_of_Nassau_(1556%E2%80%931616)" title="Countess Maria of Nassau (1556–1616)">Countess Maria of Nassau</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_16" title="February 16">February 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dd%C5%8D_Takatora" title="Tōdō Takatora">Tōdō Takatora</a>, Japanese daimyō (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sethus_Calvisius" title="Sethus Calvisius">Sethus Calvisius</a>, German calendar reformer (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_du_Vair" title="Guillaume du Vair">Guillaume du Vair</a>, French statesman and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dirck_van_Os" title="Dirck van Os">Dirck van Os</a>, Dutch merchant (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Hoeschel" title="David Hoeschel">David Hoeschel</a>, German librarian (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_von_Auersperg" title="Andreas von Auersperg">Andreas von Auersperg</a>, Carniolan noble and military commander in the battle of Sisak (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_B%C3%A9roalde_de_Verville" title="François Béroalde de Verville">François Béroalde de Verville</a>, French writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1556%E2%80%931600)" title="Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)">Jerzy Radziwiłł</a>, Polish Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_la_Zouche,_11th_Baron_Zouche" title="Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche">Edward la Zouche, 11th Baron Zouche</a>, English politician and diplomat (d. <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a>)<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pomponio_Nenna" title="Pomponio Nenna">Pomponio Nenna</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of Valois">Victoria of Valois</a>, French princess (d. 1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois_(1556)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Valois (1556)">Joan of Valois</a>, French princess (d. 1556)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Finch,_1st_Countess_of_Winchilsea" title="Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea">Elizabeth Finch, 1st Countess of Winchilsea</a>, English countess (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Otto_Henry,_Count_Palatine_of_Sulzbach" title="Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach">Otto Henry, Count Palatine of Sulzbach</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Melville_(1556%E2%80%931614)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Melville (1556–1614)">James Melville</a>, Scottish divine and reformer (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Nicolai" title="Philipp Nicolai">Philipp Nicolai</a>, German Lutheran pastor (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cesi" title="Bartolomeo Cesi">Bartolomeo Cesi</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Harris_(Tudor_person)" title="William Harris (Tudor person)">William Harris</a>, English knight (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Elbeuf" title="Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf">Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf</a>, French duke and nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dormer_(of_Dorton)" title="John Dormer (of Dorton)">John Dormer</a>, English Member of Parliament (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caccini" title="Giovanni Battista Caccini">Giovanni Battista Caccini</a>, Italian artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al_Massufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Baba al Massufi">Ahmad Baba al Massufi</a>, Malian academic (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Davy_Duperron" title="Jacques Davy Duperron">Jacques Davy Duperron</a>, French cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Contarini" title="Francesco Contarini">Francesco Contarini</a>, Doge of Venice (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cecil,_Countess_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford">Anne Cecil, Countess of Oxford</a>, English countess (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahim_Khan-I-Khana" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana">Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana</a>, Indian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Lestonnac" title="Jeanne de Lestonnac">Jeanne de Lestonnac</a>, French saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1640" title="1640">1640</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a>, English Catholic martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>)<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al_Massufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Baba al Massufi">Ahmad Baba al Massufi</a>, Sudanese writer and political leader (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Briant" title="Alexander Briant">Alexander Briant</a>, English Jesuit martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1581" title="1581">1581</a>)<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1557 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iimatyas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/110px-Iimatyas.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/165px-Iimatyas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Iimatyas.jpg/220px-Iimatyas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor">Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskay" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Bocskay">Stephen Bocskay</a>, Prince of Transylvania (d. <a href="/wiki/1606" title="1606">1606</a>)<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Wtenbogaert" title="Johannes Wtenbogaert">Johannes Wtenbogaert</a>, Leader of the Remonstrants (d. <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a>)<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Fontanelli" title="Alfonso Fontanelli">Alfonso Fontanelli</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittoria_Accoramboni" title="Vittoria Accoramboni">Vittoria Accoramboni</a>, Italian noblewoman (d. <a href="/wiki/1585" title="1585">1585</a>)<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mathias,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor">Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1" title="March 1">March 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Howard,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel">Anne Howard, Countess of Arundel</a>, English countess and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1630" title="1630">1630</a>)<a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_22" title="March 22">March 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casimir_VI,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania">Casimir VI, Duke of Pomerania</a> and Lutheran Administrator of Cammin Prince-Bishopric (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_4" title="April 4">April 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lew_Sapieha" title="Lew Sapieha">Lew Sapieha</a>, Polish-Lithuanian noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein" title="Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein">Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Vohenstrauss-Parkstein</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Philibert_de_Lalaing" title="Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing">Emanuel Philibert de Lalaing</a>, Belgian noble and army commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1590" title="1590">1590</a>)<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – Tsar <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1598" title="1598">1598</a>)<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Howard,_20th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel">Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel</a>, English nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1595" title="1595">1595</a>)<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a> in England, 10 convicted Protestant heretics are burned at the stake.<a href="#cite_note-Foxe-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_16" title="August 16">August 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Carracci" title="Agostino Carracci">Agostino Carracci</a>, Italian painter and graphical artist (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg">Frederick I, Duke of Württemberg</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1608" title="1608">1608</a>)<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sibylle_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">Sibylle of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by birth and by marriage Margravine of Burgau (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_4" title="September 4">September 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_Mecklenburg-G%C3%BCstrow" title="Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow">Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow</a>, Danish-Norwegian royal consort (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Calasanz" title="Joseph Calasanz">Joseph Calasanz</a>, Spanish priest and founder of Piarists (d. <a href="/wiki/1648" title="1648">1648</a>)<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_16" title="September 16">September 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mauduit" title="Jacques Mauduit">Jacques Mauduit</a>, French composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Favre" title="Antoine Favre">Antoine Favre</a>, Savoisian lawyer, first President of the Sovereign Senate of Savoy (d. <a href="/wiki/1624" title="1624">1624</a>)<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Croce" title="Giovanni Croce">Giovanni Croce</a>, Italian composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_G%C3%A9rard" title="Balthasar Gérard">Balthasar Gérard</a>, assassin of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Orange">William I of Orange</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toda_Katsushige" title="Toda Katsushige">Toda Katsushige</a>, Japanese warlord (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Martini" title="Olaus Martini">Olaus Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Uppsala" title="Archbishop of Uppsala">Archbishop of Uppsala</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)<a href="#cite_note-338">[338]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morley" title="Thomas Morley">Thomas Morley</a>, English composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobutada" title="Oda Nobutada">Oda Nobutada</a>, Japanese general (d. <a href="/wiki/1582" title="1582">1582</a>)<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Giovanni Gabrieli</a>, Italian composer and organist (d. <a href="/wiki/1612" title="1612">1612</a>)<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li></ul> 1558 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Du_Laurens_(small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg/110px-Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg/165px-Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Du_Laurens_%28small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Laurens" title="André du Laurens">André du Laurens</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg/110px-Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg/165px-Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg/220px-Justus_Sustermans_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> or <a href="/wiki/February" title="February">February</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Goltzius" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrik Goltzius">Hendrik Goltzius</a>, Dutch painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jakobea_of_Baden" title="Jakobea of Baden">Jakobea of Baden</a>, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d. <a href="/wiki/1597" title="1597">1597</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hentzner" title="Paul Hentzner">Paul Hentzner</a>, German lawyer (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_VII,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg">Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg</a>, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Ole%C5%9Bnicki_the_younger" title="Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger">Mikołaj Oleśnicki the younger</a>, Polish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margrave_Andrew_of_Burgau" title="Margrave Andrew of Burgau">Margrave Andrew of Burgau</a>, German nobleman, Cardinal, Bishop of Constance and Brixen (d. <a href="/wiki/1600" title="1600">1600</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Origanus" title="David Origanus">David Origanus</a>, German astronomer (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">July 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Greene_(dramatist)" title="Robert Greene (dramatist)">Robert Greene</a>, English dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_van_den_Bergh" title="Herman van den Bergh">Herman van den Bergh</a>, Dutch soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland</a>, English noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_9" title="September 9">September 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur" title="Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur">Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur</a>, French soldier (d. <a href="/wiki/1602" title="1602">1602</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_24" title="September 24">September 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Eure,_3rd_Baron_Eure" title="Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure">Ralph Eure, 3rd Baron Eure</a>, English politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Szymonowic" title="Szymon Szymonowic">Szymon Szymonowic</a>, Polish writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1629" title="1629">1629</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force">Jacques-Nompar de Caumont, duc de La Force</a>, Marshal of France (d. <a href="/wiki/1652" title="1652">1652</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mingyi_Swa" title="Mingyi Swa">Mingyi Swa</a>, Crown Prince of Burma (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Pagani" title="Gregorio Pagani">Gregorio Pagani</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1605" title="1605">1605</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(cardinal)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (cardinal)">François de La Rochefoucauld</a>, French Catholic cardinal (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Laurens" title="André du Laurens">André du Laurens</a>, French physician (d. <a href="/wiki/1609" title="1609">1609</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Lublin" title="Meir Lublin">Meir Lublin</a>, Polish rabbi (d. <a href="/wiki/1616" title="1616">1616</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Driki_Masanaga" title="Kōriki Masanaga">Kōriki Masanaga</a>, Japanese military commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessho_Nagaharu" title="Bessho Nagaharu">Bessho Nagaharu</a>, Japanese nobleman (d. <a href="/wiki/1580" title="1580">1580</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_van_Noort" title="Olivier van Noort">Olivier van Noort</a>, first Dutchman to circumnavigate the world (d. <a href="/wiki/1627" title="1627">1627</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidiock_Tichborne" title="Chidiock Tichborne">Chidiock Tichborne</a>, English conspirator and poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>, Prince of Wallachia (<a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>–<a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>) (d. <a href="/wiki/1601" title="1601">1601</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a>, English playwright (d. <a href="/wiki/1594" title="1594">1594</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Cezelli" title="Françoise de Cezelli">Françoise de Cezelli</a>, French war hero (d. <a href="/wiki/1615" title="1615">1615</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>probable – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua,_Sieur_de_Mons" title="Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons">Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons</a>, French merchant (d. <a href="/wiki/1628" title="1628">1628</a>)</li></ul> 1559 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurhaci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nurhaci.jpg/110px-Nurhaci.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nurhaci.jpg/165px-Nurhaci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nurhaci.jpg/220px-Nurhaci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a> born on February 19</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg/110px-San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg/165px-San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/San_Lorenzo_da_Brindisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a> born on July 22</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirmond,_Jacques.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg/110px-Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg/165px-Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg/220px-Sirmond%2C_Jacques.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sirmond" title="Jacques Sirmond">Jacques Sirmond</a> born on October 12</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Eriksdotter" title="Virginia Eriksdotter">Virginia Eriksdotter</a>, Swedish noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1633" title="1633">1633</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Helyar" title="William Helyar">William Helyar</a>, English chaplain (d. <a href="/wiki/1645" title="1645">1645</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Aleixo_de_Menezes" title="Aleixo de Menezes">Aleixo de Menezes</a>, Roman Catholic archbishop (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_7" title="February 7">February 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine de Bourbon">Catherine de Bourbon</a>, Princess of Navarre and Duchess consort of Lorraine (d. <a href="/wiki/1604" title="1604">1604</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon" title="Isaac Casaubon">Isaac Casaubon</a>, French-born classical scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Margrave_of_Baden-Baden" title="Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden">Philip II, Margrave of Baden-Baden</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1588" title="1588">1588</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nurhaci" title="Nurhaci">Nurhaci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperor">Chinese emperor</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1626" title="1626">1626</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Brouwer" title="Christoph Brouwer">Christoph Brouwer</a>, Dutch historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_I" title="Amar Singh I">Amar Singh I</a>, eldest son and successor of <a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a> of Mewar (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_26" title="March 26">March 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Dietrich_Raitenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Dietrich Raitenau">Wolf Dietrich Raitenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince-Bishop">Prince-Bishop</a> of Salzburg (d. <a href="/wiki/1617" title="1617">1617</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alice_Spencer,_Countess_of_Derby,_Baroness_Ellesmere_and_Viscountess_Brackley" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley">Alice Spencer, Countess of Derby, Baroness Ellesmere and Viscountess Brackley</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1637" title="1637">1637</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_12" title="May 12">May 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Stanisław Radziwiłł">Stanisław Radziwiłł</a>, Grand Marshal of Lithuania (d. <a href="/wiki/1599" title="1599">1599</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_G%C3%B6delmann" title="Johann Georg Gödelmann">Johann Georg Gödelmann</a>, German demonologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1611" title="1611">1611</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margareta_Brahe_(1559%E2%80%931638)" title="Margareta Brahe (1559–1638)">Margareta Brahe</a>, Swedish political activist (d. <a href="/wiki/1638" title="1638">1638</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a>, Italian saint (d. <a href="/wiki/1619" title="1619">1619</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_27" title="July 27">July 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Barbara_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Neuburg" title="Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg">Countess Palatine Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg</a> and Countess consort of Oettingen-Oettingen (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederik_van_den_Bergh_(1559%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederik van den Bergh (1559–1618)">Frederik van den Bergh</a>, Dutch soldier in the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1618" title="1618">1618</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> or <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Brahe" title="Sophia Brahe">Sophia Brahe</a>, Danish astronomer, horticulturalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1643" title="1643">1643</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cigoli" title="Cigoli">Cigoli</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Richer" title="Edmond Richer">Edmond Richer</a>, French theologian (d. <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_12" title="October 12">October 12</a> or <a href="/wiki/October_22" title="October 22">October 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Sirmond" title="Jacques Sirmond">Jacques Sirmond</a>, French Jesuit scholar (d. <a href="/wiki/1651" title="1651">1651</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tokuhime_(1559%E2%80%931636)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokuhime (1559–1636)">Tokuhime</a>, Japanese noble (d. <a href="/wiki/1636" title="1636">1636</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Yaza_Datu_Kalaya" title="Yaza Datu Kalaya">Yaza Datu Kalaya</a>, Crown Princess of Burma (d. <a href="/wiki/1603" title="1603">1603</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a>, Imam of Yemen (d. <a href="/wiki/1620" title="1620">1620</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Albert VII, Archduke of Austria</a>, Governor of the Low Countries (d. <a href="/wiki/1621" title="1621">1621</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lupercio_Leonardo_de_Argensola" title="Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola">Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola</a>, Spanish writer (d. <a href="/wiki/1613" title="1613">1613</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Chapman" title="George Chapman">George Chapman</a>, English dramatist (d. <a href="/wiki/1634" title="1634">1634</a>)</li> <li>Ikeda Motosuke, Japanese military commander (d. <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penry" title="John Penry">John Penry</a>, Welsh Protestant martyr (d. <a href="/wiki/1593" title="1593">1593</a>)<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honinbo_Sansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honinbo Sansa">Honinbo Sansa</a>, Japanese player of Go (d. <a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spenser" title="John Spenser">John Spenser</a>, president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford (d. <a href="/wiki/1614" title="1614">1614</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable noprint selfref">Transcluding articles: <a href="/wiki/1550" title="1550">1550</a>, <a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>, <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>, <a href="/wiki/1553" title="1553">1553</a>, <a href="/wiki/1554" title="1554">1554</a>, <a href="/wiki/1555" title="1555">1555</a>, <a href="/wiki/1556" title="1556">1556</a>, <a href="/wiki/1557" title="1557">1557</a>, <a href="/wiki/1558" title="1558">1558</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1559" title="1559">1559</a></div> 1550 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_of_god_murillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_of_god_murillo.jpg/110px-John_of_god_murillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_of_god_murillo.jpg/165px-John_of_god_murillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/John_of_god_murillo.jpg/220px-John_of_god_murillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/John_of_God" title="John of God">John of God</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Alciato" title="Andrea Alciato">Andrea Alciato</a>, Italian jurist and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jamsheed_Quli_Qutb_Shah" title="Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah">Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah</a>, second ruler of Golconda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Magnus III of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francesco_III_Gonzaga,_Duke_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua">Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_7" title="March 7">March 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_IV,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="William IV, Duke of Bavaria">William IV, Duke of Bavaria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_of_God" title="John of God">John of God</a>, Spanish friar and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)<a href="#cite_note-347">[347]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Claude, Duke of Guise">Claude, Duke of Guise</a>, French soldier (b. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Cybo" title="Innocenzo Cybo">Innocenzo Cybo</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_30" title="April 30">April 30</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a> of Burma (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine" title="Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine">Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine</a>, French churchman (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiharu" title="Ashikaga Yoshiharu">Ashikaga Yoshiharu</a>, Japanese shōgun (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Gambara" title="Veronica Gambara">Veronica Gambara</a>, Italian poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">July 19</a> (probable date) – <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bonfadio" title="Jacopo Bonfadio">Jacopo Bonfadio</a>, Italian historian, executed (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jorge_de_Lencastre,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra">Jorge de Lencastre, Duke of Coimbra</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>)<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_30" title="July 30">July 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_1st_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton">Thomas Wriothesley, 1st Earl of Southampton</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ferramolino" title="Antonio Ferramolino">Antonio Ferramolino</a>, Italian architect and military engineer<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Calabria" title="Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria">Ferdinand, Duke of Calabria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)<a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_23" title="October 23">October 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tiedemann_Giese" title="Tiedemann Giese">Tiedemann Giese</a>, Polish Catholic bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1480" title="1480">1480</a>)<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549-1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of Valois (1549-1550)">Louis of Valois</a>, French prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1549" title="1549">1549</a>)<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maciejowski" title="Samuel Maciejowski">Samuel Maciejowski</a>, Polish Catholic bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulrich,_Duke_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg">Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3n_Arason" title="Jón Arason">Jón Arason</a>, last Catholic bishop of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)<a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst" title="Pieter Coecke van Aelst">Pieter Coecke van Aelst</a>, Flemish painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gian_Giorgio_Trissino" title="Gian Giorgio Trissino">Gian Giorgio Trissino</a>, Italian humanist, poet, dramatist and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_VII_of_Kotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvanaikabahu VII of Kotte">Bhuvanaikabahu VII</a>, King of Kotte (b. <a href="/wiki/1468" title="1468">1468</a>)<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></li> <li>date unknown – <a href="/wiki/Aq_Kubek_of_Astrakhan" title="Aq Kubek of Astrakhan">Aq Kubek of Astrakhan</a>, ruler of Astrakhan Khanate</li></ul> 1551 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg/110px-Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg/165px-Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg/220px-Martin_Bucer_by_German_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg/110px-Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg/165px-Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg/220px-Cranach_the_Younger_Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Barbara Radziwiłł">Barbara Radziwiłł</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Zerbst" title="John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst">John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst</a>, Prince of Anahlt-Dessau (1516–1544) and Anhalt-Zerbst (1544–1551) (b. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a>, German Protestant reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Vadian" title="Joachim Vadian">Joachim Vadian</a>, Swiss humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobuhide" title="Oda Nobuhide">Oda Nobuhide</a>, Japanese warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Barbara Radziwiłł">Barbara Radziwiłł</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund II of Poland">Sigismund II of Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shin_Saimdang" title="Shin Saimdang">Shin Saimdang</a>, Korean artist, calligrapher and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Domenico_di_Pace_Beccafumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico di Pace Beccafumi">Domenico di Pace Beccafumi</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_de_Cro%C3%BF" title="Charles II de Croÿ">Charles II de Croÿ</a>, Belgian duke (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li>July – <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Isenbrandt" title="Adriaen Isenbrandt">Adriaen Isenbrandt</a>, Flemish painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Wallop" title="John Wallop">John Wallop</a>, English soldier and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brandon,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">Henry Brandon, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1535" title="1535">1535</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_8" title="August 8">August 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fray_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Berlanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Fray Tomás de Berlanga">Fray Tomás de Berlanga</a>, Bishop of Panama (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paul_Speratus" title="Paul Speratus">Paul Speratus</a>, German Lutheran (b. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_26" title="August 26">August 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leijonhufvud" title="Margaret Leijonhufvud">Margaret Leijonhufvud</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cuchi_Yoshitaka" title="Ōuchi Yoshitaka">Ōuchi Yoshitaka</a>, Japanese warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a>, Mughal Empire emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sagara_Taket%C5%8D" title="Sagara Taketō">Sagara Taketō</a>, Japanese samurai (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Ungler" title="Helena Ungler">Helena Ungler</a>, Polish printer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Arden" title="Alice Arden">Alice Arden</a>, English murderer (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>; executed by burning)<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1552 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg/110px-F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg/165px-F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg/220px-F%C3%BCrstengang_Bisch%C3%B6fe_48_-_Heinrich_II._von_der_Pfalz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_the_Palatinate" title="Henry of the Palatinate">Henry of the Palatinate</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_V._(Mecklenburg-Schwerin).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg/110px-Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg/165px-Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg/220px-Heinrich_V._%28Mecklenburg-Schwerin%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="3014" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" title="Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg">Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/110px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/165px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg/220px-Franciscus_de_Xabier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6589" data-file-height="8402" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_the_Palatinate" title="Henry of the Palatinate">Henry of the Palatinate</a>, bishop of Utrecht (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Cochlaeus" title="Johann Cochlaeus">Johann Cochlaeus</a>, German humanist and controversialist (b. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_22" title="January 22">January 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" title="Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg">Henry V, Duke of Mecklenburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Parr,_Countess_of_Pembroke" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke">Anne Parr, Countess of Pembroke</a>, English countess (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Faber" title="Heinrich Faber">Heinrich Faber</a>, German composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_29" title="March 29">March 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a>, Indian religious leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_19" title="April 19">April 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Petri" title="Olaus Petri">Olaus Petri</a>, Swedish clergyman (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)" title="John Leland (antiquary)">John Leland</a>, English historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_21" title="April 21">April 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Apianus" title="Petrus Apianus">Petrus Apianus</a>, German astronomer (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_26" title="May 26">May 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>, German cartographer and cosmographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barclay" title="Alexander Barclay">Alexander Barclay</a>, British poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Szondy" title="György Szondy">György Szondy</a>, Hungarian soldier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hermann_of_Wied" title="Hermann of Wied">Hermann of Wied</a>, German Catholic archbishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1477" title="1477">1477</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach" title="Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach">Barbara of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach</a>, Landgravine of Leuchtenberg (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_14" title="October 14">October 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Myconius" title="Oswald Myconius">Oswald Myconius</a>, Swiss Protestant reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a>, German Protestant theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_XL,_Count_of_Schwarzburg" title="Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg">Günther XL, Count of Schwarzburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora" title="Katharina von Bora">Katharina von Bora</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)</li></ul> 1553 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/110px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/165px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Servetus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Servetus.jpg/110px-Michael_Servetus.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Servetus.jpg/165px-Michael_Servetus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Michael_Servetus.jpg/220px-Michael_Servetus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_13" title="January 13">January 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_II,_Duke_of_M%C3%BCnsterberg-Oels" title="George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels">George II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels</a>, Count of Glatz (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Othmayr" title="Caspar Othmayr">Caspar Othmayr</a>, German Protestant priest, theologian and composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_6" title="February 6">February 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach" title="Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach">Ernest, Margrave of Baden-Durlach</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1482" title="1482">1482</a>)<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Ernest,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg" title="John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg">John Ernest, Duke of Saxe-Coburg</a>, (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chamaraja_Wodeyar_III" title="Chamaraja Wodeyar III">Chamaraja Wodeyar III</a>, King of Mysore (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Reinhold" title="Erasmus Reinhold">Erasmus Reinhold</a>, German astronomer and mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hirate_Masahide" title="Hirate Masahide">Hirate Masahide</a>, Japanese diplomat and tutor of <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> (suicide) (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a></li> <li>April – <a href="/wiki/Minkhaung_of_Prome" title="Minkhaung of Prome">Minkhaung of Prome</a>, last king of <a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome</a> in Burma (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, French writer<a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Alberus" title="Erasmus Alberus">Erasmus Alberus</a>, German humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)<a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aal" title="Johannes Aal">Johannes Aal</a>, Swiss theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia</a>, Grand Prince of Moscow (b. <a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>)<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_6" title="July 6">July 6</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_9" title="July 9">July 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="Maurice, Elector of Saxony">Maurice, Elector of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay1999-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Maffei" title="Bernardino Maffei">Bernardino Maffei</a>, Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Fracastoro" title="Girolamo Fracastoro">Girolamo Fracastoro</a>, Italian physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_III,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Charles III, Duke of Savoy">Charles III, Duke of Savoy</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>; executed)<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Homedes_y_Coscon" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Homedes y Coscon">Juan de Homedes y Coscon</a>, 47th Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1477" title="1477">1477</a>)<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Mustafa" title="Şehzade Mustafa">Şehzade Mustafa</a>, Suleiman the Magnificent's first-born son by Mahidevran Hatun (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)<a href="#cite_note-384">[384]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Morales" title="Cristóbal de Morales">Cristóbal de Morales</a>, Spanish composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>, German painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1472" title="1472">1472</a>)<a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_III,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau</a>, German prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Servetus" title="Michael Servetus">Michael Servetus</a>, Spanish Protestant theologian (burned at the stake) (b. <a href="/wiki/1511" title="1511">1511</a>)<a href="#cite_note-michael-73">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Salviati" title="Giovanni Salviati">Giovanni Salviati</a>, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Sturm_von_Sturmeck" title="Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck">Jacob Sturm von Sturmeck</a>, German statesman and reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>)<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_de%27_Medici_(1470%E2%80%931553)" title="Lucrezia de' Medici (1470–1553)">Lucrezia de' Medici</a>, Italian noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1470" title="1470">1470</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Antonio_Pighini" title="Sebastiano Antonio Pighini">Sebastiano Antonio Pighini</a>, Italian cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)<a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_27" title="November 27">November 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Cihangir" title="Şehzade Cihangir">Şehzade Cihangir</a>, Ottoman prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1531" title="1531">1531</a>)<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_3" title="December 3">December 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg" title="Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg">Ludwig of Hanau-Lichtenberg</a>, German nobleman (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_25" title="December 25">December 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a>, Spanish conquistador (b. <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>)<a href="#cite_note-393">[393]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Joye" title="George Joye">George Joye</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translators" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bible translators">Bible translator</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)<a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunilla_Bese" title="Gunilla Bese">Gunilla Bese</a>, Finnish noble and fiefholder (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1554 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg/110px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg/165px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg/220px-Pabell%C3%B3n_Consistorial_medall%C3%B3n_01_Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_Coronado_y_Anaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel,_Prince_of_Portugal" title="João Manuel, Prince of Portugal">João Manuel, Prince of Portugal</a>, Portuguese prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Min_Bin" title="Min Bin">Min Bin</a>, king of Arakan (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_16" title="January 16">January 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christiern_Pedersen" title="Christiern Pedersen">Christiern Pedersen</a>, Danish humanist (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1480" title="1480">1480</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Moibanus" title="Ambrosius Moibanus">Ambrosius Moibanus</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Lord Guildford Dudley</a>, consort of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1536" title="1536">1536</a>)<a href="#cite_note-397">[397]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a>, claimant to the throne of England (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1537" title="1537">1537</a>)<a href="#cite_note-398">[398]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a>, German botanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylle_of_Cleves" title="Sibylle of Cleves">Sibylle of Cleves</a>, Electress consort of Saxony (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>, English politician (executed) (b. c.<a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_I,_Elector_of_Saxony" title="John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony">John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_11" title="April 11">April 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_the_Younger" title="Thomas Wyatt the Younger">Thomas Wyatt the Younger</a>, English rebel (executed) (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gaspara_Stampa" title="Gaspara Stampa">Gaspara Stampa</a>, Italian poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1523" title="1523">1523</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2" title="May 2">May 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Waldegrave_(died_1554)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Waldegrave (died 1554)">William Waldegrave</a>, English Member of Parliament (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixt_Birck" title="Sixt Birck">Sixt Birck</a>, German humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Count_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Philip II, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken">Philip II, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken</a>, German noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leone_Strozzi" title="Leone Strozzi">Leone Strozzi</a>, French Navy admiral (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_25" title="August 25">August 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1473" title="1473">1473</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_22" title="September 22">September 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>, Spanish conquistador (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_22" title="December 22">December 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Bonvicino" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Bonvicino">Alessandro Bonvicino</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(bishop_of_Lincoln)" title="John Taylor (bishop of Lincoln)">John Taylor</a>, Bishop of Lincoln (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li>approx. date – <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Hornebolt" title="Susannah Hornebolt">Susannah Hornebolt</a>, English artist (b. 1503)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argula_von_Grumbach" title="Argula von Grumbach">Argula von Grumbach</a>, German Protestant reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, Andalusian Berber writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Serlio" title="Sebastiano Serlio">Sebastiano Serlio</a>, Italian architect (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Hugh Willoughby</a>, English Arctic explorer</li></ul></li></ul> 1555 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg/110px-Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg/165px-Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg/220px-Girolamo_Sicciolante_-_Paus_Julius_IIIFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5162" data-file-height="6482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG/110px-Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG/165px-Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG/220px-Pope_Marcellus_II.PNG 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_d%27Albret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_d%27Albret.jpg/110px-Henri_d%27Albret.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_d%27Albret.jpg/165px-Henri_d%27Albret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Henri_d%27Albret.jpg/220px-Henri_d%27Albret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II of Navarre</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg/110px-Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg/165px-Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg/220px-Tom%C3%A1s_de_Villanueva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubois" title="Jacques Dubois">Jacques Dubois</a>, French anatomist (b. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Bible_editor_and_martyr)" title="John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)">John Rogers</a>, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Saunders" title="Laurence Saunders">Laurence Saunders</a>, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Egenolff" title="Christian Egenolff">Christian Egenolff</a>, German printer (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hooper_(bishop)" title="John Hooper (bishop)">John Hooper</a>, English churchman (burned at the stake) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Taylor" title="Rowland Taylor">Rowland Taylor</a>, English Protestant martyr (burned at the stake) (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bugiardini" title="Giuliano Bugiardini">Giuliano Bugiardini</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_14" title="March 14">March 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford">John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_III" title="Pope Julius III">Pope Julius III</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)<a href="#cite_note-399">[399]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_27" title="March 27">March 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_Yahya_Sharaf_ad-Din" title="Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din">Al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din</a>, Imam of the Zaidi state in Yemen (b. <a href="/wiki/1473" title="1473">1473</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – Queen <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>, long under confinement (b. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a>, English historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1470" title="1470">1470</a>)<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">May 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus II</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_III,_Landgrave_of_Leuchtenberg" title="George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg">George III, Landgrave of Leuchtenberg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Frisius" title="Gemma Frisius">Gemma Frisius</a>, Dutch mathematician and cartographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II of Navarre</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Love2001-107">[107]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Denmark,_Electress_of_Brandenburg" title="Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg">Elizabeth of Denmark, Electress of Brandenburg</a> (1502–1535) (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_8" title="September 8">September 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a>, Spanish <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> bishop and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wotton_(zoologist)" title="Edward Wotton (zoologist)">Edward Wotton</a>, English zoologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justus_Jonas" title="Justus Jonas">Justus Jonas</a>, German Protestant reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer" title="Hugh Latimer">Hugh Latimer</a>, English clergyman (burned at the stake) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)" title="Nicholas Ridley (martyr)">Nicholas Ridley</a>, English clergyman (burned at the stake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Harukata" title="Sue Harukata">Sue Harukata</a>, Japanese retainer under the <a href="/wiki/Ouchi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouchi clan">Ouchi clan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olympia_Fulvia_Morata" title="Olympia Fulvia Morata">Olympia Fulvia Morata</a>, Italian classical scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Hesse" title="Agnes of Hesse">Agnes of Hesse</a>, German nobleman, by marriage, Princess of Saxony (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_12" title="November 12">November 12</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a>, English bishop and Lord Chancellor (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang Jisheng (statesman)">Yang Jisheng</a>, Ming Chinese statesman (beheaded) (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jing_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Zhang Jing (Ming dynasty)">Zhang Jing</a>, Ming Chinese general (beheaded)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, German scientist (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December" title="December">December</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_(1475%E2%80%931555)" title="Stanisław Kostka (1475–1555)">Stanisław Kostka</a>, Polish noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9" title="December 9">December 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Culemborg" title="Elisabeth of Culemborg">Elisabeth of Culemborg</a>, German noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)</li></ul> 1556 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/110px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/165px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg/220px-Thomas_Cranmer_by_Gerlach_Flicke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_(1491-1556)_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg/110px-St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg/165px-St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg/220px-St_Ignatius_of_Loyola_%281491-1556%29_Founder_of_the_Jesuits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1956" data-file-height="3182" /></a><figcaption>Saint <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_Shelton_(courtier)" title="Anne Shelton (courtier)">Anne Shelton</a>, English courtier, elder sister of Thomas Boleyn (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, 2nd <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Poggio" title="Giovanni Poggio">Giovanni Poggio</a>, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)<a href="#cite_note-403">[403]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_Palatine" title="Frederick II, Elector Palatine">Frederick II, Elector Palatine</a> (1544–1556) (b. <a href="/wiki/1482" title="1482">1482</a>)<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (burned at the stake) (b. <a href="/wiki/1489" title="1489">1489</a>)<a href="#cite_note-405">[405]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_18" title="April 18">April 18</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Alamanni" title="Luigi Alamanni">Luigi Alamanni</a>, Italian poet and statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)<a href="#cite_note-406">[406]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gage_(Tudor_politician)" title="John Gage (Tudor politician)">John Gage</a>, English courtier of the Tudor period (b. <a href="/wiki/1479" title="1479">1479</a>)<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Friedland" title="Valentin Friedland">Valentin Friedland</a>, German scholar and educationist of the Reformation (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-408">[408]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_4" title="May 4">May 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Ghini" title="Luca Ghini">Luca Ghini</a>, Italian physician and botanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-409">[409]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_28" title="May 28">May 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sait%C5%8D_D%C5%8Dsan" title="Saitō Dōsan">Saitō Dōsan</a>, Japanese warlord (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a>, German composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1486" title="1486">1486</a>)<a href="#cite_note-410">[410]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Valois_(1556)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of Valois (1556)">Joan of Valois</a>, French princess (b. 1556)<a href="#cite_note-411">[411]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_31" title="July 31">July 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>, Spanish founder of the Jesuit order and saint (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)<a href="#cite_note-412">[412]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_da_Carpi" title="Girolamo da Carpi">Girolamo da Carpi</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)<a href="#cite_note-413">[413]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(bishop_of_Worcester)" title="John Bell (bishop of Worcester)">John Bell</a>, Bishop of Worcester<a href="#cite_note-414">[414]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of Valois">Victoria of Valois</a>, French princess (b. 1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hepburn,_3rd_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell">Patrick Hepburn, 3rd Earl of Bothwell</a>, Scottish traitor (b. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)<a href="#cite_note-415">[415]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_7" title="October 7">October 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_of_Denmark_(bishop)" title="Frederick of Denmark (bishop)">Frederick of Denmark</a>, Prince-bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>)<a href="#cite_note-416">[416]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Aretino" title="Pietro Aretino">Pietro Aretino</a>, Italian author (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-417">[417]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a>, English Arctic explorer (drowned at sea) (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1521" title="1521">1521</a>)<a href="#cite_note-418">[418]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_della_Casa" title="Giovanni della Casa">Giovanni della Casa</a>, Italian poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)<a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a></li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tullia_d%27Aragona" title="Tullia d'Aragona">Tullia d'Aragona</a>, Italian poet, author and philosopher (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuz%C3%BBl%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzûlî">Fuzûlî</a>, Turkish poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-421">[421]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li>Brian mac Cathaoir O Conchobhair Failghe, last of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Ui_Failghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Ui Failghe">Kings of Ui Failghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Clemens_non_Papa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Clemens non Papa">Jacob Clemens non Papa</a>, Flemish composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-422">[422]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1557 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_iii_REI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/110px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/165px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Joao_iii_REI.jpg/220px-Joao_iii_REI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/110px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/165px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg/220px-Jacques_Cartier_1851-1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4323" data-file-height="5805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/110px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/165px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg/220px-Emperor_Go-Nara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Go-Nara of Japan">Emperor Go-Nara of Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>, Italian painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-423">[423]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[424]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_4" title="January 4">January 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Mecklenburg" title="Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg">Philip, Duke of Mecklenburg</a>, (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<a href="#cite_note-425">[425]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_8" title="January 8">January 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Alcibiades,_Margrave_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Albert Alcibiades, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a> ("Albert the Warlike"), Prince of Bayreuth (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)<a href="#cite_note-426">[426]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bourbon_de_Vend%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme">Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme</a>, French cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1493" title="1493">1493</a>)<a href="#cite_note-427">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9" title="April 9">April 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola" title="Mikael Agricola">Mikael Agricola</a>, Finnish scholar (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-428">[428]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%B6rer" title="Georg Rörer">Georg Rörer</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-429">[429]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_29" title="April 29">April 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lautaro" title="Lautaro">Lautaro</a>, Mapuche warrior (b. <a href="/wiki/1534" title="1534">1534</a>)<a href="#cite_note-430">[430]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Count_Palatine_of_Simmern" title="John II, Count Palatine of Simmern">John II, Count Palatine of Simmern</a>, Count Palatine of Simmern (1509-1557) (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)<a href="#cite_note-431">[431]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_10" title="June 10">June 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leandro_Bassano" title="Leandro Bassano">Leandro Bassano</a>, Italian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1622" title="1622">1622</a>)<a href="#cite_note-432">[432]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_11" title="June 11">June 11</a> – King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-433">[433]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giovanni Battista Ramusio</a>, Italian geographer (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)<a href="#cite_note-434">[434]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_16" title="July 16">July 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a>, fourth queen of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)<a href="#cite_note-435">[435]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a>, Swedish ecclesiastic and writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-436">[436]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_la_Sengle" title="Claude de la Sengle">Claude de la Sengle</a>, 48th Grandmaster of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-437">[437]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, French explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_13" title="September 13">September 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_Cheke" title="John Cheke">John Cheke</a>, English classical scholar and statesman (b. <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a>)<a href="#cite_note-439">[439]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo" title="Juan Álvarez de Toledo">Juan Álvarez de Toledo</a>, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_27" title="September 27">September 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Go-Nara" title="Emperor Go-Nara">Emperor Go-Nara of Japan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> or <a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a>, Mughal prince (b. <a href="/wiki/1509" title="1509">1509</a>)<a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_20" title="October 20">October 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Salmon_Macrin" title="Jean Salmon Macrin">Jean Salmon Macrin</a>, French poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-442">[442]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish_(courtier)" title="William Cavendish (courtier)">William Cavendish</a>, English courtier (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)<a href="#cite_note-443">[443]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I of Poland</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)<a href="#cite_note-444">[444]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_de%27_Medici_(1540%E2%80%931557)" title="Maria de' Medici (1540–1557)">Maria de' Medici</a>, Italian noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a>)<a href="#cite_note-445">[445]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_6" title="December 6">December 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hesse,_Hereditary_Princess_of_Saxony" title="Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony">Elisabeth of Hesse, Hereditary Princess of Saxony</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)<a href="#cite_note-446">[446]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_13" title="December 13">December 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a>, Italian mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)<a href="#cite_note-447">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[448]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Queen_Dangyeong" title="Queen Dangyeong">Queen Dangyeong</a>, Korean royal consort (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés</a>, Spanish historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1478" title="1478">1478</a>)<a href="#cite_note-449">[449]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Guillard" title="Charlotte Guillard">Charlotte Guillard</a>, French printer<a href="#cite_note-450">[450]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Herberay_des_Essarts" title="Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts">Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts</a>, French translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Glyn" title="Geoffrey Glyn">Geoffrey Glyn</a>, English lawyer<a href="#cite_note-451">[451]</a></li></ul></li> <li>probable <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a>, Italian-born English explorer (b. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)<a href="#cite_note-452">[452]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crecquillon" title="Thomas Crecquillon">Thomas Crecquillon</a>, Flemish composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1490" title="1490">1490</a>)<a href="#cite_note-453">[453]</a></li></ul></li></ul> 1558 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/110px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/165px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Elderly_Karl_V.jpg/220px-Elderly_Karl_V.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3514" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/110px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/165px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/220px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1894" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg/110px-Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg/165px-Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg/220px-Cardinal_Reginald_Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="352" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> died on <a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a>, 1558</div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Micyllus" title="Jacob Micyllus">Jacob Micyllus</a>, German humanist (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">February 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor of Austria</a>, Queen of Portugal and France (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Faber_of_Heilbronn" title="Johann Faber of Heilbronn">Johann Faber of Heilbronn</a>, controversial Catholic preacher (b. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_of_Brandenburg-Kulmbach" title="Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach">Kunigunde of Brandenburg-Kulmbach</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1524" title="1524">1524</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_6" title="March 6">March 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Luca_Gaurico" title="Luca Gaurico">Luca Gaurico</a>, Italian astrologer (b. <a href="/wiki/1475" title="1475">1475</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_24" title="March 24">March 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anna_van_Egmont" title="Anna van Egmont">Anna van Egmont</a>, Countess of Egmond and Buren (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1533" title="1533">1533</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a>, French Franciscan explorer (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2" title="April 2">April 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_of_the_Palatinate" title="Wolfgang of the Palatinate">Wolfgang of the Palatinate</a>, Count Palatine of Neumarkt (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurrem_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrem Sultan">Hurrem Sultan</a>, Ruthenian-born wife of <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bugenhagen" title="Johannes Bugenhagen">Johannes Bugenhagen</a>, German reformer (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a>, French physician (b. <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>)<a href="#cite_note-454">[454]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_S%C3%A1_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Sá de Miranda">Francisco de Sá de Miranda</a>, Portuguese poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Juan_T%C3%A9llez-Gir%C3%B3n,_4th_Count_of_Ure%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña">Juan Téllez-Girón, 4th Count of Ureña</a>, Spanish count (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_25" title="May 25">May 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Brandenburg,_Duchess_of_Brunswick-Calenberg-G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen">Elisabeth of Brandenburg, Duchess of Brunswick-Calenberg-Göttingen</a> (1525–1540) (b. <a href="/wiki/1510" title="1510">1510</a>)<a href="#cite_note-455">[455]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_31" title="May 31">May 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_Hoby" title="Philip Hoby">Philip Hoby</a>, English politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_28" title="June 28">June 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Darcy,_1st_Baron_Darcy_of_Chiche" title="Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche">Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy of Chiche</a>, English courtier (b. <a href="/wiki/1506" title="1506">1506</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_17" title="July 17">July 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg-M%C3%B6mpelgard" class="mw-redirect" title="George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard">George I of Württemberg-Mömpelgard</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1498" title="1498">1498</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_11" title="August 11">August 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Justus_Menius" title="Justus Menius">Justus Menius</a>, German Lutheran pastor (b. <a href="/wiki/1499" title="1499">1499</a>)<a href="#cite_note-456">[456]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_21" title="September 21">September 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, Holy Roman Emperor (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)<a href="#cite_note-457">[457]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October" title="October">October</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mellin_de_Saint-Gelais" title="Mellin de Saint-Gelais">Mellin de Saint-Gelais</a>, French poet (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1491" title="1491">1491</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_18" title="October 18">October 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Hungary_(governor_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands)">Maria of Austria</a>, queen of <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1505" title="1505">1505</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_Scaliger" title="Julius Caesar Scaliger">J. C. Scaliger</a>, Italian scholar (b. <a href="/wiki/1484" title="1484">1484</a>)<a href="#cite_note-458">[458]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Brooke,_Baroness_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham">Anne Brooke, Baroness Cobham</a>, English noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Schnepf" title="Erhard Schnepf">Erhard Schnepf</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1495" title="1495">1495</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_15" title="November 15">November 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Kennedy,_3rd_Earl_of_Cassilis" title="Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis">Gilbert Kennedy, 3rd Earl of Cassilis</a>, Scottish politician and judge (b. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_17" title="November 17">November 17</a> <ul><li>(bur.) <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Aston" title="Hugh Aston">Hugh Aston</a>, English composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I of England</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)<a href="#cite_note-459">[459]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a>, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Forster" title="Johann Forster">Johann Forster</a>, German theologian (b. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cheney" title="Thomas Cheney">Thomas Cheney</a>, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_19" title="December 19">December 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Grapheus" title="Cornelius Grapheus">Cornelius Grapheus</a>, Flemish writer (b. <a href="/wiki/1482" title="1482">1482</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Finck" title="Hermann Finck">Hermann Finck</a>, German composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1527" title="1527">1527</a>)</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 4th Earl of Argyll</a>, Scottish nobleman and politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1507" title="1507">1507</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Recorde" title="Robert Recorde">Robert Recorde</a>, Welsh physician and mathematician (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1512" title="1512">1512</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> 1559 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg/110px-Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg/165px-Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg/220px-Christian_III_of_Denmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian III of Denmark and Norway">Christian III of Denmark and Norway</a> died on New Year's Day, January 1, 1559</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg/110px-ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg/165px-ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg/220px-ChristianII_of_denmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark,_Norway_and_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden">Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden</a> died on January 25, 1559</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_II_of_France..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_II_of_France..jpg/110px-Henry_II_of_France..jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_II_of_France..jpg/165px-Henry_II_of_France..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Henry_II_of_France..jpg/220px-Henry_II_of_France..jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> died on July 10, 1559</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_(Manner),_ca._1560.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg/110px-Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg/165px-Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg/220px-Pope_Paul_IV_%E2%80%93_Jacopino_Conte_%28Manner%29%2C_ca._1560.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> died on August 18, 1559</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January" title="January">January</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christina_Gyllenstierna" title="Christina Gyllenstierna">Christina Gyllenstierna</a>, leading opponent of King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of Denmark</a> and Norway (b. <a href="/wiki/1494" title="1494">1494</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark" title="Christian III of Denmark">Christian III of Denmark</a> and Norway (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)<a href="#cite_note-460">[460]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_25" title="January 25">January 25</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II of</a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Denmark, Norway and Sweden</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1481" title="1481">1481</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – Prince-elector <a href="/wiki/Otto_Henry,_Elector_Palatine" title="Otto Henry, Elector Palatine">Otto Henry of the Palatinate</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1502" title="1502">1502</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_8" title="March 8">March 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tresham_(died_1559)" title="Thomas Tresham (died 1559)">Thomas Tresham</a>, English Catholic politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gropper" title="Johann Gropper">Johann Gropper</a>, German Catholic cardinal (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Anthony_St_Leger_(Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland)" title="Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)">Anthony St. Leger</a>, Lord Deputy of Ireland (b. <a href="/wiki/1496" title="1496">1496</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_23" title="March 23">March 23</a> – Emperor <a href="/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelawdewos of Ethiopia">Gelawdewos of Ethiopia</a> (in battle) (b. <a href="/wiki/1522" title="1522">1522</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ries" title="Adam Ries">Adam Ries</a>, German mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1492" title="1492">1492</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Nassau-Siegen_(1488%E2%80%931559)" title="Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen (1488–1559)">Elisabeth of Nassau-Siegen</a>, German noblewoman (b. <a href="/wiki/1488" title="1488">1488</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_10" title="July 10">July 10</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> (jousting accident) (b. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Henry-195">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_18" title="August 18">August 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV" title="Pope Paul IV">Pope Paul IV</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)<a href="#cite_note-461">[461]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Estienne" title="Robert Estienne">Robert Estienne</a>, French printer (b. <a href="/wiki/1503" title="1503">1503</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Jagiellon" title="Isabella Jagiellon">Isabella Jagiellon</a>, queen consort of Hungary (d. <a href="/wiki/1519" title="1519">1519</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2" title="October 2">October 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacquet_of_Mantua" title="Jacquet of Mantua">Jacquet of Mantua</a>, French composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1483" title="1483">1483</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ercole_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara</a>, Italian noble (b. <a href="/wiki/1508" title="1508">1508</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Philip_III,_Count_of_Nassau-Weilburg" title="Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg">Philip III, Count of Nassau-Weilburg</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1504" title="1504">1504</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Nassau-Siegen" title="William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen">William I, Count of Nassau-Siegen</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1487" title="1487">1487</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Motonobu" title="Kanō Motonobu">Kanō Motonobu</a>, Japanese painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1476" title="1476">1476</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Milich" title="Jacob Milich">Jacob Milich</a>, German astronomer and mathematician (b. <a href="/wiki/1501" title="1501">1501</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_18" title="November 18">November 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Tunstall" title="Cuthbert Tunstall">Cuthbert Tunstall</a>, English church leader (b. <a href="/wiki/1474" title="1474">1474</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_20" title="November 20">November 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frances_Grey,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" title="Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk">Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk</a>, English noblewoman and claimant to the throne of England (b. <a href="/wiki/1517" title="1517">1517</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_26" title="November 26">November 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Adolph_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken">Adolph of Nassau-Saarbrücken</a>, Count of Nassau (b. <a href="/wiki/1526" title="1526">1526</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Irene_di_Spilimbergo" title="Irene di Spilimbergo">Irene di Spilimbergo</a>, Italian Renaissance poet and painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1538" title="1538">1538</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_31" title="December 31">December 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Owen_Oglethorpe" title="Owen Oglethorpe">Owen Oglethorpe</a>, deposed English bishop</li> <li>date unknown <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Realdo_Colombo" title="Realdo Colombo">Realdo Colombo</a>, Italian surgeon and anatomist (b. <a href="/wiki/1516" title="1516">1516</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wilford" title="Elizabeth Wilford">Elizabeth Wilford</a>, English merchant and company founder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Francis_of_Aberdeen" title="Father Francis of Aberdeen">Father Francis of Aberdeen</a>, Catholic Trinitarian friar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Digges_(scientist)" title="Leonard Digges (scientist)">Leonard Digges</a>, English mathematician and surveyor (b. c. <a href="/wiki/1515" title="1515">1515</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_O%27Neill,_1st_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone">Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone</a>, Irish rebel (b. <a href="/wiki/1480" title="1480">1480</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Zhengming" title="Wen Zhengming">Wen Zhengming</a>, Chinese painter (b. <a href="/wiki/1470" title="1470">1470</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=1550s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSocarrás2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Socarrás, José Francisco (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qeRrAAAAMAAJ&q=%226%20de%20enero%20de%201550%22">Apuntes sobre la historia de Valledupar</a> (in Spanish). Plaza & Janés. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-958-14-0324-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-958-14-0324-0"><bdi>978-958-14-0324-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+sobre+la+historia+de+Valledupar&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Plaza+%26+Jan%C3%A9s&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-958-14-0324-0&rft.aulast=Socarr%C3%A1s&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqeRrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25226%2520de%2520enero%2520de%25201550%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Marcia B. 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Signal Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-75-5"><bdi>978-1-902669-75-5</bdi></a>. 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A&C Black. p. 1078. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-34563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-34563-9"><bdi>978-0-567-34563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Interpretation+of+the+Bible%3A+The+International+Symposium+in+Slovenia&rft.pages=1078&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-34563-9&rft.au=Joze+Krasovec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjiukF7F_r3cC%26pg%3DPA1078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nostradamusmanbe0000wils/page/58/mode/2up?q=1550">Nostradamus : the man behind the prophecies</a>. 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The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-523-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-523-4"><bdi>1-85409-523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Sourcebook&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85409-523-4&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christs-hospital.org.uk/about-ch/history-of-the-school/">"History of the School"</a>. Christ's Hospital. 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Lindsay (8 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L3xKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA506">A History of the Reformation, 2 Volumes</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-283-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-283-8"><bdi>978-1-57910-283-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Reformation%2C+2+Volumes&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1999-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-283-8&rft.au=Thomas+M.+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL3xKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerrik_Mercer1993" class="citation book cs1">Derrik Mercer (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ivo9okUs30wC">Chronicle of the Royal Family</a>. Chronicle Communications. pp. 160–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-872031-20-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-872031-20-0"><bdi>978-1-872031-20-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Royal+Family&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Chronicle+Communications&rft.date=1993-02&rft.isbn=978-1-872031-20-0&rft.au=Derrik+Mercer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Divo9okUs30wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallis2016-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Tallis2016_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicola_Tallis2016" class="citation book cs1">Nicola Tallis (6 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5P-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10">Crown of Blood: The Deadly Inheritance of Lady Jane Grey</a>. Pegasus Books. pp. 10–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-287-5"><bdi>978-1-68177-287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crown+of+Blood%3A+The+Deadly+Inheritance+of+Lady+Jane+Grey&rft.pages=10-&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-287-5&rft.au=Nicola+Tallis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5P-CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTittler1983" class="citation book cs1">Tittler, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignofmaryi0000titt/page/12/mode/2up?q=mary">The reign of Mary I</a>. Longman. pp. 8–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35333-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-35333-6"><bdi>978-0-582-35333-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reign+of+Mary+I&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-582-35333-6&rft.aulast=Tittler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freignofmaryi0000titt%2Fpage%2F12%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dmary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Ives" title="Eric Ives">Eric Ives</a> (2009): Lady Jane Grey: A Tudor Mystery Wiley-Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6">978-1-4051-9413-6</a>. Pages 96-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoworth1880" class="citation book cs1">Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJsUAQAAIAAJ&dq=Richard+Chancellor+white+sea+Arkhangelsk+%22august+1553%22&pg=PA491">History of the Mongols: From the 9th to the 19th Century</a>. Burt Franklin. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-343-14643-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-343-14643-6"><bdi>978-0-343-14643-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mongols%3A+From+the+9th+to+the+19th+Century&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Burt+Franklin&rft.date=1880&rft.isbn=978-0-343-14643-6&rft.aulast=Howorth&rft.aufirst=Sir+Henry+Hoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJsUAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DRichard%2BChancellor%2Bwhite%2Bsea%2BArkhangelsk%2B%2522august%2B1553%2522%26pg%3DPA491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/neareast/ne13.html#Suleiman">A General History of the Middle East, Chapter 13: Ottoman Era, Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, xenohistorian.faithweb.com; accessed January 8, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-michael-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michael_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-michael_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJedinDolan1980" class="citation book cs1">Jedin, Hubert; Dolan, John Patrick (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJHYAAAAMAAJ&dq=geneva+Michael+Servetus+heretic+%2227+october+1553%22&pg=PA382">History of the Church: Reformation and Counter Reformation</a>. Burns & Oates. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86012-085-8"><bdi>978-0-86012-085-8</bdi></a>. 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Malden MA; Oxford UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 251–252, 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9413-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+Jane+Grey%3A+A+Tudor+Mystery&rft.place=Malden+MA%3B+Oxford+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E252%2C+334&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9413-6&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellamy1979" class="citation book cs1">Bellamy, John (1979). The Tudor Law of Treason. Toronto: Routlegde, Kegan & Paul. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-8729-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-8729-2"><bdi>0-7100-8729-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Law+of+Treason&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Routlegde%2C+Kegan+%26+Paul&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7100-8729-2&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeikel1980" class="citation book cs1">Weikel, Ann (1980). Tittler, Robert; Loach, Jennifer (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/midtudorpolityc10000unse/54/mode/2up">The Mid-Tudor Polity c.1540-1560</a>. 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Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 125 (12): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JGRB..12517848F">2020JGRB..12517848F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2019JB017848">10.1029/2019JB017848</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-9313">2169-9313</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228829854">228829854</a>. 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Abhinav. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/039102650X" title="Special:BookSources/039102650X"><bdi>039102650X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59153735">59153735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mughal+architecture.&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59153735&rft.isbn=039102650X&rft.aulast=Nath&rft.aufirst=Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.532498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KnnJAwAAQBAJ&dq=truce+of+vaucelles+%225+february+1556%22&pg=PA272">The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe</a>. Routledge. 11 June 2014. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89939-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89939-6"><bdi>978-1-317-89939-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Wars+1494-1559%3A+War%2C+State+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89939-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKnnJAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtruce%2Bof%2Bvaucelles%2B%25225%2Bfebruary%2B1556%2522%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParameswaran2023" class="citation book cs1">Parameswaran, Dr S. Pari (13 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWWnEAAAQBAJ&dq=Akbar+13+%2214+february+1556%22&pg=PA95">ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY: AN EAGLE'S VIEW FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND OTHER EXAMS</a>. MJP Publisher. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5528-240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5528-240-8"><bdi>978-93-5528-240-8</bdi></a>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15216-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15216-6"><bdi>978-0-300-15216-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npq81">j.ctt1npq81</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fires+of+Faith%3A+Catholic+England+under+Mary+Tudor&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1npq81%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15216-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1npq81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2008" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Andrew J. 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I.B.Tauris. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857716613" title="Special:BookSources/9780857716613"><bdi>9780857716613</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safavid+Iran%3A+Rebirth+of+a+Persian+Empire&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780857716613&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPgBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapp2004" class="citation journal cs1">Papp, Sándor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5780/1/chronica_004_057-067.pdf">"From a Transylvanian principality to an Ottoman sanjak: The life of Pál Márkházi, a Hungarian renegade"</a> (PDF). Chronica. 4: 59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1588-2039">1588-2039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronica&rft.atitle=From+a+Transylvanian+principality+to+an+Ottoman+sanjak%3A+The+life+of+P%C3%A1l+M%C3%A1rkh%C3%A1zi%2C+a+Hungarian+renegade&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=1588-2039&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A1ndor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facta.bibl.u-szeged.hu%2F5780%2F1%2Fchronica_004_057-067.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1998" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. Cassell & Co. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-523-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-523-4"><bdi>1-85409-523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samurai+Sourcebook&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85409-523-4&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKay1878" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, George Eric (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSZqgy_j7EkC&dq=Lorenzo+Priuli+venice+%221556%22&pg=PA105">The Doges of Venice Chronologically Arranged with Historical Notes by George Eric Mackay</a>. F. Ongania. p. 105. Retrieved 11 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doges+of+Venice+Chronologically+Arranged+with+Historical+Notes+by+George+Eric+Mackay&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=F.+Ongania&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=George+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSZqgy_j7EkC%26dq%3DLorenzo%2BPriuli%2Bvenice%2B%25221556%2522%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe347.htm">Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. "Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow".</a> Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf">List of martyrs according to Foxe</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312070811/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17039%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Information on the Peresopnytsia Gospel</a> from <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2013" class="citation book cs1">Woodward, Geoffrey (2013). "8". Philip II. London, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317897736" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317897736"><bdi>978-1317897736</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8&rft.btitle=Philip+II&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317897736&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar, Jadunath</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ">Military History of India</a>. Orient Longmans. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861251551" title="Special:BookSources/9780861251551"><bdi>9780861251551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+History+of+India&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Orient+Longmans&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9780861251551&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqoRDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhardwaj2000" class="citation book cs1">Bhardwaj, Kanwal Kishore (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Emm0nTvllKoC&q=%225%20november%22">Hemu: Napoleon of Medieval India</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reports+of+Cases+in+Chancery&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=William+Benning+and+Co.&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Beavan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTdHAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DAntony%2BBrowne%2BBrentwood%2BSchool%2B%25221557%2522%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brentwoodschool.co.uk/we-are-brentwood/brentwood-history">"Brentwood History"</a>. www.brentwoodschool.co.uk. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37988-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37988-5"><bdi>978-0-521-37988-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Books+and+Readers+1475+to+1557%3A+Being+a+Study+in+the+History+of+the+Book+Trade+from+Caxton+to+the+Incorporation+of+the+Stationers%27+Company&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37988-5&rft.au=H.+S.+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0_EIgDPqXGcC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSá2004" class="citation book cs1">Sá, Lúcia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSss5qWjLt4C&dq=hans+staden+tupi+Warhaftige+Historia+und+beschreibung+eyner+Landtschafft+%221557%22&pg=PA93">Rain Forest Literatures: Amazonian Texts and Latin American Culture</a>. U of Minnesota Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0677-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-0677-5"><bdi>978-1-4529-0677-5</bdi></a>. 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(1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Jena/Jena">"Jena" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jena&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._W._Ruuth1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">J. W. Ruuth (1958). "Kaupungin perustamiskirje". Porin kaupungin historia II (in Finnish). 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Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch', Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles (Routledge, 2016), p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Phil Lee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MweB03W3K8AC&pg=RA1-PA275">The Rough Guide to Mallorca & Menorca</a> (Rough Guides, 2004), p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(Unitarian)" title="Alexander Gordon (Unitarian)">Gordon, Alexander</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carranza,_Bartolom%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carranza, Bartolomé">Carranza, Bartolomé</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 399–400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carranza%2C+Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E400&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> J. P. Kirsch, "Bartolomé Carranza," Catholic Encyclopedia (1917 ed.) </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeale1954" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">Neale, J. E.</a> (1954) [1934], Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography (reprint ed.), London: Jonathan Cape, p. 59, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220518">220518</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F220518&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf">"Foxe’s Marian Martyrs"</a>, by Thomas S. Freeman, JohnFoxe.org </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLillian_S._Robinson1985" class="citation book cs1">Lillian S. Robinson (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVuFAAAAIAAJ">Monstrous Regiment: The Lady Knight in Sixteenth-century Epic</a>. Garland Pub. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6709-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-6709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monstrous+Regiment%3A+The+Lady+Knight+in+Sixteenth-century+Epic&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Garland+Pub.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-6709-0&rft.au=Lillian+S.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVuFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tts247-189"><a href="#cite_ref-tts247_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrun1991" class="citation book cs1">Grun, Bernard (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun">The Timetables of History</a> (3rd ed.). 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London: Macmillan and Company. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Persia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=Percy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F7307%2Fview%2F1%2F64%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey_Abbott2001" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey Abbott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DKgAAAAMAAJ">Crowning Disasters</a>. Capall Bann Publishing. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86163-132-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86163-132-9"><bdi>978-1-86163-132-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowning+Disasters&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Capall+Bann+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86163-132-9&rft.au=Geoffrey+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DKgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrissey2011-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrissey2011_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Morrissey2011" class="citation book cs1">Mary Morrissey (16 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7smutvuRcYC&pg=PA71">Politics and the Paul's Cross Sermons, 1558-1642</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957176-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957176-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957176-5</bdi></a>. 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Marietti. p. 350. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Chiesa%3A+La+Chiesa+al+tempo+del+Rinascimento+e+della+riforma&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Marietti&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Todesco&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO1ObPtdZ9ZgC%26q%3D%252225%2520maggio%25201550%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhl1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kuhl, Joseph (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBTWn282-gkC&dq=Marie+Eleonore+%2216+juni+1550%22&pg=PA57">Der Jülicher kirchenstreit im 15. und 16. jahrhundert</a> (in German). P. Hanstein. p. 57. 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Oxford University Press. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283844-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283844-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283844-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Reine+Margot&rft.pages=510&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283844-5&rft.au=Alexandre+Dumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbvvDZvtzKzYC%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1898" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herzog, Johann Jakob (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEs9UqBFem4C&dq=Johannes+van+den+Driesche+%2228+juni+1550%22&pg=PA46">Realencyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche</a> (in German). J.C. Hinrichs. p. 46. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realencyklop%C3%A4die+f%C3%BCr+protestantische+Theologie+und+Kirche&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=J.C.+Hinrichs&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Johann+Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiEs9UqBFem4C%26dq%3DJohannes%2Bvan%2Bden%2BDriesche%2B%252228%2Bjuni%2B1550%2522%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1585-ii.htm#Caetani">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of December 18, 1585"</a>. cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardinals.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+-+Biographical+Dictionary+-+Consistory+of+December+18%2C+1585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1585-ii.htm%23Caetani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4dEZ6-sCmMC&dq=Petrus+Gudelinus+%228+augustus+1550%22&pg=PA534">Biographisch woordenboek der Nederlanden, bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige personen, die zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons vaderland hebben vermaard gemaakt</a> (in Dutch). Van Brederode. 1878. p. 534. 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Encyclopedia Press. p. 581.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Charles+George+Herbermann&rft.au=Edward+Aloysius+Pace&rft.au=Cond%C3%A9+B%C3%A9noist+Pallen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQkjAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoniecki1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boniecki, Michał (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NJhAAAAcAAJ&dq=Joachim+Fryderyk+%2229+wrze%C5%9Bnia+1550%22&pg=PA355">Książęta szlązcy z domu Piastów: przyczynek do historyi rodzin panujących w Polsce, zebrany i ułożony przewaźnie z niemieckich źródeł. 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Jahr ihres Bestehens am 24. und 25. Juni 1977</a> (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-444151-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-444151-3"><bdi>978-3-16-444151-3</bdi></a>. 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Real Academia de la Historia. 1917. p. 526. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+de+la+Real+Academia+de+la+Historia&rft.pages=526&rft.pub=Real+Academia+de+la+Historia.&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoM82AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DAna%2Bde%2BSan%2BBartolom%25C3%25A9%2B%25221%2Bde%2Boctubre%2Bde%2B1550%2522%26pg%3DPA526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrolier_Incorporated1993" class="citation book cs1">Grolier Incorporated (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QI0xAQAAIAAJ">Academic American encyclopedia</a>. 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Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leven+van+den+heiligen+Stanislaus+Kostka%3A+novice+van+het+gezelschap+van+Jezus&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Mosmans&rft.date=1878&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabZmAAAAcAAJ%26q%3D%2520%252228%2520october%25201550%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchöne2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schöne, Armin (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zT3kCwAAQBAJ&dq=Heinrich+von+Sachsen-Lauenburg+1+november+1550&pg=PA281">Die Erzbischöfe von Bremen und ihr Haus und Amt Langwedel: Geistliche und weltliche Herrschaft im Alten Reich, Band 1</a> (in German). Edition Falkenberg. p. 281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95494-088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95494-088-2"><bdi>978-3-95494-088-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barrow%2C+Henry&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F1540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-1540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFComerford2016" class="citation book cs1">Comerford, Kathleen (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHxyDQAAQBAJ&dq=Emilio+de%27+Cavalieri+%221550%22&pg=PA79">Jesuit Foundations and Medici Power, 1532–1621</a>. BRILL. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30057-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30057-6"><bdi>978-90-04-30057-6</bdi></a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54346-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54346-0"><bdi>978-0-521-54346-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Henslowe%27s+Diary&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54346-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGieHbn2mBcC%26dq%3DPhilip%2BHenslowe%2B%25221550%2522%2Blindfield%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._J._WithersHayden_Lorimer2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. J. Withers; Hayden Lorimer (October 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRhHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Geographers Volume 27: Biobibliographical Studies</a>. A&C Black. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-8011-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-8011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographers+Volume+27%3A+Biobibliographical+Studies&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-8011-7&rft.au=Charles+W.+J.+Withers&rft.au=Hayden+Lorimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRhHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayne_Maloof_Williamson1968" class="citation book cs1">Jayne Maloof Williamson (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGdmAAAAMAAJ">The War of the Three Henries: Why?: The Motives Prompting Henri de Navarre, Henry de Guise, and Henri III to Engage in War, 1585-1589</a>. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Henries%3A+Why%3F%3A+The+Motives+Prompting+Henri+de+Navarre%2C+Henry+de+Guise%2C+and+Henri+III+to+Engage+in+War%2C+1585-1589&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin--Madison&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Jayne+Maloof+Williamson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGdmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNichollsWilliams2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicholls, Mark; Williams, Penry (17 September 2004). "Ralegh, Sir Walter (1554–1618)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23039">10.1093/ref:odnb/23039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ralegh%2C+Sir+Walter+%281554%E2%80%931618%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23039&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Penry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt_James_PressAnthony_LeviRetired_Professor_of_French_Anthony_Levi1992" class="citation book cs1">St James Press; Anthony Levi; Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqkRAQAAMAAJ">Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789</a>. St. James Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55862-159-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55862-159-6"><bdi>978-1-55862-159-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+French+Literature%3A+Beginnings+to+1789&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=St.+James+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55862-159-6&rft.au=St+James+Press&rft.au=Anthony+Levi&rft.au=Retired+Professor+of+French+Anthony+Levi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqkRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudolf-II-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Rudolf II | Holy Roman emperor"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780198601753.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780198601753.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860175-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860175-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860175-3</bdi></a>. 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Imprenta y estereotipía de M. Rivadeneyra. p. 33. 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University of Toronto Press. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3825-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3825-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3825-8</bdi></a>. 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D. Douglas. p. 482. 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L. Techener. p. 25. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Louise+de+Lorraine%2C+reine+de+France%2C+1553-1601&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=L.+Techener&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Baillon&rft.aufirst=Charles+comte+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZX7ElnTIG1kC%26q%3D%252230%2520avril%25201553%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grossmann, Julius (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZlHAAAAYAAJ&dq=Albert+Friedrich+%E2%80%9E7.+Mai+1553%E2%80%9C&pg=PA116">Genealogie des Gesamthauses Hohenzollern</a> (in German). W. Moeser. p. 116. 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The Polish Review. 24 (2): 67–80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2970">0032-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777676">25777676</a>. 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K.K. Hof- und staatsdruckerei. p. 180. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42055-6"><bdi>978-0-521-42055-6</bdi></a>. 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Promozione Franciacorta. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86189-02-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-86189-02-6"><bdi>978-88-86189-02-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=Wilbraham%2C+Sir+Roger+%281553-1616%29%2C+of+St.+John%27s+Gateway%2C+Clerkenwell%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1604-1629%2Fmember%2Fwilbraham-sir-roger-1553-1616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWseAQAAIAAJ&q=%2223%20novembre%201553%22">Prospero Alpini: medico e viaggiatori : nel 450o della nascita : atti della conferenza di studi, 23 novembre 2003, sala consiliare del casstello inferiore, Marostica</a> (in Italian). Commune di Marostica. 2005. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-901780-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-901780-1-6"><bdi>978-88-901780-1-6</bdi></a>. 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Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14045">10.1093/ref:odnb/14045</a>. 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Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-352-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86698-352-5"><bdi>978-0-86698-352-5</bdi></a>. 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Vol. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/OUP" class="mw-redirect" title="OUP">OUP</a> USA. pp. 312–313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195382075" title="Special:BookSources/9780195382075"><bdi>9780195382075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Biography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E312-%3C%2Fspan%3E313&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-02-02&rft.isbn=9780195382075&rft.aulast=Akyeampong&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel+Kwaku&rft.au=Gates%2C+Henry+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39JMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA4-PA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Woudhuysen1996" class="citation book cs1">H. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89278-0"><bdi>978-0-521-89278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Anjou+and+the+Politique+Struggle+During+the+Wars+of+Religion&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89278-0&rft.au=Mack+P.+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt5sraGYbWcC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohlen-Bohlendorf1850" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bohlen-Bohlendorf, Julius von (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldpAAAAAcAAJ&dq=Christian+Barnekow+%2224+januar+1556%22&pg=PA24">Der Bischofs-Roggen und die Güter des Bisthums Roeskild</a> (in German). 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Phaidon. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2417-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-2417-8"><bdi>978-0-7148-2417-8</bdi></a>. 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OUP USA. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-538207-5</bdi></a>. 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Liverpool University Press. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-772-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-772-6"><bdi>978-1-78138-772-6</bdi></a>. 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Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Howard+%5BDacre%5D%2C+Anne%2C+countess+of+Arundel&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-1007870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWUTSTRACK1793" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">WUTSTRACK, Christian Friedrich (1793). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6q7PvyAgEC4C&dq=Kasimir+VI+22+marz+1557&pg=PA134">Kurze historisch-geographisch-statische Beschreibung von dem königlichpreussischen Herzogthume Vor- und Hinter-Pommern, etc</a> (in German). Johann Samuel Leich. p. 134. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurze+historisch-geographisch-statische+Beschreibung+von+dem+k%C3%B6niglichpreussischen+Herzogthume+Vor-+und+Hinter-Pommern%2C+etc&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Johann+Samuel+Leich&rft.date=1793&rft.aulast=WUTSTRACK&rft.aufirst=Christian+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6q7PvyAgEC4C%26dq%3DKasimir%2BVI%2B22%2Bmarz%2B1557%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpórna2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spórna, Marcin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7TeAAAAMAAJ&q=%20%224%20kwietnia%201557%22">Słownik najsłynniejszych wodzów i dowódców polskich</a> (in Polish). Zielona Sowa. p. 395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7435-094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7435-094-5"><bdi>978-83-7435-094-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+najs%C5%82ynniejszych+wodz%C3%B3w+i+dow%C3%B3dc%C3%B3w+polskich&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Zielona+Sowa&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-83-7435-094-5&rft.aulast=Sp%C3%B3rna&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7TeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2520%25224%2520kwietnia%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeitelrock1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beitelrock, Johann Michael (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmRFAAAAcAAJ&dq=Friedrich+pfalz+%2211+april+1557%22&pg=PA15">Geschichte des Herzogthums Neuburg oder der jungen Pfalz</a> (in German). Wailandt. p. 15. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Herzogthums+Neuburg+oder+der+jungen+Pfalz&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Wailandt&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Beitelrock&rft.aufirst=Johann+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmRFAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DFriedrich%2Bpfalz%2B%252211%2Bapril%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5VOUSJdtqXsC&dq=Emanuel+Filibert+van+Lalaing+%225+mei+1557%22&pg=RA2-PA156">Mémoires couronnés et autres mémoires: Collection in-8°. ...</a> (in Dutch). Hayez. 1882. p. 156. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+couronn%C3%A9s+et+autres+m%C3%A9moires%3A+Collection+in-8%C2%B0.+...&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Hayez&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5VOUSJdtqXsC%26dq%3DEmanuel%2BFilibert%2Bvan%2BLalaing%2B%25225%2Bmei%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFМорозова2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Морозова, Л. Е. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e8YiAQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+I+%C2%AB31+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+1557+%D0%B3.%C2%BB">Два царя: Федор и Борис</a> (in Russian). Русское слово. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8253-0160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8253-0160-0"><bdi>978-5-8253-0160-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F%3A+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-5-8253-0160-0&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B.+%D0%95.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8YiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%2BI%2B%25C2%25AB31%2B%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B1557%2B%25D0%25B3.%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJr2019" class="citation book cs1">Jr, James D. Taylor (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=br2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=Philip+Howard+%2228+june+1557%22&pg=PA397">Complete State Trials of the Tudor Era</a>. Algora Publishing. p. 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-377-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62894-377-1"><bdi>978-1-62894-377-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+State+Trials+of+the+Tudor+Era&rft.pages=397&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62894-377-1&rft.aulast=Jr&rft.aufirst=James+D.+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbr2XDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DPhilip%2BHoward%2B%252228%2Bjune%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmksAQAAIAAJ&q=%2216%20agosto%201557%22">Il Seicento europeo: Realismo, classicismo, barocco</a> (in Italian). De Luca. 1968. p. 87. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Seicento+europeo%3A+Realismo%2C+classicismo%2C+barocco&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=De+Luca&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmksAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%252216%2520agosto%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLandtag1910" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Landtag, Württemberg (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=npAUAQAAIAAJ&dq=Friedrich+I+W%C3%BCrttemberg+%2219+august+1557%22&pg=PA1">Württemberg Landtagsakten</a> (in German). Kolhammer. p. 1. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W%C3%BCrttemberg+Landtagsakten&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Kolhammer&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Landtag&rft.aufirst=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnpAUAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DFriedrich%2BI%2BW%25C3%25BCrttemberg%2B%252219%2Baugust%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt1881" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleinschmidt, Arthur (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G3fLvM_nYawC&dq=Sibylle+von+J%C3%BClich+%2226+august+1557%22&pg=PA170">Augsburg, Nürnberg und ihre Handelsfürsten im fünfzehnten und sechzehnten Jahrhunderte</a> (in German). Kay. p. 170. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augsburg%2C+N%C3%BCrnberg+und+ihre+Handelsf%C3%BCrsten+im+f%C3%BCnfzehnten+und+sechzehnten+Jahrhunderte&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Kay&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG3fLvM_nYawC%26dq%3DSibylle%2Bvon%2BJ%25C3%25BClich%2B%252226%2Baugust%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuth2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stuth, Steffen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhBoAAAAMAAJ&q=Sophie+af+Mecklenburg+%224+september+1557%22">Höfe und Residenzen: Untersuchungen zu den Höfen der Herzöge von Mecklenburg im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert</a> (in German). Edition Temmen. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86108-778-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86108-778-6"><bdi>978-3-86108-778-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6fe+und+Residenzen%3A+Untersuchungen+zu+den+H%C3%B6fen+der+Herz%C3%B6ge+von+Mecklenburg+im+16.+und+17.+Jahrhundert&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Edition+Temmen&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-86108-778-6&rft.aulast=Stuth&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhBoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSophie%2Baf%2BMecklenburg%2B%25224%2Bseptember%2B1557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RFkzAQAAMAAJ&dq=Jos%C3%A9+Calasanz+%2211+de+septiembre+de+1557%22&pg=PA11">Escolapios insignes por su piedad religiosa desde el origen</a> (in Spanish). San Francisco de Sales. 1899. p. 11. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Escolapios+insignes+por+su+piedad+religiosa+desde+el+origen&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=San+Francisco+de+Sales&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFkzAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3DJos%25C3%25A9%2BCalasanz%2B%252211%2Bde%2Bseptiembre%2Bde%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rwgVAAAAQAAJ&dq=Jacques+Mauduit+%2216+september+1557%22&pg=PA73">Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung</a> (in German). Breitkopf und Härtel. 1842. p. 74. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+musikalische+Zeitung&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Breitkopf+und+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrwgVAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DJacques%2BMauduit%2B%252216%2Bseptember%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDufayard1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dufayard, Charles (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gji5V75DymcC&dq=Antoine+Favre+%225+octobre+1557%22&pg=PA186">Histoire de Savoie</a> (in French). Boivin. p. 186. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Savoie&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Boivin&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Dufayard&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgji5V75DymcC%26dq%3DAntoine%2BFavre%2B%25225%2Boctobre%2B1557%2522%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrennan2023" class="citation book cs1">Drennan, Jonathan R. J. (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Of7XEAAAQBAJ&dq=Giovanni+Croce+%221557%22+Chioggia&pg=PR11">Requiems by Giovanni Croce and Giovanni Rovetta: The Requiem Mass at St. Mark's, Venice, in the Seventeenth Century</a>. A-R Editions, Inc. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9872-0865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9872-0865-8"><bdi>978-1-9872-0865-8</bdi></a>. 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Gachard: Tome 6</a> (in French). C. Muquard. 1857. p. xc. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Correspondance+de+Guillaume+le+taciturne%2C+prince+d%27Orange%2C+publi%C3%A9e+pour+la+premi%C3%A8re+fois%2C+suivie+de+pi%C3%A8ces+in%C3%A9dits+sur+l%27assassinat+de+ce+prince+et+sur+les+r%C3%A9compenses+accord%C3%A9es+par+Philippe+2.+%C3%A0+la+famille+de+Balthazar+G%C3%A9rard+par+m.+Gachard%3A+Tome+6&rft.pages=xc&rft.pub=C.+Muquard&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsN8-hLzdn9sC%26dq%3DBalthasar%2BG%25C3%25A9rard%2B%25221557%2522%2BVuillafans%26pg%3DPR90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFnat1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fnat, Johan Erik (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6YldAAAAcAAJ&dq=Olaus+Martini+%221557%22&pg=PA19">Upsala Arkestifts Herdaminne. Hft. 1-7</a> (in Swedish). Wahlstrom & Lastbom. p. 19. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upsala+Arkestifts+Herdaminne.+Hft.+1-7&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Wahlstrom+%26+Lastbom&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Fnat&rft.aufirst=Johan+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YldAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DOlaus%2BMartini%2B%25221557%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurray2014" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Tessa (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzQ3BAAAQBAJ&q=1557">Thomas Morley: Elizabethan Music Publisher</a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-960-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-960-6</bdi></a>. 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The Academy of the Four Directions. 2 February 2015. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-692-37740-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-692-37740-6"><bdi>978-0-692-37740-6</bdi></a>. 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Indiana University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30683-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-30683-8"><bdi>978-0-253-30683-8</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welsh+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Penry%2C+John+%281563-1593%29%2C+Puritan+author&rft.au=Robert+Tudur+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiography.wales%2Farticle%2Fs-PENR-JOH-1563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMearns2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mearns, James (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/lega/82/1-2/article-p100_10.xml">"A consultation by Andrea Alciato on the laws of war"</a>. Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'histoire du droit / The Legal History Review. 82 (1–2): 100–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718190-08212p08">10.1163/15718190-08212p08</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-7585">0040-7585</a>. 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Hinstorff'sche hofbuchandlung verlagsconto. p. 238. 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R. Deputazione sovra gli studi di storia patria per le antiche provincie e la Lombardia. 1871. p. 170. 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Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XXXIII (1): 6–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2FXXXIII.1.6">10.1093/jhmas/XXXIII.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/344388">344388</a>. 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Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E6%99%B4%E3%81%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%83%8F&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYwpEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25E8%25B6%25B3%25E5%2588%25A9%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E6%2599%25B4%25E3%2580%258C1550%25E5%25B9%25B45%25E6%259C%258820%25E6%2597%25A5%25E3%2580%258D%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiordani1842" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Giordani, Gaetano (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzMOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Veronica+Gambara+%2213+giugno+1550%22&pg=RA1-PA55">Della venuta e dimora in Bologna del sommo pontifice Clemente vii. per la coronazione di Carlo v. imperatore celebrata l'anno mdxxx</a> (in Italian). Alla Volpe. p. 55. Retrieved 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Della+venuta+e+dimora+in+Bologna+del+sommo+pontifice+Clemente+vii.+per+la+coronazione+di+Carlo+v.+imperatore+celebrata+l%27anno+mdxxx&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Alla+Volpe&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Giordani&rft.aufirst=Gaetano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzMOAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DVeronica%2BGambara%2B%252213%2Bgiugno%2B1550%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVNIAAAAYAAJ&dq=Jacopo+Bonfadio+%2219+luglio+1550%22&pg=PA365">Atti della Società ligure di storia patria</a> (in Italian). 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2284-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2284-6"><bdi>978-1-5381-2284-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revista+de+archivos%2C+bibliotecas+y+museos&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Montepio+del+Cuerpo+Facultativo+del+Ramo&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOH8lAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DFernando%2C%2Bduque%2Bde%2BCalabria%2B%252226%2Bde%2Boctubre%2Bde%2B1550%2522%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichałowska1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michałowska, Teresa (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a7AXAQAAIAAJ&q=Tiedemann+Giese+%2223+pa%C5%BAdziernika+1550%22">Łacińska poezja w dawnej Polsce</a> (in Polish). IBL. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85605-36-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-85605-36-2"><bdi>978-83-85605-36-2</bdi></a>. 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BRILL. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03823-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-03823-3"><bdi>978-0-391-03823-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestant+Politics%3A+Jacob+Sturm+%281489-1553%29+and+the+German+Reformation&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-391-03823-3&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6pWtQXv2XwC%26dq%3DUlrich%2B%25226%2Bnovember%2B1550%2522%26pg%3DPA357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalinke1996" class="citation book cs1">Kalinke, Marianne E. 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Aalst, Stedelijk Museum-Oud Hospitaal, 1 september-31 oktober 1973</a> (in Dutch). Stadsbestuur. 1973. p. 152. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tentoonstelling+Dirk+Martens%2C+1473-1973%3A+Tentoonstelling+over+het+werk%2C+de+persoon+en+het+milieu+van+Dirk+Martens%2C+ingericht+bij+de+herdenking+van+het+verschijnen+te+Aalst+in+1473+van+het+eerste+gedrukte+boek+in+de+Zuidelijke+Nederlanden.+Aalst%2C+Stedelijk+Museum-Oud+Hospitaal%2C+1+september-31+oktober+1973&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Stadsbestuur&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_51jMG7RkPkC%26q%3D%25226%2520december%25201550%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giovan-giorgio-trissino_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"TRISSINO, Giovan Giorgio"</a>. www.treccani.it (in Italian). 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New York: AMS Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-09630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-09630-4"><bdi>978-0-404-09630-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+temporal+and+spiritual+conquest+of+Ceylon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-404-09630-4&rft.aulast=Queyroz&rft.aufirst=Fern%C3%A3o+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftemporalspiritua0000quey%2Fpage%2F292%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantin_Hopf2012" class="citation book cs1">Constantin Hopf (December 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VUf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Martin Bucer and the English Reformation</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-72523-244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-72523-244-0"><bdi>978-1-72523-244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Bucer+and+the+English+Reformation&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-72523-244-0&rft.au=Constantin+Hopf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVUf7DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> The Newgate Calendar: "Alice Arden of Feversham" </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_LelandJohn_Chandler1998" class="citation book cs1">John Leland; John Chandler (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykEXAQAAMAAJ">John Leland's Itinerary: Travels in Tudor England</a>. Sutton Pub. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1751-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1751-3"><bdi>978-0-7509-1751-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Leland%27s+Itinerary%3A+Travels+in+Tudor+England&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Sutton+Pub.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1751-3&rft.au=John+Leland&rft.au=John+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykEXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlof_G._Lidin2003" class="citation book cs1">Olof G. Lidin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FliQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Tanegashima – The Arrival of Europe in Japan</a>. Routledge. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78871-1"><bdi>978-1-135-78871-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanegashima+%E2%80%93+The+Arrival+of+Europe+in+Japan&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-135-78871-1&rft.au=Olof+G.+Lidin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFliQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVendrix2017" class="citation book cs1">Vendrix, Philippe (5 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzcrDwAAQBAJ&dq=Caspar+Othmayr+%224+februar+1553%22&pg=PA108">Music and the Renaissance: Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a>. Routledge. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55750-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-55750-4"><bdi>978-1-351-55750-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+and+the+Renaissance%3A+Renaissance%2C+Reformation+and+Counter-Reformation&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-55750-4&rft.aulast=Vendrix&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzcrDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DCaspar%2BOthmayr%2B%25224%2Bfebruar%2B1553%2522%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/gnd116563710.html#ndbcontent">"Ernst"</a>. www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-biographie.de&rft.atitle=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-biographie.de%2Fgnd116563710.html%23ndbcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorton1882" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Edward John Chalmers (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=al0BAAAAQAAJ&dq=Erasmus+Reinhold+%2219+february+1553%27&pg=PA63">Heroes of Science: Astronomers</a>. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 63. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+Science%3A+Astronomers&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Edward+John+Chalmers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dal0BAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3DErasmus%2BReinhold%2B%252219%2Bfebruary%2B1553%2527%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRankin2012" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, Andrew (20 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jl4qDwAAQBAJ&dq=Hirate+Masahide+25+february+1553&pg=PT94">Seppuku: A History of Samurai Suicide</a>. Kodansha USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-448-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56836-448-3"><bdi>978-1-56836-448-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2023. <q>An early instance of a remonstrative seppuku, recorded by Ōta Gyuichi in his biography of Oda Nobunaga, was the death of Hirate Masahide on February 25, 1553. A former general, in his sixties Masahide served as personal tutor to the young Nobunaga, whose teenage bad-boy antics are legendary in Japan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seppuku%3A+A+History+of+Samurai+Suicide&rft.pub=Kodansha+USA&rft.date=2012-11-20&rft.isbn=978-1-56836-448-3&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djl4qDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DHirate%2BMasahide%2B25%2Bfebruary%2B1553%26pg%3DPT94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_Plattard1968" class="citation book cs1">Jean Plattard (April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpk1WL4aPfwC&pg=PA3">The Life of Fran ̧cois Rabelais</a>. Psychology Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2077-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2077-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-2077-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Fran+%CC%A7cois+Rabelais&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1968-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2077-0&rft.au=Jean+Plattard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkpk1WL4aPfwC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohnike1831" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohnike, Gottlieb (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P2lFAAAAcAAJ&dq=Erasmus+Alberus+%225+may+1553%22&pg=PA29">Hymnologische Forschungen</a> (in German). Struck. p. 29. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hymnologische+Forschungen&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Struck&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Mohnike&rft.aufirst=Gottlieb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP2lFAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3DErasmus%2BAlberus%2B%25225%2Bmay%2B1553%2522%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/011462/2001-01-24/">"Aal, Johannes"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Aal%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fde%2Farticles%2F011462%2F2001-01-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFДонской2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Донской, Дмитрий Владимирович (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6M-AQAAIAAJ&q=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%C2%AB26+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+1553+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB">Рюриковичи: исторический словарь</a> (in Russian). Русская панорама. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-188-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-188-0"><bdi>978-5-93165-188-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-93165-188-0&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6M-AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25D0%2594%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%2B%25D0%2598%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%2B%25C2%25AB26%2B%25D0%25B8%25D1%258E%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%2B1553%2B%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25C2%25BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFormer_Director_of_the_Warburg_Institute_and_Professor_Emeritus_of_the_History_of_Classical_Tradition_J_B_Trapp1998" class="citation book cs1">Former Director of the Warburg Institute and Professor Emeritus of the History of Classical Tradition J B Trapp (1998). <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_the_Book_in_Britain" title="The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain">The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rOzUl7TCL9QC&pg=PA176">176</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57346-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57346-7"><bdi>978-0-521-57346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Book+in+Britain&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57346-7&rft.au=Former+Director+of+the+Warburg+Institute+and+Professor+Emeritus+of+the+History+of+Classical+Tradition+J+B+Trapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1549.htm#Maffei">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of April 8, 1549"</a>. cardinals.fiu.edu. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cardinals.fiu.edu&rft.atitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church+-+Biographical+Dictionary+-+Consistory+of+April+8%2C+1549&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcardinals.fiu.edu%2Fbios1549.htm%23Maffei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelmetti2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gelmetti, Carlo (13 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AAtJCAAAQBAJ&dq=Girolamo+Fracastoro+%226+agosto+1553%22&pg=PA159">Storia della Dermatologia e della Venereologia in Italia</a> (in Italian). Springer. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-470-5717-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-470-5717-3"><bdi>978-88-470-5717-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+della+Dermatologia+e+della+Venereologia+in+Italia&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.isbn=978-88-470-5717-3&rft.aulast=Gelmetti&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAAtJCAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DGirolamo%2BFracastoro%2B%25226%2Bagosto%2B1553%2522%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/021443/2011-01-28/">"Savoyen, Karl II. (III.) von"</a>. hls-dhs-dss.ch (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hls-dhs-dss.ch&rft.atitle=Savoyen%2C+Karl+II.+%28III.%29+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Fde%2Farticles%2F021443%2F2011-01-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8156">"Dudley, John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8156">10.1093/ref:odnb/8156</a>. 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Mohr Siebeck. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149187-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-149187-0"><bdi>978-3-16-149187-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Inventors+in+Renaissance+Europe%3A+Polydore+Vergil%27s+De+Inventoribus+Rerum&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-16-149187-0&rft.au=Catherine+Atkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4tpcK2fZMcC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70835">"Shelton family"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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Retrieved 14 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Nation+%3A+Medieval+India&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=K.+K.+Publications&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUS5gEAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%252227%2520january%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-403"><a href="#cite_ref-403">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1551-ii.htm#Poggio">"The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of November 20, 1551"</a>. cardinals.fiu.edu. 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Retrieved 13 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gage%2C+Sir+John&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-10272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFZpiwNRpaMC&dq=Valentin+Friedland+%2226+april+1556%22&pg=PA76">Jahrbücher der deutschen Turnkunst: Blätter für die Angelegenheiten die deutschen Turnwesens, vornehmlich in seiner Richtung auf Erziehung und Gesundheitspflege</a> (in German). 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Webbia (in Italian). 13 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957Webbi..13....1C">1957Webbi..13....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00837792.1957.10669672">10.1080/00837792.1957.10669672</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-7792">0083-7792</a>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25572-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25572-2"><bdi>978-0-674-25572-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Concise+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002-10-30&rft.isbn=978-0-674-25572-2&rft.au=Don+Michael+Randel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXILEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKosior2019" class="citation book cs1">Kosior, Katarzyna (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_5">"Conception, Childbirth, and Motherhood: Performing a Royal Family"</a>. Becoming a Queen in Early Modern Europe: East and West. Springer International Publishing. pp. 139–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-11848-8_5">10.1007/978-3-030-11848-8_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11848-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-11848-8"><bdi>978-3-030-11848-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150761162">150761162</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-299-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-299-9</bdi></a>. 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Ghedina & Tassotti. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7691-101-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7691-101-9"><bdi>978-88-7691-101-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dal+Ponte+%3A+a+dynasty+of+painters&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Ghedina+%26+Tassotti&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-88-7691-101-9&rft.aulast=Sesso&rft.aufirst=Livia+Alberton+Vinco+Da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQozAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2520%252210%2520giugno%25201557%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivermore1966" class="citation book cs1">Livermore, H. V. 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Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Renaissance+and+Reformation+in+Northern+Europe&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-0716-3&rft.aulast=McGlynn&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Bartlett%2C+Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh-I7BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOviedo%2B%25221557%2522%2BValladolid%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-450"><a href="#cite_ref-450">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeech1983" class="citation journal cs1">Beech, Beatrice (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renaissance-quarterly/article/abs/charlotte-guillard-a-sixteenthcentury-business-woman/253616D18F2ED8EB7495C6167DFB2221">"Charlotte Guillard: A Sixteenth-Century Business Woman*"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 36 (3): 345–367. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2862159">10.2307/2862159</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4338">0034-4338</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2862159">2862159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163711144">163711144</a>. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Charlotte+Guillard%3A+A+Sixteenth-Century+Business+Woman%2A&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=1983-10&rft.issn=0034-4338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163711144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2862159%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2862159&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Frenaissance-quarterly%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fcharlotte-guillard-a-sixteenthcentury-business-woman%2F253616D18F2ED8EB7495C6167DFB2221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcademi_Gymreig2008" class="citation book cs1">Academi Gymreig (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZEUAQAAIAAJ">The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales</a>. University of Wales Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rft.au=Academi+Gymreig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZEUAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4290">"Cabot, Sebastian"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). 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Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cabot%2C+Sebastian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-4290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRandel1996" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEGpMqRcQjIC&dq=Thomas+Crecquillon+%221557%22+B%C3%A9thune&pg=PA185">The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37299-3"><bdi>978-0-674-37299-3</bdi></a>. 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Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 53 (1): 100–127. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-5140">0007-5140</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44451300">44451300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/387127">387127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44451300.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=AN+UNKNOWN+LETTER+OF+JACQUES+DAL%C3%89CHAMPS+TO+JEAN+FERNEL%3A+LOCAL+AUTONOMY+VERSUS+CENTRALIZED+GOVERNMENT&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0007-5140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44451300%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F387127&rft.aulast=BONO&rft.aufirst=JAMES+J.&rft.au=SCHMITT%2C+CHARLES+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F44451300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Katharina M. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-8547-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-8547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Continental+Women+Writers&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-8547-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Katharina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wf1SVbGFg8C%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Bente2005" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Bente (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ucmAQAAIAAJ">Historical Introductions to the Lutheran Confessions: As Contained in the Book of Concord of 1580</a>. Concordia Publishing House. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-0921-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7586-0921-2"><bdi>978-0-7586-0921-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Introductions+to+the+Lutheran+Confessions%3A+As+Contained+in+the+Book+of+Concord+of+1580&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Concordia+Publishing+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7586-0921-2&rft.au=Friedrich+Bente&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ucmAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-457"><a href="#cite_ref-457">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor">"Charles V | Accomplishments, Reign, Abdication, & Facts"</a>. 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American Philosophical Society. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-7704-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4223-7704-8"><bdi>978-1-4223-7704-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Julius+Caesar+Scaliger+%281484-1558%29%3A+Transactions%2C+APS&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2007-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4223-7704-8&rft.au=Vernon+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFwLAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-459"><a href="#cite_ref-459">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJane_Resh_Thomas1998" class="citation book cs1">Jane Resh Thomas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSskqOSBkVEC&pg=PA73">Behind the Mask: The Life of Queen Elizabeth I</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-69120-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-69120-6"><bdi>0-395-69120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Mask%3A+The+Life+of+Queen+Elizabeth+I&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-395-69120-6&rft.au=Jane+Resh+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSskqOSBkVEC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1550s" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-460"><a href="#cite_ref-460">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Hopkins_McDannald1945" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Hopkins McDannald (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=57ArAQAAMAAJ">The Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 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