CINXE.COM
PLOS Medicine
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/site-content.css?79f248ebefa43b7800a14562e5049ab4"/> <!-- allows for extra head tags --> <!-- hello --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/plosmedicine/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <!-- DoubleClick overall ad setup script --> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <!-- DoubleClick ad slot setup script --> <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PMED_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PMED_160x600_BTF', [160, 600], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLoSMedicine"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Medicine"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/plosmedicine/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--For Google Tag manager to be able to track site information --> <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS Medicine</title> <!-- for lemur --> <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS Medicine'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="static plosmedicine"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- New Relic --> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script> <!-- End New Relic --> <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/plosmedicine/.">PLOS Medicine</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="browse"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Browse </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="browse-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/issue" >Current Issue</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/volume" >Journal Archive</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/plos-medicine-special-issues" >Special Issues</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/collections" >Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/find-and-read-articles" >Find and Read Articles</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/getting-started" >Getting Started</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/other-article-types" >Other Article Types</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Medicine</em> publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/plosmedicine/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div> <!-- opens in siteMenuCalloutDescription --> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/staff-editors" >Staff Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/resources" >Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/plosmedicine/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLoSMedicine"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/plosmedicine/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div class="lemur-content full-width"> <article> <h1>Collections</h1> <div data-section-id="983"> <p><strong>PLOS Collections</strong> are important thematic issues or group projects of a variety of research outputs that need publishing and promotion. <i>PLOS Medicine</i> collaborates with other PLOS journals to expose the research to thousands of relevant researchers and give their high profile projects the visibility they deserve.</p> <p><a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/about"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/05fe2aeaed92f664fa23a8f017a45013cab177a02fc7d48a3b2de4b778c07d3b"></a></p> <p>If you are interested in working with us, <a href="mailto:collections@plos.org?Subject=%20Journal%20PLOS%20Collection%20Query" style="background: transparent; color: rgb(96, 96, 96); text-decoration-line: underline; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">email the PLOS Collections team</a> with your idea today.</p> </div> <div data-section-id="988"> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_1b8ec7884be6c554c67f2807c56b180fc08a9b2bdc0160d3a11a4a40ff498012"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/novel-tb-treatments">Advances in Clinical Trial Design for Development of New Treatments for Tuberculosis</a></h3> <p>This PLOS Special Collection assembles a series of articles on current reflections and describes essential new steps in clinical research that will pave the way for the development of tomorrow’s optimal treatment for all forms of TB.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_fc9aae4ccff1c70aa70fc57a70e5b35acedcaac99312392f4e678c3021998650"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/high-quality">High Quality Health Systems</a></h3> <p>This PLOS Special Collection features a range of research papers on the measurement, improvement, and ethics of health system quality. </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_acdb80f80bc4c9b5882ec3627ecc171c0d0aad72fd39ac09e9e91607c3e60793"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/malera-refresh">malERA - An updated research agenda for malaria elimination and eradication</a></h3> <p>‘malERA Refresh’ is a research and development agenda that accelerates progress towards malaria elimination and eradication. This PLOS Collection sets out a multi-disciplinary agenda for research, development and innovation.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_61baef672f85dcf6e69708c856a80e7c2a556bafd2360b1335bf5f7ebfd48bd3"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/human-trafficking">Trafficking, Exploitation and Health</a></h3> <p>This PLOS Special Collection offers evidence and expert commentary to urge health professionals to treat trafficking as a global health determinant.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_10d606e92b3db358e57a79e8bad3b6ffbc9adaddec1f12dc6a5868d2b4c69be4"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/dementia">Dementia: Across the Lifespan & Around the Globe</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine</em> announce a Special Issue on Dementia, guest edited by Carol Brayne and Bruce Miller.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_976d7bb8dabb4e907ff1d7a4e002666c899548e6021407401ef19a515c885675"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/trauma-special-issue">Traumatic Injury</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine</em> announce a Special Issue on Traumatic Injury, guest edited by Professor Karim Brohi and Dr Martin Schreiber.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_38f8e17eff2ca8cdcd1841895827644a53022d584799f3bccbaafb56a35167b8"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/sti">The Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections</a></h3> <p>The collection, published in collaboration with WHO, focuses on global policy and systems aiming to achieve control of STIs and mitigation of their adverse effects on health.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_742eb71769975c15f661ccacf2d3f9150b437a3889dd35dfb8c44e3302c93a34"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/minimally-invasive-autopsy">Minimally Invasive Autopsy</a></h3> <p>A collection of research into minimally invasive autopsy for cause of death determination in high burden settings.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_cda4e7f277956978a8a7cbb2463633f3b6b3d8b4f69ef9dc0d1e393d8125894a"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/social-medicine">Social Medicine in the 21st Century</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine</em>’s October 2006 issue contained a special collection of eleven magazine articles and five research papers devoted entirely to social medicine.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_89d1eded422469c1004be82a1e57ee1fec7fa0b1871de62eefa0909be1dc1cb3"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/hiv-special-issue">Advances in HIV Prevention, Treatment and Cure</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine </em>announce a Special Issue on HIV, guest edited by Professor Linda-Gail Bekker, Dr Stephen G. Deeks and Professor Sharon Lewin.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_b5d419218f9141178d1c10267b584e4b3a039f0e17449cbb1915f5e45aae545d"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/diabetes-prevention">Diabetes Prevention</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine</em> announce a Special Issue on Diabetes Prevention, guest edited by Professors Nick Wareham & William Herman. </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_e07b45dae576cd4ea7ab621c81bea32a31c5b91c5ac683c4d758e70f04309b98"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/cancer-genome">Translating the Cancer Genome</a></h3> <p><em>PLOS Medicine</em> announce a Special Issue on Translating the Cancer Genome, guest edited by Dr Elaine R Mardis & Dr Marc Ladanyi. </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_43c366811f105f75f8ade9a256c090c9c908e84300a73ddbec19726faf9f8739"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/rmm">Real-Time Monitoring of Under-Five Mortality</a></h3> <p>The results of a five-year program of research focused on improving the measurement of short-term changes in neonatal and child mortality in low-resource settings.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_5b1e102a141a545ee32b395794cb78d5cf6778a309cc72c2623106a329ca0374"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/ferg2015">WHO Estimates of the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases</a></h3> <p>Illness and death from diseases caused by contaminated food are a constant threat to public health and a significant impediment to socio-economic development worldwide. This collection reports the first estimates of the incidence, mortality, and disease burden caused by 31 foodborne hazards.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_e3f37b204294a12a039b0152462ffa8b4ed47f0004916627f9baec783d4b10c7"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/plos-med-cancer-research">PLOS Medicine Cancer Research</a></h3> <p>This Open Access collection of <em>PLOS Medicine</em> articles represents the full spectrum of clinically relevant cancer research and commentary, from translational to clinical to epidemiological.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_b85cd832e9652b750f09bf264be27c9011504391560e35970db40eeb3d28ef17"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/noncommunicable-diseases">The Global Challenges of Noncommunicable Diseases</a></h3> <p>This collection brings together research and commentary published in <em>PLOS Medicine</em> that examines the global challenges and opportunities for addressing noncommunicable disease around the world.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_241635e52deeb34935d05c42366548eb826909ce5eac329c138cb6d9fe0aecea"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/reporting-guidelines">Reporting Guidelines</a></h3> <p>Highlighting articles including guidance, commentary, and related research on reporting guidelines. This collection features some of the many resources available to facilitate the rigorous reporting of scientific studies, and to improve the presentation and evaluation of published studies.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_643246bde66b3aac14135fa5bb23c5a1afaf21b5fb9938d98db7ea12365915b9"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/uhc2014">Monitoring Universal Health Coverage</a></h3> <p>13 country case studies, five technical reviews and an overview describe a global framework for monitoring progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) conducted by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the World Bank Group.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_8ee8705f3b8f0d1bb5087149668fbbf58206da439c35c4851255ded9bc026340"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/achieving-hiv-impact">Focus on Delivery and Scale: Achieving HIV Impact with Sex Workers</a></h3> <p>Up-to-date analyses on both the influence of direct and indirect intervention programmes aimed at interrupting the high-incidence of HIV infection amongst sex workers.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_5875b9df45a57a613476da3dac2b2a3815a7245d1c63d8fda0520d5da59beb09"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/vmmc2014">Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention: Improving Quality, Efficiency, Cost Effectiveness, and Demand for Services during an Accelerated Scale-up</a></h3> <p>This collection examines lessons learned from the scaled-up VMMC program since 2008.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_e7dea1cd1c17c78647889e8e87fdf076d8dcc05aba7b23b56d1305b7337a9924"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/uhc2014">Pediatric Medicine</a></h3> <p>In a commitment to increasing the evidence base for improving child health, PLOS journals publish high-quality, Open Access research and commentary on Pediatric Medicine, ensuring this crucial evidence is freely available to read and use throughout the world without restriction.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_c8799194a6838d84dbdfcdebe3440f022d980ac4d331c2534b3270b54658589d"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/measuring-coverage-in-mnch">Measuring Coverage in Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health</a></h3> <p>Innovative assessments of the validity of measuring population coverage for interventions in this field, exploring issues around household surveys, assessment of health inequalities, consideration of survey error, and the generation of indicators for global monitoring.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_1c3aaf53f45299bdec9ee21a331ed9313168100fef4a752a25af658ae16e03f3"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/cme">Child Mortality Estimation Methods</a></h3> <p>In this collection of research articles and reviews the independent Technical Advisory Group (TAG) to the UN IGME introduces the group's methodological innovations in estimating child mortality.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_55835ef71adcb2b1a4efe2a663307de69aa11faa2f2194223081481c9bbe5f71"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/blue-marble-health">Blue Marble Health: the mismatch between national wealth and population health</a></h3> <p>"Blue marble health" is a recent concept that recognizes a paradoxical disease burden – particularly the burden of NTDs – among poor people living in G20 and other wealthier countries.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_98804e8a907d14121fb1d1bb226bab8d8069c56985080c2fd6521cfc1333d9c1"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/dndi">PLOS and DNDi: A Decade of Open Access and NTD R&D</a></h3> <p>This collection showcases some of the most important papers published on R&D of drugs for neglected tropical diseases over the last decade – including papers from <em>PLOS Medicine</em>, <em>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</em> and <em>PLOS ONE</em>.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_20ade0e4ca2d0183efc09713efdb7cafd0b4ecb019a31b03e06116177eb1acab"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/maternal-health-year2">MHTF Year Three: Integrating Health Care to Meet the Needs of the Mother–Infant Pair</a></h3> <p>Each year the PLOS Maternal Health Task Force Project had a different focus. In Year Three, the theme was "Integrating Health Care to Meet the Needs of the Mother–Infant Pair.”</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_3d78cf2d2fa8cac5ce72c0babccfcbca4b47aba2f6853af6198bcc3e0d38b506"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/maternal-health-year2">MHTF Year Two: Maternal Health is Women’s Health</a></h3> <p>Each year the PLOS Maternal Health Task Force Project had a different focus. In Year Two, the theme was "Maternal Health is Women’s Health.”</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_3f8733340891e81c28e04454272151116143dc954c7a525c699438a2c6a8c42c"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/maternal-health-year1">MHTF Year One: Quality of Maternal Health Care</a></h3> <p>Each year the PLOS Maternal Health Task Force Project had a different focus. In Year One, the theme was "quality of maternal health care.”</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_93a90f6c813d97e2c05eae73bcb6c028c3941d4bfd46f9686a3c240e2e024211"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/tasp2012" style="background: transparent;">Investigating the Impact of Treatment on New HIV Infections</a></h3> <p>In November 2011 the HIV Modelling Consortium held a meeting on the cross-cutting issues of the impact of new scientific findings about HIV treatment preventing new infections. The group considered the feasibility of interventions, potential epidemiological impact, affordability and community trials.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_967fbccae0df6cbc0d1b0b74ea124835d5e12c2e7da0e35f15e43d3d39bf7272"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/world-health-report" style="background: transparent;">World Health Report 2012: No Health Without Research</a></h3> <p>This collection's theme is oriented around the fact that decisions on healthcare are still made without a solid grounding in research evidence, and an impetus is required for this state of affairs to change.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_1fb99cbe2eab0260ff9b340d76c01a56d1702623e02b4d0d431243281fe4466a"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/big-food" style="background: transparent;">Big Food</a></h3> <p>A multi-disciplinary approach, including critical perspectives from around the world, that examines and stimulates debate about the activities and influence of the food industry in global health.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_67cdec8bd5a61ebcbcf9e006a5439bb62274975c4043832611ee0043c37bbd4d"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/vmmc2011" style="background: transparent;">Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention: The Cost, Impact, and Challenges of Accelerated Scale-Up in Southern and Eastern Africa</a></h3> <p>Can scaling up VMMC for HIV prevention Africa help prevent HIV as well as leading to substantial cost savings for countries as a result of averted treatment and care costs?</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_3350a670b64c613350d1f91ac7b02873270e1867f8f45d0f7e0fd2f2cafbeaed"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/migration" style="background: transparent;">Migration & Health</a></h3> <p>Policies to protect migrants and global health have so far been hampered by inadequate policy attention and poor international coordination – <em>PLOS Medicine</em> investigate in this six-part series.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_e3ba41f3afd8dd21970be68b8c9afb1ca2447ab5ddd901ab5c8c69270b30a2e0"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/malera" style="background: transparent;">malERA – a research agenda for malaria eradication</a></h3> <p>The Malaria Eradication Research Agenda (malERA) initiative complements existing research agendas aimed at reducing the global burden of malaria by malaria control, with a set of research and development priorities that identify knowledge gaps and tools needed for worldwide eradication of malaria. </p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_dc8301575b85fecd95096ada747e4eab7342931848e4b5c9bbd0b394b918f0af"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/global-health-estimates">Global Health Estimates</a></h3> <p>Six articles from a series of experts provide insights and opinion on what estimates of global health indicators mean for global health and how to move forward with better data, measurement, coordination, and leadership.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_8652d9fe9ed279563ea5984f7bb8af3a36cec80c82a4549ac852f795a6759e6c"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/water-and-sanitation">Water and Sanitation</a></h3> <p>The active involvement of health professionals in hygiene, sanitation, and water supply is crucial to accelerating and consolidating progress for health – in November 2010, <em>PLOS Medicine</em> published a four-part series on this topic.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_2ee896be5259fd03ccfe459a863a07860042b80d1a152304ab4fd1ac61210cd3"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/drug-companies-and-human-rights" style="background: transparent;">Are Drug Companies Living Up to Their Human Rights Responsibilities?</a></h3> <p>The <em>PLOS Medicine</em> Debate asks whether drug companies are living up to their human rights responsibilities.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_f53a4d2e08d2f4c810fa88e106ff2c65e8ac5d285378499c76189d7ef5952ec9"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/evaluating-ehealth" style="background: transparent;">Evaluating eHealth Collection</a></h3> <p>A three part series examining the emergence of eHealth – the use of electronic tools in delivering health care – and its benefits and challenges worldwide.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_653eea2e1aa170b03a6ffafc8d4d3678f75cc96e17a91392f5381e5ae74d42e4"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/tsunami">Health Consequences of the Asian Tsunami</a></h3> <p>In order to revisit the health consequences of the Asian tsunami of December 2004 six months on, <em>PLOS Medicine</em> commissioned a collection, published in April 2005 and later updated with new research.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_b6563f1e87a45cede913fe6a3fae677b85bff20a5bd338ed3f7981b3e801f0b5"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/social-medicine">Social Medicine in the 21st Century</a></h3> <p>A special collection of eleven magazine articles and five research papers devoted entirely to social medicine. The collection featured many of the leaders in the field, including Paul Farmer, Arthur Kleinman, David Satcher, Nancy Scheper-Hughes, Dorothy Porter, and Leon Eisenberg.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_be558f3f71501a68e8142c4b89bc540a96ec2710411a1651027617debb5b7ca8"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/grand-challenges">Grand Challenges in Global Health</a></h3> <p>In this special collection, four policy papers cover a range of ethical, social, and cultural issues related to the Grand Challenges in Global Health Initiative.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_c2a4f6c675769e9caa4443e40892dd1a722bff27f765fab19c7609170eb659d1"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/poverty">Poverty</a></h3> <p>The Council of Science Editors organized a Global Theme Issue on Poverty and Human Development on October 22, 2007. More than 200 science and health journals, including <em>PLOS Medicine</em>, <em>PLOS Biology</em>, and <em>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</em>, participated by publishing new articles.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_23c7760a3c469c6533328044ea87445f87df9f5f65bce56eb63b7d4a5fe1114b"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/mental-health-in-lmics">Mental Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries</a></h3> <p>Between October 2009 and February 2010 <em>PLOS Medicine</em> published a seven part series of articles proposing "packages of care" for mental, neurological, and substance-use disorders in low- and middle-income countries</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_a501d17f8f7d195f533487295f0b56e7df1cee39c025810b77575f3fc288722a"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/global-health-diplomacy%E2%80%8B">Global Health Diplomacy</a></h3> <p>A six-part series on global health diplomacy, published by <em>PLOS Medicine</em> in April 2010.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_62824644608366d83442613b5079aca9989a3ef19932d4d89cb307496b0aed2b"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/subsaharan-mnc" style="background: transparent;">Sub-Saharan Africa's Mothers, Newborns, and Children</a></h3> <p>A series of articles on maternal, newborn, and child health in sub-Saharan Africa, providing a snapshot of the health and causes of death among the region's mothers and children, reviews evidence-based solutions, and identifies high-impact opportunities for reducing maternal and child mortality.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_f8572058ee763c4e880895f61adf5dfc9fcc6881fe5a440fe807317b7c9f15fb"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/disease-mongering" style="background: transparent;">Disease Mongering</a></h3> <p>To mark the first academic meeting on disease mongering (the "selling of sickness" in order to promote drug sales), which was held in Newcastle, Australia in April 2006, and to help provoke and inform a response to the phenomenon, <em>PLOS Medicine</em> commissioned a special theme issue</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_a6f57c5f28950e46102c675e75eabd267fb271074e0589ab974d67c2548450eb"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/global-health-institutions">The Changing Nature of Global Health Institutions</a></h3> <p>A four-part series from <em style="font-family:helvetica neue,helvetica,arial,sans-serif; font-size:13px; line-height:18px">PLOS Medicine</em> examining the ways in which global health institutions and arrangements are changing and evolving.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:120px"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="font-size:13px; line-height:18px" src="/plosmedicine/indirect/headshot_17240fbfe2b720c8e13107663ec2402ddc2331d98c0a6e41c670d77c1db37d7d"></td> <td style="vertical-align:top"> <h3><a href="http://collections.plos.org/ghostwriting" style="background: transparent;">Ghostwriting</a></h3> <p>Ghostwriting misrepresents authorship credit and accountability and is therefore considered unethical, dishonest, and a threat to the integrity of the medical literature.This collection gathers together research and commentary from PLOS journals on the topic of ghostwriting.</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> </div> </article> </div><script defer src="/resource/js/components/scroll.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/components/floating_nav.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/pages/site_content.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/publications/journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"> </li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/plosmedicine/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> </body> </html>