CINXE.COM
PLOS Digital Health
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/home.css?112d78c04dc25a6fb55b68d577e0729a"/> <!-- allows for extra head tags --> <!-- hello --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/digitalhealth/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <!-- DoubleClick overall ad setup script --> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <!-- DoubleClick ad slot setup script --> <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PDIG_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PDIG_300x250_ITB1', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PDIG_300x250_ITB2', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PDIG_300x250_ITB3', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLOSDigitalHealth"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Digital Health"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/digitalhealth/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?5d23b84e5e396356b27c"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?5d23b84e5e396356b27c"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--For Google Tag manager to be able to track site information --> <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS Digital Health</title> <!-- for lemur --> <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS Digital Health'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="home plosdigitalhealth"> <div id="test"></div> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- Start of HubSpot Embed Code --> <script> // from https://developers.hubspot.com/docs/reference/api/analytics-and-events/cookie-banner/cookie-banner-api#example-using-a-third-party-cookie-banner-to-control-hubspot-cookies window.disableHubSpotCookieBanner = true; window._hsp = window._hsp || []; window._hsp.push(['setHubSpotConsent', { analytics: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('analytics'), advertisement: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('advertising'), functionality: window.plosCookieConsent?.hasConsented('functionality') } ]); </script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hs-script-loader" async defer src="//js.hs-scripts.com/44092021.js"></script> <!-- End of HubSpot Embed Code --> <!-- New Relic --> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script> <!-- End New Relic --> <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/digitalhealth/.">PLOS Digital Health</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/what-we-publish" >What We Publish</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/resources/editor-center" >Editor Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/guidelines-for-editors" >Guidelines for Editors</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Digital Health</em> publishes boundary-breaking research that uses digital tools, technologies, and data to advance every aspect of health care. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/digitalhealth/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div> <!-- opens in siteMenuCalloutDescription --> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/editors-in-chief" >Editors-in-Chief</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header ignore-top-bar-li-style"> <a href="/digitalhealth/search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2021-10-01&filterJournals=PLOSDigitalHealth&q=&resultsPerPage=60">Browse</a> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/digitalhealth/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLOSDigitalHealth"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/digitalhealth/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div id="home-content"> <div class="row top"> <div class="hero light-text overlay-dark" id="hero"> <a href="https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/s/submit-now" alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all."><img alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all." data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/6ee5b4d22817f9ff30a8d5a0b7fcec3bdfb41e2a224d32483f69bcbdf5788d4a"> </a> <div class="hero-content"> <p class="published_at">December 16, 2024</p> <h1 class="title"><a href="https://journals.plos.org/digitalhealth/s/submit-now" alt="We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all.">We believe in a better future where science is open to all, for all.</a></h1> <div class="blurb authors"></div> <p class="credit">Image credit: PLOS Digital Health</p> </div> </div> <div id="billboard"> <h3>Interested in joining the editorial board?</h3> <h4>PLOS Digital Health is looking for new colleagues to join our outstanding team of editors.</h4><a href="https://survey.alchemer.com/s3/7644980/893b96ec5424">Apply</a> </div> </div> <div class="row one"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">01/07/2025</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Post-concussion symptom burden and dynamics: Insights from a digital health intervention and machine learning" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000697">Post-concussion symptom burden and dynamics: Insights from a digital health intervention and machine learning</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This study aims to understand the nature and recovery trajectories of post-concussion symptomatology by applying an unsupervised machine learning approach to data captured from a digital health intervention (HeadOn). As part of the 35-day program, patients complete a daily symptom diary which rates 8 post-concussion symptoms.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: Jamjoon et al</p><a class="block-image" alt="Post-concussion symptom burden and dynamics: Insights from a digital health intervention and machine learning" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000697"><img alt="Post-concussion symptom burden and dynamics: Insights from a digital health intervention and machine learning" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/5d167fea071ecda09b7addb3dc93793a7b697cf7d35b60f69b57e72a018414ce"></a> </article> <div id="article-list"> <h3>Recently Published Articles</h3> <section> <ul id="article-results" class="list-plain results"> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000491" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Evaluating the generalisability of region-na茂ve machine learning algorithms for the identification of epilepsy in low-resource settings">Evaluating the generalisability of region-na茂ve machine learning algorithms for the identification of epilepsy in low-resource settings</a></li> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000530" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Diabetes-focused food recommender system (DFRS) to enabling digital health">Diabetes-focused food recommender system (DFRS) to enabling digital health</a></li> <li><a href="article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000724" data-tooltip class="truncated-tooltip" title="Chatbot -assisted self-assessment (CASA): Co-designing an AI -powered behaviour change intervention for ethnic minorities">Chatbot -assisted self-assessment (CASA): Co-designing an AI -powered behaviour change intervention for ethnic minorities</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="more-link"> <a href="search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2025-01-18&filterEndDate=2025-02-17&filterJournals=PLOSDigitalHealth&q=">See all articles</a> </div> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </div> <div id="issue"> <a href="/digitalhealth/issue"> <img src="/digitalhealth/article/figure/image?size=medium&id=10.1371/image.pdig.v04.i01.g001" class="current-img" alt="Current Issue"> </a> <p class="boxtitle"><a href="/digitalhealth/issue">Current Issue</a> <span class="subhead">January 2025</span></p> </div> </div> <div class="row two"> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">01/09/2025</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="A data management system for precision medicine" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000464">A data management system for precision medicine</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Traditional Medical Data Management Systems (MedDMSs) are not designed for implementation of precision medicine. The authors defined, built and applied a MedDMS for precision medicine considering key factors such as GDPR compliance.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: Jacobs et al</p><a class="block-image" alt="A data management system for precision medicine" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000464"><img alt="A data management system for precision medicine" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/14a1d1d2e13d3918d76dda0e0f3dbedc196ba86f3c71bc3350f6af77d1908b91"></a> </article> <article class="block medium image" id="cellcat-1-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/23/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study)" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000694">A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study)</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This study evaluated the use of ePOCT+, a digital health clinical decision support algorithm for health providers, combined with point-of-care diagnostic tools, training, and mentorship. The study compared 9 primary care health facilities using ePOCT+ with 9 facilities providing care as usual.</p> </div> </div> <p class="credits">Image credit: Rowan Smith</p><a class="block-image" alt="A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study)" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000694"><img alt="A cluster randomized trial assessing the effect of a digital health algorithm on quality of care in Tanzania (DYNAMIC study)" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/893bdad24536e31d336e318551d2b94a0976e670eeab94a5a1e03773f9df3138"></a> </article> </div> <div class="row three"> <div class="column left"> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/19/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="A voice-based algorithm can predict type 2 diabetes status in USA adults: Findings from the Colive Voice study" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000679">A voice-based algorithm can predict type 2 diabetes status in USA adults: Findings from the Colive Voice study</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This study investigates the potential of using a voice-based algorithm to predict Type-2 Diabetes status in adults, as the first step towards developing a non-invasive and scalable screening method. </p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="A voice-based algorithm can predict type 2 diabetes status in USA adults: Findings from the Colive Voice study" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000679"><img alt="A voice-based algorithm can predict type 2 diabetes status in USA adults: Findings from the Colive Voice study" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/28db520f997a54cc63555660b1a39e1350f488e380500218d6a60b985cba40da"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Fagherazzi et al</p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/18/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="EXAM: Ex-vivo allograft monitoring dashboard for the analysis of hypothermic machine perfusion data in deceased-donor kidney transplantation" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000691">EXAM: Ex-vivo allograft monitoring dashboard for the analysis of hypothermic machine perfusion data in deceased-donor kidney transplantation</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>Hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP) effectively reduces the risk of delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients. This study developed a free software, EXAM, to analyze HMP data for state-of-the-art visualization and quality control.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="EXAM: Ex-vivo allograft monitoring dashboard for the analysis of hypothermic machine perfusion data in deceased-donor kidney transplantation" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000691"><img alt="EXAM: Ex-vivo allograft monitoring dashboard for the analysis of hypothermic machine perfusion data in deceased-donor kidney transplantation" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/d55e3dad5468d834f4e2f0ebeb9d21558ddb03e72e3c8ee94ea6d6c60a749787"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Robina Weermeijer</p> </article> <article class="block large image" id="cellcat2-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/17/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Differential behaviour of a risk score for emergency hospital admission by demographics in Scotland鈥擜 retrospective study" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000675">Differential behaviour of a risk score for emergency hospital admission by demographics in Scotland鈥擜 retrospective study</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>The Scottish Patients at Risk of Re-Admission and Admission score predicts individual risk of emergency hospital admission for approximately 80% of the Scottish population. This study assess the SPARRA score across population subgroups.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Differential behaviour of a risk score for emergency hospital admission by demographics in Scotland鈥擜 retrospective study" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000675"><img alt="Differential behaviour of a risk score for emergency hospital admission by demographics in Scotland鈥擜 retrospective study" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/e3211450d135ef5cff9c07cb421e66e4bab0cf164e01ffe643968847a04721b8"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Andrew Dawes</p> </article> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-1"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/06/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="CPLLM: Clinical prediction with large language models" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000680">CPLLM: Clinical prediction with large language models</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This study introduces Clinical Prediction with Large Language Models (CPLLM), a novel method that fine-tunes a pre-trained Large Language Model (LLM) to enhance predictions of clinical diseases and patient readmissions. </p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="CPLLM: Clinical prediction with large language models" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000680"><img alt="CPLLM: Clinical prediction with large language models" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/68ba7e6af932d49a610da0649ed1377b45f6902657b0eda8bdacd9b24b763928"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: David Becker</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-2"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/06/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Barriers and facilitators for the use of telehealth by healthcare providers in India鈥擜 systematic review" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000398">Barriers and facilitators for the use of telehealth by healthcare providers in India鈥擜 systematic review</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This review aims to understand the barriers and facilitators to the use of telehealth by healthcare providers. </p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Barriers and facilitators for the use of telehealth by healthcare providers in India鈥擜 systematic review" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000398"><img alt="Barriers and facilitators for the use of telehealth by healthcare providers in India鈥擜 systematic review" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/df1d55505a6eb414cae5a1894fe65bcefab23dd65e0c77b20811617913de9adc"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Sharma Et al</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-3"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">12/02/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="Neural network-based arterial diameter estimation from ultrasound data" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000659">Neural network-based arterial diameter estimation from ultrasound data</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>The carotid artery diameter waveform is highly relevant for cardiovascular diagnostics and typically acquired using ultrasound imaging.</p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="Neural network-based arterial diameter estimation from ultrasound data" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000659"><img alt="Neural network-based arterial diameter estimation from ultrasound data" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/fff524c5a2304a3f974cf3c0c84355672f7aeaddec6651a9484d00774f72afe6"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Elen Sher</p> </article> <article class="block small image" id="cellcat3-4"> <div class="block-content"> <p class="date">11/25/2024</p> <p class="category">Research Article</p> <h2 class="title"><a alt="On-site electronic consent in pediatrics using generic Informed Consent Service (gICS): Creating a specialized setup and collecting consent data" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000661">On-site electronic consent in pediatrics using generic Informed Consent Service (gICS): Creating a specialized setup and collecting consent data</a></h2> <div class="blurb"> <p>This study tested an electronic consent system in a pediatric research setting. </p> </div> </div><a class="block-image" alt="On-site electronic consent in pediatrics using generic Informed Consent Service (gICS): Creating a specialized setup and collecting consent data" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000661"><img alt="On-site electronic consent in pediatrics using generic Informed Consent Service (gICS): Creating a specialized setup and collecting consent data" data-file-extension="jpg" src="/digitalhealth/indirect/58a99c51cb976b37dea02294faa0ecad29be5b8abd353bd94605c6132dbde1b0"></a> <p class="credits">Image credit: Danhauser et al</p> </article> </div> <div class="row-small-blocks"> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-1"> <div class="block-header"> Additional PLOS Digital Health Research </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a alt="Uncertain imputation for time-series forecasting: Application to COVID-19 daily mortality prediction" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000115">Uncertain imputation for time-series forecasting: Application to COVID-19 daily mortality prediction</a></h3> <p></p> <p>By Rayane Elimam and colleagues</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Effectiveness of tailored digital health interventions for mental health at the workplace: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000123">Effectiveness of tailored digital health interventions for mental health at the workplace: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials</a></h3> <p></p> <p>By Thirimon Moe-Byrne and colleagues</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Population analysis of mortality risk: Predictive models from passive monitors using motion sensors for 100,000 UK Biobank participants" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000045">Population analysis of mortality risk: Predictive models from passive monitors using motion sensors for 100,000 UK Biobank participants</a></h3> <p></p> <p>By Haowen Zhou and colleagues</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="A voice-based biomarker for monitoring symptom resolution in adults with COVID-19: Findings from the prospective Predi-COVID cohort study" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000112">A voice-based biomarker for monitoring symptom resolution in adults with COVID-19: Findings from the prospective Predi-COVID cohort study</a></h3> <p></p> <p>By Guy Fagherazzi and colleagues</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a alt="Open-source dataset reveals relationship between walking bout duration and fall risk classification performance in persons with multiple sclerosis" href="/digitalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000120">Open-source dataset reveals relationship between walking bout duration and fall risk classification performance in persons with multiple sclerosis</a></h3> <p></p> <p>By Brett M. Meyer and colleagues</p> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span> of </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> <article class="carousel-wrap jcarousel-wrapper small" id="carousel-2"> <div class="block-header"> Helpful Resources </div> <div class="jcarousel carousel"> <ul> <li> <h3><a href="https://plos.org/resources/for-reviewers/" alt="PLOS Reviewer Center">PLOS Reviewer Center</a></h3> <p></p> <p>A collection of free training and resources for peer reviewers of PLOS journals鈥攁nd for the peer review community more broadly鈥攄rawn from research and interviews with staff editors, editorial board members, and experienced reviewers.</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://collections.plos.org/collection/ten-simple-rules/" alt="Ten Simple Rules">Ten Simple Rules</a></h3> <p></p> <p>PLOS Computational Biology publishes this series of field-agnostic best practices or advice columns, ranging from Open Science practices to tactics for uplifting marginalized research.</p> <p></p></li> <li> <h3><a href="https://plos.org/resources/writing-center/" alt="PLOS Writing Center">PLOS Writing Center</a></h3> <p></p> <p>A collection of free, practical guides and hands-on resources for authors looking to improve their scientific publishing skillset.</p> <p></p></li> </ul> </div> <div class="carousel-control"> <a class="jcarousel-prev" href="#"></a> <div class="numbers"> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-current-item"></span> <span> of </span> <span class="number" data-js="carousel-total-index"></span> </div><a class="jcarousel-next" href="#"></a> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="column right"> <div id="external-content-top"> <div id="submission-links"> <h3>Publish with PLOS</h3> <ul class="split-container"> <li class="split-item"><a href="/digitalhealth/s/submit-now" id="submissionInstruct">Submission Instructions</a></li> <li class="split-item"><a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/pdig" id="submissionManu">Submit Your Manuscript</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="social-links"> <h3>Connect with Us</h3> <ul class="social-media"> <li id="social-link-email"><a href="/digitalhealth/s/contact" class="social" title="Contact Us"> <span class="icon-email" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">Contact Us</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-RSS"><a href="/digitalhealth/feed/atom" class="social" title="RSS"> <span class="icon-rss" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">RSS</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/PLOSDigiHealth" class="social" title="PLOS Digital Health on Twitter" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-twitter" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS Digital Health on Twitter</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/plos.org" class="social" title="PLOS on Facebook" target="_blank"> <span class="icon-facebook" icon-hidden="true"></span> <span class="icon-text">PLOS on Facebook</span> </a></li> <li id="social-link-blogs"><a href="https://blogs.plos.org/" class="social-blogs" title="PLOS Blogs">PLOS Blogs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="external-content-bottom"> </div> </div> </div> </div><script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/carousel.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <div class="plos-row"> <div class="home-email-subscription" id="etocs-signup"> <h2>Get new content from PLOS Digital Health in your inbox</h2> <div class="form-container"> <iframe src="https://cdn.forms-content.sg-form.com/ee44a59b-f12d-11ee-abf2-3a2f5caf8370" frameborder="0"></iframe> </div> <div class="consent"> <div class="email_consent"> PLOS will use your email address to provide content from <span style="font-style: italic;">PLOS Digital Health</span>. You can find out more about how PLOS processes your data by reading our <a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" target="_blank" title="Page opens in new window">Privacy Policy</a>. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the unsubscribe link in our emails or by contacting us at privacy@plos.org. </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="spotlight"> <section id="ad-slot-bottom"> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-3'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="ad-item"> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4' style='width:300px; height:250px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-4'); }); </script> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="journal-issn">PLOS Digital Health | ISSN: 2767-3170 (online)</div> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/our-journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"> </li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS One</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/digitalhealth/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> <script src="/resource/js/pages/home.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>