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vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. House of Representatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts,_terms,_and_committees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts,_terms,_and_committees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Districts, terms, and committees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts,_terms,_and_committees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s:_Rapid_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s:_Rapid_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1970s: Rapid rise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s:_Rapid_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Influential_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Influential_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1980s: Influential figure </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-2008–2010:_Ethics_issues_and_censure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letterhead_use_and_Rangel_Center_fundraising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterhead_use_and_Rangel_Center_fundraising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Letterhead use and Rangel Center fundraising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letterhead_use_and_Rangel_Center_fundraising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renting_Harlem_apartments_at_below-market_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renting_Harlem_apartments_at_below-market_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Renting Harlem apartments at below-market rates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renting_Harlem_apartments_at_below-market_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_parking_garage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_parking_garage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.3 House parking garage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_parking_garage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes_on_Dominican_villa_rental_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes_on_Dominican_villa_rental_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.4 Taxes on Dominican villa rental income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes_on_Dominican_villa_rental_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defense_of_tax_shelter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defense_of_tax_shelter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.5 Defense of tax shelter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defense_of_tax_shelter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unreported_assets_and_income" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unreported_assets_and_income"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.6 Unreported assets and income </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unreported_assets_and_income-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean_trips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean_trips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.7 Caribbean trips </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caribbean_trips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stepping_aside_as_House_Ways_and_Means_Chair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stepping_aside_as_House_Ways_and_Means_Chair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.8 Stepping aside as House Ways and Means Chair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stepping_aside_as_House_Ways_and_Means_Chair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_ethics_committee_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_ethics_committee_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.9 House ethics committee charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_ethics_committee_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-election_campaign_of_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-election_campaign_of_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.10 Re-election campaign of 2010 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-election_campaign_of_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_ethics_trial_and_censure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_ethics_trial_and_censure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.11 House ethics trial and censure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_ethics_trial_and_censure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011–2017:_Final_years_in_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011–2017:_Final_years_in_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 2011–2017: Final years in Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011–2017:_Final_years_in_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Political image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Awards and honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cited bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تشارلز رانغيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز رانغيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84" title="چارلز بی. رنقل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز بی. رنقل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84" title="چارلز بی. رنگل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز بی. رنگل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Rangel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rangel" title="Charles Rangel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Rangel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%89._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تشارليس بى. رانجيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارليس بى. رانجيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Рейнджел, Чарльз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рейнджел, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel" title="Charles B. Rangel – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles B. Rangel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="查尔斯·兰格尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·兰格尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q368091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician (born 1930)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Charles Rangel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg/220px-Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg/330px-Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg/440px-Charles_B_Rangel_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="825" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1971 – January 3, 2017</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat" title="Adriano Espaillat">Adriano Espaillat</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="New York's 18th congressional district">18th district</a> (1971–1973)</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="New York's 19th congressional district">19th district</a> (1973–1983)</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="New York's 16th congressional district">16th district</a> (1983–1993)</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">15th district</a> (1993–2013)</li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="New York's 13th congressional district">13th district</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2007 – March 3, 2010</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Bill Thomas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Sander Levin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> from the 72nd district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1967 – December 31, 1970</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">Bill Green</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Miller_(politician)" title="George W. Miller (politician)">George Miller</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Bernard Rangel</div> (1930-06-11) June 11, 1930 (age 94) New York City, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Alma Carter</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1964; died 2024)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_(New_York_City)" title="St. John's University (New York City)">St. John's University, New York</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Rangel's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg/128px-Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg/192px-Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg/256px-Charles_B_Rangel_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="185" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1948–1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant#United_States" title="Staff sergeant">Staff Sergeant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">503rd Artillery Battalion, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River">Battle of Kunu-ri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> with <a href="/wiki/%22V%22_device" title=""V" device">valor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._Charles_Rangel_on_Bipartisan_Friendships_in_Congress.ogg" title="File:Rep. Charles Rangel on Bipartisan Friendships in Congress.ogg">Charles Rangel's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="339" data-mwtitle="Rep._Charles_Rangel_on_Bipartisan_Friendships_in_Congress.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Rep._Charles_Rangel_on_Bipartisan_Friendships_in_Congress.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Rep._Charles_Rangel_on_Bipartisan_Friendships_in_Congress.ogg/Rep._Charles_Rangel_on_Bipartisan_Friendships_in_Congress.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Rangel speaks on his bipartisan friendships with retiring members of the <a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th United States Congress</a> Recorded December 6, 2006</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Charles Bernard Rangel (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈræŋɡəl/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RANG-gəl</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> born June 11, 1930) is an American politician who was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. representative</a> for districts in New York City from 1971 to 2017. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, he was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service#U.S._House_time" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">second-longest serving incumbent member of the House of Representatives</a> at the time of his retirement, having served continuously since 1971. As its most senior member, he was also the Dean of New York's congressional delegation. Rangel was the first African American chair of the influential <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>. He was also a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a>. Rangel was born in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a> and lives there to this day. He earned a <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> for his service in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, where he led a group of soldiers out of a deadly <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Chinese army</a> encirclement during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River">Battle of Kunu-ri</a> in 1950. Rangel graduated from <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> in 1957 and <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_School_of_Law" title="St. John's University School of Law">St. John's University School of Law</a> in 1960. He worked as a private lawyer, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">assistant U.S. attorney</a>, and legal counsel during the early-mid-1960s. He served two terms in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> from 1967 to 1971 and defeated long-time incumbent Congressman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a> in a primary challenge on his way to being elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>. Rangel rose rapidly in the Democratic ranks in the House, combining solidly <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal views</a> with a pragmatic style towards finding political and legislative compromises. His long-time concerns with battling the importation and effects of illegal drugs led to his becoming chair of the House Select Committee on Narcotics, where he helped define national policy on the issue during the 1980s. As one of Harlem's <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Harlem)" title="Gang of Four (Harlem)">"Gang of Four"</a>, he also became a leader in New York City and State politics. He played a significant role in the creation of the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan_Empowerment_Zone_Development_Corporation" title="Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation">Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation</a> and the national Empowerment Zone Act, which helped change the economic face of Harlem and other inner-city areas. Rangel is known both for his genial manner, with an ability to win over fellow legislators, and for his blunt speaking; he has long been outspoken about his views and has been arrested several times as part of political demonstrations. He was a strong opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, and he put forth proposals to reinstate <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">the draft</a> during the 2000s. Beginning in 2008, Rangel faced a series of personal legal issues focusing on ethics violations and allegations of failures to abide by tax laws. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Standards_of_Official_Conduct" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct">House Ethics Committee</a> focused on whether Rangel improperly rented multiple <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control in New York">rent-stabilized New York apartments</a>, improperly used his office in raising money for the Rangel Center at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>, and failed to disclose rental income from his villa in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. In March 2010, Rangel stepped aside as the Ways and Means chair. In November 2010, the Ethics Committee found Rangel guilty of 11 counts of violating House ethics rules, and on December 2, 2010, the full House approved a sanction of <a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">censure</a> against him. As his district became more Hispanic, he faced two strong primary challengers during the 2012 and 2014 elections, but he nonetheless prevailed. He did not run for re-election in 2016 and left office in January 2017. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_military_service,_and_education">Early life, military service, and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, military service, and education">edit</a>]</div> Rangel was born in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a> in New York City on June 11, 1930.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a> His father, Ralph Rangel, was from <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and came to New York in 1914, while his African American mother, Blanche Mary Wharton Rangel, was from New York City and had family roots in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-pr2012-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[nb 1]</a> Charles was the second of three children,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a> with an older brother Ralph Jr. and a younger sister Frances.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-pr2012-3">[3]</a> Ralph Rangel sometimes worked as a laborer in a garage,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-pr2012-3">[3]</a> but he was mostly a frequently absent, unemployed man who was abusive to his wife and who left the family when Charles was six years old.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> Charles was raised by his mother, who worked as a maid and as a seamstress in a factory in <a href="/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan" title="Garment District, Manhattan">New York's Garment District</a>, and by his maternal grandfather.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Many summers were spent in <a href="/wiki/Accomac,_Virginia" title="Accomac, Virginia">Accomac, Virginia</a> where his maternal family had roots.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Charles was brought up as a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Rangel did well in elementary and middle school,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a> and he began working at a neighborhood <a href="/wiki/Drug_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug store">drug store</a> at the age of eight.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> Rangel attended <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_High_School" title="DeWitt Clinton High School">DeWitt Clinton High School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> but he was often truant and was sometimes driven home by the police.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> His maternal grandfather, an early role model who worked in a courthouse and knew many judges and lawyers, kept him from getting into more serious trouble.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> Rangel dropped out at age 16 during his junior year and worked in various <a href="/wiki/Low-paying_job" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-paying job">low-paying jobs</a> including selling shoes.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Rangel then enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and served from 1948 to 1952.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> he was an artillery operations specialist in the all-black 503rd Field Artillery Battalion in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cbs-korea-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-rangel-62-12">[11]</a> and equipped with the <a href="/wiki/155_mm_Howitzer_M1" class="mw-redirect" title="155 mm Howitzer M1">155 mm Howitzer M1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> (While President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> had signed <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">the order to desegregate the military</a> in 1948, little progress in doing so had been made during peacetime, and the large majority of units initially sent to Korea were still segregated.)<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Rangel's unit arrived in <a href="/wiki/Pusan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pusan">Pusan</a>, South Korea in August 1950 and began moving north as <a href="/wiki/UN_Offensive,_1950" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Offensive, 1950">U.N. forces</a> advanced deep into North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-rangel-62-12">[11]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seven men with rifles firing from behind a bulldozer, in a barren landscape with river and mountains in distance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif/220px-Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif/330px-Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif/440px-Rear_Guard_at_Kunu-Ri.gif 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">2nd Infantry Division</a> unit near Rangel's, fighting a rear-guard action in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River">Battle of Kunu-ri</a>, in November 1950, during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.</figcaption></figure> In late November 1950, after the Chinese intervention into the war his unit was caught in heavy fighting in North Korea as part of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)#Korean_War" title="2nd Infantry Division (United States)">U.N. forces retreat from the Yalu River</a>. In the Battle of Kunu-ri, the 2nd Infantry was assigned to hold a road position near <a href="/wiki/Kunu-ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunu-ri">Kunu-ri</a> while the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth Army</a> retreated to <a href="/wiki/Sunchon,_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunchon, North Korea">Sunchon</a>, 21 miles further south. On the night of November 29, the 2nd Infantry was attacked by gradually encircling forces of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Chinese Army</a>, who set up a fireblock to cut off any U.S. retreat. The eerie blare of Chinese night-fighting bugle calls and communication flares<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> piercing the freezing air led to what Rangel later described as a "waking nightmare, scene by scene, and we couldn't see any possible way out of the situation".<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> During the day on November 30, the order came to withdraw the 2nd Infantry in phases, but the 503rd Artillery Battalion was sixth of eight in the order and could not get out in daylight when air cover was possible.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> On the night of November 30, Rangel was part of a retreating vehicle column that was trapped and attacked by Chinese forces.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-korea-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-rangel-66-18">[17]</a> In the subzero cold Rangel was hit in the back by shrapnel from a Chinese shell.<a href="#cite_note-nydn072795-19">[18]</a> He later wrote that the blast threw him into a ditch, causing him to pray fervently to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-rangel-66-18">[17]</a> Up and down the line of the retreat, unit cohesion disappeared under attack and officers lost contact with their men.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> There was screaming and moaning around him and some U.S. soldiers were being taken prisoner,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> but despite feeling overwhelming fear Rangel resolved to try to escape over an imposing mountain: "From the rim of that gully it just looked like everything had to be better on the other side of that damn mountain."<a href="#cite_note-rangel-66-18">[17]</a> Others nearby looked to Rangel, who though only a <a href="/wiki/Private_first_class" title="Private first class">private first class</a> had a reputation for leadership in the unit and had gained the nickname "Sarge".<a href="#cite_note-rangel-66-18">[17]</a> Rangel led some 40 men from his unit over the mountain during the night and out of the Chinese encirclement.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> Other groups were trying to do the same, but some men dropped from the severe conditions or got lost and were never heard from again.<a href="#cite_note-appleman-278-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> By midday on December 1, U.S. aircraft were dropping supplies and directions to Rangel's group and others, and had a raft ready to take them across the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a>; groups from the 503rd Artillery reached Sunchon that afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-appleman-278-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Overall, no part of the 2nd Infantry suffered as many casualties as the artillery;<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> it tried to save, but eventually lost, all its guns,<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> and nearly half of the <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> was killed in the overall battle.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Rangel was treated first at a field hospital, then moved to a general hospital well behind the lines in South Korea where he recuperated.<a href="#cite_note-rangel-73-27">[26]</a> He eventually returned to regular duty, then was rotated back to the U.S. in July 1951.<a href="#cite_note-rangel-73-27">[26]</a> Rangel was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a> for his wounds, the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star</a> <a href="/wiki/Valor_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Valor device">with Valor</a> for his actions in the face of death, and three <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">battle stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csd-84-28">[27]</a> His Army unit was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[nb 2]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Unit Citation (Korea)">Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csd-84-28">[27]</a> In 2000, Rangel reflected on the experience in a <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a> interview: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Since Kunu Ri – and I mean it with all my heart, I have never, never had a bad day.<a href="#cite_note-cbs-korea-11">[10]</a></blockquote> After an honorable discharge from the Army in 1952 with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Staff_sergeant#United_States" title="Staff sergeant">staff sergeant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> he returned home to headlines in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Amsterdam_News" class="mw-redirect" title="The New York Amsterdam News">The New York Amsterdam News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> Rangel later viewed his time in the Army, away from the poverty of his youth, as a major turning point in his life: "When I was exposed to a different life, even if that life was just the Army, I knew damn well I couldn't get back to the same life I had left."<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> Rangel finished high school, completing two years of studies in one year.<a href="#cite_note-33">[nb 3]</a> Benefiting from the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a><a href="#cite_note-wapo-end-34">[31]</a> Rangel received a Bachelor of Science degree from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business" title="New York University Stern School of Business">School of Commerce</a> in 1957, where he made the <a href="/wiki/Dean%27s_list" title="Dean's list">dean's list</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> On full scholarship, he obtained his law degree from the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_University_School_of_Law" title="St. John's University School of Law">St. John's University School of Law</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-multiple-35">[32]</a> Rangel is a member of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Phi_Alpha" title="Alpha Phi Alpha">Alpha Phi Alpha</a> fraternity. He is also a member of the fraternity's <a href="/wiki/World_Policy_Council" title="World Policy Council">World Policy Council</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> whose purpose is to expand Alpha Phi Alpha's involvement in politics and social and current policy to encompass international concerns.<a href="#cite_note-WPC#5-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal">edit</a>]</div> After finishing law school Rangel passed the state <a href="/wiki/Bar_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar exam">bar exam</a> and was hired by Weaver, Evans & Wingate, a prominent black law firm.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> Rangel made little money in private practice, but did build a positive reputation for providing legal assistance to black <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights activist">civil rights activists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> In 1961, Rangel was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">Assistant U.S. Attorney</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">U.S. Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> and worked under U.S. Attorney <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Morgenthau">Robert M. Morgenthau</a>. He stayed in the position for a year.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Next Rangel was legal counsel to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Housing_and_Redevelopment_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Housing and Redevelopment Board (page does not exist)">New York Housing and Redevelopment Board</a>,<a href="#cite_note-africana-38">[35]</a> associate counsel to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-africana-38">[35]</a> a law clerk to pioneering Judge <a href="/wiki/James_Lopez_Watson" title="James Lopez Watson">James L. Watson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and general counsel to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Advisory_Commission_on_Selective_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Advisory Commission on Selective Service (page does not exist)">National Advisory Commission on Selective Service</a> (1966), a presidential commission created to revise <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">draft laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-bac-0-41">[38]</a> His interest in politics grew.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> Rangel met Alma Carter, a social worker, in the mid-late-1950s while on the dance floor of the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Ballroom" title="Savoy Ballroom">Savoy Ballroom</a> in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> They married on July 26, 1964.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> They have two children, Steven and Alicia, and three grandsons.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political">edit</a>]</div> He ran for party district leader and lost during an intense Democratic factional dispute in Harlem in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> In 1964, Rangel and the man who would become his political mentor, Assemblyman <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a>, merged clubs as part of forming the John F. Kennedy Democratic Club in Harlem (which later became part of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Democratic Club).<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-africana-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Rangel participated in the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>, marching for four days even though he had planned only a brief appearance.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> He developed what <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> would label his irrepressible energy and joking style of self-mockery during this time.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> Rangel was selected in September 1966 by Harlem Democrats to run in the 72nd District for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a>, after the incumbent Percy Sutton had been elected by the New York City Council members from Manhattan as <a href="/wiki/Borough_President#Manhattan_Borough_Presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough President">Manhattan Borough President</a> to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a> as a federal judge.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Rangel was victorious, serving in the <a href="/wiki/177th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="177th New York State Legislature">177th</a> and <a href="/wiki/178th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="178th New York State Legislature">178th New York State Legislatures</a> until 1970.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> He emerged as a leader among the black legislators in the state and became politically friendly with <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, who arranged for Rangel to run on the Republican as well as Democratic ballot line during his 1968 re-election.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Rangel supported legalization of the <a href="/wiki/Numbers_game" title="Numbers game">numbers game</a>, saying "For the average Harlemite, playing numbers... is moral and a way of life."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> He also opposed harsher penalties on prostitutes, on grounds of ineffectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1970-prof-10">[9]</a> He was strongly concerned by the effects of drugs on Harlem, advocated that <a href="/wiki/Drug_pusher" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug pusher">drug pushers</a> be held accountable for the crimes committed by their users, and in general believed the problem was at the level of a threat to <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt110270-47">[44]</a> In 1969, Rangel ran for the Democratic nomination for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Council_President" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Council President">New York City Council President</a>. In a tumultuous race that featured sportswriter <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Breslin" title="Jimmy Breslin">Jimmy Breslin</a> as mayoral candidate <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a>'s running mate, Rangel came in last in a field of six candidates.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> In 1970, Rangel ran for election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, challenging long-time incumbent Congressman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a>, in the Democratic primary in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="New York's 18th congressional district">New York's 18th congressional district</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Powell had been an iconic, charismatic, and flamboyant figure<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> who had become embroiled in an ethics controversy in 1967, lost his seat, and then regained it in 1969 due to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision in <a href="/wiki/Powell_v._McCormack" title="Powell v. McCormack">Powell v. McCormack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In a field with five candidates Rangel focused on criticizing Powell's frequent absences from Congress.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a> In the June primary Rangel defeated Powell by 150 votes out of around 25,000 cast.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Powell tried to take legal action to overturn the result claiming over 1,000 ballots were improper votes<a href="#cite_note-nyt110270-47">[44]</a> but was unsuccessful. Powell also failed to get on the ballot as an independent. With both Democratic and Republican backing, Rangel won the November 1970 general election–against a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal Party</a> candidate and several others–with 88 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts,_terms,_and_committees">Districts, terms, and committees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Districts, terms, and committees">edit</a>]</div> Initially the strongest electoral challenge to Rangel came during his first re-election bid, in 1972, when he faced a Democratic primary challenge from <a href="/wiki/HARYOU-ACT" class="mw-redirect" title="HARYOU-ACT">HARYOU-ACT</a> director Livingston Wingate, who had the backing of the old Powell organization and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, a black nationalist group that Rangel publicly denounced.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Rangel had the backing of the other Democratic power bases, however, and won the primary by a 3–to–1 margin<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> and the general election easily. Rangel won re-election every two years until his retirement, usually with over 90 percent of the vote and often with more than 95 percent.<a href="#cite_note-harlemglobetrotter-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-reelect-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap08-1169-53">[50]</a> In a number of elections Rangel received the backing of the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_New_York" title="Liberal Party of New York">Liberal Party of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> Rangel's consistent appeal to his constituents has been due to the perception of him as a champion for justice not just in Harlem but elsewhere in the world.<a href="#cite_note-ebony0707-54">[51]</a> He did face a mid-career primary challenge in 1994 when two-term New York City Councilman <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_IV" title="Adam Clayton Powell IV">Adam Clayton Powell IV</a> was his opponent and held Rangel to 58 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Rangel then faced strong primary challenges from 2010 on during and after his ethics troubles. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Rangel's congressional district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png/300px-New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png/450px-New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png/600px-New_York_District_15_109th_US_Congress.png 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">New York's 15th congressional district</a>, which Rangel had represented until 2013</figcaption></figure> His district was numbered the Eighteenth District from 1971 to 1973; the Nineteenth District from 1973 to 1983; the Sixteenth District from 1983 to 1993; and the Fifteenth from 1993 to 2013. Early 1970s' reapportionment led to the area that Rangel represented being only 65 percent black,<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> and by 1979 it was 50 percent non-Hispanic black, 30 percent white, and 20 percent <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> By 2000, only 3 in 10 district residents were non-Hispanic blacks, while nearly half were <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>, with many of the newcomers being Dominican.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a> Subsequently, numbered the Thirteenth, Rangel's area of representation showed a 2-to-1 preponderance of Hispanics over non-Hispanic African Americans.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-vuln-58">[55]</a> Rangel was an original member when the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> was formed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In 1974, he was elected its chairman<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> and he served in that role until 1976.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> He remained a member of the caucus for the duration of his time in office. <dl><dt>Committee assignments</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Committee on Ways and Means</a> (1975–2017; Ranking member 1996–2006; Chair 2007–2010 [leave of absence for part of 2010])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">Joint Committee on Taxation</a> (Chair 2007, 2009; Vice Chair 2008, 2010 [until left Ways and Means chair])</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Narcotics_Abuse_and_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control (page does not exist)">Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control</a> (1976–1993; Chair 1983–1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Crime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States House Select Committee on Crime (page does not exist)">Select Committee on Crime</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">Committee on the Judiciary</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Caucus memberships</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Arts_Caucus" title="Congressional Arts Caucus">Congressional Arts Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Caucus of the United States House of Representatives">House Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_International_Conservation_Caucus" title="United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus">International Conservation Caucus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s:_Rapid_rise">1970s: Rapid rise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s: Rapid rise">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rangel and twelve other African American members of Congress posed around a table" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/240px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/360px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/CBCfoundingmembers.jpg/480px-CBCfoundingmembers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2996" data-file-height="2040" /></a><figcaption>Rangel (second from left, top) with fellow founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> in 1971</figcaption></figure> As a freshman representative Rangel focused on the issue of drugs and was a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Crime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States House Select Committee on Crime (page does not exist)">House Select Committee on Crime</a>. In February 1971, he criticized the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> for not taking stronger action against Turkey and France, the source and manufacture points for most of the heroin coming into the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> His proposal to halt foreign aid to countries not cooperating in the effort against international drug trafficking was unsuccessful, but led to a bill authorizing the president to reduce aid to those countries.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> Rangel created controversy in New York City by accusing some members of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> of cooperating with drug pushers.<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> On April 14, 1972, Rangel and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a> interfered in the investigation of <a href="/wiki/1972_Harlem_mosque_incident" title="1972 Harlem mosque incident">the murder of New York Police Department patrolman Philip Cardillo</a>, who was fatally shot in a Harlem <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> mosque where <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a> used to preach. Before a suspect could be taken into custody, Farrakhan and Rangel arrived at the scene, saying a riot would likely occur if the suspect and others were not released.<a href="#cite_note-cannato-63">[60]</a> Some police department officials also limited the investigation, including deputy commissioner for public affairs <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ward" title="Benjamin Ward">Benjamin Ward</a>, who had ordered all white officers away from the scene in acquiescing to the demands of Farrakhan and Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-cannato-63">[60]</a> Despite an initial impression that Rangel was mostly concerned with the "ghetto problems" of drugs and welfare, Rangel focused on many other issues.<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> He consistently backed Israel, including objecting to an anti-Israeli resolution adopted at the <a href="/wiki/National_Black_Political_Convention" title="National Black Political Convention">National Black Political Convention</a> in 1972<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> and urging black Americans to support the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">civil rights of Soviet Jews</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> In other respects Rangel opposed foreign interventions and military spending, voting against bombing in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and against funding for the <a href="/wiki/B-1_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1 bomber">B-1 bomber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercarrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercarrier">supercarriers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> In Congress one of Rangel's first committee assignments was on the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a>; during the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> he participated in the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a>. Rangel received both national attention and respect for his well-informed questioning style during the hearings.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-bac-0-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> Rangel was also prominent in questioning Governor Rockefeller on his role in handling the <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a> during Rockefeller's vice presidential confirmation hearing.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a> Rangel rose rapidly in the House, due to his political skills, hard work, knowledge of legislative matters, and genial manner.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> In 1974, he became the first African American ever named to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Committee on Ways and Means</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> a position he assumed in 1975 (and left the Judiciary Committee)<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> and by 1979 had become the chairman of its important <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Ways_and_Means_Subcommittee_on_Health" title="United States House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health">Subcommittee on Health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> In 1976, he was named to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Narcotics_Abuse_and_Control&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control (page does not exist)">House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> By 1979, he was a member of the influential <a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committee_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Steering and Policy Committee of the United States House of Representatives">House Democratic Steering and Policy Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> He combined his solidly liberal views–interest group ratings in 1978 indicated he was the most liberal member of the New York State congressional delegation–with a pragmatic approach towards finding political and legislative compromises.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> Rangel built alliances with others in Congress (collaborating for example with Michigan Republican <a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Guy Vander Jagt</a> on welfare reform measures), with people in governmental agencies, and with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> In some cases Rangel was criticized for being too pragmatic, such as when he switched his position on natural gas deregulation; Rangel denied that he did so in exchange for the authorization of a new federal building in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> Rangel said of himself, "I guess I'm practical, but you have to live with yourself and make sure you are not so practical that you sell out a part of yourself."<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> Besides his increasing influence in Washington, by the late 1970s Rangel was New York City's leading black political figure.<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> After initially endorsing <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1977_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1977 New York City mayoral election">1977 mayoral election</a>, he endorsed <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> over <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a> in the Democratic primary run-off.<a href="#cite_note-cby-340-66">[63]</a> He attempted to mediate between Mayor Koch and some minority groups who thought the Koch administration racially insensitive. As Koch related, "He has told some blacks angry with me: 'You say Ed Koch is nasty to you? I want you to know he's nasty to everybody.' I thought that was rather nice."<a href="#cite_note-nyt111279-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Influential_figure">1980s: Influential figure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980s: Influential figure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black-and-white photograph of Representative Rangel at an earlier age" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg/170px-Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg/255px-Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg/340px-Charles_Rangel_Official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Rangel's official portrait in the <a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th Congress</a>, 1985</figcaption></figure> In 1981, Rangel became chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Ways_and_Means_Subcommittee_on_Oversight" title="United States House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight">Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight</a> giving him power in attempting to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>'s cuts in <a href="/wiki/United_States_welfare_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States welfare state">social spending</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> By 1983 he was the third-ranking member on Ways and Means, and worked well with its powerful chairman, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a> Rangel became a protégé of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">Tip O'Neill</a> who made him <a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives">Deputy Majority Whip</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 United States presidential election</a>, Rangel supported former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> rather than the primary campaign of <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>. By that time Rangel was known as one of the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Harlem)" title="Gang of Four (Harlem)">"Gang of Four"</a>, who along with his old mentor <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a>, city and state figure <a href="/wiki/Basil_A._Paterson" title="Basil A. Paterson">Basil A. Paterson</a>, and future mayor <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a> were the most prominent politicians in Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-g4-69">[66]</a> They broke racial barriers, attained offices once viewed as not possible for black Americans to achieve, and paved the way for many others around the nation.<a href="#cite_note-time-g4-69">[66]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Power_broker_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power broker (term)">power brokers</a> they would dominate public life in Harlem for a generation.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> Rangel endorsed Koch for re-election in 1981; by 1983 his relationship with the mayor had fallen apart:<a href="#cite_note-cby-340-66">[63]</a> "I don't know anybody in politics that I dislike enough that I would recommend that he sit down with the mayor."<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> By 1984 Rangel was the most influential black politician in New York State.<a href="#cite_note-cby-337-72">[69]</a> His position on Ways and Means allowed him to bring federal monies to the state and city for transit projects, industrial development, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a> needs, <a href="/wiki/Low-income_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income housing">low-income housing</a>, and shelters for the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-340-66">[63]</a> Rangel was one of the city's most recognizable politicians<a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> and there was speculation that he would run for mayor in 1985, but Rangel preferred to remain in the House, with the goal of eventually becoming Ways and Means chairman and in the best case even House Speaker.<a href="#cite_note-cby-340-66">[63]</a> Indeed, Rangel never showed any interest in a different political job other than being the Congressman from Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> In 1983, Rangel became chair of the Select Committee on Narcotics solidifying his position as a leading strategist on an issue perennially important to him.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-bac-2007-sel-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-ebony1289-74">[71]</a> Rangel kept the committee going in the face of usual pressure to disband special committees.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> He battled against proposed cutbacks in the federal anti-drug budget, advocating for increased grants to states and cities for better shelters for the homeless.<a href="#cite_note-bac-0-41">[38]</a> Rangel's amendments providing increased funding for state and local law enforcement and were included in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Drug_Abuse_Act_of_1986" title="Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986">Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bac-0-41">[38]</a> He traveled to countries in Central and South America and other places to inspect the sources of drugs and the law enforcement efforts against them; <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a> magazine termed Rangel "a front-line general in the war against drugs."<a href="#cite_note-ebony0389-75">[72]</a> Rangel said "We need outrage!", making reference to the slow reaction by both government and religious leaders to the epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">crack cocaine</a>, heroin, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a>, and other drugs that hit American streets during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-ebony0389-75">[72]</a> He believed that legalizing drugs would represent "moral and political suicide".<a href="#cite_note-ebony0389-75">[72]</a> He did not refrain from criticizing those most affected by drugs, saying that Hispanic and black teenagers had no sense of self-preservation, and that <a href="/wiki/Drug_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug dealer">drug dealers</a> were so stupid they had to eat in fast-food places because they could not read a menu.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> By 1988, Rangel was saying that President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> had not done enough in the war on drugs, but that First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a>" campaign had been quite valuable.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> The narcotics committee itself was termed possibly the most important select committee of its time. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> said Rangel was "in a powerful position to shape policy on an issue at the top of the nation's agenda".<a href="#cite_note-ebony1289-74">[71]</a> He would remain as chair of the committee through 1993,<a href="#cite_note-bac-2007-sel-73">[70]</a> when it was abolished along with other House select committees.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rangel and about fourteen other men standing around a table, where President Ronald Reagan signs a bill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_signing_the_Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption>Rangel (far left) looks on as President Ronald Reagan signs the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a> on the White House <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn" title="South Lawn">South Lawn</a>.</figcaption></figure> Rangel was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">House–Senate joint conference</a> that worked on the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986" title="Tax Reform Act of 1986">Tax Reform Act of 1986</a>, a simplifying overhaul that constituted the most sweeping reform of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">U.S. tax code</a> in 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> In the negotiations Rangel successfully argued for dropping more lower-income people from the tax rolls;<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> the elimination of six million households from federal income taxation was hailed as a wise policy by both liberal and conservative groups.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Rangel authored the <a href="/wiki/Low-Income_Housing_Tax_Credit" title="Low-Income Housing Tax Credit">Low-Income Housing Tax Credit</a> portion of the bill, which increased affordable housing in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> He also played a key role in preserving the deductibility of state and local income taxes.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a> He asserted that while beneficiaries of <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">tax reform</a> were not well organized, business interests opposed to it were. When the conference threatened to break down, he stressed it was vital to reach an agreement.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> By late 1985 Rangel was in a six-person race to become the next <a href="/wiki/Party_whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Party whips of the United States House of Representatives">House Majority Whip</a>, the third-highest ranked position in the House and for the first time up for election by the members rather than appointment by the Speaker.<a href="#cite_note-nyt120485-79">[76]</a> In October 1986 the race was heating up, with Rangel as the underdog coming close to Representative <a href="/wiki/Tony_Coelho" title="Tony Coelho">Tony Coelho</a> from California through use of his personal skills and Rangel arguing that the Democratic leadership needed better regional balance.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> However, in December 1986, Coelho defeated Rangel in the vote for whip, 167–78.<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Rangel attributed his loss to Coelho having funded the campaigns of many House members via his role as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt120485-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol100509-82">[79]</a> later saying, "I had never been so goddamn naive. I came to Washington as an experienced politician. How did I miss Coelho's contribution to members?"<a href="#cite_note-pol100509-82">[79]</a> In December 1984, Rangel was arrested for participating in an <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> rally in front of the South African Consulate in New York.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> Rangel successfully pushed to have <a href="/wiki/Foreign_tax_credit" title="Foreign tax credit">foreign tax credits</a> removed for corporations doing business in that country, a 1987 act that became known as the "Rangel Amendment".<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol042308-85">[82]</a> A number of companies left South Africa as a result, and the amendment proved to be one of the more effective anti-apartheid sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol042308-85">[82]</a> The bill won praise from <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> and Rangel later said was one of his actions that he was most proud of.<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s:_Support_and_opposition">1990s: Support and opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s: Support and opposition">edit</a>]</div> During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, Rangel demanded that <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> investigate allegations of discrimination from black members of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard" title="New York Army National Guard">New York Army National Guard</a> regarding combat training and treatment. During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a>, Rangel battled with executive branch officials over budget items almost as much as he had during Republican administrations,<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> and always resented when Clinton negotiated directly with Republicans while bypassing congressional Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> In 1993, however, Rangel was a key sponsor of increases to the <a href="/wiki/Earned_Income_Tax_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Earned Income Tax Credit">Earned Income Tax Credit</a> that passed.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a> Rangel's dream of becoming chairman of Ways and Means took a tumble with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a> of 1994, which took control of the House away from the Democrats for the first time in decades. He did become the ranking Democrat of the committee in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Rangel was bitterly opposed to the Republican <a href="/wiki/Contract_With_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract With America">Contract With America</a>, considering it an assault on America's poor, and strongly criticized Democrats such as President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and religious leaders such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cardinal_O%27Connor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cardinal O'Connor">John Cardinal O'Connor</a> for perpetuating "the silence of good people" that he likened to what happened in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> When Rangel made a similar allusion directed at new Ways and Means chair <a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Bill Archer</a> in 1995, Archer refused to speak to him for several years except at public meetings.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> Rangel also strongly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">Welfare Reform Act of 1996</a>, accusing Clinton of supporting it for political reasons and predicting its consequences would cast a million children into poverty.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> Opening up economic opportunities for minorities and the poor was a focus of Rangel's during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> His 1993 legislation created "<a href="/wiki/Empowerment_zone" title="Empowerment zone">empowerment zones</a>", which provided tax incentives for investment and job creation in inner urban areas;<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> it would eventually account for $5 billion in federal spending across the nation's cities.<a href="#cite_note-ebony0707-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> Rangel played a specific role in the creation of the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan_Empowerment_Zone_Development_Corporation" title="Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation">Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation</a>, which led to a $500 million spending of public and private monies towards changing the face of Harlem, including gentrification effects.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Rangel served on the corporation's board, and the effort was credited with helping the resurgence of Harlem that took place during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1169-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> During the late 1990s, Rangel led an outreach effort on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a> that sought to gain African American votes for white candidates in key swing districts.<a href="#cite_note-salon-dccc-88">[85]</a> The project may have helped gain or keep several seats during the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections">1998 mid-term House elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-salon-dccc-88">[85]</a> In late 1998, when long-time Senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> of New York announced his retirement, Rangel was one of the first to advocate that <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> move to New York and run for the seat.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> She did so successfully. On March 15, 1999, the congressman was arrested along with two other prominent African American leaders (civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Dinkins" title="David Dinkins">David Dinkins</a>) for protesting the fatal shooting of <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Bailo_Diallo" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadou Bailo Diallo">Amadou Diallo</a>, a 23-year-old immigrant to the United States from Guinea, by four <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white</a> and Hispanic New York City police officers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The officers involved were later acquitted by a mixed-race jury. In October 1998, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Attorney General">New York State Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Vacco" title="Dennis Vacco">Dennis Vacco</a> filed a lawsuit charging the directors of the foundation behind New York's <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Theater" title="Apollo Theater">Apollo Theater</a>, including foundation chair Rangel, with failing to collect more than $4 million owed it by a company controlled by Percy Sutton that produced the television program <a href="/wiki/It%27s_Showtime_at_the_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="It's Showtime at the Apollo">It's Showtime at the Apollo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-jet-apollo-92">[89]</a> The suit sought the removal of Rangel; after months of indecision, Rangel stepped down as chair but remained on the board.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-apollo-end-93">[90]</a> In October 1999, new Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a> dismissed the lawsuit and cleared Rangel and Sutton of any wrongdoing, saying that all monies properly owed had changed hands.<a href="#cite_note-jet-apollo-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-apollo-end-93">[90]</a> Rangel expressed bitterness over the year-long episode, saying "I shouldn't have had to go through this."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-apollo-end-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000–2007:_Protest_and_power">2000–2007: Protest and power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000–2007: Protest and power">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rangel and six other men stand around a table, where President George W. Bush signs a bill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg/220px-President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg/330px-President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg/440px-President_Bush_Signs_African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Rangel (third from right) looks on as President George W. Bush signs an extension to the <a href="/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act" title="African Growth and Opportunity Act">African Growth and Opportunity Act</a> in 2004</figcaption></figure> During the early 2000s Rangel advocated continued funding of anti-poverty efforts, including <a href="/wiki/Temporary_Assistance_for_Needy_Families" title="Temporary Assistance for Needy Families">Temporary Assistance for Needy Families</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_care_and_development_block_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Child care and development block grant">Child care and development block grant</a>. Rangel also had an unproductive relationship with Ways and Means chairman <a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Bill Thomas</a>, leading to an incident in which Thomas called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">United States Capitol Police</a> on Rangel for having his members read a bill in the library, an action for which Thomas apologized.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> Rangel sponsored the <a href="/wiki/African_Growth_and_Opportunity_Act" title="African Growth and Opportunity Act">African Growth and Opportunity Act</a>, passed in 2000, despite the opposition of labor unions, the textile industry, and the Congressional Black Caucus.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> For the first time incentives were provided for U.S. trade with <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> Indeed, Rangel became known for support of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreements, in contrast to many House Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-harlemglobetrotter-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Rangel helped secure an extension to unemployment benefits. His intent was to help those in New York industries affected by the events.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a> Motivated by seeing few African American diplomats on his trips abroad,<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1171-86">[83]</a> he founded the <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Rangel_International_Affairs_Fellowship" title="Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship">Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Fellowship Program</a> in 2002. The program is a collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">U.S. State Department</a> that has significantly increased the number of minorities working in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Service" title="United States Foreign Service">U.S. Foreign Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bac-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> In July 2004, Rangel was the first of three sitting U.S. House members to be arrested on <a href="/wiki/Trespassing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trespassing">trespassing</a> charges, for protesting <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">human rights abuses in Sudan</a> in front of the Sudanese Embassy in Washington<a href="#cite_note-ap071304-95">[92]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bobby_Rush" title="Bobby Rush">Bobby Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hoeffel" title="Joe Hoeffel">Joe Hoeffel</a> would follow). Rangel said, "When human lives are in jeopardy, there should be outrage."<a href="#cite_note-ap071304-95">[92]</a> Rangel was an adamant opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Feeling powerless to stop the latter in the Republican-controlled Congress, he said in 2007 that he had suffered from nightmares: "It was my lowest point ever in my 37 years in Congress ... It was a sad period where you saw lives being lost [in the war] and you couldn't do anything about it."<a href="#cite_note-ebony0707-54">[51]</a> In April 2006, Rangel and nine other representatives joined <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a>' action against George W. Bush and others, alleging violations of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a> in the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Deficit_Reduction_Act_of_2005" title="Deficit Reduction Act of 2005">Deficit Reduction Act of 2005</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conyers_v._Bush" title="Conyers v. Bush">Conyers v. Bush</a> was dismissed later that year for <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">lack of standing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Rangel has been long been opposed to the all-volunteer army and repeatedly called for the government to bring back <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States" title="Conscription in the United States">the draft</a> (military conscription).<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> In 2003, Rangel said that "A disproportionate number of the poor and members of minority groups make up the enlisted ranks of the military, while the most privileged Americans are underrepresented or absent", and that a draft would make the military more representative of the American public at large.<a href="#cite_note-draft-oped-98">[95]</a> While some observers saw the logic in what Rangel was saying, his proposals attracted little organized support from either party or from antiwar organizations.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> During 2006 Rangel said that no soldier would be fighting in Iraq if they had decent career possibilities<a href="#cite_note-gersteinlogic-100">[97]</a> and stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There's no question in my mind that this president and this administration would never have invaded Iraq, especially on the flimsy evidence that was presented to the Congress, if indeed we had a draft and members of Congress and the administration thought that their kids from their communities would be placed in harm's way.<a href="#cite_note-ftndraft-101">[98]</a></blockquote> Rangel introduced versions of his <a href="/wiki/Universal_National_Service_Act" title="Universal National Service Act">Universal National Service Act</a> in the House in 2003, <a href="/wiki/National_Service_Act_of_2006" title="National Service Act of 2006">2006</a>, 2007, and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-draft-oped-98">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Polls showed 70 percent of Americans opposed a reinstatement of the draft.<a href="#cite_note-ftndraft-101">[98]</a> Rangel emphasized that people could fulfill their draft obligations through non-military services, such as port and airline security.<a href="#cite_note-ftndraft-101">[98]</a> The one time the act came up for a vote in the full House, in 2004, it was defeated 2–402, with Rangel voting against his own bill in protest at the procedural handling of it.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> In June 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a> passed a $3 million <a href="/wiki/Earmark_(politics)" title="Earmark (politics)">earmark</a> to establish the Charles B. Rangel Center for Public Service at <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> By 2007 the amount had been reduced to $2 million, but the funding for the center, whose purpose was to bring more poor and minority students into politics, was the target of criticism from Representative <a href="/wiki/John_B._T._Campbell_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John B. T. Campbell III">John B. T. Campbell III</a> of California and other Republicans as an abuse of the earmark process and as Rangel's "Monument to Me".<a href="#cite_note-cbs-me-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-asks-107">[104]</a> City College said it was proud to house the center<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> and Rangel said "I cannot think of anything I am more proud of."<a href="#cite_note-cbs-me-106">[103]</a> In August 2006, Rangel said he would resign his seat if the Democrats did not take the House that November,<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1172-109">[106]</a> a statement that had real intent behind it, as at age 76 Rangel was feeling "the claustrophobia" of time.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg/220px-Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg/330px-Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg/440px-Charles_Rangel_Global_Connections_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Rangel speaks to international educators visiting the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> in 2007 under the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>'s Global Connections and Exchange Program</figcaption></figure> The Democrats did take control and in January 2007, Rangel's long wait to head the Ways and Means Committee was over.<a href="#cite_note-ebony0707-54">[51]</a> Not only was he the first African American to do so, but he was also the first New Yorker to chair the committee since <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a> in the 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1170-57">[54]</a> As holder of one of the most powerful posts in Congress,<a href="#cite_note-nyt042207-110">[107]</a> he said the chairmanship "couldn't have come any later for me".<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Age was not otherwise a factor with Rangel, who worked a scheduled 16 hours a day and looked a good deal younger than he was.<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a> magazine termed Rangel's ascent to the chairmanship "a watershed moment for African-Americans, who historically have been shut out when it comes to deciding how to divvy up the trillions of dollars in the federal government's budget".<a href="#cite_note-ebony0707-54">[51]</a> Rangel was able to establish an effective working relationship with ranking member <a href="/wiki/Jim_McCrery" title="Jim McCrery">Jim McCrery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1172-109">[106]</a> In April 2007, Rangel published his autobiography, ... And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress, whose title reflected his experience in Korea. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> gave it a favorable reviewing, saying it was "mercifully short on laundry lists [that some other political memoirs have], but long on sass and spirit".<a href="#cite_note-nyt042207-110">[107]</a> Rangel was an early and strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2008_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign">Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign</a> for the Democratic nomination.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> His actions during 2007 included taking a shot at the marital histories of former Mayor of New York <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a>, then the Republican front-runner, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Judith_Giuliani" title="Judith Giuliani">Judith Giuliani</a>, resulted in Rangel issuing a no-excuses apology.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> As events in 2008 unwound, the Democratic primaries and caucuses turned into a historic battle between Clinton and Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. Although Obama had a real chance of becoming the first African American president, a development that Rangel viewed with pride, and although some racially tinged comments entered the contest and Clinton's support among African Americans plunged, Rangel stayed loyal to her, saying "There's just no question in my mind that Hillary would be in a better position than a freshman senator. This ain't no time for a beginner."<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> (Rangel's wife Alma, on the other hand, publicly supported Obama.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a>) Rangel did endorse Obama once he finally clinched the nomination in early June 2008.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008–2010:_Ethics_issues_and_censure">2008–2010: Ethics issues and censure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008–2010: Ethics issues and censure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congressman_Charles_Rangel_(2234140974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg/220px-Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg/330px-Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg/440px-Congressman_Charles_Rangel_%282234140974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="3335" /></a><figcaption>Rangel speaking in 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Letterhead_use_and_Rangel_Center_fundraising">Letterhead use and Rangel Center fundraising</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Letterhead use and Rangel Center fundraising">edit</a>]</div> In July 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that Rangel was soliciting donations to the Charles B. Rangel Center for Public Service at City College of New York from corporations with business interests before his Ways and Means Committee, and was doing so using Congressional <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterhead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-first-117">[114]</a> The companies and individuals included <a href="/wiki/AIG" class="mw-redirect" title="AIG">AIG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a>, and by this time Rangel's efforts had helped raise $12 million of the $30 million goal for the center.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-first-117">[114]</a> Government watchdog groups and ethics experts criticized Rangel's actions, with the dean of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Graduate_School_of_Political_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington University Graduate School of Political Management">George Washington University Graduate School of Political Management</a> saying Rangel "has crossed the line".<a href="#cite_note-wapo-first-117">[114]</a> Rangel denied any wrongdoing and asked the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ethics" title="United States House Committee on Ethics">U.S. House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct</a>, commonly known as the House Ethics Committee, to determine if his use of Congressional <a href="/wiki/Letterhead" title="Letterhead">letterhead</a> while arranging meetings to solicit contributions for the center had violated any House rules.<a href="#cite_note-ap-asks-107">[104]</a> House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> agreed to Rangel's request.<a href="#cite_note-ap-asks-107">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renting_Harlem_apartments_at_below-market_rates">Renting Harlem apartments at below-market rates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Renting Harlem apartments at below-market rates">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported in July 2008 that Rangel rents four apartments at below-market rates in the Lenox Terrace complex in Harlem. It reported that Rangel paid $3,894 monthly for all four apartments in 2007. In contrast, the landlord's going rate for similar apartments in the building was as high as $8,125 monthly. Three adjacent apartments were combined to create his 2,500-square-foot (230 m2) home. A fourth unit is used as a campaign office, which violates city and state regulations that require <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control in New York">rent-stabilized</a> apartments to be used as a primary residence. Rangel received thousands of dollars in campaign contributions from one of the landlords, according to the paper. Rangel said his rent does not affect his representation of his constituents.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> Congressional ethics experts said the difference in rent between what Rangel was paying and market rates, an estimated $30,000 per year, could be construed as a gift, exceeding the $100 House of Representatives gift limit.<a href="#cite_note-nyt071108-70">[67]</a> In late July, the House voted 254–138 to <a href="/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Table (parliamentary procedure)">table</a> a resolution by Republican Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> that would have censured Rangel for having "dishonored himself and brought discredit to the House", by occupying the four apartments.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_parking_garage">House parking garage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: House parking garage">edit</a>]</div> A September 2008 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> article reported that Rangel had been using a House parking garage as free storage space for his <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> for years, in apparent violation of Congressional rules. Under <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> regulations, free parking (here, worth $290 a month) is considered <a href="/wiki/Imputed_income" title="Imputed income">imputed income</a>, and must be declared on <a href="/wiki/Tax_return_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax return (United States)">tax returns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> In July 2010 the House Ethics Committee ruled that Rangel had committed no violation, since in practice the parking policy was only applied to Congressional staff and not to members themselves.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxes_on_Dominican_villa_rental_income">Taxes on Dominican villa rental income</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taxes on Dominican villa rental income">edit</a>]</div> Rangel was accused of failing to report income from his rental of a beachside villa he owns in <a href="/wiki/Punta_Cana" title="Punta Cana">Punta Cana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. A three-bedroom, three-bath unit, it has rented out for as much as $1,100 per night in the busiest tourist season.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> Labor lawyer <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Kheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Kheel">Theodore Kheel</a>, a principal investor in the resort development company and frequent campaign contributor to Rangel, had encouraged him to purchase the villa. Rangel purchased it in 1988 for $82,750. He financed $53,737.50 of the purchase price for seven years at an interest rate of 10.5%, but was one of several early investors whose interest payments were waived in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> In September 2008, Rangel's attorney, <a href="/wiki/Lanny_Davis" title="Lanny Davis">Lanny Davis</a>, disclosed that Rangel had failed to report on his tax returns or in congressional disclosure forms $75,000 in income he had received for renting his Dominican villa. That month, Rangel paid $10,800 to cover his liability for the related <a href="/wiki/Back_taxes" title="Back taxes">back taxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-124">[121]</a> He had owed back taxes for at least three years. The Ways and Means Committee writes the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">U.S. tax code</a>, and as such his failure to pay taxes himself led to heavy criticism.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-124">[121]</a> A September 14, 2008, New York Times editorial called for Rangel to step down temporarily from his chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee while his ethical problems were investigated.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> On September 24, 2008, the House Ethics Committee announced that it would investigate whether Rangel had violated its <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">code of conduct</a> or any law or other regulation related to his performance of his duties.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> On November 23, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a> reported that Rangel took a "<a href="/wiki/Homestead_exemption" title="Homestead exemption">homestead</a>" tax break on his Washington, D.C., house for years, while simultaneously occupying multiple New York City rent-stabilized apartments, "possibly violating laws and regulations in both cases".<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In January 2009, Republican Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Carter_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carter (Texas)">John R. Carter</a> introduced the Rangel Rule Act of 2009 (H.R. 735), a <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> proposal that would have allowed all taxpayers to not pay penalties and interest on back taxes, in reference to Rangel not yet having paid his.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defense_of_tax_shelter">Defense of tax shelter</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defense of tax shelter">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG/104px-Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG/156px-Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG/208px-Charles_Rangel_with_Gregory_Slayton_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Rangel receives book written by US consul general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Slayton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Slayton (page does not exist)">Gregory Slayton</a>, in Bermuda in 2009</figcaption></figure> In November 2008, following reports by The New York Times, Republican Congressmen asked the House Ethics Committee to look into Rangel's defense of a <a href="/wiki/Tax_shelter" title="Tax shelter">tax shelter</a> approved by his Ways and Means Committee. One of the four companies that benefited from the loophole was <a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a>, which opened headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> as a foreign corporation.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_11.25.2008-129">[126]</a> Under the loophole Nabors received tens of millions of dollars in <a href="/wiki/Tax_break" title="Tax break">tax breaks</a>. In 2004, Rangel had led opposition to the tax breaks.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_11.25.2008-129">[126]</a> Nabors donated $1 million in 2006, and $100,000 later, to the City College of New York school named after Rangel. Its CEO said the donations were unrelated to Rangel's February 2007 promise to oppose closing the loophole.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_11.25.2008-129">[126]</a> He denied there was any <a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a>, and called the article about it "malarkey".<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> Rangel said The New York Times had ignored facts and explanations, and denied the charges.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes_11.25.2008-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-cdtb-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-pol120208-132">[129]</a> The House Ethics Committee voted in December 2008, to expand its investigation of Rangel to the matter.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> Eventually the Ethics Committee would not make a specific charge over this matter but did include it in the supporting documentation for the overall charge that Rangel had solicited Rangel Center donations from those with business before his committee.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-undisputed-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unreported_assets_and_income">Unreported assets and income</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unreported assets and income">edit</a>]</div> On September 15, 2008, it was disclosed that: (a) Rangel had omitted from his financial reports details regarding his sale of a Washington, D.C. home; (b) discrepancies existed in the values he listed for a property he owns in <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Isles,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunny Isles, Florida">Sunny Isles, Florida</a> (varying from $50,000 to $500,000); and (c) inconsistencies appeared in his <a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">investment fund</a> reporting. He apologized, saying "I owed my colleagues and the public adherence to a higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_care" title="Standard of care">standard of care</a>, not only as a member of Congress, but even more as the chair of the House Ways and Means Committee." Republicans called for his removal as chair. Rangel said there was no justification for that, as the mistakes were errors of omission, that would not justify loss of his position.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In August 2009, Rangel amended his 2007 financial disclosure form to report more than $500,000 in previously unreported assets and income. That doubled his reported <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a>. Unreported assets included a <a href="/wiki/Federal_credit_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal credit union">federal credit union</a> checking account of between $250,000 and $500,000, several investment accounts, stock in <a href="/wiki/Yum!_Brands" title="Yum! Brands">Yum! Brands</a> and <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a>, and property in <a href="/wiki/Glassboro,_New_Jersey" title="Glassboro, New Jersey">Glassboro, New Jersey</a>. Rangel also had not paid <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a> on two of his New Jersey properties which he was required by law to do. The ethics issues led by December 2008 to some loss of standing for Rangel, to Republicans trying to tie him to all Democrats, and to some Democrats privately saying it would be best if Rangel stepped down from his Ways and Means post.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> In late 2008 and again in September 2009, the government <a href="/wiki/Watchdog_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchdog group">watchdog group</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Responsibility_and_Ethics_in_Washington" title="Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington">Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington</a> named Rangel one of the 15 most corrupt members of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Media pieces compared Rangel's woes with those unethical former Ways and Means chairs <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">Wilbur Mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> Pelosi, a long-time friend of Rangel's, withheld any possible action against Rangel pending the House Ethics Committee report.<a href="#cite_note-pol100509-82">[79]</a> Rangel evinced impatience with that body, saying "I don't have a complaint now, except that it's taking too goddamn long to review this thing and report back."<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> On September 3, 2009, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> called on Rangel to resign his chairmanship of the House Ways and Means Committee, given the ethical issues that had surfaced. Another Republican resolution was put forth to force him out of his chairmanship. However, Rangel stayed in place and mostly maintained his role in House leadership and policy discussions,<a href="#cite_note-pol100509-82">[79]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Affordable_Health_Care_for_America_Act" title="Affordable Health Care for America Act">Obama health care reform plan</a><a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> (opposition to which, he suggested, was partly due to racial prejudice against President Obama).<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Nevertheless, his influence was diminished by the questions surrounding him.<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caribbean_trips">Caribbean trips</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Caribbean trips">edit</a>]</div> In May 2009, the non-profit <a href="/wiki/National_Legal_and_Policy_Center" title="National Legal and Policy Center">National Legal and Policy Center</a> filed an ethics complaint against Rangel and other members of Congress for trips, taken in 2007 and 2008 to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a>. The trips had been sponsored by Carib News Foundation, a New York non-profit funded by corporations with interests before Congress and the Ways and Means Committee.<a href="#cite_note-abc022610-139">[136]</a> This combined with the duration of the trips seemed to violate House rules. The Ethics Committee agreed the following month to investigate the matter.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> On February 26, 2010, the Ethics Committee issued its report.<a href="#cite_note-hec-rpt-1-141">[138]</a> It determined that Rangel had violated House gift rules, by accepting reimbursement for his travel to the conferences.<a href="#cite_note-cnn022510-142">[139]</a> The committee found that he had not known of the contributions, but concluded that he was still responsible for them and was required to repay their cost.<a href="#cite_note-cnn022510-142">[139]</a> Five other members were cleared of having violated rules, but were also required to repay their trips.<a href="#cite_note-cnn022510-142">[139]</a> Rangel disagreed with the committee's finding, saying: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Because they were my staff members who knew, one of whom has been discharged, [the committee has decided] that I should have known. Common sense dictates that members of Congress should not be held responsible for what could be the wrongdoing, or mistakes, or errors of staff.<a href="#cite_note-abc022610-139">[136]</a></blockquote> Pelosi said she would not take any action against Rangel pending further committee findings, as his staff had been more at fault and he had not broken any law.<a href="#cite_note-abc022610-139">[136]</a> The Ethics Committee continued to investigate the charges against Rangel relating to obtaining rent-stabilized apartments, fundraising, and failure to disclose rental income from his Dominican villa.<a href="#cite_note-abc022610-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stepping_aside_as_House_Ways_and_Means_Chair">Stepping aside as House Ways and Means Chair</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stepping aside as House Ways and Means Chair">edit</a>]</div> After a February 2010 House Ethics Committee report criticizing him for taking sponsored Caribbean trips, the White House backed off its prior support of Rangel somewhat, and within days 14 Democratic members of Congress publicly called on Rangel to step aside as Ways and Means chair.<a href="#cite_note-nydn022710-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Other Democrats were concerned that Rangel would impede Democrats' efforts to maintain their majority in the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections">2010 House elections</a>, but did not say anything publicly out of respect and personal affection for Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-nydn022710-143">[140]</a> Momentum quickly built against Rangel, with 30 or more Democrats planning to oppose his continued chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee, in a full House vote being pushed by Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-wsj030310-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyp030410-146">[143]</a> Democrat <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hodes" title="Paul Hodes">Paul Hodes</a> of New Hampshire noted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I think we're in a zero-tolerance atmosphere, and I think... Washington should be held to the highest ethical standards. I have the greatest admiration for Mr. Rangel's service to this country. He's been a great public servant. This is very, very unfortunate, but I think it's necessary.<a href="#cite_note-wsj030310-145">[142]</a></blockquote> On March 3, 2010, Rangel said he would take a <a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">leave of absence</a> as chair, pending issuance of the Ethics Committee's report.<a href="#cite_note-nyt030310-147">[144]</a> Pelosi granted his request, but whether such a leave was possible was unclear and the House <a href="/wiki/Speaker_pro_Tempore" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker pro Tempore">Speaker pro Tempore</a> said that a resignation had taken place and that Rangel was no longer chair.<a href="#cite_note-resign-ruling-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt030310-147">[144]</a> Observers opined that it was unlikely that Rangel would ever be able to regain the position.<a href="#cite_note-nyp030410-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt030310-147">[144]</a> Several Democrats said they would return or donate to charity campaign contributions given to them by Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-nyp030410-146">[143]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Sander_M._Levin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sander M. Levin">Sander M. Levin</a> of Michigan took over as acting chair.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_ethics_committee_charges">House ethics committee charges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: House ethics committee charges">edit</a>]</div> On July 22, 2010, a bipartisan, four-member investigative subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee indicated it had "substantial reason to believe" that Rangel had violated a range of ethics rules relating to the other charges.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-subs-150">[147]</a> The matter was referred to another, newly created, special subcommittee to rule on the findings.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-subs-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Steny_Hoyer" title="Steny Hoyer">Steny Hoyer</a> said the action indicated the "process is working as it should, while Minority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">John Boehner</a> called the announcement "a sad reminder" of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's "most glaring broken promise: to 'drain the swamp' in Washington".<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Rangel negotiated with the Ethics Committee. But participants in the talks characterized him as unwilling to admit wrongdoing in connection with several of the charges, and anxious about preserving his legacy. No settlement was reached.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-nego-153">[150]</a> On July 29, 2010, Rangel was charged by the committee with 13 counts of violating House rules and federal laws.<a href="#cite_note-wapo13-154">[151]</a> Rangel's lawyers continued to insist that he had not intentionally violated any law or regulation, had not handed out political favors, and had not misused his office for personal financial gain.<a href="#cite_note-wapo13-154">[151]</a> Rangel somberly only said this on the day the charges were announced: Sixty years ago, I survived a Chinese attack in North Korea. And as a result I wrote a book that, having survived that, that I haven't had a bad day since. Today I have to reassess that.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Re-election_campaign_of_2010">Re-election campaign of 2010</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Re-election campaign of 2010">edit</a>]</div> Rangel suggested that <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a>'s primary run in the <a href="/wiki/2010_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 New York gubernatorial election">2010 gubernatorial election</a> against incumbent <a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a>, who was the first African American governor of New York, would undo years of work that Cuomo spent rebuilding his standing in the state Democratic Party after his bruising <a href="/wiki/2002_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 New York gubernatorial election">2002 gubernatorial</a> primary contest against <a href="/wiki/Carl_McCall" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl McCall">Carl McCall</a>. At the time McCall was the highest-ranking African American and first major party candidate for governor in the state.<a href="#cite_note-ch4-cuomo-156">[153]</a> Rangel had been a staunch supporter of McCall against Cuomo in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> For the upcoming 2010 gubernatorial race, Rangel suggested that for the white Cuomo to challenge the African American incumbent would not be "the moral decision".<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Rangel said, "There might be an inclination for racial polarization in a primary in the state of New York. Since we have most African Americans registered as Democrats, and since you would be making an appeal for Democrats, it would be devastating in my opinion."<a href="#cite_note-ch4-cuomo-156">[153]</a> Paterson fared poorly in polls due to several scandals and later abandoned his campaign re-election.<a href="#cite_note-nytwk4-159">[156]</a> By this point Rangel's continuing difficulties, along with the death a few months prior of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a> and the failure of Paterson (<a href="/wiki/Basil_A._Paterson" title="Basil A. Paterson">Basil A. Paterson</a>'s son), marked the end of the era of Harlem's "<a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(Harlem)" title="Gang of Four (Harlem)">Gang of Four</a>".<a href="#cite_note-time-g4-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytwk4-159">[156]</a> Rangel faced several Democratic primary challengers for his seat in 2010: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Morgan" title="Vincent Morgan">Vincent Morgan</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> campaign bore many resemblances to Rangel's own against the scandal-plagued <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a>, in 1970;<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_IV" title="Adam Clayton Powell IV">Adam Clayton Powell IV</a>, who had previously challenged Rangel in 1994; labor activist and past primary candidate for statewide office <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tasini" title="Jonathan Tasini">Jonathan Tasini</a>; and former Obama campaign official Joyce Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-reelect-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-subs-150">[147]</a> While Rangel's fund-raising was down from previous years, and he had paid nearly $2 million in legal fees, he still had far more cash available for the campaign than any of his challengers.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-reelect-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-subs-150">[147]</a> On September 14, 2010, Rangel prevailed in the primary election, gaining 51 percent of the vote against Powell's 23 percent and lesser amounts for the other contenders.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> He then won the November 2, 2010, general election easily, garnering 80 percent of the vote against Republican <a href="/wiki/Michel_Faulkner" title="Michel Faulkner">Michel Faulkner</a>'s 10 percent and smaller amounts for third-party candidates.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_ethics_trial_and_censure">House ethics trial and censure</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: House ethics trial and censure">edit</a>]</div> On November 15, 2010, Rangel's formal ethics trial began.<a href="#cite_note-cbs111510-163">[160]</a> He walked out of the hearing at the start, saying that he was unable to afford representation after having paid his previous lawyers over $2 million, and arguing unsuccessfully that the proceeding should be delayed until he could arrange for a legal defense fund.<a href="#cite_note-cbs111510-163">[160]</a> On November 16, 2010, Rangel was found guilty on 11 of the 12 standing charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Two of the charges were focused on his actions with regards to soliciting funds and donations for the Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee; four were for improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations; one was for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosure statements; one was for using one of his Harlem apartments as an office when he had Congressional dealings with the landlord; one was for failing to pay taxes on his Dominican villa; and two reiterated these charges in describing general violations of House rules.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Two days later, a near-tears Rangel pleaded for "fairness and mercy"<a href="#cite_note-pol-cens-167">[164]</a> and he had support from fellow Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abc-cens-168">[165]</a> But it was to no avail;<a href="#cite_note-pol-cens-167">[164]</a> the full Committee voted 9–1 to recommend that the full House approve <a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">a sanction of censure</a> upon Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-abc-cens-168">[165]</a> The committee stated: "Public office is a public trust [and Rangel] violated that trust."<a href="#cite_note-pol-cens-167">[164]</a> Censure is the strongest penalty the House can impose short of outright <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">expulsion from Congress</a>. The committee also said that Rangel should make restitution for any unpaid taxes.<a href="#cite_note-abc-cens-168">[165]</a> Supporters of Rangel argued that by comparison with previous cases, a reprimand would be a more fitting punishment for Rangel's trangressions than censure.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Rangel repeatedly insisted, as he had all along, that nothing he had done was with the aim of enriching himself.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-full-170">[167]</a> It was to no avail. On December 2, 2010, a motion was made in the full House to censure Rangel. Ethics committee chair <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Lofgren" title="Zoe Lofgren">Zoe Lofgren</a> emphasized that it was Rangel's "accumulation of actions" that warranted the stiffer penalty, and said that the treatment of Rangel should set a new precedent, not follow old ones.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-full-171">[168]</a> A motion to amend the resolution in favor of reprimand was voted down 267–146; most of Speaker Pelosi's allies rejected it and over 105 Democrats voted the resolution down.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-full-170">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> The House of Representatives then voted 333–79 to censure Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-full-171">[168]</a> Only two Republicans voted against censure, <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter T. King">Peter T. King</a> of Long Island and <a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Don Young</a> of Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-full-170">[167]</a> Per custom Rangel went to the well of the House to hear Speaker Pelosi solemnly read the formal measure of censure.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-well-173">[170]</a> It had been 27 years since the last such measure and Rangel was only the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">23rd House member to be censured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-well-173">[170]</a> Rangel asked to speak and said, "I know in my heart I am not going to be judged by this Congress. I'll be judged by my life in its entirety."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-full-170">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011–2017:_Final_years_in_Congress">2011–2017: Final years in Congress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2011–2017: Final years in Congress">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:110429-A-LX984-298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/110429-A-LX984-298.jpg/220px-110429-A-LX984-298.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/110429-A-LX984-298.jpg/330px-110429-A-LX984-298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/110429-A-LX984-298.jpg/440px-110429-A-LX984-298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Rangel with fellow U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Crowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Crowley">Joseph Crowley</a> in 2011</figcaption></figure> Republicans took over control of the House as the <a href="/wiki/112th_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="112th Congress">112th Congress</a> began in January 2011, meaning Rangel would have lost his Ways and Means chair even without his ethics issues. He was not considered for the ranking member slot either, which after a contested election among the Democratic caucus had gone to former acting chair Sander Levin.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> His difficulties were not completely over; the <a href="/wiki/National_Legal_and_Policy_Center" title="National Legal and Policy Center">National Legal and Policy Center</a> filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a> alleging that he had improperly paid legal bills from a political action committee.<a href="#cite_note-ap-fund-175">[172]</a> To cover both ongoing and past legal expenses he established a legal defense fund (whose creation was approved by the House Ethics Committee).<a href="#cite_note-ap-fund-175">[172]</a> He was the first elected politician to use the now-defunct <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visible_Vote&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visible Vote (page does not exist)">Visible Vote</a> mobile app to interact directly with his constituents.<a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-176">[173]</a> During 2011 Rangel became the first member of Congress to declare support for the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> movement and made several visits to their nearby demonstration site in <a href="/wiki/Zuccotti_Park" title="Zuccotti Park">Zuccotti Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ch5-ows-177">[174]</a> However the protesters themselves picketed Rangel's office, objecting to his free trade stance (in particular to agreements he supported <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_Trade_Promotion_Agreement" title="Panama–United States Trade Promotion Agreement">with Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="United States–Korea Free Trade Agreement">with South Korea</a> that they said resulted in jobs being exported).<a href="#cite_note-ch5-ows-177">[174]</a> In early 2012, Rangel was beset by a back injury and a serious viral infection; he was away from Congress for three months.<a href="#cite_note-pol-mired-178">[175]</a> Moreover, his district had been renumbered as the <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="New York's 13th congressional district">13th District</a> following the 2010 census, and its demographics had been changed significantly. He found himself in a district that stretched from Harlem to the Bronx and was now majority-Hispanic; it was 55 percent Hispanic and 27 percent African American.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-vuln-58">[55]</a> As a result, Rangel faced a serious primary challenge from State Senator <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat" title="Adriano Espaillat">Adriano Espaillat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pol-mired-178">[175]</a> Rangel struggled with fundraising, and he began receiving contributions from fellow members of Congress whom he had helped over the years.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York,_2012#District_13" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 2012">In the June 26 primary</a> – the real contest in what was still an overwhelmingly Democratic district – Rangel defeated Espaillat by less than a thousand votes, <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in New York">with a result</a> that took two weeks to fully resolve.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> He won the subsequent November general election easily.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> In April 2013, Rangel filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> against several members and staff of the House Ethics Committee, saying that they had engaged in "numerous, flagrant, knowing and intentional violations" in their investigation against him.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> The suit sought to overturn the measure of censure that had been taken against him.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> In December 2013, Judge <a href="/wiki/John_D._Bates" title="John D. Bates">John D. Bates</a> dismissed the suit, saying that there were "insurmountable separation-of-powers barriers" against the courts becoming involved in House of Representatives internal actions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Rangel appealed the dismissal, but the judge's action was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit</a> in May 2015, saying the matter fell outside the jurisdiction of the courts.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a> In October 2015, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> declined to consider the case ending Rangel's legal bid.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Rangel ran again in 2014, facing Espaillat once more in the Democratic primary as well as Reverend Michael Walrond from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Corinthian_Baptist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Corinthian Baptist Church (page does not exist)">First Corinthian Baptist Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pol-rang-14-187">[184]</a> Rangel said that if he was re-elected, it would be his final term in the House.<a href="#cite_note-pol-rang-14-187">[184]</a> He lost some of his traditional endorsements, but retained others and campaigned hard even while turning 84 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York,_2014#District_13" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in New York, 2014">June 24 primary</a> the voting was again close but Rangel prevailed over Espaillat.<a href="#cite_note-nyt062614-189">[186]</a> Rangel faced no Republican opposition in the November general election<a href="#cite_note-nyt062614-189">[186]</a> and won easily against a minor party candidate, saying as he voted on November 4, "Today was a historic day and a very emotional day [as] I cast my final vote as a candidate on the ballot..."<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> After being strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>'s March 3, 2015, speech to Congress (in which, at the invitation of House Republicans, the Israeli Prime Minister spoke in opposition to the Obama administration's efforts to secure a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_agreement_on_Iranian_nuclear_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Comprehensive agreement on Iranian nuclear program">comprehensive agreement on Iran's nuclear program</a>) and saying he would be one of those Democrats not attending, Rangel changed his mind and did attend, attributing his reversal to the advice of friends and constituents and saying, "Enough damage has already been done... I don't want my absence to add to what is already a shattered type of relationship."<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> Due to a large personal loan he made and his continuing struggles with fundraising,<a href="#cite_note-pio-2015-192">[189]</a> Rangel's 2014 re-election campaign debt stood at $140,000 as of June 2015. He engaged in various fundraising efforts during 2015 in an effort to reduce this debt, which brought about some criticism from <a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Public_Integrity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Center for Public Integrity">The Center for Public Integrity</a> that these efforts were not fully transparent.<a href="#cite_note-pio-2015-192">[189]</a> He had planned to raise money towards paying off that debt at his 85th birthday celebration to be held at the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a> that month. Guests included <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>, and Hillary Clinton, however Clinton took over Rangel's party as a "Hillary for America" event to raise money for <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_presidential_campaign,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016">her 2016 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg/220px-Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg/330px-Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg/440px-Charles_B._Rangle_going_away_party_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Rangel at his going-away party hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> in December 2016</figcaption></figure> As he had vowed two years earlier,<a href="#cite_note-pol-rang-14-187">[184]</a> Rangel did not run for re-election in the 2016 election.<a href="#cite_note-nydn-2017term-194">[191]</a> In the June 2016 Democratic primary election to effectively pick his successor, Rangel supported State Assemblyman <a href="/wiki/Keith_L._T._Wright" title="Keith L. T. Wright">Keith L. T. Wright</a> expressing the hope that an African American would continue to represent the district.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2016prim-195">[192]</a> However Espaillat won a close victory over Wright in a large field of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-nydn-2017term-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-2016prim-195">[192]</a> Underlining the demographic changes that had been taking place, after winning the general election in November Espaillat became the first non-African American to represent Harlem in the House since a series of Harlem-focused congressional districts were formed beginning in the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-2016prim-195">[192]</a> Rangel left office at the expiration of his term on January 3, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-nydn-2017term-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> After his retirement, Rangel has been occasionally active in public life. He gave reflective interviews that also commented on the future course of Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-cs-2018-196">[193]</a> He endorsed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jackson_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Jackson (New York politician)">Robert Jackson</a> in his successful bid to unseat <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Alcantara" title="Marisol Alcantara">Marisol Alcantara</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_31st_State_Senate_district" title="New York's 31st State Senate district">New York's 31st State Senate district</a> in a 2018 race,<a href="#cite_note-cs-2018-196">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> and he endorsed <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_presidential_primaries" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Democratic presidential primaries">2020 Democratic presidential primaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> When asked in 2019 whether he had ever witnessed any racist comments made by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> prior to his presidency, Rangel said he had not, but added: "I don't remember any remarks he ever made that was not sharing with me how much he thought about himself. It was always the same story."<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Rangel served as grand marshal of Harlem's <a href="/wiki/African_American_Day_Parade" title="African American Day Parade">African American Day Parade</a> in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> He rode in the parade again in 2022, at age 92, when it resumed following <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_York_City" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New York City">COVID-19 cancellations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Political positions">edit</a>]</div> Various <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy groups</a> have given Rangel scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group.<a href="#cite_note-202">[nb 4]</a> Overall as of 2003, Rangel had an average lifetime 91 percent "liberal quotient" from <a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Democratic_Action" title="Americans for Democratic Action">Americans for Democratic Action</a>. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">American Conservative Union</a> assessed to Rangel a lifetime rating of less than 4 percent through 2009.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Journal" title="National Journal">National Journal</a> rates congressional votes as <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Rangel's averages were as follows: economic rating 91 percent liberal and 6 percent conservative, social rating 94 percent liberal and 5 percent conservative, and foreign rating 84 percent liberal and 14 percent conservative.<a href="#cite_note-aap08-1168-204">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Project_Vote_Smart" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Vote Smart">Project Vote Smart</a> provides the ratings of many, many lesser known interest groups with respect to Rangel.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-2009-205">[201]</a> Rangel typically had 100 ratings from <a href="/wiki/NARAL_Pro-Choice_America" class="mw-redirect" title="NARAL Pro-Choice America">NARAL Pro-Choice America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> and, inversely, 0 ratings or close to that from the <a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">National Right to Life Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-2009-205">[201]</a> He has typically gotten very high ratings in the 90s or 100 from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership Conference on Civil Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil Rights</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-2009-205">[201]</a> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Conservation_Voters" title="League of Conservation Voters">League of Conservation Voters</a> has usually given Rangel around a 90 rating.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-2009-205">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taxpayers_for_Common_Sense" title="Taxpayers for Common Sense">Taxpayers for Common Sense</a> has given Rangel ratings in the middling 40–50 range, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">National Taxpayers Union</a> has typically given Rangel very low ratings or an 'F' grade.<a href="#cite_note-pvs-2009-205">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_image">Political image</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Political image">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Official pose of Rangel holding a gavel, dressed in a suit and in front of an American flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg/220px-Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg/330px-Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg/440px-Charles_Rangel_Chairman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption>Rangel with his gavel in 2009, as Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee</figcaption></figure> Rangel is known as an energetic, genial, and sociable politician, one who is able to gain friendship and influence by means of charm, humor, and candor.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> He was called "Charlie" by everyone in Congress from the highest-ranking members to the custodial employees.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> Of his political skills, 1980s Ways and Means chair <a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Dan Rostenkowski</a> said, "Charlie has the gifted knack of getting you to change your position, and you actually enjoy doing it. Compromising isn't so unusual in Congress. Enjoying it is."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> The New York congressman's ability to use humor to catch others off guard before making a political point has been called "Rangeling" by lobbyists and others on Capitol Hill.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> Many of his closest friends and allies in Congress have not been other African Americans, but white representatives from working class or rural districts. O'Neill aide <a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthews" title="Chris Matthews">Chris Matthews</a> said these members were "tied emotionally and culturally to the people they represent".<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> Rangel has been described as having a meticulous appearance.<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> Long-time mentor <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a> recalled, "In the beginning I called him Pretty Boy Rangel, to denigrate him, because he was one of those handsome types, hair pushed down and that mustache. But he had a way about him, with that great humor, an ability to influence people."<a href="#cite_note-nymag-2007-55">[52]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> described him thusly: "After three decades in public life, the portly, gravel-voiced Mr. Rangel, who is very much the Old World-style gentleman yet sprinkles his sentences with mild profanity, still takes politics personally."<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> In contrast, Rangel and his office have long been disorganized, with criticism even from supporters for taking on more things than he can keep track of.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1986-prof-67">[64]</a> The congressman's life has been dominated by politics with no hobbies and few friendships outside of it.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">[4]</a> Loyalties to Rangel were severely tested when he was being investigated for possible ethics violations and a number of political figures bailed out on a lavish 80th birthday gala planned for Rangel at New York's <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Hotel" title="Plaza Hotel">Plaza Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> Rangel has been known for his blunt speaking and candor.<a href="#cite_note-cby-339-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> When asked how he would like to be remembered, he paraphrased <a href="/wiki/Rhett_Butler" title="Rhett Butler">Rhett Butler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a>: "Well, ... if I'm gone, quite frankly, I don't give a damn."<a href="#cite_note-time-lion-84">[81]</a> In any case he has often made controversial remarks. Some have been linked to his caustic criticism of George W. Bush's administration. Speaking at a Congressional Black Caucus town meeting in September 2005, his frustration over <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_government_response_to_Hurricane_Katrina" title="Criticism of the government response to Hurricane Katrina">the slow federal response to Hurricane Katrina</a> led him to compare Bush to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bull_Connor" title="Bull Connor">Bull Connor</a>, a 1960s symbol of white opposition to the civil rights movement, saying: "George Bush is our Bull Connor."<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-nydn-cheney-208">[204]</a> A few days later he said both figures had become focal points for American blacks to rally against.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> His first remark led to a public exchange with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a><a href="#cite_note-aap08-1172-109">[106]</a> who said, "I'm frankly surprised at his comments. It almost struck me — they were so out of line, it almost struck me that... Charlie was having some problem. Charlie is losing it, I guess."<a href="#cite_note-nydn-cheney-208">[204]</a> Rangel responded by saying, "The fact that he would make a crack at my age, he ought to be ashamed of himself... He should look so good at seventy-five."<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Rangel again expressed his displeasure with the vice president in October 2006 – after Cheney had said that "Charlie doesn't understand how the economy works" – by opining that Cheney is "a real son of a bitch" who "enjoys a confrontation" and suggesting that Cheney required professional treatment for mental defects.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-usa-cheney-212">[208]</a> The White House said that the vice president did not take Rangel's comments personally and had a "big hearty laugh" over them.<a href="#cite_note-usa-cheney-212">[208]</a> Rangel sometimes seems to find the other side; following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_speech_at_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Hugo Chávez speech at the United Nations">2006 Hugo Chávez speech at the United Nations</a> in which the Venezuelan leader implied that Bush was the devil, Rangel said, "I want President Chávez to please understand that even though many people in the United States are critical of our president that we resent the fact that he would come to the United States and criticize President Bush... you don't come into my country, you don't come into my congressional district and you don't condemn my president."<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> Other remarks of Rangel's have revolved around Rangel's feelings about his home state and city, such as disparaging the state of Mississippi<a href="#cite_note-214">[nb 5]</a> or suggesting that President Obama and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> might be unsafe if they visited New York.<a href="#cite_note-215">[nb 6]</a> In both cases apologies from the congressman followed. In certain instances, his remarks only exacerbated his existing problems. When his ethics issues were made public, Rangel remarked that Governor of Alaska and Republican vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> was "disabled".<a href="#cite_note-216">[nb 7]</a> In 2013, he compared the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> to segregationists who opposed the Civil Rights Movement and said they could be defeated the same way: "It is the same group we faced in the South with those white crackers and the dogs and the police. They didn't care about how they looked. It was just fierce indifference to human life that caused America to say enough is enough."<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Charles_Rangel" title="Electoral history of Charles Rangel">Electoral history of Charles Rangel</a></div> After defeating <a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a> in the Democratic primary in 1970, Rangel won re-election to represent New York's <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="New York's 18th congressional district">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="New York's 19th congressional district">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="New York's 16th congressional district">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="New York's 13th congressional district">13th</a> districts at different times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Awards and honors">edit</a>]</div> In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus_Foundation" title="Congressional Black Caucus Foundation">Congressional Black Caucus Foundation</a> awarded Rangel with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenix_Award_winners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Phoenix Award winners">William L. Dawson Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> Rangel was given the <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Foundation" title="Jackie Robinson Foundation">Jackie Robinson Foundation</a>'s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> In 2006, he received the Distinguished Service Award from the <a href="/wiki/Washington_International_Trade_Association" title="Washington International Trade Association">Washington International Trade Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harlemglobetrotter-51">[48]</a> Rangel has received a number of honorary degrees, including ones from <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a> (1989),<a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a> (2001),<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suffolk_University_Law_School" title="Suffolk University Law School">Suffolk University Law School</a> (2002),<a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> (2008).<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> In 2006 he received a Presidential Medal from <a href="/wiki/Baruch_College" title="Baruch College">Baruch College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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expelled, censured, or reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">List of federal political scandals in the United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Rangel's maternal African American heritage featured some tolerated miscegenation having occurred in the rural Virginia past: Rangel's great-great-grandfather was white. See Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 1–2. In Puerto Rican circles in New York, Rangel's father was long thought to have been a Puerto Rican. Rangel's congressional staff denied that this is a certainty, saying that Rangel never knew his father and knew only that he came from a town in southern Virginia, and that Rangel did not deny the possibility that his father was originally from Puerto Rico. See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDávila2004" class="citation book cs1">Dávila, Arlene M. (2004). Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, and the Neoliberal City. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24093-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24093-6"><bdi>0-520-24093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrio+Dreams%3A+Puerto+Ricans%2C+Latinos%2C+and+the+Neoliberal+City&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-24093-6&rft.aulast=D%C3%A1vila&rft.aufirst=Arlene+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> Rangel's purported partial Puerto Rican heritage was alluded to by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">Herman Badillo</a> during multi-way ethnic mudslinging among New York politicos late in the <a href="/wiki/1993_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1993 New York City mayoral election">1993 mayoral election</a>. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell,_Alison1993" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Alison (October 6, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/06/nyregion/giuliani-ads-accuse-dinkins-of-using-race-issue.html">"Giuliani Ads Accuse Dinkins of Using Race Issue"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Giuliani+Ads+Accuse+Dinkins+of+Using+Race+Issue&rft.date=1993-10-06&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F10%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Fgiuliani-ads-accuse-dinkins-of-using-race-issue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> By 2012, however, Rangel and his wife were acknowledging that his father was from Puerto Rico, although he declined to speak much about his father due to a lifelong hatred.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-pr2012-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Unit citations are given to the entire membership of the unit, not just one person, and are required to be worn by soldiers that subsequently serve in that unit. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> What high school this was that Rangel graduated from by completing two years of study in one is unclear; Rangel's memoir implies that it was not DeWitt Clinton<a href="#cite_note-rangel-98-31">[29]</a> while some other sources state he got a <a href="/wiki/General_Educational_Development" title="General Educational Development">GED</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ny1-part1-32">[30]</a> What year this occurred in is also uncertain; multiple sources state that Rangel got his high school degree in 1953,<a href="#cite_note-cby-338-6">[5]</a> but his memoir implies that he started the process in 1953 and ended it in 1954, since it states that he went through New York University in three years not the usual four.<a href="#cite_note-rangel-98-31">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Mayer, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019040829/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A28761-2004Mar27">"Kerry's Record Rings a Bell"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> March 28, 2004. "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)." </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> In November 2006, Rangel, in announcing some of his plans as new chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said he planned to push more funds into his home state of New York. He added to this, "Mississippi gets more than their fair share back in federal money, but who the hell wants to live in Mississippi?" Mississippi Representative <a href="/wiki/Chip_Pickering" title="Chip Pickering">Chip Pickering</a> demanded an apology and Rangel issued a statement declaring: "I certainly don't mean to offend anyone. I just love New York so much that I can't understand why everyone wouldn't want to live here." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettus2006" class="citation news cs1">Pettus, Emily Wagster (November 10, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111000415.html">"Miss. Congressman Wants Rangel Apology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429064757/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/10/AR2006111000415.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Miss.+Congressman+Wants+Rangel+Apology&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.aulast=Pettus&rft.aufirst=Emily+Wagster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F11%2F10%2FAR2006111000415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> In May 2009, when asked by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a> what President Obama and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a> should do during a visit to New York, Rangel replied, "Make certain he doesn't run around in East Harlem unidentified." Rangel said this following the accidental shooting of African-American <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> officer Omar Edwards by Caucasian fellow officer Andrew Dunton, an incident of mistaken identity. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2009" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Celeste (May 30, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090602064641/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2009/05/30/2009-05-30_mayor_michael_bloomberg_visits_brooklyn_home_of_slain_officer_omar_edwards.html">"Rep. Charles Rangel, in wake of cop shooting, suggests even President Obama not safe in Harlem"</a>. New York Daily News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2009/05/30/2009-05-30_mayor_michael_bloomberg_visits_brooklyn_home_of_slain_officer_omar_edwards.html">the original</a> on June 2, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Rep.+Charles+Rangel%2C+in+wake+of+cop+shooting%2C+suggests+even+President+Obama+not+safe+in+Harlem&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Celeste&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fny_crime%2F2009%2F05%2F30%2F2009-05-30_mayor_michael_bloomberg_visits_brooklyn_home_of_slain_officer_omar_edwards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> The comment was criticized by New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>, who said, "I have a lot of respect for Charlie Rangel, but in this case, he's just plain wrong. This was a tragedy. Our police department is diverse, and they train; sometimes things happen and they're inexplicable. There's no reason to suspect this had any racial overtones." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local-beat/Mayor-Bloomberg-Criticizes-Rep-Charles-Rangel-for-Obama-Joke.html">"Rangel Apologizes for Friendly-Fire Crack"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNBC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="WNBC-TV">WNBC-TV</a>. June 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rangel+Apologizes+for+Friendly-Fire+Crack&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnewyork.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-beat%2FMayor-Bloomberg-Criticizes-Rep-Charles-Rangel-for-Obama-Joke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> Rangel soon apologized for the comment, saying, "It was entirely inappropriate to bring the President and his wife into this discussion during their visit to New York and I hope my off-the-cuff comment did not cause embarrassment to anyone." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaniv2009" class="citation news cs1">Yaniv, Oren (June 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/2009/06/01/2009-06-01_charlie_rangel_says_hes_sorry_for_involving_the_obamas_in_controversial_racism_j.html">"Charlie Rangel says he's sorry for involving the Obamas in controversial racism joke"</a>. New York Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Charlie+Rangel+says+he%27s+sorry+for+involving+the+Obamas+in+controversial+racism+joke&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.aulast=Yaniv&rft.aufirst=Oren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fny_local%2F2009%2F06%2F01%2F2009-06-01_charlie_rangel_says_hes_sorry_for_involving_the_obamas_in_controversial_racism_j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> In September 2008 – after spending a week avoiding reporters's questions on his ethics issues, by just giving his <a href="/wiki/Third_Geneva_Convention" title="Third Geneva Convention">name, rank, and serial number</a> – while being interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Kramer" title="Marcia Kramer">Marcia Kramer</a> on <a href="/wiki/WCBS-TV" title="WCBS-TV">WCBS-TV</a>, Rangel said of Governor of Alaska and Republican vice presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a>, "You got to be kind to the disabled." When Kramer pressed him on whether he really thought she was disabled, Rangel replied, "There's no question about it politically. It's a nightmare to think that a person's foreign policy is based on their ability to look at Russia from where they live." New York Congressman <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._King" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter T. King">Pete King</a> demanded that Rangel apologize, especially given that Palin's five-month-old son, Trig, had <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, saying, "Charlie owes a sincere apology to Sarah Palin and the entire disabled community. All of us know parents who have disabled children or relatives, so from any perspective this was wrong, wrong, wrong." Carr Massi, the president of <a href="/wiki/Disabled_in_Action" title="Disabled in Action">Disabled in Action</a>, also criticized Rangel: "I am not one of [Palin's] fans, but I don't like the idea he referred to the woman as disabled. I mean he is talking about her politics – that word has no place there." Rangel suggested later in an interview with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a> that his comments were aimed at her thin foreign policy background and dismissed suggestions that he was talking about her newborn son as ridiculous. The episode prompted <a href="/wiki/The_Politico" class="mw-redirect" title="The Politico">The Politico</a> to declare that "Rangel's off the rails." See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiskSaltonstall2008" class="citation news cs1">Sisk, Richard; Saltonstall, David (September 20, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/2008/09/19/2008-09-19_charlie_rangel_on_hot_seat_for_labeling_.html">"Charlie Rangel on hot seat for labeling Sarah Palin 'disabled'"</a>. New York Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Charlie+Rangel+on+hot+seat+for+labeling+Sarah+Palin+%27disabled%27&rft.date=2008-09-20&rft.aulast=Sisk&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Saltonstall%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2008%2F09%2F19%2F2008-09-19_charlie_rangel_on_hot_seat_for_labeling_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrush,_Glenn2008" class="citation news cs1">Thrush, Glenn (September 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/thecrypt/0908/In_odd_rant_Charlie_calls_Palin_disabled.html">"In odd rant, Charlie calls Palin "disabled""</a>. The Politico.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Politico&rft.atitle=In+odd+rant%2C+Charlie+calls+Palin+%22disabled%22&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.au=Thrush%2C+Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fblogs%2Fthecrypt%2F0908%2FIn_odd_rant_Charlie_calls_Palin_disabled.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Black Lawmakers in Congress". <a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a>. February 1, 1971. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ebony&rft.atitle=Black+Lawmakers+in+Congress&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1971-02-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1974-12-12-VanGelder_2-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gelder1974" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Gelder" title="Lawrence Van Gelder">Van Gelder, Lawrence</a> (December 12, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/12/12/79883105.pdf">"New York Congressman on the Move: Charles Bernard Rangel"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Congressman+on+the+Move%3A+Charles+Bernard+Rangel&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1974-12-12&rft.aulast=Van+Gelder&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1974%2F12%2F12%2F79883105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-pr2012-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-pr2012_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-pr2012_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-pr2012_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-pr2012_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEligon,_John2012" class="citation news cs1">Eligon, John (May 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/nyregion/rangel-opts-to-keep-his-hispanic-roots-buried.html">"Even When His Latino Roots Might Help Politically, Rangel Keeps Them Buried"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Even+When+His+Latino+Roots+Might+Help+Politically%2C+Rangel+Keeps+Them+Buried&rft.date=2012-05-22&rft.au=Eligon%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F05%2F23%2Fnyregion%2Frangel-opts-to-keep-his-hispanic-roots-buried.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-1995-prof-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-1995-prof_5-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenneberger,_Melinda1995" class="citation news cs1">Henneberger, Melinda (May 16, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/16/nyregion/rangel-s-voice-stronger-than-ever-dean-of-delegation-furious-over-cuts.html">"Rangel's Voice: Stronger Than Ever"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rangel%27s+Voice%3A+Stronger+Than+Ever&rft.date=1995-05-16&rft.au=Henneberger%2C+Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F05%2F16%2Fnyregion%2Frangel-s-voice-stronger-than-ever-dean-of-delegation-furious-over-cuts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cby-338-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cby-338_6-17">r</a> Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Moothart, Allegra J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/061026/26rangel.htm">"Rep. Charles Rangel (New York)–Ways and Means Committee"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118174052/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/061026/26rangel.htm">Archived</a> November 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. 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The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Productive+Politician%3A+Charles+Bernard+Rangel&rft.date=1970-06-25&rft.au=Charlton%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1970%2F06%2F25%2F83664924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbs-korea-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cbs-korea_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs-korea_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cbs-korea_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/honoring-black-korean-war-troops/">"Honoring Black Korean War Troops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. September 8, 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Honoring+Black+Korean+War+Troops&rft.date=2000-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhonoring-black-korean-war-troops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rangel-62-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-62_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-62_12-1">b</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Appleman, Disaster in Korea, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030821190457/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/integrating.cfm">"Integrating the Armed Forces"</a>. Digital History. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>. February 11, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/integrating.cfm">the original</a> on August 21, 2003. Retrieved February 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Integrating+the+Armed+Forces&rft.date=2007-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fhistoryonline%2Fintegrating.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, pp. 200–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Appleman, Disaster in Korea, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-rangel-66-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-66_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-66_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-66_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rangel-66_18-3">d</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-nydn072795-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nydn072795_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisk,_Richard1995" class="citation news cs1">Sisk, Richard (July 27, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813105713/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1995/07/27/1995-07-27_rangel_still_chilled_by_kore.html">"Rangel Still Chilled By Korean War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/1995/07/27/1995-07-27_rangel_still_chilled_by_kore.html">the original</a> on August 13, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Rangel+Still+Chilled+By+Korean+War&rft.date=1995-07-27&rft.au=Sisk%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Farchives%2Fnews%2F1995%2F07%2F27%2F1995-07-27_rangel_still_chilled_by_kore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, pp. 225–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-appleman-278-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appleman-278_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-appleman-278_21-1">b</a> Appleman, Disaster in Korea, pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Appleman, Disaster in Korea, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_Audrey2002" class="citation news cs1">Hudson, Audrey (October 3, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043428/http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-2081458/Veterans-on-Hill-support-Iraq.html">"Veterans on Hill support Iraq hit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. p. 1. 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Retrieved March 16, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-WPC#5-36"><a href="#cite_ref-WPC#5_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225132901/http://www.alpha-phi-alpha.com/Resources/ImageFile/File/image/WPC06-WEB.pdf">"The Centenary Report Of The Alpha Phi Alpha World Policy Council"</a> (PDF). Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. July 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpha-phi-alpha.com/Resources/ImageFile/File/image/WPC06-WEB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Centenary+Report+Of+The+Alpha+Phi+Alpha+World+Policy+Council&rft.pub=Alpha+Phi+Alpha+Fraternity&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alpha-phi-alpha.com%2FResources%2FImageFile%2FFile%2Fimage%2FWPC06-WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebin,_Robin1995" class="citation news cs1">Pogrebin, Robin (June 11, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/11/nyregion/neighborhood-report-harlem-saying-farewell-to-roy-wingate.html">"Saying Farewell to Roy Wingate"</a>. 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In <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Louis Gates">Henry Louis Gates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">Kwame Anthony Appiah</a> (ed.). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00071-1"><bdi>0-465-00071-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rangel%2C+Charles+Bernard&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African-American+Experience&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-465-00071-1&rft.aulast=Fay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanaencyclop00appi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> p. 1588. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/list/press/ny15_rangel/CBRDedicatesWatsonCourtofInternationalTrade111003.html">"Cong. Rangel Dedicates James L. Watson Court of International Trade"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. November 10, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cong.+Rangel+Dedicates+James+L.+Watson+Court+of+International+Trade&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2003-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Flist%2Fpress%2Fny15_rangel%2FCBRDedicatesWatsonCourtofInternationalTrade111003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pvs-40"><a href="#cite_ref-pvs_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votesmart.org/bio.php?can_id=26979">"Representative Charles B. 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Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bush+critics+condemn+Chavez%27s+%27devil%27+remark&rft.date=2006-09-22&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna14955193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedlander2013" class="citation news cs1">Freedlander, David (August 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/08/02/charlie-rangel-on-immigration-pope-francis-his-successor.html">"Charlie Rangel on Immigration, Pope Francis & His Successor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Charlie+Rangel+on+Immigration%2C+Pope+Francis+%26+His+Successor&rft.date=2013-08-02&rft.aulast=Freedlander&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F08%2F02%2Fcharlie-rangel-on-immigration-pope-francis-his-successor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> By LENA WILLIAMS. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suffolk.edu/23406.html">the original</a> on December 21, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suffolk+University+to+Award+Nine+Honorary+Degrees+at+May+19%2C+2002+Commencement&rft.pub=Suffolk+University&rft.date=2002-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suffolk.edu%2F23406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bard.edu/news/releases/pr/fstory.php?id=1473">"Congressman Charles B. Rangel To Deliver Commencement Address at Bard College's 148th Commencement On Saturday, May 24"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a>. April 24, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressman+Charles+B.+Rangel+To+Deliver+Commencement+Address+at+Bard+College%27s+148th+Commencement+On+Saturday%2C+May+24&rft.pub=Bard+College&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bard.edu%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fpr%2Ffstory.php%3Fid%3D1473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/dml/engine.php?action=viewMedia&mediaIndex=464&listPlace=5&rootCategory=70&genreFilter=8&typeFilter=0">"Baruch College Commencement (2006): Charles Rangel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baruch_College" title="Baruch College">Baruch College</a>. Retrieved November 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baruch+College+Commencement+%282006%29%3A+Charles+Rangel&rft.pub=Baruch+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baruch.cuny.edu%2Fdml%2Fengine.php%3Faction%3DviewMedia%26mediaIndex%3D464%26listPlace%3D5%26rootCategory%3D70%26genreFilter%3D8%26typeFilter%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_bibliography">Cited bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cited bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleman1989" class="citation book cs1">Appleman, Roy (1989). Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&M University Press">Texas A&M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-344-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-344-4"><bdi>0-89096-344-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+in+Korea%3A+The+Chinese+Confront+MacArthur&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89096-344-4&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaroneCohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Barone, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Cohen" title="Richard E. Cohen">Cohen, Richard E.</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Almanac_of_American_Politics" title="The Almanac of American Politics">The Almanac of American Politics 2008</a> (paperback). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/National_Journal_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="National Journal Group">National Journal Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-117-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89234-117-7"><bdi>978-0-89234-117-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almanac+of+American+Politics+2008&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Journal+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-89234-117-7&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Richard+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFehrenbach2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._R._Fehrenbach" title="T. R. Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach, T. R.</a> (2000). This Kind Of War: The Classic Korean War History (50th anniversary ed.). Dulles, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Brassey%27s" title="Brassey's">Brassey's</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-334-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-334-8"><bdi>1-57488-334-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Kind+Of+War%3A+The+Classic+Korean+War+History&rft.place=Dulles%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=50th+anniversary&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57488-334-8&rft.aulast=Fehrenbach&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoritz,_Charles1984" class="citation book cs1">Moritz, Charles, ed. (1984). <a href="/wiki/Current_Biography_Yearbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Biography Yearbook">Current Biography Yearbook 1984</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Biography+Yearbook+1984&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagsdaleTreese1990" class="citation book cs1">Ragsdale, Bruce A.; Treese, Joel D. (1990). Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1989. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. House Document No. 101–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+in+Congress%2C+1870%E2%80%931989&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Ragsdale&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rft.au=Treese%2C+Joel+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113030805/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-224/index.html">Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>. 2008. House Document No. 108–224. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpoaccess.gov/serialset/cdocuments/hd108-224/index.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Americans+in+Congress+1870%E2%80%932007&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpoaccess.gov%2Fserialset%2Fcdocuments%2Fhd108-224%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRangelWynter2007" class="citation book cs1">Rangel, Charles B.; Wynter, Leon (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andihaventhadbad00rang">And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-38213-1"><bdi>978-0-312-38213-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+I+Haven%27t+Had+a+Bad+Day+Since%3A+From+the+Streets+of+Harlem+to+the+Halls+of+Congress&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-38213-1&rft.aulast=Rangel&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft.au=Wynter%2C+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandihaventhadbad00rang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Rangel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>John C. Walker, The Harlem Fox: <a href="/wiki/J._Raymond_Jones" title="J. Raymond Jones">J. Raymond Jones</a> and Tammany, 1920–1970, New York: State University New York Press, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_N._Dinkins" class="mw-redirect" title="David N. Dinkins">David N. Dinkins</a>, A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic, New York, PublicAffairs Books, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a>, Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity, New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_B._Rangel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles B. Rangel">Charles B. Rangel</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Bernard_Rangel" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Bernard Rangel">Charles B. Rangel</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Rangel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Rangel">Charles Rangel</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1745">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=r000053">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6NY19029">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/charles-rangel/944">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/26979">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visionaryproject.com/rangelcharles">Charlie Rangel's oral history video excerpts</a> at The National Visionary Leadership Project</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/rangel/archives">Congressman Charles B. Rangel Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">Bill Green</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> from the 72nd district 1967–1970 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Miller_(politician)" title="George W. Miller (politician)">George Miller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="New York's 18th congressional district">New York's 18th congressional district</a> 1971–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="New York's 19th congressional district">New York's 19th congressional district</a> 1973–1983 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">Mario Biaggi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="New York's 16th congressional district">New York's 16th congressional district</a> 1983–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">José E. Serrano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/S._William_Green" class="mw-redirect" title="S. William Green">S. William Green</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="New York's 15th congressional district">New York's 15th congressional district</a> 1993–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">José E. Serrano</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grimm_(politician)" title="Michael Grimm (politician)">Michael Grimm</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from New York">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="New York's 13th congressional district">New York's 13th congressional district</a> 2013–2017 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Adriano_Espaillat" title="Adriano Espaillat">Adriano Espaillat</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Stokes" title="Louis Stokes">Louis Stokes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a> 1974–1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brathwaite_Burke" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke">Yvonne Brathwaite Burke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">Leo C. Zeferetti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the House Narcotics Abuse Committee 1983–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Sam Gibbons</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Ranking Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> 1997–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_McCrery" title="Jim McCrery">Jim McCrery</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Bill Thomas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> 2007–2010 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Sander Levin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">David Bonior</a></div>as Former House Majority Whip </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a> as Former US Representative </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Jim Sensenbrenner</a></div>as Former US Representative </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Ways_and_Means_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Ways and Means chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Loughton_Smith" title="William Loughton Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Goodloe_Harper" title="Robert Goodloe Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griswold" title="Roger Griswold">Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clay" title="Joseph Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">G. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Eppes" title="John Wayles Eppes">Eppes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_(congressman)" title="William Lowndes (congressman)">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McDuffie" title="George McDuffie">McDuffie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_C._Verplanck" title="Gulian C. Verplanck">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_C._Cambreleng" title="Churchill C. Cambreleng">Cambreleng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Finley Vinton">Vinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly" title="Thomas H. Bayly">Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Campbell" title="Lewis D. Campbell">L. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu_Glancy_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehu Glancy Jones">J. G. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">R. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Dingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Green" title="William R. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Collier_(politician)" title="James Collier (politician)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Knutson" title="Harold Knutson">Knutson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Reed_(politician)" title="Daniel A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Cooper" title="Jere Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Mills" title="Wilbur Mills">W. Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ullman" title="Al Ullman">Ullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rostenkowski" title="Dan Rostenkowski">Rostenkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Gibbons" title="Sam Gibbons">Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Archer" title="Bill Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Thomas" title="Bill Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Johnson" title="Sam Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brady" title="Kevin Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Jason Smith (American politician)">J. Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicates acting chairman</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_Congressional_Black_Caucus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CBC_Chairs" title="Template:CBC Chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CBC_Chairs" title="Template talk:CBC Chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CBC_Chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CBC Chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_Congressional_Black_Caucus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Stokes" title="Louis Stokes">Stokes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Brathwaite_Burke" title="Yvonne Brathwaite Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parren_Mitchell" title="Parren Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiss_Collins" title="Cardiss Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Dixon" title="Julian Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Leland" title="Mickey Leland">Leland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_Dymally" title="Mervyn Dymally">Dymally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kweisi_Mfume" title="Kweisi Mfume">Mfume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Payne" title="Donald M. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Clyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson" title="Eddie Bernice Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Watt" title="Mel Watt">Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Cleaver" title="Emanuel Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Fudge" title="Marcia Fudge">Fudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Richmond" title="Cedric Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Bass" title="Karen Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Beatty" title="Joyce Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Horsford" title="Steven Horsford">Horsford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_92nd-114th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_92nd-114th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">New York</a>'s delegation(s) to the 92nd-114th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">E. Celler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">J. Rooney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Robison" title="Howard W. Robison">H. Robison</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_J._Dulski" title="Thaddeus J. Dulski">T. Dulski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Halpern" title="Seymour Halpern">S. Halpern</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pirnie" title="Alexander Pirnie">A. Pirnie</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">H. Carey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carleton_J._King" title="Carleton J. King">C. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Fitts_Ryan" title="William Fitts Ryan">W. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_R._Grover_Jr." title="James R. Grover Jr.">J. Grover</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_Reid" title="Ogden Reid">O. Reid</a> (R/D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Smith_III" title="Henry P. Smith III">H. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Brasco" title="Frank J. Brasco">F. Brasco</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell" title="Bertram L. Podell">B. Podell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_G._Dow" title="John G. Dow">J. Dow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_H._Terry" title="John H. Terry">J. Terry</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Rooney_(politician)" title="John J. Rooney (politician)">J. Rooney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Robison" title="Howard W. Robison">H. Robison</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_J._Dulski" title="Thaddeus J. Dulski">T. Dulski</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">H. Carey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carleton_J._King" title="Carleton J. King">C. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_R._Grover_Jr." title="James R. Grover Jr.">J. Grover</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ogden_Reid" title="Ogden Reid">O. Reid</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Smith_III" title="Henry P. Smith III">H. Smith</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Brasco" title="Frank J. Brasco">F. Brasco</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bertram_L._Podell" title="Bertram L. Podell">B. Podell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Angelo_D._Roncallo" title="Angelo D. Roncallo">A. Roncallo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">J. Buckley</a> (C)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_F._Hastings" title="James F. Hastings">J. Hastings</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">B. Abzug</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pattison" title="Edward W. Pattison">E. Pattison</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/95th_United_States_Congress" title="95th United States Congress">95th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Ja. Delaney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Otis_G._Pike" title="Otis G. Pike">O. Pike</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">R. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">E. Koch</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Herman_Badillo" title="Herman Badillo">H. Badillo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_F._Walsh" title="William F. Walsh">B. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pattison" title="Edward W. Pattison">E. Pattison</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bruce_F._Caputo" title="Bruce F. Caputo">B. Caputo</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/96th_United_States_Congress" title="96th United States Congress">96th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Jacob_Javits" title="Jacob Javits">J. Javits</a> (R) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._Murphy_(New_York_politician)" title="John M. Murphy (New York politician)">J. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Wydler" title="John W. Wydler">J. Wydler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_M._Hanley" title="James M. Hanley">J. Hanley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_C._McEwen" title="Robert C. McEwen">B. McEwen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Wolff" title="Lester L. Wolff">L. Wolff</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Holtzman" title="Elizabeth Holtzman">E. Holtzman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerome_Ambro" title="Jerome Ambro">J. Ambro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/97th_United_States_Congress" title="97th United States Congress">97th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brewster_Bingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brewster Bingham">J. Bingham</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">S. Chisholm</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Mitchell" title="Donald J. Mitchell">D. Mitchell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Peyser" title="Peter A. Peyser">P. Peyser</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_Richmond" title="Fred Richmond">F. Richmond</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leo_C._Zeferetti" title="Leo C. Zeferetti">L. Zeferetti</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_A._Lee" title="Gary A. Lee">G. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_W._Carman" title="Gregory W. Carman">G. Carman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LeBoutillier" title="John LeBoutillier">J. LeBoutillier</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/98th_United_States_Congress" title="98th United States Congress">98th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanley_Rosenthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal">B. Rosenthal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barber_Conable" title="Barber Conable">B. Conable</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ottinger" title="Richard Ottinger">R. Ottinger</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (C)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">G. Ferraro</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/99th_United_States_Congress" title="99th United States Congress">99th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Addabbo" title="Joseph P. Addabbo">J. Addabbo</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">S. Lundine</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Carney_(politician)" title="William Carney (politician)">B. Carney</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_DioGuardi" title="Joe DioGuardi">J. DioGuardi</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Fred_J._Eckert" title="Fred J. Eckert">F. Eckert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alton_Waldon" title="Alton Waldon">A. Waldon</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Stratton" title="Samuel S. Stratton">S. Stratton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mario_Biaggi" title="Mario Biaggi">M. Biaggi</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">J. Kemp</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_C._Wortley" title="George C. Wortley">G. Wortley</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_DioGuardi" title="Joe DioGuardi">J. DioGuardi</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Hochbrueckner" title="George J. Hochbrueckner">G. Hochbrueckner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Garcia_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Garcia (New York politician)">B. Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Guy_Molinari" title="Guy Molinari">G. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Hochbrueckner" title="George J. Hochbrueckner">G. Hochbrueckner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxon" title="Bill Paxon">B. Paxon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">S. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Frank_Horton_(New_York_politician)" title="Frank Horton (New York politician)">F. Horton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_H._Scheuer" title="James H. Scheuer">J. Scheuer</a> (D‑L)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Lent" title="Norman F. Lent">N. Lent</a> (R‑C)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Downey" title="Thomas Downey">T. Downey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Matthew_F._McHugh" title="Matthew F. McHugh">M. McHugh</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Nowak" title="Henry J. Nowak">H. Nowak</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Solarz" title="Stephen Solarz">S. Solarz</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ted_Weiss" title="Ted Weiss">T. Weiss</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Green_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Green (New York politician)">B. Green</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_O%27Brien_Martin" title="David O'Brien Martin">D. Martin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Raymond_J._McGrath" title="Raymond J. McGrath">R. McGrath</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Mrazek" title="Robert J. Mrazek">B. Mrazek</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Hochbrueckner" title="George J. Hochbrueckner">G. Hochbrueckner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxon" title="Bill Paxon">B. Paxon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">S. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_IV" title="Hamilton Fish IV">H. Fish IV</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_J._Hochbrueckner" title="George J. Hochbrueckner">G. Hochbrueckner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxon" title="Bill Paxon">B. Paxon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">S. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Lazio" title="Rick Lazio">R. Lazio</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_A._Levy" title="David A. Levy">D. Levy</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxon" title="Bill Paxon">B. Paxon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">S. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Lazio" title="Rick Lazio">R. Lazio</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Forbes_(politician)" title="Michael Forbes (politician)">M. Forbes</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Frisa" title="Dan Frisa">D. Frisa</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Al_D%27Amato" title="Al D'Amato">A. D'Amato</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">J. Solomon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Manton" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas J. Manton">T. Manton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Floyd_Flake" title="Floyd Flake">F. Flake</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Paxon" title="Bill Paxon">B. Paxon</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Susan_Molinari" title="Susan Molinari">S. Molinari</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Lazio" title="Rick Lazio">R. Lazio</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Forbes_(politician)" title="Michael Forbes (politician)">M. Forbes</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">P. Moynihan</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Lazio" title="Rick Lazio">R. Lazio</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Forbes_(politician)" title="Michael Forbes (politician)">M. Forbes</a> (R/D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds" title="Thomas M. Reynolds">T. Reynolds</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_E._Sweeney" title="John E. Sweeney">J. Sweeney</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">B. Gilman</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_LaFalce" title="John LaFalce">J. LaFalce</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds" title="Thomas M. Reynolds">T. Reynolds</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_E._Sweeney" title="John E. Sweeney">J. Sweeney</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Felix_Grucci" title="Felix Grucci">F. Grucci</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Amo_Houghton" title="Amo Houghton">A. Houghton</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(politician)" title="Jack Quinn (politician)">J. Quinn</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds" title="Thomas M. Reynolds">T. Reynolds</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_E._Sweeney" title="John E. Sweeney">J. Sweeney</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Boehlert" title="Sherwood Boehlert">S. Boehlert</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Major_Owens" title="Major Owens">M. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sue_W._Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sue W. Kelly">S. Kelly</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds" title="Thomas M. Reynolds">T. Reynolds</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_E._Sweeney" title="John E. Sweeney">J. Sweeney</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Randy_Kuhl" title="Randy Kuhl">R. Kuhl</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McNulty" title="Michael McNulty">M. McNulty</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_T._Walsh" title="James T. Walsh">J. Walsh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Vito_Fossella" title="Vito Fossella">V. Fossella</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Reynolds" title="Thomas M. Reynolds">T. Reynolds</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Randy_Kuhl" title="Randy Kuhl">R. Kuhl</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Arcuri" title="Mike Arcuri">M. Arcuri</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Y. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)" title="John Hall (New York politician)">J. Hall</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a> (D) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">J. McHugh</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mike_Arcuri" title="Mike Arcuri">M. Arcuri</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Y. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(New_York_politician)" title="John Hall (New York politician)">J. Hall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Lee_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Lee (New York politician)">C. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Maffei" title="Dan Maffei">D. Maffei</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_McMahon" title="Michael McMahon">M. McMahon</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eric_Massa" title="Eric Massa">E. Massa</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Tonko" title="Paul Tonko">P. Tonko</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Scott_Murphy" title="Scott Murphy">S. Murphy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Owens (New York politician)">B. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Reed_(politician)" title="Tom Reed (politician)">T. Reed</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Edolphus_Towns" title="Edolphus Towns">E. Towns</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">G. Ackerman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Maurice_Hinchey" title="Maurice Hinchey">M. Hinchey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Weiner" title="Anthony Weiner">A. Weiner</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Y. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Lee_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Lee (New York politician)">C. Lee</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Tonko" title="Paul Tonko">P. Tonko</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Owens (New York politician)">B. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Reed_(politician)" title="Tom Reed (politician)">T. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ann_Marie_Buerkle" title="Ann Marie Buerkle">A. Buerkle</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Gibson_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Gibson (New York politician)">C. Gibson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Grimm_(politician)" title="Michael Grimm (politician)">M. Grimm</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanna_(New_York_politician)" title="Richard Hanna (New York politician)">R. Hanna</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nan_Hayworth" title="Nan Hayworth">N. Hayworth</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">K. Hochul</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bob_Turner_(New_York_politician)" title="Bob Turner (New York politician)">B. Turner</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_McCarthy" title="Carolyn McCarthy">C. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tim_Bishop" title="Tim Bishop">T. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Y. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Tonko" title="Paul Tonko">P. Tonko</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(New_York_politician)" title="Bill Owens (New York politician)">B. Owens</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Reed_(politician)" title="Tom Reed (politician)">T. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Gibson_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Gibson (New York politician)">C. Gibson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Grimm_(politician)" title="Michael Grimm (politician)">M. Grimm</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanna_(New_York_politician)" title="Richard Hanna (New York politician)">R. Hanna</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Maffei" title="Dan Maffei">D. Maffei</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Collins_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Collins (New York politician)">C. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">H. Jeffries</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Maloney" title="Sean Patrick Maloney">S. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Grace_Meng" title="Grace Meng">G. Meng</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">C. Schumer</a> (D) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Gillibrand" title="Kirsten Gillibrand">K. Gillibrand</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Rangel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">L. Slaughter</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">E. Engel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">N. Lowey</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Serrano" title="José E. Serrano">J. Serrano</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">J. Nadler</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Peter_King_(American_politician)" title="Peter King (American politician)">P. King</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">C. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nydia_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Nydia Velázquez">N. Velázquez</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">G. Meeks</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joe_Crowley" title="Joe Crowley">J. Crowley</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Steve_Israel" title="Steve Israel">S. Israel</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Brian_Higgins" title="Brian Higgins">B. Higgins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Yvette_Clarke" title="Yvette Clarke">Y. Clarke</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Tonko" title="Paul Tonko">P. Tonko</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Reed_(politician)" title="Tom Reed (politician)">T. Reed</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Gibson_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Gibson (New York politician)">C. Gibson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Michael_Grimm_(politician)" title="Michael Grimm (politician)">M. Grimm</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanna_(New_York_politician)" title="Richard Hanna (New York politician)">R. Hanna</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Chris_Collins_(New_York_politician)" title="Chris Collins (New York politician)">C. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">H. Jeffries</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sean_Patrick_Maloney" title="Sean Patrick Maloney">S. Maloney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Grace_Meng" title="Grace Meng">G. Meng</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Katko" title="John Katko">J. Katko</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rice" title="Kathleen Rice">K. Rice</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">E. Stefanik</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lee_Zeldin" title="Lee Zeldin">L. Zeldin</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Dan_Donovan_(politician)" title="Dan Donovan (politician)">D. Donovan</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368091#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q368091#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000067404668">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/94678427">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/120660/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhCGpFtPVtkxQ7fCXM773">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83209739">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17954423f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17954423f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201106087">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007322925905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000053">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569858">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6w48mmt">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rv0tkt">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&oldid=1253007884">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Rangel&oldid=1253007884</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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