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Global dimming – Wikipedia

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virkninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Årsaker_og_virkninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forskning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forskning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Forskning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forskning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Måledata_fra_evaporimetere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Måledata_fra_evaporimetere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Måledata fra evaporimetere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Måledata_fra_evaporimetere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sannsynlige_årsaker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sannsynlige_årsaker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sannsynlige årsaker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sannsynlige_årsaker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siste_reversering_av_trenden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siste_reversering_av_trenden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Siste reversering av trenden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siste_reversering_av_trenden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forholdet_til_den_hydrologiske_syklus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forholdet_til_den_hydrologiske_syklus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Forholdet til den hydrologiske syklus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forholdet_til_den_hydrologiske_syklus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sammenheng_med_global_oppvarming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sammenheng_med_global_oppvarming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sammenheng med global oppvarming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sammenheng_med_global_oppvarming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mulig_bruk_for_å_redusere_global_oppvarming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulig_bruk_for_å_redusere_global_oppvarming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mulig bruk for å redusere global oppvarming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulig_bruk_for_å_redusere_global_oppvarming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Global dimming</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 38 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Global dimming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_f%C3%B6rdunkling" title="Global fördunkling – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Global fördunkling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A" title="إعتام عالمي – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعتام عالمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Глабальнае зацьменне – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глабальнае зацьменне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfosquiment_global" title="Enfosquiment global – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enfosquiment global" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_stm%C3%ADv%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Globální stmívání – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Globální stmívání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globale_Verdunkelung" title="Globale Verdunkelung – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Globale Verdunkelung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Πλανητική σκίαση – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλανητική σκίαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Global dimming" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="anbefalt artikkel-merke"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscurecimiento_global" title="Oscurecimiento global – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oscurecimiento global" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluntze_global" title="Iluntze global – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iluntze global" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تاریک‌شدن زمین – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریک‌شدن زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assombrissement_global" title="Assombrissement global – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assombrissement global" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escurecemento_global" title="Escurecemento global – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escurecemento global" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%94%ED%99%94" title="지구음암화 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지구음암화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="वैश्विक दीप्तिमंदकता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैश्विक दीप्तिमंदकता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredupan_global" title="Peredupan global – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peredupan global" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscuramento_globale" title="Oscuramento globale – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oscuramento globale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="עמעום עולמי – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמעום עולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob%C3%A1lis_hom%C3%A1ly" title="Globális homály – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Globális homály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്ലോബൽ ഡിംമിംഗ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലോബൽ ഡിംമിംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عتمه كوكبيه – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عتمه كوكبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Global dimming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%96%84%E6%9A%AE%E5%8C%96" title="地球薄暮化 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地球薄暮化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%81%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="د ځمکې تیاره کېدل – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ځمکې تیاره کېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalne_zaciemnienie" title="Globalne zaciemnienie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Globalne zaciemnienie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escurecimento_global" title="Escurecimento global – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escurecimento global" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Entunecare_global%C4%83" title="Întunecare globală – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Întunecare globală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Глобальное затемнение – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глобальное затемнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83_%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Аан Дойду үрдүнэн глобальнай хараҥарыы – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан Дойду үрдүнэн глобальнай хараҥарыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Err%C3%ABsimi_global" title="Errësimi global – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Errësimi global" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෝලීය ප්‍රභාහීනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Global dimming" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmakeh%C3%A4n_h%C3%A4m%C3%A4rtyminen" title="Ilmakehän hämärtyminen – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ilmakehän hämärtyminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Pollution_over_east_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/300px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/450px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Pollution_over_east_China.jpg/600px-Pollution_over_east_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Dusinvis av branner på jordoverflaten (røde prikker) og et tykt lag av røyk og dis (grå punkter) fyller himmelen over i <a href="/wiki/Huadong" title="Huadong">det Østlige Kina</a>. Røyk, forurensning og andre luftpartikler er knyttet til global dimming. Bilde tatt av MODIS ombord på NASA ' s Aqua satellitt.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Global dimming</b> er en gradvis reduksjon i styrken av global direkte solstråling (<i><a href="/wiki/Irradians" title="Irradians">irradiansen</a></i>) på <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">jordoverflaten</a> som har blitt observert siden 1950-årene, da systematiske målinger begynte. Graden av dimming varierer fra sted til sted og gir <a href="/wiki/Klimaendring" title="Klimaendring">klimaendringer</a>, men for verden som helhet er fenomenet blitt anslått til å ha redusert solstrålingen med rundt 4&#160;% i tidsrommet 1960–1990. Imidlertid har det vært en liten tilbakegang for denne generelle trenden, forårsaket av utbruddet av <a href="/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan">vulkanen</a> <a href="/wiki/Pinatubo" title="Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> i 1991. </p><p>Global dimming er antatt å ha blitt forårsaket av en økning i <a href="/wiki/Svevest%C3%B8v" title="Svevestøv">partikler</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jordens_atmosf%C3%A6re" title="Jordens atmosfære">atmosfæren</a>, som for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a>-<a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosoler</a> på grunn av menneskeskapte utslipp. </p><p>Global dimming har påvirket <a href="/wiki/Vannets_kretsl%C3%B8p" title="Vannets kretsløp">vannets kretsløp</a> ved å redusere <a href="/wiki/Fordamping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordamping">fordampingen</a> fra jordoverflaten. En tror også at det kan ha redusert <a href="/wiki/Nedb%C3%B8r" title="Nedbør">nedbøren</a> i enkelte områder. Global dimming skaper også en <a href="/wiki/Global_nedkj%C3%B8ling" title="Global nedkjøling">avkjølende</a> effekt som delvis kan motvirket effekten av <a href="/wiki/Klimagass" title="Klimagass">klimagasser</a> som gir <a href="/wiki/Global_oppvarming" title="Global oppvarming">global oppvarming</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Årsaker_og_virkninger"><span id=".C3.85rsaker_og_virkninger"></span>Årsaker og virkninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Årsaker og virkninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Årsaker og virkninger"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det er antatt at global dimming oppstår på grunn av økt tilstedeværelse av aerosoler og <a href="/wiki/Svevest%C3%B8v" title="Svevestøv">partikler</a> i atmosfæren forårsaket av menneskelig utslipp.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aerosoler og andre partikler absorberer solenergi og reflekterer sollys tilbake til verdensrommet. Miljøgifter kan også danne <a href="/wiki/Kondensasjonskjerne" title="Kondensasjonskjerne">kjerner</a> for dannelse av skydråper. Vanndråper i <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">skyene</a> <a href="/wiki/Koalesens" title="Koalesens">samle seg</a> rundt partikler.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Økt forurensning fører til mer partikler og dermed skapes skyer som består av et større antall mindre dråper. Det er uansett den samme mengden vann tilstede, men som er spredt over flere dråper. Med mindre dråper oppstår skyer som er mer <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">reflekterende</a>, slik at mer innkommende sollys blir reflektert tilbake til verdensrommet, og mindre når jordens overflate. Dette samme virkning skjer for refleksjon av <i>terrestrisk stråling</i>, altså <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lgelengde" title="Bølgelengde">langbølget</a> <a href="/wiki/Varmestr%C3%A5ling" title="Varmestråling">varmestråling</a> fra jordoverflaten. Dermed betyr dette at mer varme blir fanget i den lavere delen atmosfæren. I modeller har det vist seg at disse små dråpene også redusere nedbørsmengden.<sup id="cite_ref-YunQian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YunQian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skyer fanger opp både varme fra solen og varmen som stråler fra Jorden. Effektene er komplekse, og varierer i tid, sted og høyde. På dagtid er vanligvis oppfanging av sollys som dominerer, noe som gir en kjølende effekt, men om natten blir effekten tilbakeført varme til jorden, noe som reduksjon av dens varmetap. Dette fører til <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">stormer</a> og påfølgende regnvær og <a href="/wiki/Flom" title="Flom">flom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forskning">Forskning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forskning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forskning"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På slutten av 1960-tallet arbeidet den russiske klimatologen Mikhail Ivanovitsj Budyko med enkle todimensjonale klimamodeller for å undersøke <a href="/wiki/Refleksjon" class="mw-disambig" title="Refleksjon">refleksjon</a> på is.<sup id="cite_ref-Budyko_1969_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budyko_1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Han fant at albedo på grunn av is skapt en positiv <a href="/wiki/Tilbakekoblingsmekanisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilbakekoblingsmekanisme">tilbakekoblingsmekanisme</a> for jordens klimasystem. Desto mer snø og is, jo mer solstråling reflekteres tilbake til verdensrommet, noe som i neste omgang fører til nedkjøling av jorden, som fører til enda mer snø og is. Andre studier har funnet at forurensning eller vulkanutbrudd kan føre starten på en istid.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I midten av 1980-årene fant forskeren og geografen Atsumu Ohmura ved <a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Technische_Hochschule_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich">ETH</a>, ut at solstråling som treffer jordens overflate hadde blitt redusert med mer enn 10&#160;% i løpet av de tre foregående tiår. Hans funn viste seg dermed å stride mot trenden med global oppvarming, siden den globale temperaturen stort sett hadde vært stigende siden 70-årene. Om mindre lys når jorden så skulle det bety at jorden kjøles ned. Ohmura publisert sine funn under tittelen «Sekulær variant av global stråling i Europa» i 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Ohmura_and_Lang_1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ohmura_and_Lang_1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dette ble snart etterfulgt av andre forskere. Den estiske atmosfærefysikeren Viivi Russak publiserte i 1990 artikkelen «Trender for solstråling, skyer og atmosfærisk transparens de siste tiårene i Estland»,<sup id="cite_ref-Russak_1990_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russak_1990-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> og den tyske klimaforskeren Beate Liepert i 1994 artikkelen «Solstråling i Tyskland — Observerte trender og en vurdering av deres årsaker».<sup id="cite_ref-Liepert_et_al._2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liepert_et_al._2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dimming har også blitt observert i områder over hele det tidligere <a href="/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen">Sovjetunionen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abakumova_1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abakumova_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Klimaforskeren Gerry Stanhill studerte disse reduksjonene over hele verden, og innførte begrepet «global dimming».<sup id="cite_ref-Stanhill_and_Moreshet_1992_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanhill_and_Moreshet_1992-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uavhengig forskning i <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> og <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> på slutten av 1980-årene viste også en tydelig reduksjon i styrken av sollys,<sup id="cite_ref-LightensUp_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LightensUp-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dette til tross for omfattende bevis for at klimaet ble varmere. Graden av dimming varierer rundt om i verden, men er i gjennomsnitt beregnet til rundt 2–3&#160;% per tiår. Trenden snudde så på begynnelsen av 1990-årene.<sup id="cite_ref-AR4_9_2_2_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR4_9_2_2_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Det er vanskelig å foreta presise målinger, på grunn av vanskeligheter med nøyaktig kalibrering av instrumentene som brukes, og problemet med geografisk dekning. Likevel, effekten er nesten så å si helt sikkert tilstede. </p><p>Denne dimmingen på 2–3% skyldes endringer i jordens atmosfære, verdien av solens stråling ved toppen av atmosfæren har ikke endret seg med mer enn en brøkdel av dette tallet over de aktuelle årene.<sup id="cite_ref-Eddy_et_al._1982_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eddy_et_al._1982-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg/300px-Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg/450px-Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg/600px-Lightmatter_Golden_gate_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a>, sett her på <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_Bridge" title="Golden Gate Bridge">Golden Gate Bridge</a>, er en sannsynlig bidragsyter til global dimming.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dimmingen varierer sterkt over hele joden, men estimater av gjennomsnittlig verdi på jordens overflate er som følger: </p> <ul><li>5,3&#160;% (9 W/m<sup>2</sup>); over 1958–85, i henhold til forskning utført av Stanhill og Moreshet i 1992,</li> <li>2&#160;%/tiår i tidsrommet 1964–93, i henhold til Gilgen og flere,<sup id="cite_ref-Gilgen_et_al._1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilgen_et_al._1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2,7&#160;%/tiår (totalt 20 W/m<sup>2</sup>) opp til 2000, i henhold til Stanhill og Cohen,<sup id="cite_ref-Stanhill_and_Cohen_2001_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanhill_and_Cohen_2001-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>4&#160;% over årene 1961–90, i henhold til Liepert 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Liepert_2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liepert_2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Disse tallene gjelder for jordoverflaten og er egentlig ikke globale gjennomsnittsverdier. Hvorvidt dimming, eller eventuelt sterkere lys, har oppstått over havene har vært et åpent spørsmål, selv om en bestemt måling har påvist effekter av dimming rundt 640&#160;km fra India over Det indiske hav mot Maldivene. Regionale virkninger er sannsynligvis dominerende, og heller ikke strengt begrenset til landjorden, og effektene vil være drevet av regional luftsirkulasjon. En gjennomgang av klimaforskeren Martin Wild og kolleger 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> fant at utbredt variasjon av dimming regionalt, som også var avhengig av tid. Det var målt solar økning utover på begynnelsen av 2000-tallet av en rekke stasjoner i Europa, USA og Korea. Sterkere solstråling i områder i Antarktis i løpet av 1990-årene, skyldtes at dimmingen etter utbruddet fra Mount Pinatubo i 1991. Tendens til mer sollys ser også ut til å være registrert i Japan. I Kina er det noen indikasjoner for en fornyet dimming etter stabilisering i 1990-årene. En videreføring av den langvarige dimming er også omtalt i områder i India. Alt i alt viser tilgjengelige data videreføring av lysning utover på 2000-tallet på en rekke steder, men mindre uttalt og sammenhengende enn gjennom 1990-årene. Det er også flere regioner der det ikke skjer noen klare endringer eller det er observert en reduksjon . Om en ser på hele jorden under et, kan den globale oppvarmingen etter 2000 derfor være mindre bestemt av <a href="/wiki/Solflekksyklusen" title="Solflekksyklusen">solar variasjoner</a> enn i tidligere tiår. De største reduksjonene er funnet på den <a href="/wiki/Nordlige_halvkule" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordlige halvkule">nordlige halvkule</a> på midlere breddegrader.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Synlig lys og <a href="/wiki/Infrar%C3%B8d_str%C3%A5ling" title="Infrarød stråling">infrarød</a> stråling ser ut til å være mest berørt, mens den <a href="/wiki/Ultrafiolett_str%C3%A5ling" title="Ultrafiolett stråling">ultrafiolette</a> delen av spekteret er mindre påvirket.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Måledata_fra_evaporimetere"><span id="M.C3.A5ledata_fra_evaporimetere"></span>Måledata fra evaporimetere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Måledata fra evaporimetere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Måledata fra evaporimetere"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Evaporation_Pan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Evaporation_Pan.jpg/250px-Evaporation_Pan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Evaporation_Pan.jpg/375px-Evaporation_Pan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Evaporation_Pan.jpg/500px-Evaporation_Pan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1796" /></a><figcaption>Et evaporimeter i form av en åpen vannfylt beholder for utendørs bruk. Målingen kombinerer eller integrerer effekten av flere værparametere: temperatur, fuktighet, regnfall, tørke, solintensitet og vind.</figcaption></figure> <p>I løpet av de siste 50 år har registreringer fra såkalte <i>evaporimetere</i> blitt nøye overvåket. Tidligere var det få som tok målinger fra evaporimetere særlig alvorlig. Men i Europa, Israel og Nord-Amerika begynte forskere i 1990-årene å oppdaget noe som på den tiden ble ansett som veldig merkelig: Styrken av fordampningen fra landjorden var begynt å falle, selv om de hadde forventet at den skulle å øke på grunn av <a href="/wiki/Global_oppvarming" title="Global oppvarming">global oppvarming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roderick_and_Farquhar_2002_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roderick_and_Farquhar_2002-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Den samme trenden har vært observert i Kina over en tilsvarende periode. En nedgang i den solare irradiansen er vurdert som årsaken. I motsetning til i andre områder av verden, har imidlertid Kina hatt en reduksjon av den solare irradiansen. Noe som ikke alltid har vært ledsaget av en økning i skydekke og nedbør. Det antas at aerosoler kan spille en avgjørende rolle i reduksjon av solstrålingen i Kina.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_et_al._2004_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_et_al._2004-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>BBC Horizon produsent David Sington mener at mange klimaforskere betrakter data fra evaporimetere som det mest overbevisende bevis for dimming av solenergien.<sup id="cite_ref-Sington_2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sington_2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Eksperimenter med evaporimetere er lette å reprodusere med utstyr til lave kostnader. Det er mange slike evaporimetere i brukt i landbruket over hele verden. I mange tilfeller er dataene blitt samlet inn gjennom nesten et halvt århundre. Imidlertid evaporimetere avhengig av flere faktorer enn bare netto stråling fra solen. De to andre viktige faktorer er damptrykk og vindhastighet.<sup id="cite_ref-pe_attribution_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pe_attribution-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Omgivelsestemperaturen viser seg å være en ubetydelig faktor. Data fra evaporimetere bygger opp under de data som er samlet inn av <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometere</a> og fyller tomrommene i måledata innhentet ved hjelp av <a href="/wiki/Pyranometer" title="Pyranometer">pyranometere</a>. Justert for disse faktoren er måledata fra evaporimetere blitt sammenlignet med resultater fra simuleringer med klimamodeller.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotstayn_et_al._2006_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotstayn_et_al._2006-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sannsynlige_årsaker"><span id="Sannsynlige_.C3.A5rsaker"></span>Sannsynlige årsaker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sannsynlige årsaker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sannsynlige årsaker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG/250px-Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG/375px-Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG/500px-Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kondensstriper" title="Kondensstriper">Kondensstriper</a> fra flytrafikk sammen med naturlig skyer. Det midlertidige bortfallet av kondensstriper over Nord-Amerika på grunn av flyforbud etter <a href="/wiki/Terrorangrepet_11._september_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorangrepet 11. september 2001">terrorangrepet 11. september 2001</a>, resulterte i en økning av <a href="/wiki/Dag" title="Dag">døgn</a> temperaturer. Dermed ga dette <a href="/wiki/Empiri" title="Empiri">empiri</a> for at tynne isskyer har en effekt for temperaturen på jordens overflate.<sup id="cite_ref-contrails_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contrails-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ufullstendig forbrenning av fossilt brensel, for eksempel <a href="/wiki/Diesel" title="Diesel">diesel</a> og forbrenning av trevirke avgir såkalt svart karbon til luft. Selv om svart karbon, som for det meste består av <a href="/wiki/Sot" title="Sot">sot</a>, er en svært liten del av luftforurensningen på bakkenært nivå, har allikevel fenomenet en betydelig oppvarmende effekt på atmosfæren ved høyder over to kilometer. En annen virkning er at det gjør overflaten av havet mindre reflekterende, slik at havet absorberer mer solstråling.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eksperimenter på <a href="/wiki/Maldivene" title="Maldivene">Maldivene</a> med å sammenligne atmosfæren over den nordlige- og sørlige delen av øyene i 1990-årene, viste at effekten av makroskopiske miljøgifter i atmosfæren på den tiden forårsaket en 10&#160;% reduksjon i sollys som nådde overflaten i området under <a href="/wiki/Forurensning" title="Forurensning">forurensningsskyen.</a> Dette var en mye større reduksjon enn forventet fra tilstedeværelsen av partikler i seg selv. Kilden til forurensningen var partikler i sørlige vinder fra India.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> På forhånd hadde en estimert at partikkelforurensningen hadde en virkning på 0,5–1&#160;%. Det store avviket fra forventningen kan kanskje forklares med skydannelse som partikler medvirker til, ved at de virker som små kjerner for å danne dråper på. Skyene er svært effektiv til å <a href="/wiki/Refleksjon_(fysikk)" title="Refleksjon (fysikk)">reflektere</a> lys tilbake ut i verdensrommet. </p><p>Fenomenet global dimming kan også ha regionale effekter. Mens det meste av jorden har blitt varmere, har de regionene som har en dominerende vindretningen fra store kilder til forurensing, da spesielt svoveldioksid, opplevd en generelt nedkjøling. Dette kan forklare kjøling av det østlige USA i forhold til oppvarmingen i den vestlige delen.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imidlertid foreligger det noen undersøkelser som viser at svart karbon vil øke den globale oppvarmingen, slik at den kommer på andreplass etter CO<sub>2</sub> i betydning. Sot vil absorberer solenergi, for eksempel om den legger seg på isbreer i Himalaya. Det kan også gjøre isen i Arktis mørkere og slik reduserer refleksjon, men øke absorpsjon av solstråling.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noen klimaforskere har en teori om at <a href="/wiki/Kondensstriper" title="Kondensstriper">kondensstriper</a> fra fly spiller en rolle for global dimming, men på grunn av den konstante tilstedeværelsen av fly på himmelen har en tidligere ment at dette ikke kunne bli testet. Nær total stans i sivil luftfart oppstod i løpet av de tre dagene etter <a href="/wiki/Terrorangrepet_11._september_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorangrepet 11. september 2001">terrorangrepene den 11. september 2001</a>, noe som ga en unik mulighet til å observere klimaet i <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> ved fraværende av kondensstriper. I løpet av denne perioden ble det observert en økning i døgnvariasjonen for temperaturen over 1&#x20;°C i enkelte deler av USA. Det vil si at kondensstriper kunne ha bidratt til å øke nattlige temperaturer og/eller senket dagtemperaturene mye mer enn tidligere antatt. </p><p>Luftbårne <a href="/wiki/Vulkansk_aske" title="Vulkansk aske">vulkansk aske</a> kan reflektere solstråler tilbake ut i verdensrommet og dermed bidra til avkjøling av jorden. Redusert temperaturer på jorden har blitt observert etter stor vulkanutbrudd som Mount Agung på Bali i 1963, El Chichon i Mexico i 1983, <a href="/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz" title="Nevado del Ruiz">Ruiz</a> i Colombia i 1985, og <a href="/wiki/Pinatubo" title="Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> på Filippinene i 1991. Men selv under store utbrudd, eksisterer askeskyer bare i en relativt korte periode.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siste_reversering_av_trenden">Siste reversering av trenden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Siste reversering av trenden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Siste reversering av trenden"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Aerosol_dimming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Aerosol_dimming.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="207" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="207" /></a><figcaption>Blokkering av solen på grunn av <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosoler</a> vist for hele verden (rød linje) siden utbruddet av <a href="/wiki/Pinatubo" title="Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> i 1991, i henhold til estimater basert på satellittmålinger. Michael Mishchenko, NASA</figcaption></figure> <p>Wild og hans forskergruppe har ved hjelp av målinger over land målt mer sollys siden 1990,<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_et_al._2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_et_al._2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wild_et_al._2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_et_al._2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mens forskeren Rachel Pinker og hennes kolleger fant at en mindre dimming har fortsatt over land,<sup id="cite_ref-Pinker_et_al._2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinker_et_al._2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mens en oppklaring har skjedd over havet.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dermed er disse to forskergruppene uenige om forholdene over landoverflaten. I 2007 sponset <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> en satellittbasert målestudie for å finne ut av de sammensatte observasjonene som forskere har gjort angående mengden av sollys som når jordoverflaten. En ville finne ut om disse hadde vært jevnt synkende i de siste tiårene, men begynte å endre seg rundt 1990. Dette ville i så fall bety et skifte fra en trend med global dimming, til en trend med mer gjennomsluppet sollys, noe som i så fall vil sammenfalle med trenden som skjedde da globale aerosolnivåer begynte å avta.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerr_2007_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr_2007-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det er sannsynlig at i alle fall noen av denne endringen, særlig i Europa, er på grunn av nedgang i luftbåren forurensning. De fleste myndigheter i <a href="/wiki/Industriland" title="Industriland">utviklede land</a> har iverksatt tiltak for å redusere aerosoler sluppet ut i atmosfæren, noe som bidrar til å redusere global dimming. </p><p>Konsentrasjonen av sulfataerosoler har falt betydelig siden 1970 med Clean Air Act i USA og liknende politikk i Europa. Clean Air Act ble styrket i 1977 og 1990. I henhold til EPA har de samlede utslippene av de seks viktigste luftforurensning, inkludert PM, falt med 53&#160;% i USA fra 1970 til 2005. Fra 1975 har den maskerende virkninger av akkumulerte klimagasser endelig begynt å dukke opp, og har dominert siden den gang.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Organisasjonen Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) har samle målinger fra jordens overflate. BSRN ble startet tidlig i 1990-årene og oppdatert målinger i denne tiden. Analyse av nyere data viser at overflaten av jorden har fått 4% mer gjennomsluppet sollys i løpet av de siste tiårene. Utvikling mot klarere himmel understøttes av andre data, inkludert satellittanalyser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forholdet_til_den_hydrologiske_syklus">Forholdet til den hydrologiske syklus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forholdet til den hydrologiske syklus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forholdet til den hydrologiske syklus"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Climate_Change_Attribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Climate_Change_Attribution.png/250px-Climate_Change_Attribution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Climate_Change_Attribution.png/376px-Climate_Change_Attribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Climate_Change_Attribution.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Denne figuren viser nivået av avtale mellom en klima-modell drevet av fem faktorer og historiske temperatur-posten. Den negative komponenten som er identifisert som "sulfat" er forbundet med aerosol-utslipp skylden for global dimming.</figcaption></figure> <p>Forurensning som har sitt opphav fra menneskelig aktivitet kan svekke <a href="/wiki/Vannets_kretsl%C3%B8p" title="Vannets kretsløp">vannets kretsløp</a> på jorden ved at nedbøren reduseres, noe som blant annet kan bety redusert tilgang på ferskvann. En studie fra 2001 utført av forskere ved Scripps Institution of Oceanography tydet på at små partikler av sot og andre forurensninger kan ha en betydelig effekt på den hydrologiske syklusen. I henhold til klimaforskeren Veerabhadran Ramanathan kan konsekvensen forklares slik «energien som driver vannets kretsløp kommer fra sollys. Når sollys varmer opp havet slipper vann ut i atmosfæren og faller ned som regn. Dermed kan aerosoler som redusere sollyset kraftig, være med på å redusere omløpshastigheten for vannets kretsløp på planeten.»<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Storskala endringer av været kan også være forårsaket av global dimming. Klimaforskere har på mer spekulativ basis kommet opp med en ide om at reduksjon av solstrålingen mot jordoverflaten kan ha ført til svikt i <a href="/wiki/Monsun" title="Monsun">monsunen</a> i sub-<a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> i <a href="/wiki/Afrika" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> i løpet av 1970-og 1980-årene. Dette førte til <a href="/wiki/Hungersn%C3%B8d" title="Hungersnød">sultkatastrofer</a> som tørken i Sahel, og hypotesen er at den var forårsaket av forurensning fra den nordlige halvkule som ga nedkjøling av <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rotstayn_and_Lohmann_2002_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rotstayn_and_Lohmann_2002-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> På grunn av dette ble det såkalte tropisk regnbelte forhindret fra å stige til nordlige breddegrader, noe som dermed forårsake uteblivelse av det sesongmessige regnet. Denne teorien er ikke generelt akseptert, og er også svært vanskelig å teste. Imidlertid ble det utgitt en kinesisk studie i 2009 basert på analyser av 50 år lange måleserier, som fant at selv om de fleste deler av det østlige Kina ikke hadde fått noen betydelig endring i mengden vann i atmosfæren, så hadde allikevel mengden av lett regn blitt redusert.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Forskerne modellerte deretter effekten av aerosoler, og fant ut at den totale effekten av dette var at vanndråper i forurenset luftmasser er opptil 50&#160;% mindre enn vanndråper i ren himmel. De konkluderte med at mindre dråper hindrer dannelsen av regn og skyer, men at den nedbøren som faller som lett regn er gunstig for jordbruket. Dette var en annen effekt enn redusert solar irradians, men fortsatt et direkte resultat av tilstedeværelsen av aerosoler. </p><p>En studie av forskere ved Scripps Institution of Oceanography fra 2001 konkluderte med at ubalansen mellom global dimming og global oppvarming på jordoverflaten fører til svakere turbulente varmeflukser opp mot atmosfæren. Dette betyr at på global skala reduseres fordampningen, dermed kan en dimmere og varmere verden føre til at atmosfære blir fuktigere og at det regner mindre.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>En naturlig oppstående skyggelegging/dimming har også blitt observert, noe som påvirket den nordlige halvkule i <a href="/wiki/Tropisk_syklon" title="Tropisk syklon">orkansesongen</a> i 2006. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> utførte en studie som viste at flere store støvstormer i juni og juli i <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharaørkenen</a> sendte støv på vei over <a href="/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet">Atlanterhavet</a>. Via flere forskjellige effekter forårsaket dette en kjøling av vann, og dermed dempet utvikling av orkaner.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammenheng_med_global_oppvarming">Sammenheng med global oppvarming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sammenheng med global oppvarming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sammenheng med global oppvarming"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noen forskere mener at virkningene av global dimming til en viss grad har maskert effekten av <a href="/wiki/Global_oppvarming" title="Global oppvarming">global oppvarming</a>, dermed kan en reduksjon av global dimming føre til en økning av den forventede fremtidige temperaturøkning. Ifølge Liepert: «Vi bodde i en verden med global oppvarming pluss global dimming, og nå tar vi vekk global dimming. Så ender vi opp med en verden med global oppvarming, noe som vil være mye verre enn vi trodde, mye varmere.»<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Omfanget av denne maskeringseffekt er en av de sentrale problemer ved klimaendringer, som har betydelige konsekvenser for fremtidig klimautvikling og politisk respons på global oppvarming.<sup id="cite_ref-Andreae_et_al._2005_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreae_et_al._2005-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samspillet mellom de to teoriene for klimaendringer har også blitt studert, etter som global oppvarming og global dimming verken er gjensidig utelukkende eller motstridende. I en artikkel fra 2005 i American Geophysical Unions Geophysical Research Letters av et forskerteam ledet av Anastasia Romanou ved <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, viste også at de tilsynelatende motsatte effekter av global oppvarming og global dimming kan oppstå på samme tid.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Global dimming fungerer i samspill med global oppvarming ved å blokkere for sollys som ellers ville føre til fordampning, samt effekten med at partikler bindes til vanndråper. Vanndamp er den viktigste drivhusgassen. På den annen side er global dimming påvirket av fordamping og nedbør. Regn har den effekten at det klarner opp en forurenset himmel. </p><p>Brune skyer har blitt funnet å forsterke den globale oppvarmingen i henhold til atmosfærekjemikeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veerabhadran_Ramanathan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Veerabhadran Ramanathan (ikke skrevet ennå)">Veerabhadran Ramanathan</a>. «Den konvensjonelle tenkningen er at brune skyer har maskert så mye som 50&#160;% av den globale oppvarmingen forårsaket av klimagasser gjennom såkalte global dimming... Mens dette er tilfelle globalt, viser undersøkelser at hele Sør- og Øst-Asia at sotpartikler i brune skyer faktisk forsterke den atmosfæriske trenden med oppvarming forårsaket av klimagasser med så mye som 50&#160;%.»<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mulig_bruk_for_å_redusere_global_oppvarming"><span id="Mulig_bruk_for_.C3.A5_redusere_global_oppvarming"></span>Mulig bruk for å redusere global oppvarming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Mulig bruk for å redusere global oppvarming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Mulig bruk for å redusere global oppvarming"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Noen forskere har foreslått å bruke aerosoler for å avverge virkningene av global oppvarming som et nødtiltak. Slike tiltak er kjent som geoengineering.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> I 1974 foreslo den russiske klimatologen Mikhail Budyko at hvis den globale oppvarmingen blir et problem, så kan planeten avkjøles ved å brenne svovel i stratosfæren, noe som ville skape dis.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> En økning av den globale <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> på bare 0,5&#160;% er tilstrekkelig til å halvere effekten av en CO<sub>2</sub>-dobling i atmosfæren.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den enkleste løsningen ville være å bare slipper ut mer sulfater, noe som ville ende opp i <a href="/wiki/Troposf%C3%A6ren" title="Troposfæren">troposfæren</a>, altså den laveste delen av atmosfæren. Hvis dette blir gjort vil jorden fortsatt stå overfor mange problemer, for eksempel: </p> <ul><li>Bruk av sulfater fører til <a href="/wiki/Menneskelig_innvirkning_p%C3%A5_naturmilj%C3%B8et" title="Menneskelig innvirkning på naturmiljøet">miljøproblemer</a> som <a href="/wiki/Sur_nedb%C3%B8r" title="Sur nedbør">sur nedbør</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramanathan_V._2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramanathan_V._2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>bruk av svart karbon fører til helseproblemer,</li> <li>dimming fører til økologiske problemer som for eksempel endringer i fordampnings- og nedbørsmønstre,</li> <li>tørke og/eller økt nedbør føre til problemer for jordbruket og</li> <li>aerosoler har relativt kort levetid.</li></ul> <p>Et forslag til løsning av disse problemene er å transportere sulfater til det neste laget av atmosfæren, altså <a href="/wiki/Stratosf%C3%A6ren" title="Stratosfæren">stratosfæren</a>. Aerosoler i stratosfæren vil ha en levetid på år i stedet for uker, dermed vil en relativt mindre mengde injisert sulfat være nødvendig. Bivirkningene vil dessuten være mindre. Dette vil kreve utvikling av en effektiv måte å transportere store mengder gasser opp i stratosfæren på, og mange av dem har vært foreslått selv om ingen er kjent for å være effektiv eller økonomisk forsvarlig.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>I et blogginnlegg uttalte den britiske klimatologen Gavin Schmidt at «Ideer som at vi bør øke aerosolutslippene for å motvirke global oppvarming har blitt beskrevet som en '<a href="/wiki/Djevelpakt" title="Djevelpakt">djevelpakt</a>' fordi det ville innebære en stadig økende mengden av injisering for å holde tritt med de akkumulerte drivhusgasser i atmosfæren, med stadig økende økonomisk kostnader og helseproblemer.»<sup id="cite_ref-gbd1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gbd1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomvinter" title="Atomvinter">kjernefysisk vinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrails" title="Chemtrails">Konspirasjonsteori om kjemikaliespor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipsspor" title="Skipsspor">Skipsspor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110315005004/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf">«Couplings between changes in Climate System and the Biogeochemistry, 7.5.3»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. IPCC. 2007. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter7.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 15. mars 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 9. april 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Couplings+between+changes+in+Climate+System+and+the+Biogeochemistry%2C+7.5.3&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=IPCC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Far4-wg1-chapter7.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408071636/http://www.atmos-inc.com/weamod.html">«The Physical Basis for Seeding Clouds»</a>. Atmospherics Inc. 1996. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmos-inc.com/weamod.html">originalen</a> 8. april 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 3. april 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=The+Physical+Basis+for+Seeding+Clouds&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Atmospherics+Inc.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos-inc.com%2Fweamod.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408071636/http://www.atmos-inc.com/weamod.html">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmos-inc.com/weamod.html">originalen</a> 8. april 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmos-inc.com%2Fweamod.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YunQian-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YunQian_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news169474977.html">«The Sky Is Not Falling: Pollution in eastern China cuts light, useful rainfall»</a>. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 16. august 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=The+Sky+Is+Not+Falling%3A+Pollution+in+eastern+China+cuts+light%2C+useful+rainfall&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Pacific+Northwest+National+Laboratory&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physorg.com%2Fnews169474977.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Budyko_1969-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Budyko_1969_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Budyko, M.I. 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Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&amp;collection=TRD&amp;recid=A7021919AH&amp;q=&amp;uid=790417110&amp;setcookie=yes">originalen</a> 15. oktober 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=The+effect+of+solar+radiation+variations+on+the+climate+of+the+Earth&amp;rft.au=Budyko%2C+M.I.&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Tellus&amp;rft.pages=611-619&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DTRD%26recid%3DA7021919AH%26q%3D%26uid%3D790417110%26setcookie%3Dyes&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2153-3490.1969.tb00466.x&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528030926/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&amp;collection=TRD&amp;recid=A7021919AH&amp;q=&amp;uid=790417110&amp;setcookie=yes">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Archived from the original on 28. mai 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmd1.csa.com%2Fpartners%2Fviewrecord.php%3Frequester%3Dgs%26collection%3DTRD%26recid%3DA7021919AH%26q%3D%26uid%3D790417110%26setcookie%3Dyes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Uheldig_URL" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rasool, Ichtiaque, S. and Schneider, Stephen H. 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New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons. s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/causesofclimate0000lock/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0-470-26657-0" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0-470-26657-0">0-470-26657-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.aufirst=John+G.&amp;rft.aulast=Lockwood&amp;rft.btitle=Causes+of+Climate&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-470-26657-0&amp;rft.pages=162&amp;rft.pub=New+York%3A+John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.series=Lecture+notes+in+mathematics+1358&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcausesofclimate0000lock&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohmura_and_Lang_1989-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ohmura_and_Lang_1989_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lenoble, J., red. 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Besøkt 13. april 2008</span>. «See 9.2.2.2»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+9%2C+Understanding+and+Attributing+Climate+Change+%26ndash%3B+Section+9.2.2+Spatial+and+Temporal+Patterns+of+the+Response+to+Different+Forcings+and+their+Uncertainties&amp;rft.au=Braconnot%2C+P.&amp;rft.au=Gillett%2C+N.P.&amp;rft.au=Luo%2C+Y.&amp;rft.au=Marengo+Orsini%2C+J.A.&amp;rft.au=Nicholls%2C+N.&amp;rft.au=Penner%2C+J.E.&amp;rft.au=Stott%2C+P.A.&amp;rft.au=Zwiers%2C+F.+W.&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Hegerl&amp;rft.btitle=Climate+Change+2007%3A+The+Physical+Science+Basis.+Contribution+of+Working+Group+I+to+the+Fourth+Assessment+Report+of+the+Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+and+New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA.&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.series=Intergovernmental+Panel+on+Climate+Change&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fassessment-report%2Far4%2Fwg1%2Far4-wg1-chapter9.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eddy_et_al._1982-14"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eddy_et_al._1982_14-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eddy, John A. Gilliland, Ronald L. &amp; Hoyt, Douglas V. (23. desember 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v300/n5894/abs/300689a0.html">«Changes in the solar constant and climatic effects»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. 300 (5894): 689–693. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Natur.300..689E">1982Natur.300..689E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F300689a0">10.1038/300689a0</a>. «Spacecraft measurements have established that the total radiative output of the Sun varies at the 0.1−0.3% level»</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+the+solar+constant+and+climatic+effects&amp;rft.au=Eddy%2C+John+A.+Gilliland%2C+Ronald+L.+%26+Hoyt%2C+Douglas+V.&amp;rft.date=1982-12-23&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5894&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=689-693&amp;rft.volume=300&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv300%2Fn5894%2Fabs%2F300689a0.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Natur.300..689E&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F300689a0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilgen_et_al._1998-15"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilgen_et_al._1998_15-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">H. Gilgen; M. Wild; A. Ohmura (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/11/8/pdf/i1520-0442-11-8-2042.pdf">«Means and trends of shortwave irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive data»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Climate</i>. 11 (8): 2042–2061. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JCli...11.2042G">1998JCli...11.2042G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442-11.8.2042">10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.2042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Means+and+trends+of+shortwave+irradiance+at+the+surface+estimated+from+global+energy+balance+archive+data&amp;rft.au=A.+Ohmura&amp;rft.au=H.+Gilgen&amp;rft.au=M.+Wild&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.pages=2042-2061&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.allenpress.com%2Farchive%2F1520-0442%2F11%2F8%2Fpdf%2Fi1520-0442-11-8-2042.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JCli...11.2042G&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0442-11.8.2042&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanhill_and_Cohen_2001-16"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanhill_and_Cohen_2001_16-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stanhill, G.; S. Cohen (2001). «Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences». <i>Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</i>. 107 (4): 255–278. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0168-1923%2800%2900241-0">10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Global+dimming%3A+a+review+of+the+evidence+for+a+widespread+and+significant+reduction+in+global+radiation+with+discussion+of+its+probable+causes+and+possible+agricultural+consequences&amp;rft.au=S.+Cohen&amp;rft.au=Stanhill%2C+G.&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Agricultural+and+Forest+Meteorology&amp;rft.pages=255-278&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0168-1923%2800%2900241-0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liepert_2002-17"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liepert_2002_17-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liepert, B. G. (2. mai 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~liepert/pdf/2003GL019060.pdf">«Observed Reductions in Surface Solar Radiation in the United States and Worldwide from 1961 to 1990»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 29 (12): 1421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GeoRL..29j..61L">2002GeoRL..29j..61L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GL014910">10.1029/2002GL014910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Observed+Reductions+in+Surface+Solar+Radiation+in+the+United+States+and+Worldwide+from+1961+to+1990&amp;rft.au=Liepert%2C+B.+G.&amp;rft.date=2002-05-02&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=1421&amp;rft.volume=29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~liepert%2Fpdf%2F2003GL019060.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GeoRL..29j..61L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GL014910&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wild, Martin; Trüssel, Barbara; Ohmura, Atsumu; Long, Charles N.; König-Langlo, Gert; Dutton, Ellsworth G.; Tsvetkov, Anatoly (16. mai 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929070805/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008JD011382.shtml">«Global dimming and brightening: An update beyond 2000»</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 114: D00D13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JGRD..11400D13W">2009JGRD..11400D13W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JD011382">10.1029/2008JD011382</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2009/2008JD011382.shtml">originalen</a> 29. september 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Global+dimming+and+brightening%3A+An+update+beyond+2000&amp;rft.au=Dutton%2C+Ellsworth+G.&amp;rft.au=K%C3%B6nig-Langlo%2C+Gert&amp;rft.au=Long%2C+Charles+N.&amp;rft.au=Ohmura%2C+Atsumu&amp;rft.au=Tr%C3%BCssel%2C+Barbara&amp;rft.au=Tsvetkov%2C+Anatoly&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Wild&amp;rft.date=2009-05-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Atmospheres&amp;rft.pages=D00D13&amp;rft.volume=114&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2009%2F2008JD011382.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JGRD..11400D13W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JD011382&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">R. E. Carnell; C. A. Senior (April 1998). «Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols». <i>Climate Dynamics, Springer Berlin/Heidelberg</i>. 14 (5): 369–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998ClDy...14..369C">1998ClDy...14..369C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003820050229">10.1007/s003820050229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Changes+in+mid-latitude+variability+due+to+increasing+greenhouse+gases+and+sulphate+aerosols&amp;rft.au=C.+A.+Senior&amp;rft.au=R.+E.+Carnell&amp;rft.date=1998-04&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Climate+Dynamics%2C+Springer+Berlin%2FHeidelberg&amp;rft.pages=369-383&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998ClDy...14..369C&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs003820050229&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Adam, David (18. desember 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2003/dec/18/science.research1">«Goodbye sunshine»</a>. <i>Guardian News and Media Limited</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 26. august 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Goodbye+sunshine&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Adam&amp;rft.date=2003-12-18&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Guardian+News+and+Media+Limited&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2003%2Fdec%2F18%2Fscience.research1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roderick_and_Farquhar_2002-21"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roderick_and_Farquhar_2002_21-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roderick, Michael L.; Farquhar, Graham D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/298/5597/1410">«The Cause of Decreased Pan Evaporation over the Past 50 Years»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. 298 (5597): 1410–1411. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298.1407D">2002Sci...298.1407D</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434057">12434057</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1075390">10.1126/science.1075390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=The+Cause+of+Decreased+Pan+Evaporation+over+the+Past+50+Years&amp;rft.au=Farquhar%2C+Graham+D.&amp;rft.au=Roderick%2C+Michael+L.&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5597&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1410-1411&amp;rft.volume=298&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F298%2F5597%2F1410&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...298.1407D&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1075390&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12434057&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_et_al._2004-22"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liu_et_al._2004_22-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Liu B.; Xu M.; Henderson M.; Gong W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920205058/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004JD004511.shtml">«A spatial analysis of pan evaporation trends in China, 1955-2000»</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. 109 (D15): D15102. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JGRD..10915102L">2004JGRD..10915102L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JD004511">10.1029/2004JD004511</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2004JD004511.shtml">originalen</a> 20. september 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=A+spatial+analysis+of+pan+evaporation+trends+in+China%2C+1955-2000&amp;rft.au=Gong+W.&amp;rft.au=Henderson+M.&amp;rft.au=Liu+B.&amp;rft.au=Xu+M.&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=D15&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&amp;rft.pages=D15102&amp;rft.volume=109&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2004%2F2004JD004511.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JGRD..10915102L&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JD004511&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sington_2005-23"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sington_2005_23-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sington, David (15. januar 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_qa.shtml">«TV&amp;Radio follow-up»</a>. BBC - Science &amp; Nature - Horizon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=TV%26Radio+follow-up&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Sington&amp;rft.date=2005-01-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Ftvradio%2Fprogrammes%2Fhorizon%2Fdimming_qa.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pe_attribution-24"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pe_attribution_24-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Roderick, Michael L.; Leon D. Rotstayn; Graham D. Farquhar; Michael T. Hobbins (13. september 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330074621/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL031166.shtml">«On the attribution of changing pan evaporation»</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 34 (17): L17403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3417403R">2007GeoRL..3417403R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL031166">10.1029/2007GL031166</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2007GL031166.shtml">originalen</a> 30. mars 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+attribution+of+changing+pan+evaporation&amp;rft.au=Graham+D.+Farquhar&amp;rft.au=Leon+D.+Rotstayn&amp;rft.au=Michael+T.+Hobbins&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&amp;rft.aulast=Roderick&amp;rft.date=2007-09-13&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L17403&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2007%2F2007GL031166.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3417403R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL031166&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotstayn_et_al._2006-25"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotstayn_et_al._2006_25-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rotstayn L.D.; Roderick M.L.; Farquhar G.D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622222227/http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/Profiles/Graham_Farquhar/documents/235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf">«A simple pan-evaporation model for analysis of climate simulations: Evaluation over Australia»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 33 (17): L17403. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006GeoRL..3317715R">2006GeoRL..3317715R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL027114">10.1029/2006GL027114</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/Profiles/Graham_Farquhar/documents/235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 22. juni 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=A+simple+pan-evaporation+model+for+analysis+of+climate+simulations%3A+Evaluation+over+Australia&amp;rft.au=Farquhar+G.D.&amp;rft.au=Roderick+M.L.&amp;rft.au=Rotstayn+L.D.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=17&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L17403&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsbs.anu.edu.au%2FProfiles%2FGraham_Farquhar%2Fdocuments%2F235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006GeoRL..3317715R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL027114&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718005938/http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/Profiles/Graham_Farquhar/documents/235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf">«Arkivert kopi»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsbs.anu.edu.au/Profiles/Graham_Farquhar/documents/235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 18. juli 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsbs.anu.edu.au%2FProfiles%2FGraham_Farquhar%2Fdocuments%2F235doiRotstaynpanGRL2006.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contrails-26"><b><a href="#cite_ref-contrails_26-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Travis, David J.; Carleton, Andrew M. &amp; Lauritsen, Ryan G (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503192714/http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf">«Contrails reduce daily temperature range»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. 418 (6898): 601. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.418..601T">2002Natur.418..601T</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12167846">12167846</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F418601a">10.1038/418601a</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 3. mai 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Contrails+reduce+daily+temperature+range&amp;rft.au=Carleton%2C+Andrew+M.+%26+Lauritsen%2C+Ryan+G&amp;rft.aufirst=David+J.&amp;rft.aulast=Travis&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6898&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=601&amp;rft.volume=418&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffacstaff.uww.edu%2Ftravisd%2Fpdf%2Fjetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.418..601T&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F418601a&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12167846&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060503192714/http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf">Arkivert</a> 3. mai 2006 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/03/070314134655.htm">«Transported Black Carbon A Significant Player In Pacific Ocean Climate»</a>. Science Daily. 15. mars 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Transported+Black+Carbon+A+Significant+Player+In+Pacific+Ocean+Climate&amp;rft.date=2007-03-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2007%2F03%2F070314134655.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">J. Srinivasan; m.fl. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/sep102002/586.pdf">«Asian Brown Cloud – fact and fantasy»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Science</i>. 83 (5): 586–592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Asian+Brown+Cloud+%E2%80%93+fact+and+fantasy&amp;rft.au=J.+Srinivasan&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.jtitle=Current+Science&amp;rft.pages=586-592&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Fsep102002%2F586.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614125559/http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html">«Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html">originalen</a> 14. juni 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 12. juni 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Crichton%27s+Thriller+State+of+Fear%3A+Separating+Fact+from+Fiction&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fglobal_warming%2Fscience%2Fcrichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614125559/http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html">originalen</a> 14. juni 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucsusa.org%2Fglobal_warming%2Fscience%2Fcrichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ngeo156.html">«Nature Geoscience: Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 26. mars 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Nature+Geoscience%3A+Global+and+regional+climate+changes+due+to+black+carbon&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fngeo%2Fjournal%2Fvaop%2Fncurrent%2Ffull%2Fngeo156.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-31"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_31-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222142212/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html">«Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists»</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 15. mars 2007. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html">originalen</a> 22. desember 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Global+%27Sunscreen%27+Has+Likely+Thinned%2C+Report+NASA+Scientists&amp;rft.date=2007-03-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2F2007%2Faerosol_dimming.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_et_al._2005-32"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_et_al._2005_32-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wild, M; m.fl. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/308/5723/847">«From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. 308 (2005-05-06): 847–850. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308..847W">2005Sci...308..847W</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879214">15879214</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1103215">10.1126/science.1103215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=From+Dimming+to+Brightening%3A+Decadal+Changes+in+Solar+Radiation+at+Earth%27s+Surface&amp;rft.au=Wild%2C+M&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=2005-05-06&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=847-850&amp;rft.volume=308&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F308%2F5723%2F847&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308..847W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1103215&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15879214&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_et_al._2007-33"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wild_et_al._2007_33-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wild, M., A. Ohmura, and K. Makowski (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916104911/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028031.shtml">«Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming»</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 34 (4): L04702. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GeoRL..3404702W">2007GeoRL..3404702W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006GL028031">10.1029/2006GL028031</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2007/2006GL028031.shtml">originalen</a> 16. september 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Impact+of+global+dimming+and+brightening+on+global+warming&amp;rft.au=Wild%2C+M.%2C+A.+Ohmura%2C+and+K.+Makowski&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft.pages=L04702&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F2007%2F2006GL028031.shtml&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GeoRL..3404702W&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006GL028031&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Flere_navn:_forfatterliste" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Flere navn: forfatterliste">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinker_et_al._2005-34"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinker_et_al._2005_34-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pinker; Zhang, B; Dutton, EG; m.fl. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/308/5723/850">«Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation?»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. 308 (6 May 2005): 850–854. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...308..850P">2005Sci...308..850P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15879215">15879215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Do+Satellites+Detect+Trends+in+Surface+Solar+Radiation%3F&amp;rft.au=Dutton%2C+EG&amp;rft.au=Pinker&amp;rft.au=Zhang%2C+B&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=6+May+2005&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=850-854&amp;rft.volume=308&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F308%2F5723%2F850&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...308..850P&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15879215&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=154">«Global Dimming may have a brighter future»</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 12. juni 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Dimming+may+have+a+brighter+future&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclimate.org%2Findex.php%3Fp%3D154&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerr_2007-36"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kerr_2007_36-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Richard A. Kerr (16. mars 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/315/5818/1480">«Climate change: Is a Thinning Haze Unveiling the Real Global Warming?»</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. 315 (5818): 1480. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17363636">17363636</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.315.5818.1480">10.1126/science.315.5818.1480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Climate+change%3A+Is+a+Thinning+Haze+Unveiling+the+Real+Global+Warming%3F&amp;rft.au=Richard+A.+Kerr&amp;rft.date=2007-03-16&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=5818&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1480&amp;rft.volume=315&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fsummary%2F315%2F5818%2F1480&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.315.5818.1480&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17363636&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html">«Air Emissions Trends - Continued Progress Through 2005»</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Air+Emissions+Trends+-+Continued+Progress+Through+2005&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fairtrends%2Fecon-emissions.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Cat Lazaroff (7. desember 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603035532/http://ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2001/2001-12-07-07.asp">«Aerosol Pollution Could Drain Earth's Water Cycle»</a>. Environment News Service. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2001/2001-12-07-07.asp">originalen</a> 3. juni 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.au=Cat+Lazaroff&amp;rft.btitle=Aerosol+Pollution+Could+Drain+Earth%27s+Water+Cycle&amp;rft.date=2007-12-07&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Environment+News+Service&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fens-newswire.com%2Fens%2Fdec2001%2F2001-12-07-07.asp&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotstayn_and_Lohmann_2002-39"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rotstayn_and_Lohmann_2002_39-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rotstayn and Lohmann; Lohmann, Ulrike (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505060824/https://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=1520-0442&amp;volume=015&amp;issue=15&amp;page=2103">«Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect»</a>. <i>Journal of Climate</i>. 15 (15): 2103–2116. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15.2103R">2002JCli...15.2103R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C2103%3ATRTATI%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&#60;2103:TRTATI&#62;2.0.CO&#59;2</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=1520-0442&amp;volume=015&amp;issue=15&amp;page=2103">originalen</a> 5. mai 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Tropical+Rainfall+Trends+and+the+Indirect+Aerosol+Effect&amp;rft.au=Lohmann%2C+Ulrike&amp;rft.au=Rotstayn+and+Lohmann&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=15&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Climate&amp;rft.pages=2103-2116&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fams.allenpress.com%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-abstract%26issn%3D1520-0442%26volume%3D015%26issue%3D15%26page%3D2103&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JCli...15.2103R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C2103%3ATRTATI%3E2.0.CO%3B2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233341/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">«Could Reducing Global Dimming Mean a Hotter, Dryer World?»</a>. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory News. 14. april 2006. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">originalen</a> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Bruk av <code>&#124;arkiv_url=</code> krever at <code>&#124;arkivdato=</code> også er angitt (<a href="/wiki/Hjelp:CS1-feil#archive_missing_date" title="Hjelp:CS1-feil">hjelp</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 12. juni 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Could+Reducing+Global+Dimming+Mean+a+Hotter%2C+Dryer+World%3F&amp;rft.date=2006-04-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04_14_06.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233341/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">originalen</a> 3. mars 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04_14_06.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233341/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">«Could Reducing Global Dimming Mean a Hotter, Dryer World?»</a>. Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory News. 14. april 2006. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">originalen</a> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Bruk av <code>&#124;arkiv_url=</code> krever at <code>&#124;arkivdato=</code> også er angitt (<a href="/wiki/Hjelp:CS1-feil#archive_missing_date" title="Hjelp:CS1-feil">hjelp</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 12. juni 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Could+Reducing+Global+Dimming+Mean+a+Hotter%2C+Dryer+World%3F&amp;rft.date=2006-04-14&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04_14_06.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233341/http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/news/2006/04_14_06.htm">originalen</a> 3. mars 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2F04_14_06.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161941/http://upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2007/04/03/study_ties_hurricanes_to_sahara/">«Study ties hurricanes to Sahara»</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a>. 3. april 2007. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2007/04/03/study_ties_hurricanes_to_sahara/">originalen</a> 12. oktober 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Study+ties+hurricanes+to+Sahara&amp;rft.date=2007-04-03&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FNewsTrack%2FScience%2F2007%2F04%2F03%2Fstudy_ties_hurricanes_to_sahara%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012161941/http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Science/2007/04/03/study_ties_hurricanes_to_sahara/">«Arkivert kopi»</a>. Archived from the original on 12. oktober 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FNewsTrack%2FScience%2F2007%2F04%2F03%2Fstudy_ties_hurricanes_to_sahara%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Uheldig_URL" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527233031/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2007/hurricane_dust.html">«Did Dust Bust the 2006 Hurricane Season Forecasts?»</a>. NASA. 28. mars 2007. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2007/hurricane_dust.html">originalen</a> 27. mai 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Did+Dust+Bust+the+2006+Hurricane+Season+Forecasts%3F&amp;rft.date=2007-03-28&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fhurricanes%2Farchives%2F2007%2Fhurricane_dust.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_trans.shtml">«Global Dimming»</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 6. april 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Global+Dimming&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Ftvradio%2Fprogrammes%2Fhorizon%2Fdimming_trans.shtml&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreae_et_al._2005-45"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andreae_et_al._2005_45-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Andreae O. M.; Jones C. D.; Cox P. M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v435/n7046/abs/nature03671.html">«Strong present-day aerosol cooling implies a hot future»</a>. <i>Nature</i>. 435 (7046): 1187–1190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.435.1187A">2005Natur.435.1187A</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988515">15988515</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03671">10.1038/nature03671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Strong+present-day+aerosol+cooling+implies+a+hot+future&amp;rft.au=Andreae+O.+M.&amp;rft.au=Cox+P.+M.&amp;rft.au=Jones+C.+D.&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=7046&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.pages=1187-1190&amp;rft.volume=435&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv435%2Fn7046%2Fabs%2Fnature03671.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.435.1187A&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03671&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988515&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Alpert, P., P. Kishcha, Y. J. Kaufman, and R. Schwarzbard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916104930/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005GL023320.shtml">«Global dimming or local dimming?: Effect of urbanization on sunlight availability»</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 32 (17): L17802. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..3217802A">2005GeoRL..3217802A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL023320">10.1029/2005GL023320</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2005/2005GL023320.shtml">originalen</a> 16. september 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/climate/aerosol.htm">originalen</a> 29. juni 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fhistory%2Fclimate%2Faerosol.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crutzen, P. (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623033216/http://www.cogci.dk/news/Crutzen_albedo%20enhancement_sulfur%20injections.pdf">«Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Climatic Change</i>. 77 (3–4): 211–220. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-006-9101-y">10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y</a>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogci.dk/news/Crutzen_albedo%20enhancement_sulfur%20injections.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Bruk av <code>&#124;arkiv_url=</code> krever at <code>&#124;arkivdato=</code> også er angitt (<a href="/wiki/Hjelp:CS1-feil#archive_missing_date" title="Hjelp:CS1-feil">hjelp</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Albedo+enhancement+by+stratospheric+sulfur+injections%3A+a+contribution+to+resolve+a+policy+dilemma%3F&amp;rft.au=Crutzen%2C+P.&amp;rft.date=2006-08&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&amp;rft.jtitle=Climatic+Change&amp;rft.pages=211-220&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogci.dk%2Fnews%2FCrutzen_albedo%2520enhancement_sulfur%2520injections.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10584-006-9101-y&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623033216/http://www.cogci.dk/news/Crutzen_albedo%20enhancement_sulfur%20injections.pdf">«Arkivert kopi»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Archived from the original on 23. juni 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 4. oktober 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=Arkivert+kopi&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cogci.dk%2Fnews%2FCrutzen_albedo%2520enhancement_sulfur%2520injections.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Uheldig_URL" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Uheldig URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ramanathan, V. (15. april 1988). «The greenhouse theory of climate change: a test by an inadvertent global experiment». <i>Science</i>. 240 (4850): 293–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Sci...240..293R">1988Sci...240..293R</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17796737">17796737</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.240.4850.293">10.1126/science.240.4850.293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=The+greenhouse+theory+of+climate+change%3A+a+test+by+an+inadvertent+global+experiment&amp;rft.au=Ramanathan%2C+V.&amp;rft.date=1988-04-15&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=4850&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=293-299&amp;rft.volume=240&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Sci...240..293R&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.240.4850.293&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17796737&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramanathan_V._2006-52"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramanathan_V._2006_52-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ramanathan, V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070730012326/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/PASScriptaVaria106.pdf">«Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Health, Climate and Agriculture Impacts»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pontifical Academy of Sciences Scripta Varia (Pontifica Academia Scientiarvm)</i>. 106 (Interactions Between Global Change and Human Health): 47–60. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/PASScriptaVaria106.pdf">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> 30. juli 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Brown+Clouds%3A+Health%2C+Climate+and+Agriculture+Impacts&amp;rft.au=Ramanathan%2C+V.&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=Interactions+Between+Global+Change+and+Human+Health&amp;rft.jtitle=Pontifical+Academy+of+Sciences+Scripta+Varia+%28Pontifica+Academia+Scientiarvm%29&amp;rft.pages=47-60&amp;rft.volume=106&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-ramanathan.ucsd.edu%2FPASScriptaVaria106.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/GRLreview2.pdf">GRLreview, Rutgers Edu.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gbd1-54"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gbd1_54-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=105">«RealClimate: Global Dimming?»</a>. 18. januar 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 5. april 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+dimming&amp;rft.btitle=RealClimate%3A+Global+Dimming%3F&amp;rft.date=2005-01-18&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realclimate.org%2Findex.php%3Fp%3D105&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_dimming&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sun/">PBS NOVA temaprogram om Global Dimming</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_qa.shtml">BBC Global Dimming Q&amp;A</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4171591.stm">Why the Sun seems to be 'dimming'</a></li> <li>RealClimate om dette temaet: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=105">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=110">part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=154">Global Dimming may have a brighter future</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GlobalWarming/globaldimming.asp">BBC Horizon 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Menneskeskapte</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%A5lingsp%C3%A5driv" title="Strålingspådriv">Strålingspådriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid">Karbondioksid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimagass" title="Klimagass">Klimagass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LULUCF" title="LULUCF">LULUCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naturlige</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Den_arktiske_oscillasjonen" title="Den arktiske oscillasjonen">Den arktiske oscillasjonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" title="El Niño">El Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimap%C3%A5driv" title="Klimapådriv">Klimapådriv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%87-syklusene" title="Milanković-syklusene">Milanković-syklusene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordatlantisk_oscillasjon" title="Nordatlantisk oscillasjon">Nordatlantisk oscillasjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solflekksyklusen" title="Solflekksyklusen">Solflekksyklusen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Faktorer som <br />påvirker klimaet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6risk_tilbakestr%C3%A5ling" title="Atmosfærisk tilbakestråling">Atmosfærisk tilbakestråling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A6risk_sirkulasjon" title="Atmosfærisk sirkulasjon">Atmosfærisk sirkulasjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drivhuseffekt" title="Drivhuseffekt">Drivhuseffekt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_nedkj%C3%B8ling" title="Global nedkjøling">Global nedkjøling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nlandsisen" title="Grønlandsisen">Grønlandsisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbondioksid" title="Karbondioksid">Karbondioksid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbonkretsl%C3%B8pet" title="Karbonkretsløpet">Karbonkretsløpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbonsluk" title="Karbonsluk">Karbonsluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">Klima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimaf%C3%B8lsomhet" title="Klimafølsomhet">Klimafølsomhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrisk_str%C3%A5ling" title="Terrestrisk stråling">Terrestrisk stråling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbakekoblingsmekanisme_(klima)" title="Tilbakekoblingsmekanisme (klima)">Tilbakekoblingsmekanisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordens_str%C3%A5lingsbalanse" title="Jordens strålingsbalanse">Jordens strålingsbalanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vippepunkt_(klima)" title="Vippepunkt (klima)">Vippepunkt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Klimavitenskap</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CO2-ekvivalent" title="CO2-ekvivalent">CO<sub>2</sub>-ekvivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_atmosf%C3%A6risk_overv%C3%A5king" title="Global atmosfærisk overvåking">Global atmosfærisk overvåking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockeyk%C3%B8llegrafen" title="Hockeykøllegrafen">Hockeykøllegrafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskjernepr%C3%B8ve" title="Iskjerneprøve">Iskjerneprøve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimaeffektforskning" title="Klimaeffektforskning">Klimaeffektforskning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimaproxy" title="Klimaproxy">Klimaproxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeling-kurven" title="Keeling-kurven">Keeling-kurven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa-observatoriet" title="Mauna Loa-observatoriet">Mauna Loa-observatoriet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsekvenser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konsekvenser_av_global_oppvarming" title="Konsekvenser av global oppvarming">Konsekvenser av global oppvarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fysiske_konsekvenser_av_global_oppvarming" title="Fysiske konsekvenser av global oppvarming">Fysiske konsekvenser av global oppvarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosiale_konsekvenser_av_global_oppvarming" title="Sosiale konsekvenser av global oppvarming">Sosiale konsekvenser av global oppvarming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsekvenser_av_global_oppvarming_for_havet" title="Konsekvenser av global oppvarming for havet">Konsekvenser av global oppvarming for havet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Klimapolitikk" title="Klimapolitikk">Klimapolitikk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klimakonvensjonen" class="mw-redirect" title="Klimakonvensjonen">Klimakonvensjonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNs_klimapanel" title="FNs klimapanel">FNs klimapanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCCs_fjerde_hovedrapport" title="IPCCs fjerde hovedrapport">IPCCs fjerde hovedrapport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPCCs_femte_hovedrapport" title="IPCCs femte hovedrapport">IPCCs femte hovedrapport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto-avtalen" title="Kyoto-avtalen">Kyoto-avtalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisavtalen" title="Parisavtalen">Parisavtalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbonfangst_og_-lagring" title="Karbonfangst og -lagring">Karbonfangst og -lagring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%E2%80%99" title="Laudato si’">Laudato si’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liste_over_land_etter_karbondioksidutslipp" title="Liste over land etter karbondioksidutslipp">Liste over land etter karbondioksidutslipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimaskepsis" title="Klimaskepsis">Klimaskepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milj%C3%B8flyktning" title="Miljøflyktning">Miljøflyktning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolestreik_for_klima" title="Skolestreik for klima">Skolestreik for klima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Stewart_Callendar" title="Guy Stewart Callendar">Guy Stewart Callendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_David_Keeling" title="Charles David Keeling">Charles David Keeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hendelser</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antropocen" title="Antropocen">Antropocen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_varme_perioden_i_middelalderen" title="Den varme perioden i middelalderen">Den varme perioden i middelalderen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_lille_istid" title="Den lille istid">Den lille istid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klimahistorie" title="Klimahistorie">Klimahistorie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th 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