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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forerunners_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forerunners_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Forerunners and origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forerunners_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_1880s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_1880s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In the 1880s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_1880s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_the_labor_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_the_labor_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Relationship with the labor movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_the_labor_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coming_of_Daniel_De_Leon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_of_Daniel_De_Leon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Coming of Daniel De Leon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_of_Daniel_De_Leon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_electoral_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_electoral_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Early electoral politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_electoral_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_split_of_1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_split_of_1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Party split of 1899</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_split_of_1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>National Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretaries_of_the_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretaries_of_the_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretaries of the party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretaries_of_the_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_tickets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_tickets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Presidential tickets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_tickets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Party press</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_press-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party press subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party-owned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party-owned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Party-owned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party-owned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privately_owned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privately_owned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Privately owned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privately_owned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist Labor Party of America</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Socialista_Laborista_d%E2%80%99Am%C3%A8rica" title="Partit Socialista Laborista d’Amèrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Socialista Laborista d’Amèrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Socialist Labor Party of America" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_Laborista_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Partido Socialista Laborista de América – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Socialista Laborista de América" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="حزب کار سوسیالیست ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب کار سوسیالیست ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_ouvrier_socialiste_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" title="Parti ouvrier socialiste d'Amérique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti ouvrier socialiste d'Amérique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Socialista_Laborista_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Partido Socialista Laborista de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Socialista Laborista de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EB%8B%B9" title="사회주의노동당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의노동당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מפלגת העבודה הסוציאליסטית של אמריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגת העבודה הסוציאליסטית של אמריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socjalistyczna_Partia_Robotnicza_Ameryki" title="Socjalistyczna Partia Robotnicza Ameryki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Socjalistyczna Partia Robotnicza Ameryki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Trabalhista_Socialista_da_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Partido Trabalhista Socialista da América – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Trabalhista Socialista da América" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Социалистическая рабочая партия Америки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическая рабочая партия Америки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikan_sosialistinen_ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4enpuolue" title="Amerikan sosialistinen työväenpuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amerikan sosialistinen työväenpuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%9A" title="社会主义劳工党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会主义劳工党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2982544#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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searchaux" style="display:none">American political party</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Socialist Labor Party" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Socialist Labor Party (disambiguation)">Socialist Labor Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD051D; border-bottom:2px solid #DD051D; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Socialist Labor Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SLP_logo_wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/SLP_logo_wiki.png" decoding="async" width="123" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">July 15, 1876<span class="noprint">; 148 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1876-07-15</span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Workingmen%27s_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workingmen's Party of the United States">Workingmen's Party of the United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The Weekly People</a></i> (1891–2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2006)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">77<sup id="cite_ref-47th_convention_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47th_convention-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Impossibilism" title="Impossibilism">Impossibilism</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Lassallism" title="Lassallism">Lassallism</a> (until 1899) <br /><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a> (after 1899)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Left_wing_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing politics">Left-wing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DD051D; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/index.html">slp.org</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #DD051D;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>Contemporary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a 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title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AAA; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a 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US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:185%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg/320px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Labour_Party_%28UK%2C_1903%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="110" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;font-weight:bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;font-weight:bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">Industrial unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Communism">Left Communism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;"> DeLeonists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Arnold Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson" title="Olive M. Johnson">Olive Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0;"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_Great_Britain" title="Industrial Workers of Great Britain">Industrial Workers of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_(Australia)" title="Socialist Labor Party (Australia)">Socialist Labor Party (Australia)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Labor Party (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)">Socialist Labour Party (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" title="Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_International_Industrial_Union" title="Workers' International Industrial Union">Workers' International Industrial Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.1em;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DeLeonism" title="Template:DeLeonism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:DeLeonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:DeLeonism (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DeLeonism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DeLeonism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Socialist Labor Party</b> (<b>SLP</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-SLP_Constitution,_Art._I,_Sec._1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SLP_Constitution,_Art._I,_Sec._1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Political party in the United States">political party in the United States</a>. It was established in 1876, and was the first <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> party formed in the country. </p><p>Originally known as the <a href="/wiki/Workingmen%27s_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workingmen's Party of the United States">Workingmen's Party of the United States</a>, the party changed its name in 1877 to Socialistic Labor Party<sup id="cite_ref-Name_Change_1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name_Change_1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and again sometime in the late 1880s to Socialist Labor Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Name_Change_2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Name_Change_2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was additionally known in some states as the <b>Industrial Party</b> or <b>Industrial Government Party</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the SLP came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a>, who used his role as editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The Weekly People</a></i>, the SLP's English-language official organ, to expand the party's popularity beyond its then largely German-speaking membership. Despite his accomplishments, De Leon was a polarizing figure among the SLP's membership. In 1899, his opponents left the SLP and merged with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. </p><p>After his death in 1914, De Leon was followed as national secretary by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Arnold Petersen</a>. Critical of both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the reformist wing of the Socialist Party of America, the SLP became increasingly isolated from the majority of the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a>. Its support increased in the 1950s and into the early 1960s, when <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a> was influential in the party, but slightly declined in the mid-1960s. The SLP experienced another increase in support in the late 1960s and early 1970s, but then subsequently declined at a fast rate with the party last nominating a candidate for president in 1976. In 2008, the party closed its national office and the party's newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The People</a></i> ceased publications in 2011. </p><p>The party advocates "socialist <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unionism" title="Industrial unionism">industrial unionism</a>", the belief in a fundamental transformation of society through the combined political and industrial action of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> organized in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial unions">industrial unions</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizational_history">Organizational history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organizational history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forerunners_and_origins">Forerunners and origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forerunners and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Workingmen%27s_Party_of_Illinois" title="Workingmen's Party of Illinois">Workingmen's Party of Illinois</a></div> <p>In 1872, the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">International</a>, a European-based international organization for a variety of different left-wing socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade union organizations, moved its headquarters to New York City. It was in a weakened and disorganized state, having recently suffered a bitter internal struggle between Marxists, who supported trade union organization as preliminary to workers' revolution and anarchists, led by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, who advocated the immediate revolutionary overthrow of organized government.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, the members of the American-based International, led by cigarmaker <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Strasser" title="Adolph Strasser">Adolph Strasser</a> and carpenter <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._McGuire" title="Peter J. McGuire">Peter J. McGuire</a> joined forces with socialists from Newark and Philadelphia to form the ephemeral <a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Workingmen%27s_Party_of_North_America" title="Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America">Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> political party in the United States. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1877-slp-congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1877-slp-congress.jpg/260px-1877-slp-congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1877-slp-congress.jpg/390px-1877-slp-congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/1877-slp-congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>The SLP does not seem to have used its distinctive <a href="/wiki/Arm_and_hammer" title="Arm and hammer">arm and hammer</a> logo until it appeared on the front page of <i>The Workmen's Advocate</i> in 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite these organizational efforts, the socialist movement in America remained deeply divided over tactics. German immigrants preferred the parliamentary approach employed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> and the fledgling <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> while longer-term residents of America usually supported a <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1876, a preliminary conference took place in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a> bringing together representatives of the union-oriented "Internationalists" and the electorally oriented "<a href="/wiki/Lassallean" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassallean">Lassalleans</a>". The gathering agreed to issue a call for a Unity Congress to be held in July to establish a new political party.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Saturday, July 15, 1876, delegates from the remaining American sections of the First International gathered in Philadelphia and disbanded that organization.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following Wednesday, July 19, the planned Unity Congress was convened, attended by seven delegates claiming to represent a membership of 3,000 in four organizations: the trade union-oriented <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a> of the now-disbanded International, and three <a href="/wiki/Lassalleanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassalleanism">Lassallean</a> groups—the Workingmen's Party of Illinois, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_Political_Workingmen%27s_Society_of_Cincinnati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati (page does not exist)">Social Political Workingmen's Society of Cincinnati</a> and the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_pg._4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_pg._4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization formed by this Unity Convention was known as the <a href="/wiki/Workingmen%27s_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workingmen's Party of the United States">Workingmen's Party of the United States</a> (WPUS), and the native English-speaking <a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Patten" title="Philip Van Patten">Philip Van Patten</a> was elected as the party's first "Corresponding Secretary", the official in charge of the day-to-day operations of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry,_pg._4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry,_pg._4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of socialist newspapers also emerged around this time, all privately owned, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Grottkau" title="Paul Grottkau">Paul Grottkau</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chicagoer_Arbeiter-Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung">Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung</a></i>, Joseph Brucker's <i>Milwaukee Socialist</i> and an English-language weekly also published in Milwaukee called <i>The Emancipator.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Heath,_pg._33_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath,_pg._33-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German émigrés dominated the organization, although in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a> and G.A. Schilling maintained an active English-speaking section.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, the Workingmen's Party met at <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a> in a convention which changed the name of the organization to the Socialist Labor Party (generally rendered in English throughout the 1880s as "Socialistic Labor Party", a more stilted rendition of the German name of the group, <i>Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Partei).</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was an upsurge of support for the new organization, reflected in the proliferation of the socialist press. Between 1876 and 1877, no fewer than 24 newspapers were established which either directly or indirectly supported the SLP.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit225_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit225-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight of these were English-language publications, including one daily, while 14 were in German, including seven dailies. Two more papers were published in Czech and Swedish, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit225_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit225-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just two years later, in the wake of an economic crisis, not one of the privately owned English newspapers had survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, the party established its own English-language paper, <i>The National Socialist,</i> but managed to keep the publication alive only one year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year 1878 saw the establishment of a more enduring newspaper: the German-language <i><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Volkszeitung" title="New Yorker Volkszeitung">New Yorker Volkszeitung</a></i> (<i>New York People's News</i>). The <i>Volkszeitung</i> included material by the best and the brightest of the German-American socialist movement, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jonas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Jonas (page does not exist)">Alexander Jonas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Douai" title="Adolph Douai">Adolph Douai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shevitch" title="Sergei Shevitch">Sergei Shevitch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herman_Schl%C3%BCter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herman Schlüter (page does not exist)">Herman Schlüter</a>; and quickly emerged as the leading voice of the SLP during the last decades of the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> About this same time, the American anarchist movement gained strength, fueled by the <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">economic crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike wave</a> of 1877. As socialist <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Heath" title="Frederic Heath">Frederic Heath</a> recounted in 1900: </p><blockquote><p>The line between Anarchism and Socialism was not at this time sharply drawn in the Socialist organizations, in spite of the fact of their being opposites. Both being critics and denouncers of the present system, however, they were able to work together. As a result of the brutalities of the <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> and regulars in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">railway strikes of 1877</a>, a new plan was devised by the Chicago agitators. This found expression in the <a href="/wiki/Lehr_und_Wehr_Verein" title="Lehr und Wehr Verein">Lehr und Wehr Verein</a> (teaching and defense society), an armed and drilled body of workmen pledged to protect the workers against the militia in a strike. ... The arms-bearing tactics were opposed by the Executive Committee of the SLP, the Secretary of which was Philip van Patten. A fight ensued between the <i>Verbote</i>, which was the weekly edition of the <i>Arbeiter Zeitung</i>, of Chicago, and the <i>Labor Bulletin</i>, the official party organ which Patten edited.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The SLP was electorally successfully in 1878 and 1879 with the election of two aldermen in St. Louis, four aldermen in Chicago, three members in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a>, three members in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_General_Assembly" title="Missouri General Assembly">Missouri General Assembly</a>, and one member in the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Senate" title="Illinois Senate">Illinois Senate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schmidt_(politician)" title="Ernst Schmidt (politician)">Ernst Schmidt</a>, their nominee in the <a href="/wiki/1879_Chicago_mayoral_election" title="1879 Chicago mayoral election">1879 Chicago mayoral election</a>, received over 20% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20159–10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20159–10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SLP suffered its first split in 1878. Members who were displeased with the exclusively political actionist turn of the party who wanted the group to focus more on organizing workers formed the <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Union" title="International Labor Union">International Labor Union</a>. Members were not barred from belonging to both, but there was still some animosity between the two organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst economic crisis and factional squabbling, membership in the SLP plummeted. As the 1870s drew to a close, the Socialistic Labor Party could count about 2,600 members—with at least one estimate substantially lower.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit228_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit228-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_1880s">In the 1880s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the 1880s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg/200px-Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg/300px-Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7b/Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg/400px-Van-Patten-Philip-1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Dutch-American radical <a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Patten" title="Philip Van Patten">Philip Van Patten</a> was the first National Secretary of the SLP</figcaption></figure> <p>The WPUS was unable to field its own ticket in the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 presidential election</a> and its members supported <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a> instead. A 44-member delegation from the SLP was seated at the <a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">1880 Greenback National Convention</a>. The SLP ended its participation in electoral politics for a decade after the 1880 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20154,_11–12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20154,_11–12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years 1880 and 1881 saw a new influx of political refugees from Germany, activists in the socialist movement fleeing the crackdown on radicalism launched with the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a> of 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit228_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit228-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This influx of new German members, coming during a time of low ebb of the English-speaking membership, extended Germanic influence in the SLP. Excluded from the voting booth by their lack of citizenship status, many of the newcomers had little use for electoral politics. An SLP German militia sued on <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a> grounds to keep and bear arms in Chicago parades. However, the Supreme Court ruled against them in <i><a href="/wiki/Presser_v._Illinois" title="Presser v. Illinois">Presser v. Illinois</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> movement expanded rapidly with the debate over tactics between the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">electorally</a>-oriented socialists and the <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>-oriented anarchists becoming ever more bitter. The 1881 SLP Convention in New York saw some of the party's anarchist members and one New York section split from the party to form a new party called the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party">Revolutionary Socialist Labor Party</a> as part of an <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a>. The official organ of this short-lived <a href="/wiki/Splinter_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Splinter group">splinter group</a> was a newspaper called <i>The Anarchist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Johann Most</a>, a former German Social Democrat turned Anarchist firebrand, came to the United States, further fueling the growth and militancy of the American anarchist movement. The SLP further divided the next year when Marxist Paul Grottkau was forced by the anarchists to resign as editor of the Chicago daily, the <i>Arbeiter Zeitung.</i> In his place <a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">August Spies</a> was installed, a man later executed as part of the anti-anarchist repression which followed the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a> of May 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a brief honeymoon period in the late 1870s had run its course, the SLP saw the departure of most of its English-speaking members. The party's English-language organ, <i>Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement</i>, appeared monthly from Detroit in the shadow of the powerful Chicago German-language radical press until it was finally discontinued altogether at the end of 1883. The party was so thoroughly German that it published the stenographic proceedings of its 1884 and 1885 National Conventions only in that language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1885, the official organ of the party was a German-language weekly, <i>Der Sozialist</i>. No English-language SLP organ existed from the demise of the Bulletin in 1883 to the establishment of the <i>Workingmen's Advocate</i> in 1886. </p><p>The party's membership situation was so dismal that the English-speaking Corresponding Secretary of the organization, Philip Van Patten, left a suicide note in April 1883 and mysteriously disappeared. He later surfaced as a government employee, a socialist oppositionist no more.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the organization atrophied to just 1,500 by 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What growth there was among the American radical movement was experienced by the rival anarchist organization, the <a href="/wiki/International_Working_People%27s_Association" title="International Working People's Association">International Working People's Association</a> (IWPA), also sometimes referred to as the International Workingmen's Association.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A split between the electorally oriented SLP and the revolution-minded IWPA, which took with it a good portion of the SLP's left-wing, including such prominent leaders as the English-speaking orator <a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a> and the German-speaking newspaper editor <a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">August Spies</a>, began to develop early in the 1880s, with the split formalized by 1883, a year in which the SLP and the IWPA held competing conventions in Baltimore and Pittsburgh, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its December 1883 Baltimore Convention, the SLP made a vain effort at reestablishing organizational unity with the IWPA, adopting a particularly radical "proclamation" in the name of the party and eliminating the position of National Secretary to allow the form of decentralization favored by the anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of violence proved an insurmountable barrier to unity between the SLP and the anarchist movement and as Paul Grottkau, Alexander Jonas and their co-thinkers began to again forcefully espouse the Marxist point of view in 1884, the SLP began to rebound. In March 1884, the SLP consisted of 30 sections and two years later it had doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit242_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit242-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three new privately owned English-language newspapers were briefly established, although none could achieve the critical mass of subscribers and advertising revenue necessary for survival.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit242_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit242-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SLP attempted to again make a foray into American electoral politics despite its still heavily German composition, joining forces with other labor organization into the <a href="/wiki/United_Labor_Party_(New_York)" title="United Labor Party (New York)">United Labor Party</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Single_Tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Tax">Single Tax</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1886_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1886 New York City mayoral election">1886 New York City mayoral election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party remained almost completely separated from the English-speaking workers movement and longing for leaders who could traverse the seemingly insurmountable language barrier which limited the organization to a sort of Teutonic ghetto. </p><p>Throughout the decade of the 1880s, the SLP was based upon local "Sections" coordinated by a loose National Executive Committee based in New York City. It was not until 1889 that any move was made to establish intermediate state levels of organization.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_with_the_labor_movement">Relationship with the labor movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with the labor movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SLP did attempt to play an influence in the existing labor movement during the decade of the 1880s. As early as 1881, National Secretary Philip Van Patten joined the Order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, the leading national union of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decade later, the SLP retained a faith in the established trade union organizations to conduct their own affairs along a generally socialist course. In each issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The People</a></i> during 1891 the weekly affairs of the New York Central Labor Federation, the New York Central Labor Union, the Brooklyn Central Labor Federation, the Brooklyn Central Labor Union and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey" title="Hudson County, New Jersey">Hudson County, New Jersey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>) Central Labor Federation were covered in detail under the recurring headline "Parliaments of Labor". The doings of individual unions in the New York area and around the world were similarly covered in short summary. </p><p>Despite its active role as cheerleader and publicist, the SLP was unable to exert any sort of real influence in the Knights of Labor until it was already in steep decline toward the start of the 1890s, when it won effective control of the New York District Assembly of the K of L in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, socialist delegates to the governing General Assembly of the K of L were largely responsible for the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Terence_Powderly" class="mw-redirect" title="Terence Powderly">Terence Powderly</a> and his replacement by J. R. Sovereign as Grand Master Workman, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So great was the SLP's influence that the newly elected Sovereign promised to appoint a member of the party as editor of the <i>Journal of the Knights of Labor.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he recanted on this pledge, a bitter feud erupted, ending with the December 1895 General Assembly refusing to seat <i>de facto</i> SLP party leader <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a> as a delegate from District Assembly 49, resulting in an outright break of the two organizations and withdrawal of the greater part of the New York district from the organization, thereby hastening the Knights of Labor's demise.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_of_Daniel_De_Leon">Coming of Daniel De Leon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coming of Daniel De Leon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg/220px-Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg/330px-Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Daniel-DeLeon-1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a> in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> was critical of the SLP and referred to it as "the decay of the specifically German party in America" in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss201534_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss201534-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1890 has long been regarded as a watershed by the SLP as it marked the date when the organization came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A native of the <a href="/wiki/South_American" class="mw-redirect" title="South American">South American</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, De Leon had been resident in the United States for 18 years before he began to play a leading role in the American socialist movement. De Leon attended a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildesheim, Germany">Hildesheim, Germany</a> in the 1860s before studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leyden" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leyden">University of Leyden</a>, from which he graduated in 1872 at the age of 20.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Leon was a brilliant student—well versed in history, philosophy and mathematics. He was also a linguist with few peers, possessing fluency in Spanish, German, Dutch, Latin, French, English and ancient Greek; and a reading knowledge of Portuguese, Italian and modern Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon graduation, De Leon immigrated to the United States, settling in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. There he made the acquaintance of a group of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cubans</a> who sought the liberation of their native land and edited their Spanish-language newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Leon paid the bills with a job teaching Latin, Greek and math at a school in <a href="/wiki/Westchester,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester, New York">Westchester, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg._89_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg._89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This teaching job enabled De Leon to finance his further education at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, from which he graduated with honors in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, De Leon moved to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, where he <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">practiced law</a> for a time before returning to Columbia University in 1883 to take a position as a lecturer on <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Leon seems to have been further politicized by the 1886 workers' campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-Hour Day</a> and the brutal excesses of the police which came with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Leon was on the committee which nominated Henry George to run for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">Mayor</a> in that same year and he spoke in public several times on George's behalf during the course of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Leon participated in the first <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Club</a> in New York City, a group dedicated to advancing the socialist ideas expressed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a> in his extremely popular novel of the day, <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i> (1888).<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Leon was also deeply influenced by <i>The Co-operative Commonwealth</i> by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Gronlund" title="Laurence Gronlund">Laurence Gronlund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnpoll250_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnpoll250-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failings of the Nationalist Club movement to develop a viable program or strategy for winning political power left De Leon searching for an alternative. This he found in the scientific <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> underlying the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 1890, De Leon abandoned his academic career to devote himself full-time to the SLP. He was engaged in the spring of 1891 as the party's "National Lecturer", traveling the entire country from coast to coast to speak on the SLP's behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also named the SLP's candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> in the fall of that same year, gathering a respectable 14,651 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the historian Bernard Johnpoll notes, the SLP which Daniel De Leon joined in 1890 differed little from the organization which had been born at the end of the 1870s as it was largely a German-language organization located in an English-speaking country. Just 17 of the party's 77 branches used English as their basic language while only two members of the party's governing National Executive Committee spoke English fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnpoll250_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnpoll250-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of an erudite, well-read and multilingual university lecturer with English fluency was seen as a great triumph for the SLP organization. </p><p>In the spring of 1891, De Leon was set to work as the National Organizer for the SLP. He pioneered for an English-speaking organization on a cross-country six-week tour to the West Coast and back in April and May.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1892, De Leon was elected editor of <i>The Weekly People</i>, the SLP's English-language official organ.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pg._89_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pg._89-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retained this important position without interruption for the rest of his life. De Leon never assumed the formal role of head of the organization, National Secretary, but was always recognized—by supporters and detractors alike—as the leader of the SLP through his tight editorial control of the official party press. </p><p> While increasing the exposure and popularity of the organization among the American-born during his editorial tenure, De Leon proved to be a polarizing figure among the SLP's membership during his editorial tenure as historian Howard Quint notes: </p><blockquote><p>Even De Leon's opponents were usually willing to concede that he possessed a tremendous intellectual grasp of Marxism. Those who had suffered under his editorial lashings looked on him as an unmitigated scoundrel who took fiendish delight in <a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">character assassination</a>, vituperation, and scurrility. But most of De Leon's contemporaries, and especially his critics, misunderstood him, just as he himself lacked understanding of people. He was not a petty tyrant who desired power for power's sake. Rather, he was a <a href="/wiki/Dogmatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatism">dogmatic</a> idealist, devoted brain and soul to a cause, a zealot who could not tolerate heresy or backsliding, a doctrinaire who would make no compromise with principles. For this strong-willed man, this late nineteenth-century Grand Inquisitioner of American socialism, there was no middle ground. You were either a disciplined and undeviating Marxist or no socialist at all. You were either with the mischief-making, scatterbrained <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformers</a> and 'labor fakirs' or you were against them. You either agreed on the necessity of uncompromising revolutionary tactics or you did not, and those falling into the latter category were automatically expendable as far as the Socialist Labor Party was concerned.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_electoral_politics">Early electoral politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early electoral politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Socialist Labor Party advocated a two-pronged attack against capitalism, including both economic and political components—trade unions and electoral campaigns. </p><p>The SLP ran candidates under its own name for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> elections of 1886, in which it put forward a full ticket headed by J. Edward Hall as its gubernatorial nominee and Alexander Jonas as its candidate for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">Mayor of New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than 3,000 votes were cast for this ticket throughout the entire state of New York, a result so disheartening that the German language party paper the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Volkszeitung" title="New Yorker Volkszeitung">New Yorker Volkszeitung</a></i> and some prominent party leaders advocated abandonment of electoral campaigns for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit282_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit282-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Convention of 1889 upheld the policy of <a href="/wiki/Political_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Political action">political action</a> and the SLP was again active in the New York elections of 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillquit282_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillquit282-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, the party's electoral effort was led by the candidacy of Daniel De Leon for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>. De Leon polled a respectable 14,651 votes in the losing effort.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party nominated its first candidate for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in 1892, a decision made in September of that year at a national conference of the organization held at party headquarters in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that the SLP's platform called for the abolition of the offices of President and Vice President. A pro-forma nominating convention was held in New York City in August, attended by just 8 delegates, at which candidates were named and a platform approved.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party's ticket, featuring <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a> camera manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Simon Wing</a> and New York electrician <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a>, appeared on the ballot in just six states and drew a total of 21,512 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of votes gathered by the SLP ticket in 1892 constituted 0.18% of the national presidential vote that year. In percentage terms, the next two presidential elections of 1896 and 1900 were the most successful for the party as the SLP presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a> received 0.26% of the national popular vote in 1896 and the party's candidate in 1900 Joseph Maloney received 0.29% of the popular vote nationwide. The latter's run was also the first time the SLP candidate was eclipsed by another socialist as <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Eugene Debs</a> ran for the first time for the Socialist Party that year and received 0.6% of the national popular vote. Although SLP presidential candidates would go on to get higher vote totals in the mid-20th century, they would never again surpass 0.25% of the national vote.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" title="Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</a></div> <p>The main ideological principle of the SLP is <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_industrial_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary industrial unionism">revolutionary industrial unionism</a> (also known as "socialist industrial unionism"). </p><p>The early Socialist Labor Party, influenced by the father of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a>, argued that the wage gains and improvements of conditions achievable by trade unions were insignificant and ephemeral. Only the capture of the state through the ballot box would enable a restructuring of the economy and society in anything resembling a permanent manner. So long as capitalism existed, wage gains here would be offset by the pressure of wage cuts there and incomes would be driven down to a subsistence minimum through the inexorable pressure of the market. Thus the political campaign for the capture of the state—winning office for the sake of winning power to enact change—was considered paramount. </p><p>For the Marxists who had come to dominate the Socialist Labor Party by the 1890s, this idea was exactly backwards. So long as fundamental economic relations between workers and employers remained unchanged, any alteration of the personnel of the state apparatus would be short-lived and would fall to nothing due to the wealth of the employers and their desire to preserve the existing economic order. The employing class controlled press and school and pulpit, the Marxists believed, their ideas of the "natural" order of things stuffed the heads of their willing political servitors. Only through collective action, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> activities, could the working class begin to achieve consciousness of itself, the nature of the world and its purported historic mission. </p><p>However, what sort of trade unions would instill in the working class the ideas and drive to action that would lead to a revolutionary restructuring of the economic order? This was the central question, over which the SLP ultimately divided. On the one hand there were those who advocated the policy of "<a href="/wiki/Boring_from_within" class="mw-redirect" title="Boring from within">boring from within</a>" the already-existing unions, attempting to win their memberships over to the idea of socialist reorganization of society through the force of propaganda and practical example. Ultimately, it was believed that enough individual unions could be won over that the entire trade union movement could be moved in a socialist direction. </p><p>Others rejected the existing network of <a href="/wiki/Craft_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft union">craft unions</a> as hopelessly reactionary bureaucracies, sometimes outright criminal in their administration, but never able to see beyond their own narrow and isolated concerns of wages, hours, recognition, and jurisdiction. A completely new, explicitly socialist <a href="/wiki/Industrial_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial union">industrial union</a> structure was required, these individuals believed, an organization established on a broad basis uniting workers of different crafts in common cause. This new organization would gain the support of the working class when average workers at the bench witnessed the superiority of its form of organization and ideas in actual practice. </p><p>At the SLP's national convention of 1896, this issue came to a head with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" title="Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</a>, a party-sponsored industrial union federation founded to compete directly with the unions of the emerging <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> and the declining <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, which eventually became a part of the Industrial Workers of the World when that organization was founded in 1905. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_split_of_1899">Party split of 1899</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Party split of 1899"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg/220px-Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg/330px-Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e1/Henry-Kuhn-1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>National Secretary Henry Kuhn was the top political official of the SLP "regulars" in the faction fight of 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>De Leon's opponents (primarily German-Americans, Jewish immigrants of various origins and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unionists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Slobodin" title="Henry Slobodin">Henry Slobodin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a>) left the SLP in 1899. They later merged with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Victor L. Berger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1908, the SLP briefly made national news with the nomination of Martin R. Preston, a convicted killer serving a 25-year prison sentence in Nevada, for President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrone_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrone-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making the nomination on the convention floor was party leader Daniel De Leon himself, who noted that Preston had "acted as the protector of defenseless girls" during a strike and had killed a restaurateur who had threatened him with death.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrone_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrone-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the fact that the 32-year-old Preston was under the constitutionally mandated presidential age of 35, he was nonetheless unanimously nominated by the New York convention, which immediately notified him of their selection by <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tyrone_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tyrone-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Preston declined the nomination,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving the SLP's National Executive Committee to name a new standard-bearer for the November election. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Arnold Petersen</a> became national secretary for most of the 20th century from the death of De Leon in 1914 to 1969. </p><p>The SLP, always critical of both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and of the Socialist Party's "<a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>", became increasingly isolated from the majority of the <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citycyclopedia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party had always advocated what they considered the purist socialism in its program, arguing that other parties had abandoned Marxism and became either <a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">fan clubs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictators</a> or merely a <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">radical</a> wing of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>The party experienced two growth spurts in the 20th century. The first occurred in the late 1940s. The presidential ticket, which had been receiving 15,000 to 30,000 votes, increased to 45,226 in 1944. Meanwhile, the aggregate nationwide totals for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> nominees increased during this same period from an average in the 40,000 range to 96,139 in 1946 and 100,072 in 1948. The party's fortunes began to sag during the early 1950s and by 1954 the aggregate nationwide totals for Senate nominees was down to 30,577. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a> became influential in the SLP in the early 1950s. Hass, the nominee for president in 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1964, played a major role in rebuilding the SLP. He authored the booklet "Socialism: A Home Study Course". Hass increased the party's nationwide totals and recruited many local candidates. His vote for president increased from 30,250 in 1952 to 47,522 in 1960 (a 50% increase). Although his total slipped to 45,187 in 1964, Hass outpolled all other third-party candidates—the only time this happened to the SLP. Aggregate nationwide totals for Senate nominees increased throughout the late 1960s, hitting 112,990 in 1972. </p><p>The increased interest in the SLP in the late 1960s was not a permanent growth spurt. New recruits subscribed to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> views of the time and wanted their voices to have an equal status with the old-time party workers. Newcomers felt that the party was too controlled by a small clique, resulting in widespread discontent. The SLP nominated its last presidential candidate in 1976, and has run few campaigns since then. In 1980, members of the SLP in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, claiming that the party had become bureaucratic and authoritarian in its internal party structure, split from the party and formed the <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SLP began having trouble funding their newspaper <i>The People</i>, so frequency was changed from monthly to bi-monthly in 2004. However, that did not save the paper from collapse and it was suspended as of March 31, 2008. An online version, published quarterly, ceased publication in 2011. As of January 2007, the party had 77 members-at-large as well as seven sections of which four (San Francisco Bay Area, Wayne County, Cleveland and Portland) held meetings, with an average attendance of 3–6 members.<sup id="cite_ref-47th_convention_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47th_convention-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SLP closed its national office on September 1, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="History of the Industrial Workers of the World">History of the Industrial Workers of the World</a></div> <p>De Leon and the SLP helped to found the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in 1905. They soon had a falling out with the element that they termed "the bummery" and left to form their own rival union, also called the Industrial Workers of the World, based in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>. De Leon died in 1914<sup id="cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Citycyclopedia-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with his passing this organization lost its central focus. This body was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Workers_International_Industrial_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers International Industrial Union">Workers International Industrial Union</a> (WIIU) and declined into little more than SLP members. The WIIU was wound up in 1924. Famed author <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> was an early member of the Socialist Labor Party, joining in 1896. He left in 1901 to join the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a>. </p><p>The American businessman and middleman for the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Armand_Hammer" title="Armand Hammer">Armand Hammer</a> was said to be named after the "arm and hammer" graphic symbol of the SLP, in which his father Julius had a leadership role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein199635_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein199635-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in his life, Hammer confirmed that the story contained the true origin of his given name.<sup id="cite_ref-Untold_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Untold-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Mack_Reynolds" title="Mack Reynolds">Mack Reynolds</a>, who wrote one of the first <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Trek novels"><i>Star Trek</i> novels</a>, was an active member of the SLP (his father <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a> was twice the SLP's candidate for vice president). His fiction often deals with socialist reform and revolution as well as <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">socialist utopian</a> thought and his characters often use De Leonite terminology such as "industrial feudalism".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Conventions">National Conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: National Conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Convention </th> <th>Location </th> <th width="18%">Date </th> <th>Notes and references </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1st National Congress </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, PA">Philadelphia, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 6, 1872 </td> <td>First congress of the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association in America</a> (IWA), which formed the North American Federation of the International Workingmen's Association (NAF IWA) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2nd National Congress </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, PA">Philadelphia, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">April 11, 1874 </td> <td>Second congress of the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association in America</a> (IWA); split created <a href="/wiki/Social-Democratic_Workingmen%27s_Party_of_North_America" title="Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America">Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America</a> (SDWP) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Congress </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, PA">Philadelphia, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 4–6, 1875 </td> <td>First and only congress of the SDWP<br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SDWPNAd">Platform and constitution of the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Union Congress </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, PA">Philadelphia, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 19–22, 1876 </td> <td>First and only congress of the Workingmen's Party<br />1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheUnionCongressHeldAtPhiladelphiaOnThe19th20th21st_856">Original edition of the proceedings.</a><br />2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheFormationOfTheWorkingmensPartyOfTheUnitedStatesProceedingsOf_230">The 1976 centennial edition edited and annotated by Philip S. Foner</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">National Congress </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Newark,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark, NJ">Newark, NJ</a> </td> <td align="center">December 26–31, 1877 </td> <td>Name changed to Socialistic Labor Party; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1877.pdf">Documents & Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2nd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Allegheny,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegheny, PA">Allegheny, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">December 26, 1879 – January 1, 1880 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/PlatformConstitutionAndResolutionsTogetherWithACondensedReportOf">Documents & Condensed Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3rd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">December 26–29, 1881 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CongressDerSozialistichenArbeiterparteiDec.26-291881">Proceedings</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Volkszeitung" title="New Yorker Volkszeitung">New Yorker Volkszeitung</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_MD" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, MD">Baltimore, MD</a> </td> <td align="center">December 26–28, 1883 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SozialistischeArbeiter-parteiOfficiellesProtokollDerNational-convention">Proceedings</a> in German; some pages blacked out. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, OH">Cincinnati, OH</a> </td> <td align="center">October 5–8, 1885 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OffiziellesProtokollDer5.National-konventinDerSoz.Arbeiter-parteiVon">Proceedings</a> in German. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo, NY">Buffalo, NY</a> </td> <td align="center">September 17–20, 1887 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ReportOfTheProceedingsOfTheNationalConventionOfTheSocialisticLabor">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7th National Convention (regular) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, IL">Chicago, IL</a> </td> <td align="center">October 12–17, 1889 </td> <td>Upholds political action. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1889.pdf">Account of Proceedings in <i>Workmens Advocate</i></a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7th National Convention (dissident) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, IL">Chicago, IL</a> </td> <td align="center">September 28–October 2, 1889 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheSocialistLaborParty1889Convention">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1892 Nominating Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">August 27, 1892 </td> <td>Attended by just 8 delegates, who nominated presidential slate and approved platform. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, IL">Chicago, IL</a> </td> <td align="center">July 2–5, 1893 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1893.pdf">Proceedings as reported in <i>The People</i></a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">July 4–10, 1896 </td> <td>Establishes <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" title="Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheNinthAnnualConventionOfTheSocialistLaborPartyHeld">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10th National Convention (regular) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">June 2–8, 1900 </td> <td>Reviews 1899 party split. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheTenthNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10th National Convention (dissident) </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochester, NY">Rochester, NY</a> </td> <td align="center">January 27–February 2, 1900 </td> <td>No stenographic record published. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">July 2–7, 1904 </td> <td>Microfilm of the typescript is available from the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Historical_Society" title="Wisconsin Historical Society">Wisconsin Historical Society</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">July 2–7, 1908 </td> <td>No stenographic record published. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 1912 </td> <td>No stenographic record published. Nomination was made on April 9. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 29–May 3, 1916 </td> <td>No stenographic record published. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/platforms/plat1916.pdf">Platform</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 5–10, 1920 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NationalConvention.SocialistLaborParty.ReportsResolutionsPlatformEtc_650">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 10–13, 1924 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSixteenthNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 12–14, 1928 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SeventeenthNationalConvention.SocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 30–May 2, 1932 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SocialistLaborPartyConvention1932">Proceedings p. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EighteenthNationalConventionSocialistLaborParty1932">Proceedings p. 2</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 25–28, 1936 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/19thSocialistLaborPartyNationalConvention1936">Proceedings p. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/19thSocialistLaborPartyNationalConvention1936_105">Proceedings p. 2</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">20th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 27–30, 1940 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thConventionSocialistLaborParty1940Pt.1">Proceedings p. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thConventionSocialistLaborParty1940Pt.2">Proceedings p. 2</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">21st National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">April 29–May 2, 1944 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-firstNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">22nd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 1–3, 1948 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-secondNationalConvention">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">23rd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 3–5, 1952 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheTwentyThirdNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 5–7, 1956 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/platforms/plat1956.pdf">Platform</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">25th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 7–9, 1960 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TwentyFifthNationalConventionSocialistLaborPartyMay7-91960Minutes">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">26th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td align="center">May 2–4, 1964 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-sixthNationalConventionSocialistLaborPartyMay2-41964.Minutes">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">27th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, NY">Brooklyn, NY</a> </td> <td align="center">May 4–7, 1968 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-seventhNationalConventionSocialistLaborPartyMinutesReports">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">28th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Detroit,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, MI">Detroit, MI</a> </td> <td align="center">April 8–11, 1972 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/platforms/plat1972.pdf">Platform</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">29th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Southfield,_MI" class="mw-redirect" title="Southfield, MI">Southfield, MI</a> </td> <td align="center">February 7–11, 1976 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-ninethNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">30th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, IL">Chicago, IL</a> </td> <td align="center">May 28–June 1, 1977 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThirtiethNationalConventionMay28-June11977MinutesReports">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">31st National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_PA" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, PA">Philadelphia, PA</a> </td> <td align="center">May 26–31, 1978 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">32nd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, WI">Milwaukee, WI</a> </td> <td align="center">July 1979 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">33rd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, WI">Milwaukee, WI</a> </td> <td align="center">June 27–July 1, 1980 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">34th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, WI">Milwaukee, WI</a> </td> <td align="center">July 1981 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">35th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Milwaukee,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee, WI">Milwaukee, WI</a> </td> <td align="center">August 1982 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">36th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Akron,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron, OH">Akron, OH</a> </td> <td align="center">July 18–23, 1983 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/platforms/plat1983.pdf">Platform</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">37th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Akron,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron, OH">Akron, OH</a> </td> <td align="center">July 1985 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">38th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Akron,_OH" class="mw-redirect" title="Akron, OH">Akron, OH</a> </td> <td align="center">July 27–31, 1987 </td> <td>Proceedings; no pdf available. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">39th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">April 29–May 3, 1989 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1989.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">40th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">April 28–30, 1991 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1991.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">41st National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">May 1–4, 1993 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1993.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">42nd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 15–18, 1995 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1995.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">43rd National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">May 2–5, 1997 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1997.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">44th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">April 9–12, 1999 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1999.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">45th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">June 1–4, 2001 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_2001.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">46th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 9–11, 2005 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_2005.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">47th National Convention </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_CA" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Clara, CA">Santa Clara, CA</a> </td> <td align="center">July 14–16, 2007 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_2007.pdf">Proceedings</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretaries_of_the_party">Secretaries of the party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secretaries of the party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Tenure </th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Patten" title="Philip Van Patten">Philip Van Patten</a> </td> <td align="center">July 1876–April 1883 </td> <td align="center">Corresponding Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schneider </td> <td align="center">April–October 1883 </td> <td align="center">Corresponding Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Vogt (page does not exist)">Hugo Vogt</a> </td> <td align="center">October–December 1883 </td> <td align="center">Corresponding Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td>None </td> <td align="center">December 1883–March 1884 </td> <td align="center">(Executive position abolished) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rosenberg" title="Wilhelm Rosenberg">Wilhelm Rosenberg</a> </td> <td align="center">March 1884–October 1889 </td> <td align="center">Corresponding and Financial Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_J._Gretsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin J. Gretsch (page does not exist)">Benjamin J. Gretsch</a> </td> <td align="center">October 1889–October 1891 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Kuhn (page does not exist)">Henry Kuhn</a> </td> <td align="center">1891–1906 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bohn_(socialist)" title="Frank Bohn (socialist)">Frank Bohn</a> </td> <td align="center">1906–1908 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Kuhn </td> <td align="center">1908 (pro tem) </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Augustine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Augustine (page does not exist)">Paul Augustine</a> </td> <td align="center">1908–1914 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Arnold Petersen</a> </td> <td align="center">1914–1969 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Karp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Karp (page does not exist)">Nathan Karp</a> </td> <td align="center">1969–1980 </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bills (page does not exist)">Robert Bills</a> </td> <td align="center">1980–present </td> <td align="center">National Secretary </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_tickets">Presidential tickets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Presidential tickets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Presidential nominee </th> <th>Vice presidential nominee </th> <th width="20%">Votes </th> <th width="12%">No. of states<br />on ballot </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a> </th> <td align="center">Slate of independent <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electors</a> </td> <td align="center">Slate of independent electors </td> <td align="center">2,068 </td> <td align="center">1 (New York) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Simon Wing</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Matchett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Matchett">Charles Matchett</a> </td> <td align="center">21,173 </td> <td align="center">5 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Matchett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Matchett">Charles Matchett</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Maguire_(labor_activist)" title="Matthew Maguire (labor activist)">Matthew Maguire</a> </td> <td align="center">36,359 </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Maloney" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph F. Maloney">Joseph F. Maloney</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Remmel" title="Valentine Remmel">Valentine Remmel</a> </td> <td align="center">40,943 </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Corregan" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles H. Corregan">Charles H. Corregan</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a> </td> <td align="center">33,454 </td> <td align="center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Munro" title="Donald L. Munro">Donald L. Munro</a> </td> <td align="center">14,031 </td> <td align="center">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a> </td> <td align="center">29,324 </td> <td align="center">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a> </td> <td align="center">15,295 </td> <td align="center">17 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a> </td> <td align="center">31,084 </td> <td align="center">14 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Frank T. Johns</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a> </td> <td align="center">28,633 </td> <td align="center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley" title="Jeremiah D. Crowley">Jeremiah D. Crowley</a> </td> <td align="center">21,590 </td> <td align="center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a> </td> <td align="center">34,038 </td> <td align="center">19 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">John W. Aiken</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_F._Teichert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil F. Teichert (page does not exist)">Emil F. Teichert</a> </td> <td align="center">12,799 </td> <td align="center">18 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)">Aaron M. Orange</a> </td> <td align="center">14,883 </td> <td align="center">14 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert" title="Edward A. Teichert">Edward A. Teichert</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arla_A._Albaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arla A. Albaugh (page does not exist)">Arla A. Albaugh</a> </td> <td align="center">45,188 </td> <td align="center">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Emery" title="Stephen Emery">Stephen Emery</a> </td> <td align="center">29,244 </td> <td align="center">22 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> </th> <td rowspan="4" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a> </td> <td align="center">30,406 </td> <td align="center">23 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a> </td> <td align="center">44,300 </td> <td align="center">14 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> </th> <td align="center">47,522 </td> <td align="center">15 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a> </td> <td align="center">45,189 </td> <td align="center">16 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Henning A. Blomen</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Sam_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sam Taylor (page does not exist)">George Sam Taylor</a> </td> <td align="center">52,589 </td> <td align="center">13 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Louis Fisher</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genevieve_Gundersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genevieve Gundersen (page does not exist)">Genevieve Gundersen</a> </td> <td align="center">53,814 </td> <td align="center">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Levin" title="Jules Levin">Jules Levin</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Blomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Blomen (page does not exist)">Constance Blomen</a> </td> <td align="center">9,566 </td> <td align="center">10 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All election results taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/">Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VoteForPresidentialAndVicePresidentialCandidatesOfTheSocialistLabor">Vote for presidential and vice presidential candidates of the Socialist Labor Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Ballam" title="John J. Ballam">John J. Ballam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mahlon_Barnes" title="J. Mahlon Barnes">J. Mahlon Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Reeve_Bloor" title="Ella Reeve Bloor">Ella Reeve Bloor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Bohn_(socialist)" title="Frank Bohn (socialist)">Frank Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Boomer" title="George Boomer">George Boomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Boudin" title="Louis B. Boudin">Louis B. Boudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Cahan" title="Abraham Cahan">Abraham Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Chase" title="John C. Chase">John C. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Cohen" title="Maximilian Cohen">Maximilian Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Georgia Cozzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_De_Leon" title="Solon De Leon">Solon De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Douai" title="Adolph Douai">Adolph Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Feigenbaum" title="Benjamin Feigenbaum">Benjamin Feigenbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Fraina" title="Louis C. Fraina">Louis C. Fraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grottkau" title="Paul Grottkau">Paul Grottkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Gerber" title="Julius Gerber">Julius Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Haile" title="Margaret Haile">Margaret Haile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hall" title="J. Edward Hall">J. Edward Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Hanford">Benjamin Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Harriman" title="Job Harriman">Job Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Caleb Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Eric Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_S._Hayes" title="Max S. Hayes">Max S. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Morris Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hourwich" title="Isaac Hourwich">Isaac Hourwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Johns" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Johns">Frank Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_M._Johnson" title="Olive M. Johnson">Olive M. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Konikow" title="Antoinette Konikow">Antoinette Konikow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_Knudsen" title="William Ross Knudsen">William Ross Knudsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Labadie" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph A. Labadie">Joseph A. Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Lee" title="Algernon Lee">Algernon Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_London" title="Meyer London">Meyer London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mailly" title="William Mailly">William Mailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Matchett" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Matchett">Charles Matchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._McGuire" class="mw-redirect" title="P. J. McGuire">P. J. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Morgan" title="Thomas J. Morgan">Thomas J. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Richards_O%27Hare" title="Kate Richards O'Hare">Kate Richards O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Albert Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Arnold Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_L._Quinlan" title="Patrick L. Quinlan">Patrick L. Quinlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_Reynolds" title="Mack Reynolds">Mack Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Verne L. Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rosenberg" title="Wilhelm Rosenberg">Wilhelm Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Sanial" title="Lucien Sanial">Lucien Sanial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Schilling" title="George A. Schilling">George A. Schilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shevitch" title="Sergei Shevitch">Sergei Shevitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algie_Martin_Simons" title="Algie Martin Simons">Algie Martin Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slobodin" title="Henry Slobodin">Henry Slobodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Spies" title="August Spies">August Spies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Strasser" title="Adolph Strasser">Adolph Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Patten" title="Philip Van Patten">Philip Van Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_White" title="Leslie White">Leslie White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Winchevsky" title="Morris Winchevsky">Morris Winchevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Simon Wing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_press">Party press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Party press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party-owned">Party-owned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Party-owned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorbote_(Chicago)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorbote (Chicago) (page does not exist)">Vorbote</a></i> (<i>The Warning</i>) (1874–1924) – Chicago weekly. Predated the SLP, party organ 1876–1878. Broke with SLP for anarchism in the early 1880s.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeiter_Stimme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbeiter Stimme (page does not exist)">Arbeiter Stimme</a></i> (<i>Worker's Voice</i>) (1876–1878) – New York City weekly. Predated the SLP under the title <i>Sozial-Demokrat</i>. New York Public Library holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Labor_Standard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Labor Standard (page does not exist)">The Labor Standard</a></i> (April 1876–December 1881) – New York City. Originally organ of the Social-Democratic Workingmen's Party of North America under title <i>The Socialist</i>. New York Public Library holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Social_Democrat_(1877)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Social Democrat (1877) (page does not exist)">The Social Democrat</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – New York daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_National_Socialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The National Socialist (page does not exist)">The National Socialist</a></i> (May 1878 – 1879) – Cincinnati official organ with John McIntosh as editor.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_Social_Labor_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement (page does not exist)">Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement</a></i> (1879–1883) – published in Detroit and New York City.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Sozialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Sozialist (page does not exist)">Der Sozialist</a></i> (1885–1892) – German language. Published in New York City. <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorw%C3%A4rts_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorwärts (SLP) (page does not exist)">Vorwärts</a></i> (<i>Forward</i>) (1892–1932) – published in New York City. Broke with SLP in 1899 and became privately owned publication.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Workmen%27s_Advocate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Workmen's Advocate (page does not exist)">The Workmen's Advocate</a></i> (1885–1891) – originally published by the New Haven (CT) Trades Council. Official organ of SLP from November 21, 1886. Subscription list taken over by <i>The People</i> in 1891. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The People</a></i> (1891–2011) – published in New York City by <i>New Yorker Volkszeitung</i> on behalf of the SLP. Party-owned from 1899. Later moved to Palo Alto, CA.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgher_Volkszeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pittsburgher Volkszeitung (page does not exist)">Pittsburgher Volkszeitung</a></i> (c. 1891) – German language. Pittsburgh weekly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Privately_owned">Privately owned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Privately owned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advance_(1896)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advance (1896) (page does not exist)">Advance</a></i> (1896–1902) – San Francisco weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Echo_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Echo (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Echo</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Boston weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emancipator_(Cincinnati_SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emancipator (Cincinnati SLP) (page does not exist)">Emancipator</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Cincinnati and Milwaukee weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emancipator_(Cleveland_SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emancipator (Cleveland SLP) (page does not exist)">Emancipator</a></i> (1894) – Cleveland weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Evening_Telegram_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Evening Telegram (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Evening Telegram</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>) – New Haven weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lawrence_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lawrence Labor (page does not exist)">Lawrence Labor</a></i> (1896) – Lawrence, MA weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Liberator_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Liberator (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Liberator</a></i> (1896–1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchester_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manchester Labor (page does not exist)">Manchester Labor</a></i> (1896) – Manchester, NH weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Labor (page does not exist)">Ohio Labor</a></i> (1895–1896) – Toledo weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philadelphia Labor (page does not exist)">Philadelphia Labor</a></i> (1893–1894) – Philadelphia weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quincy_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quincy Labor (page does not exist)">Quincy Labor</a></i> (1895) – Quincy, IL weekly</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochester Labor (page does not exist)">Rochester Labor</a></i> (1896) – Rochester, NY weekly</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochester_Socialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochester Socialist (page does not exist)">Rochester Socialist</a></i> (1898) – Rochester, NY monthly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Louis Labor (page does not exist)">St. Louis Labor</a></i> (1893–1928) – St. Louis daily. Broke with SLP circa 1897.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Antonio Labor (page does not exist)">San Antonio Labor</a></i> (1894–1896) – San Antonio weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Francisco Truth (page does not exist)">San Francisco Truth</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>) – San Francisco weekly.</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savannah_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savannah Labor (page does not exist)">Savannah Labor</a></i> (1895) – Savannah, GA weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Socialist_(Detroit_SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Socialist (Detroit SLP) (page does not exist)">The Socialist</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Detroit weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Socialist_Alliance_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Socialist Alliance (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Socialist Alliance</a></i> (1898) – Chicago weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Star_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Star (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Star</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – St. Louis daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Times_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Times (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Times</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Indianapolis weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tocsin_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tocsin (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Tocsin</a></i> (?–1899) – Minneapolis weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Truth_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Truth (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Truth</a></i> (1898) – Davenport, IA. Bilingual English and German.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voice_of_the_People_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voice of the People (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Voice of the People</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>) – New York City weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Wage_Worker_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Wage Worker (SLP) (page does not exist)">The Wage Worker</a></i> (?–1899) – Kansas City weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worcester_Labor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Worcester Labor (page does not exist)">Worcester Labor</a></i> (1896) – Worcester, MA weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workingmen%27s_Ballot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Workingmen's Ballot (page does not exist)">Workingmen's Ballot</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Boston weekly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeiter_von_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbeiter von Ohio (page does not exist)">Arbeiter von Ohio</a></i> (<i>Ohio Worker</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Cincinnati weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicagoer_Arbeiter-Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung">Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung</a></i> (<i>Chicago Workers' News</i>) (1876–1924) – Chicago daily paper, which published <i>Vorbote</i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicagoer_Sozialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicagoer Sozialist (page does not exist)">Chicagoer Sozialist</a></i> (<i>Chicago Socialist</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Chicago daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicagoer_Volkszeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicagoer Volkszeitung (page does not exist)">Chicagoer Volkszeitung</a></i> (<i>Chicago People's News</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Chicago daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Volksfreund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cleveland Volksfreund (page does not exist)">Cleveland Volksfreund</a></i> (<i>Cleveland People's Friend</i>) (1898) – Weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freiheitsbanner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freiheitsbanner (page does not exist)">Freiheitsbanner</a></i> (<i>Freedom Flag</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Cincinnati weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illinois_Volkszeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illinois Volkszeitung (page does not exist)">Illinois Volkszeitung</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1884</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milwaukee_Sozialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milwaukee Sozialist (page does not exist)">Milwaukee Sozialist</a></i> (<i>Milwaukee Socialist</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Milwaukee daily. Predated the SLP.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Neue_Zeit_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Neue Zeit (SLP) (page does not exist)">Die Neue Zeit</a></i> (<i>The New Era</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Louisville and Chicago daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Volkszeitung" title="New Yorker Volkszeitung">New Yorker Volkszeitung</a></i> (<i>New York People's News</i>) (1878–1932) – New York City daily. Broke with SLP in 1899, but continued publication until 1932.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_Volkszeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio Volkszeitung (page does not exist)">Ohio Volkszeitung</a></i> (<i>Ohio People's News</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Cincinnati daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Tageblatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philadelphia Tageblatt (page does not exist)">Philadelphia Tageblatt</a></i> (<i>Philadelphia Daily Paper</i>) (1877–1942) – Philadelphia daily. Broke with SLP at some point.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgher_Arbeiter_Zietung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pittsburgher Arbeiter Zietung (page does not exist)">Pittsburgher Arbeiter Zietung</a></i> (c. 1890) – Pittsburgh weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorw%C3%A4rts_(Milwaukee_1877)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorwärts (Milwaukee 1877) (page does not exist)">Vorwärts!</a></i> (<i>Forward!</i>) (1877–1878) – Milwaukee weekly. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorw%C3%A4rts_(Milwaukee_1893)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorwärts (Milwaukee 1893) (page does not exist)">Vorwärts!</a></i> (1893–1932) – Milwaukee daily with Victor Berger as editor. Broke with SLP in 1897. Wisconsin Historical Society holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorw%C3%A4rts_(Newark_SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorwärts (Newark SLP) (page does not exist)">Vorwärts</a></i> (<i>Forward</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Newark daily.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volksstimme_des_Westens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volksstimme des Westens (page does not exist)">Volksstimme des Westens</a></i> (<i>Voice of the People of the West</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – St. Louis daily.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Bulgarian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabotnicheska_Prosveta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabotnicheska Prosveta (page does not exist)">Rabotnicheska Prosveta</a></i> (<i>Workers' Enlightenment</i>) (1911–1969) – published in Granite City, IL and Detroit. Weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Czech</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delnicke_Listy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delnicke Listy (page does not exist)">Delnicke Listy</a></i> (<i>Voice of Labor</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Cleveland weekly; predated the SLP.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravda_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravda (SLP) (page does not exist)">Pravda</a></i> (<i>Truth</i>) (1898) – New York City weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Danish-Norwegian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbejderen_(weekly)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbejderen (weekly) (page does not exist)">Arbejderen</a></i> (<i>The Worker</i>) (1898) – Chicago weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Hungarian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Munk%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Munkás (page does not exist)">A Munkás</a></i> (<i>The Worker</i>) (1910–1961) – New York City weekly. New York Public Library holds master negative film.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nepszava_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nepszava (SLP) (page does not exist)">Nepszava</a></i> (<i>People's Voice</i>) (1898) – New York City weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Latvian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proletareets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proletareets (page does not exist)">Proletareets</a></i> (<i>The Proletarian</i>) (1902–1911)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Norwegian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_Nye_Tid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Den Nye Tid (page does not exist)">Den Nye Tid</a></i> (<i>The New Time</i>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1877</span>) – Chicago weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Polish</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila (SLP) (page does not exist)">Sila</a></i> (<i>The Force</i>) (1898) – Buffalo weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Serbo-Croatian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Radni%C4%8Dka_Borba" title="Radnička Borba">Radnička Borba</a></i> (<i>Workers' Struggle</i>) (1907–1970) – published in New York, Cleveland and Detroit. Weekly, later semi-monthly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Swedish</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbetaren_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbetaren (SLP) (page does not exist)">Arbetaren</a></i> (<i>The Worker</i>) (1895–1928) – New York City weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Ukrainian</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robitinychyi_Holos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robitinychyi Holos (page does not exist)">Robitinychyi Holos</a></i> (<i>Workers' Voice</i>) (1922–?) – New York City weekly.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Yiddish</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Emes_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Emes (United States) (page does not exist)">Der Ermes</a></i> (<i>The Truth</i>) (1895–1896) – Boston weekly.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbeiter_Zeitung_(SLP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbeiter Zeitung (SLP) (page does not exist)">Arbeiter Zeitung</a></i> (<i>Workers' News</i>) (1898) – New York City.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Sources: <i>Proceedings of the National Congress, 1877</i>, pp. 16–17; Hillquit (1903), pp. 225, 242; American Labor Press Directory (1925), pp. 22–23; Library of Congress <i>Chronicling America</i> database.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm_and_hammer_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm and hammer (symbol)">Arm and hammer (symbol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(UK,_1903)" title="Socialist Labour Party (UK, 1903)">British Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labour_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Labour Party (Canada)">Canadian Socialist Labour Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Studies_(1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Studies (1981)">Socialist Studies</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47th_convention-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-47th_convention_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-47th_convention_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_2007.pdf"><i>Minutes, Reports, Resolutions etc</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Forty-Seventh National Convention, Socialist Labor Party. 14–16 July 2007. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Minutes%2C+Reports%2C+Resolutions+etc&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2007-07-14%2F2007-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slp.org%2Fpdf%2Fslphist%2Fnc_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLP_Constitution,_Art._I,_Sec._1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SLP_Constitution,_Art._I,_Sec._1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The name of this organization shall be Socialist Labor Party". Art. I, Sec. 1 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/res_state_htm/const_07.html">Constitution of the Socialist Labor Party of America</a> adopted at the Eleventh National Convention (New York, July 1904; amended at the National Conventions 1908, 1912, 1916, 1920, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1993, 2001, 2005 and 2007) (cited February 18, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Name_Change_1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Name_Change_1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1877.pdf">Socialistic Labor Party. Platform, Constitution, and Resolutions, Adopted at the National Congress of the Workingmen's Party of the United States, Held at Newark, New Jersey, December 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 1877. Together with a condensed report of the Congress Proceedings</a> (Ohio Volks-Zeitung: Cincinnati, Ohio, 1878), pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Name_Change_2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Name_Change_2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/slpconst_1885.pdf">1885 constitution and platform</a> uses the term "socialistic" in the party name, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/slpconst_1890.pdf">1890 constitution and platform</a> uses the term "socialist" in the party name. As both of these sources appear to be scans of original documents, it is safe to assume that this second name change necessarily occurred somewhere between 1885 and 1890. Unfortunately, the other sources provided by the SLP are not original scans and must be taken with a grain of salt. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1887.pdf">Report of the Proceedings of the Sixth National Convention of the Socialistic Labor Party, Held at Buffalo, New York, September 17, 19, 20 & 21, 1887</a> (New York Labor News Company: New York, September 1887) would seem to indicate that party was still calling itself the Socialistic Labor Party in that year. While the majority of the .pdf is not an original scan, the cover page is. Yet, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/platforms/plat1887.pdf">1887 platform</a> (which is in no part an original scan) would seem to indicate that the party was calling itself the <i>Socialist</i> Labor Party by 1887. Likewise, the 1889 platform (reported in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/pdf/slphist/nc_1889.pdf">this non-scan copy</a> of the <i>Workmen's Advocate</i> on October 26, 1889) employs the name Socialist Labor Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/20thConventionSocialistLaborParty1940Pt.1/page/n29">20th Convention, section on Minnesota</a> indicates that it was known as the Industrial Party in Minnesota from approximately 1920 to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Twenty-firstNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty/page/n25">1944, when the name was changed to Industrial Government Party.</a> This lasted until the apparent dissolution of the Minnesota affiliate after the mass defection into the New Union Party in 1980. Additionally, the name Industrial Government Party was <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ProceedingsOfTheTwentyThirdNationalConventionOfTheSocialistLaborParty/page/n25">used in New York</a> from approximately 1944 to 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederic Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, (cover title: "Socialism in America.") Terre Haute, IN: Standard Publishing Co., 1900; pg. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The division between German SDP-oriented newcomers and existing residents is mentioned in Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pg. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Girard and Ben Perry, <i>[The Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History](<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://libcom.org/article/socialist-labor-party-1876-1991-short-history-frank-girard-and-ben-perry">https://libcom.org/article/socialist-labor-party-1876-1991-short-history-frank-girard-and-ben-perry</a>)</i>. Philadelphia, PA: Livra Books, 1991; pg. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Girard and Perry, <i>The Socialist Labor Party</i>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry,_pg._4-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_pg._4_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry,_pg._4_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Girard and Perry, <i>The Socialist Labor Party</i>, pg. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath,_pg._33-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heath,_pg._33_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pg. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the cover of the <i>Platform und Constitution der Soz. Arbeiter-Partei</i> published after the 1885 5th National Convention of the organization by the "National Executive Committee of the Socialistic Labor Party.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit225-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit225_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit225_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>. New York: Funk and Wagnall Co., 1903; pg. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit227-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit227_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20159–10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20159–10_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2015">Ross 2015</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"International Labor Union" in Neil Schlager ed. <i>St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide</i> Detroit: St. James Press/Gale Group/Thomson Learning, 2004. pp. 475–477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit228-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit228_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit228_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20154,_11–12-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss20154,_11–12_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2015">Ross 2015</a>, pp. 4, 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pg. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heath, <i>Social Democracy Red Book</i>, pg. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OffiziellesProtokollDer5.National-konventinDerSoz.Arbeiter-parteiVon"><i>Offizielles Protokoll der 5. National-Konventin der Soz. Arbeiter-Partei von Nord-Amerika, abgehalten am 5., 6., 7. und 8. Oktober 1885 in Cincinnati, Ohio</i>.</a> New York: National Executive Committee of the Socialistic Labor Party, 1886.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a contemporary example illustrating this confusing dual name for the largely German-language organization, see Richard T. Ely, <i>Recent American Socialism</i>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, 1886; pg. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ely, <i>Recent American Socialism</i>, pg. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit242-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit242_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit242_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovese1991" class="citation journal cs1">Genovese, Frank C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487043">"Henry George and Organized Labor: The 19th Century Economist and Social Philosopher Championed Labor's Cause, but Used Its Candidacy for Propaganda"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Economics and Sociology</i>. <b>50</b> (1): 113–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1991.tb02500.x">10.1111/j.1536-7150.1991.tb02500.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9246">0002-9246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487043">3487043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Economics+and+Sociology&rft.atitle=Henry+George+and+Organized+Labor%3A+The+19th+Century+Economist+and+Social+Philosopher+Championed+Labor%27s+Cause%2C+but+Used+Its+Candidacy+for+Propaganda&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-127&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0002-9246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3487043%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1536-7150.1991.tb02500.x&rft.aulast=Genovese&rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3487043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.city-journal.org/html/1886-men-who-would-be-mayor-12622.html">"1886: The Men Who Would Be Mayor"</a>. <i>City Journal</i>. 2015-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Journal&rft.atitle=1886%3A+The+Men+Who+Would+Be+Mayor&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-journal.org%2Fhtml%2F1886-men-who-would-be-mayor-12622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"State Organization: Circular of the New York City Committee of the SLP," <i>Workmen's Advocate</i> [New York], vol. 5, no. 25 (June 22, 1889), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit293-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit293_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss201534-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss201534_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2015">Ross 2015</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During the Arnold Petersen administration, the SLP passionately disavowed its history of the period before the arrival of De Leon, going so far as to publish a glossy illustrated "Golden Jubilee" volume celebrating the party's 50th anniversary in 1940. The pre-1890 SLP was sneeringly referred to as the "Socialist<i>ic</i> Labor Party" (emphasis his) by Petersen in his party history contained in that volume. See: <i>Socialist Labor Party: Golden Jubilee, 1890–1940</i> (cover title). New York: Socialist Labor Party, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 142–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=142-143&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olive M. Johnson, "Daniel De Leon — Our Comrade," in <i>Daniel De Leon: The Man and His Work: A Symposium</i>. New York: National Executive Committee of the Socialist Labor Party, 1919; pg. 88. Johnson acknowledges the 1904 pamphlet <i>The Party Press</i> as the source of much of her biographical information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historian Howard Quint refers to the nature of the unnamed paper as "revolutionary," which seems rather doubtful. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pg._89-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg._89_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pg._89_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, "Daniel De Leon — Our Comrade," pg. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quint,_pg._143-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quint,_pg._143_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnpoll250-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnpoll250_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnpoll250_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Johnpoll with Lillian Johnpoll, <i>The Impossible Dream: The Rise and Demise of the American Left</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981; pg. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Leon spoke in the new state of Washington, in Portland, Oregon and four times in California. On his return trip, De Leon spoke in Denver, Topeka, Kansas City, St. Louis, Evansville, Indianapolis, Dayton, Pittsburgh, Scottsdale, Connellsville, Baltimore, Wilmington, Philadelphia and Camden over the course of a three-week period. See, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Socialist Labor Party". <i>The People</i>. Vol. 1, no. 3. 19 April 1891. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+People&rft.atitle=Socialist+Labor+Party&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1891-04-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span>; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Socialism in California". <i>The People</i>. Vol. 1, no. 4. 26 April 1891. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+People&rft.atitle=Socialism+in+California&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1891-04-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1953" class="citation book cs1">Quint, Howard (1953). <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 145–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forging+of+American+Socialism%3A+Origins+of+the+Modern+Movement%3A+The+Impact+of+Socialism+on+American+Thought+and+Action%2C+1886%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillquit282-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit282_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillquit282_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The People</i> [New York], November 29, 1891, cited in Quint, <i>The Forging of American Socialism</i>, pg. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hillquit, <i>History of Socialism in the United States</i>, pg. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2637846/1892_socialist_labor_party_convention/">"National Politics,"</a> <i>Oakland Tribune</i>, vol. 34, no. 30 (Aug. 28, 1892), pg. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quint, <i>The Forging of American Socialism</i>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/">http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyrone-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrone_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrone_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tyrone_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2605130/daniel_deleon_nominates_prisoner_martin/">"Convict Nominated: Socialist Labor Party Name Murderer for President,"</a> <i>Tyrone [PA] Daily Herald</i>, vol. XX, no. XX (July 6, 1908), pg. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2605123/socialist_labor_party_of_america/">"Declines the Nomination for President on the Socialist Labor Ticket,"</a> <i>Lima Daily News</i>, vol. 12, no. 164 (July 9, 1908), pg. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citycyclopedia-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Citycyclopedia_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth T. Jackson, <i>The Encyclopedia of New York City</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995; pg. 1083.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ballot-access.org/2008/12/31/socialist-labor-party-closes-office/">"Socialist Labor Party Closes Office"</a>. <i>Ballot Access News</i>. December 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ballot+Access+News&rft.atitle=Socialist+Labor+Party+Closes+Office&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ballot-access.org%2F2008%2F12%2F31%2Fsocialist-labor-party-closes-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpstein199635-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEpstein199635_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEpstein1996">Epstein 1996</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Untold-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Untold_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Weinberg1990" class="citation book cs1">Steve Weinberg (1990). <i>Armand Hammer, The Untold Story</i>. Random House Value Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517062821" title="Special:BookSources/9780517062821"><bdi>9780517062821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armand+Hammer%2C+The+Untold+Story&rft.pub=Random+House+Value+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780517062821&rft.au=Steve+Weinberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hough, Lawrence E. (1998). "Welcome to the Revolution: The Literary Legacy of Mack Reynolds". <i>Utopian Studies</i>. p. 324.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Epstein, Edward Jay (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dossiersecrethis00edwa"><i>Dossier : the secret history of Armand Hammer</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679448020" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679448020"><bdi>978-0679448020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dossier+%3A+the+secret+history+of+Armand+Hammer&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0679448020&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdossiersecrethis00edwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2015" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Jack (2015). <i>The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612344911" title="Special:BookSources/9781612344911"><bdi>9781612344911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Party+of+America%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781612344911&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Seán Cronin, "The Rise and Fall of the Socialist Labor Party of North America," <i>Saothar</i>, vol. 3 (1977), pp. 21–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195205">in JSTOR</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarlington2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Darlington" title="Ralph Darlington">Darlington, Ralph</a> (2008). <i>Syndicalism and the Transition to Communism</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3617-5"><bdi>978-0-7546-3617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syndicalism+and+the+Transition+to+Communism&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3617-5&rft.aulast=Darlington&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+Labor+Party+of+America" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nathan Dershowitz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSocialistLaborParty">"The Socialist Labor Party,"</a> <i>Politics</i> [New York], vol. 5, no. 3, whole no. 41 (Summer 1948), pp. 155–158.</li> <li>Philip S. Foner, <i>The Great Labor Uprising of 1877.</i> New York: Pathfinder Press, 1977.</li> <li>Philip S. Foner, <i>The Workingmen's Party of the United States: A History of the First Marxist Party in the Americas.</i> Minneapolis, MN: MEP Publications, 1984.</li> <li>Frank Girard and Ben Perry, <i>Socialist Labor Party, 1876–1991: A Short History</i>. Philadelphia: Livra Books, 1991.</li> <li>Howard Quint, <i>The Forging of American Socialism: Origins of the Modern Movement: The Impact of Socialism on American Thought and Action, 1886–1901</i>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1953.</li> <li>L. Glen Seratan, <i>Daniel Deleon: The Odyssey of an American Marxist</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979.</li> <li>James Andrew Stevenson, <i>Daniel DeLeon: The Relationship of Socialist Labor Party and European Marxism, 1890-1914.</i> PhD dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1977.</li> <li>Charles M. White, <i>The Socialist Labor Party, 1890-1903.</i> PhD dissertation. University of Southern California, 1959.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Contemporary SLP links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/">Socialist Labor Party of America</a>. Official party website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/tp.htm#anchor185654"><i>The People</i></a>. Index of issues available in pdf, 1999–2008.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Primary documents</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BulletinoftheSocialisticLaborMovement"><i>Bulletin of the Social Labor Movement</i></a>. Vol 1. No. 14 (December 1880–January 1881). Full issue of rare official organ.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/1891ReportOfTheNecOfTheSlp" class="extiw" title="iarchive:1891ReportOfTheNecOfTheSlp">"1891 Report of the NEC of the SLP"</a>. December 18, 1891.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/slpdownloads.html">SLP Documents Downloads</a>. Early American Marxism website. Index for assorted party documents in pdf format.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=sticlpconvproceedings">Report of the Proceedings of the National Convention of the Socialistic Labor Party</a>. Index for pdfs of proceedings of the party (1878–1887).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slp.org/litera2.htm#anchor437650">Daniel DeLeon Online</a>. Socialist Labor Party. Extensive collection of editorials and writings by Daniel De Leon in pdf format.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Links relating to the historic SLP</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/slppubs.html">SLP Publications</a>. Early American Marxism website. Partial, but lengthy list of official publications of the party.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxisthistory.org/subject/usa/eam/index.html">Early American Marxism website</a>. Includes extensive party history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/deleon/bio/deleon.htm">"DeLeon — A Sketch of His Socialist Career"</a>. Socialist Labor Party. Official party history of the party's most notable leader.</li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/PapersOfTheSocialistLaborPartyOfAmericaRecordsOfTheSocialistLabor" class="extiw" title="iarchive:PapersOfTheSocialistLaborPartyOfAmericaRecordsOfTheSocialistLabor"><i>Papers of the Socialist Labor Party of America: Records of the Socialist Labor Party of America; guide to a microfilm edition</i></a>. User guide to the microfilm collection filmed by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Archives</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=SocialistLaborPartyWashSeattleSection3180.xml">Socialist Labor Party Seattle Section Records</a>. 1930–1962. 2.73 cubic feet (7 boxes).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.washington.edu/findingaids/view?docId=RennarGeorge0636_1656.xml">George E. Rennar Papers</a>. 1933–1972. 37.43 cubic feet. Contains ephemera on the Socialist Labor Party.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Template:Socialist Labor Party of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Template talk:Socialist Labor Party of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialist Labor Party of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Secretaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Van_Patten" title="Philip Van Patten">Van Patten</a> - Schneider - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Vogt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Vogt (page does not exist)">Vogt</a> - <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Rosenberg" title="Wilhelm Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_J._Gretsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin J. Gretsch (page does not exist)">Gretsch</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Kuhn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Kuhn (page does not exist)">Kuhn</a> - <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bohn_(socialist)" title="Frank Bohn (socialist)">Bohn</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Augustine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Augustine (page does not exist)">Augustine</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Petersen" title="Arnold Petersen">Petersen</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_Karp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan Karp (page does not exist)">Karp</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bills (page does not exist)">Bills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Wing" title="Simon Wing">Wing</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Matchett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Matchett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Maguire_(labor_activist)" title="Matthew Maguire (labor activist)">Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Malloney" title="Joseph F. Malloney">Malloney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Remmel" title="Valentine Remmel">Remmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hunter_Corregan" title="Charles Hunter Corregan">Corregan</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">Gillhaus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Munro" title="Donald L. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Reimer</a>/<a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">Gillhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Reimer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Caleb_Harrison" title="Caleb Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">Gillhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_T._Johns" title="Frank T. Johns">Johns</a>/<a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Reynolds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_D._Crowley" title="Jeremiah D. Crowley">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verne_L._Reynolds" title="Verne L. Reynolds">Reynolds</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">Aiken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">Aiken</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_F._Teichert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil F. Teichert (page does not exist)">Emil Teichert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Aiken" title="John W. Aiken">Aiken</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_M._Orange&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron M. Orange (page does not exist)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert" title="Edward A. Teichert">Edward Teichert</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arla_A._Albaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arla A. Albaugh (page does not exist)">Albaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Teichert" title="Edward A. Teichert">Edward Teichert</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Emery" title="Stephen Emery">Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Hass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Emery" title="Stephen Emery">Emery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Hass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Cozzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Hass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Cozzini" title="Georgia Cozzini">Cozzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hass" title="Eric Hass">Hass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Blomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henning_A._Blomen" title="Henning A. Blomen">Blomen</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Sam_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Sam Taylor (page does not exist)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fisher" title="Louis Fisher">Fisher</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Genevieve_Gunderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genevieve Gunderson (page does not exist)">Gunderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Levin" title="Jules Levin">Levin</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constance_Blomen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constance Blomen (page does not exist)">Blomen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">Daniel De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">History of the socialist movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Yorker_Volkszeitung" title="New Yorker Volkszeitung">New Yorker Volkszeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Trade_and_Labor_Alliance" title="Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance">Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_People_(1891)" class="mw-redirect" title="The People (1891)">The People newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workingmen%27s_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workingmen's Party of the United States">Workingmen's Party of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist parties in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_communist_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist parties</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(including <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaist</a> parties)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Communist Party of Puerto Rico">Communist Party of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_(Provisional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party USA (Provisional)">Communist Party USA (Provisional)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-African_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="All-African People's Revolutionary Party">All-African People's Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party" title="Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party">Puerto Rican Workers' Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Black_Panther_Party" title="Revolutionary Black Panther Party">Revolutionary Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Front_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Socialist Front (Puerto Rico)">Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Movement_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Workers' Socialist Movement (Puerto Rico)">Workers' Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" 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nominating conventions in the United States">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2982544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2982544#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2982544#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132008975">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/502526-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80086566">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987122s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987122s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35928988">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Socialist Labor Party"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008480080&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Socialist Labor Party (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2008480081&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007268158105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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