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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_inhabitants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gao_and_Mali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gao_and_Mali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gao and Mali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gao_and_Mali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonni_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonni_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sonni Ali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonni_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Askia_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Askia_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Askia the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Askia_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_Saadian_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_Saadian_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Decline and Saadian Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_Saadian_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Criminal justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Songhai_Dias_(Kings)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Dias_(Kings)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Songhai Dias (Kings)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Dias_(Kings)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Sunnis_(Sheikhs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Sunnis_(Sheikhs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Songhai Sunnis (Sheikhs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Sunnis_(Sheikhs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Emperors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Emperors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Songhai Emperors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Emperors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Emperors_(ruled_in_exile_from_Dendi)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Emperors_(ruled_in_exile_from_Dendi)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Songhai Emperors (ruled in exile from Dendi)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Emperors_(ruled_in_exile_from_Dendi)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Songhai Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="سلطنة صنغاي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة صنغاي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiu_songhai" title="Imperiu songhai – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Imperiu songhai" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonqay_(d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t)" title="Sonqay (dövlət) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sonqay (dövlət)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="سونغای ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سونغای ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songai_Mansamara" title="Songai Mansamara – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Songai Mansamara" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সোনহাই সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোনহাই সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Songhai Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Songhai Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Сангай (дзяржава) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сангай (дзяржава)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сонгайско царство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сонгайско царство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Songhai" title="Imperi Songhai – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Songhai" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhajsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Songhajská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Songhajská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai-Imperiet" title="Songhai-Imperiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Songhai-Imperiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="إيمبراطورية صونݣاي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيمبراطورية صونݣاي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhaireich" title="Songhaireich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Songhaireich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_songhai" title="Imperio songhai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio songhai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonhaja_regno" title="Sonhaja regno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sonhaja regno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Inperioa" title="Songhai Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Songhai Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="امپراتوری سنغای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری سنغای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_songha%C3%AF" title="Empire songhaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire songhaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Songai" title="Imperio Songai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Songai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EA%B0%80%EC%9D%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="송가이 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="송가이 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular_Songhai" title="Daular Songhai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Daular Songhai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सोन्घाई साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोन्घाई साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songajsko_Carstvo" title="Songajsko Carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Songajsko Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Songhai" title="Imperio Songhai – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperio Songhai" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Songhai" title="Kekaisaran Songhai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Songhai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Songhai" title="Impero Songhai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Songhai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99" title="אימפריית סונגהאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אימפריית סונגהאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სონგაის იმპერია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სონგაის იმპერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola_la_Songhai" title="Dola la Songhai – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola la Songhai" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songajus" title="Songajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Songajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szong%C3%A1j_Birodalom" title="Szongáj Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szongáj Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сонгајско Царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сонгајско Царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सोंघाई साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोंघाई साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Songhai" title="Empayar Songhai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Songhai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhairijk" title="Songhairijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Songhairijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%82%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="ソンガイ帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソンガイ帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai" title="Songhai – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Songhai" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhairiket" title="Songhairiket – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Songhairiket" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Songai" title="Empèri Songai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Empèri Songai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸੋਂਘਾਈ ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਂਘਾਈ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="صونغائی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صونغائی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhaj_(pa%C5%84stwo)" title="Songhaj (państwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Songhaj (państwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Songai" title="Império Songai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Songai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Сонгай (государство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сонгай (государство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Songhai Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhajsk%C3%A1_r%C3%AD%C5%A1a" title="Songhajská ríša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Songhajská ríša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Сонгај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сонгај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_Songhai" title="Carstvo Songhai – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carstvo Songhai" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhai" title="Songhai – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Songhai" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhairiket" title="Songhairiket – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Songhairiket" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Songhai" title="Imperyong Songhai – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Songhai" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE" title="จักรวรรดิซองไฮ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิซองไฮ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songhay_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Songhay İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Songhay İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Імперія Сонгаї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперія Сонгаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سلطنت سونگھائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت سونگھائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Songhai" title="Đế quốc Songhai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Songhai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbraat%C3%B3or_gu_Songaay" title="Imbraatóor gu Songaay – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Imbraatóor gu Songaay" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="桑海帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桑海帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_%E1%BB%8Cbal%C3%BAay%C3%A9_S%E1%BB%8D%CC%81ngh%C3%A1%C3%AC" title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Sọ́ngháì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Sọ́ngháì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="桑海帝國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="桑海帝國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="桑海帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桑海帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Zaghai (Songhai) Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430s–1591</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory of the Songhai Empire"><img alt="Territory of the Songhai Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png/250px-Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png/375px-Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png/500px-Map_of_the_Songhay_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Territory of the Songhai Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_languages" title="Tuareg languages">Tuareg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mooré</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ayneha</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1464–1492 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Ali">Sunni Ali</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1492–1493 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Baru">Sonni Bāru</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1493–1528 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Mohammad I">Askia the Great</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1529–1531 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Musa" title="Askia Musa">Askia Musa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1531–1537 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammad_Benkan" title="Askia Mohammad Benkan">Askia Benkan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1537–1539 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Isma%27il" title="Askia Isma'il">Askia Isma'il</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1539–1549 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_I" title="Askia Ishaq I">Askia Ishaq I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1549–1582 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Daoud" title="Askia Daoud">Askia Daoud</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1588–1592 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_II" title="Askia Ishaq II">Askia Ishaq II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Era">Early Modern Era</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Songhai state emerges at <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7th century</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1430s</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sonni_dynasty" title="Sonni dynasty">Sonni dynasty</a> begins </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1468</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Askiya_dynasty" title="Askiya dynasty">Askiya dynasty</a> begins </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1493</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1599</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• The Nobles moved south to present-day <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and formed various smaller kingdoms </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1599</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• French depose last Askia of the <a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1550<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979497_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979497-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">800,000 km<sup>2</sup> (310,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">Cowry shells</a></li><li>gold coins</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Marinid_and_Saadi_Dynasty_%281258-1420%29_%281554-1659%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Timbuktu" title="Pashalik of Timbuktu">Pashalik of Timbuktu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi Kingdom">Dendi Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Songhai Empire</b> was a state located in the western part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> during the 15th and 16th centuries. At its peak, it was one of the largest <a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a> in history. The state is known by its <a href="/wiki/Historiographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiographical">historiographical</a> name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite, the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> established <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> as the empire's capital, although a Songhai state had existed in and around Gao since the 11th century. Other important cities in the kingdom were <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a>, where urban-centred trade flourished; they were conquered in 1468 and 1475, respectively. Initially, the Songhai Empire was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sonni_dynasty" title="Sonni dynasty">Sonni dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1464</span>–1493), but it was later replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Askia_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia dynasty">Askia dynasty</a> (1493–1591). </p><p>During the second half of the 13th century, Gao and the surrounding region had grown into an important trading centre and attracted the interest of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>. Mali conquered Gao near the end of the 13th century. Gao remained under Malian command until the late 14th century. As the Mali Empire started disintegrating, the Songhai reasserted control of Gao. Songhai rulers subsequently took advantage of the weakened Mali Empire to expand Songhai rule. </p><p>Under the rule of Sonni Ali, the Songhai surpassed the Malian Empire in area, wealth, and power, absorbing vast regions of the Mali Empire. His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Baru" title="Sonni Baru">Sonni Bāru</a>, was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I" title="Askia Muhammad I">Muhammad Ture</a>, one of his father's generals. Ture, more commonly known as Askia the Great, instituted political and economic reforms throughout the empire. </p><p>A series of plots and coups by Askia's successors forced the empire into a period of decline and instability. Askia's relatives attempted to govern the kingdom, but political chaos and several civil wars within the empire ensured the empire's continued decline, particularly during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_I" title="Askia Ishaq I">Askia Ishaq I</a>. The empire experienced a period of stability and a string of military successes during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Askia_Daoud" title="Askia Daoud">Askia Daoud</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_II" title="Askia Ishaq II">Askia Ishaq II</a>, the last ruler of the Songhai Empire, ascended to power in a long dynastic struggle following the death of Daoud. In 1590, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> took advantage of the recent civil conflict in the empire and sent an army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Judar_Pasha" title="Judar Pasha">Judar Pasha</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">conquer the Songhai</a> and gain control of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> routes. The Songhai Empire collapsed after the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a> in 1591. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/220px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/330px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG/440px-SONGHAI_empire_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption>Extent of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Songhai Empire</a>,<br />circa 1500.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Songhai Empire has been variously translated in texts as Zagha, Zaghai, Zaghaya, Sughai, Zaghay, Zaggan, Izghan, Zaghawa, Zuwagha, Zawagha, Zauge, Azuagha, Azwagha, Sungee, Sanghee, Songhai, Songhay, Sughai, Zanghi, Zingani, Zanj, Zahn, Zaan, Zarai, Dyagha, and possibly Znaga.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Songhai_Empire#Dubious" title="Talk:Songhai Empire">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_inhabitants">Early inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai people</a></div> <p>In ancient times somewhere surmised between the 9th and 3rd centuries BCE, several different groups of people collectively formed the Songhai identity, centered around the developing hub of ancient <a href="/wiki/Kukiya,_Mali" title="Kukiya, Mali">Kukiya</a>. Among the first people to settle in the region of <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a> were the Sorko people, who established small settlements on the banks of Niger. The Sorko fashioned boats and canoes from the wood of the <a href="/wiki/Khaya_senegalensis" title="Khaya senegalensis">cailcedrat tree</a>, fished and hunted from their ships, and provided water-borne transport for goods and people. Another group of people that moved into the area to live off of Niger's resources were the Gao people. The Gao were hunters and specialized in hunting river animals such as crocodiles and hippopotamus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The other group known to have inhabited the area were the Do people, farmers who raised crops in the fertile lands bordering the river. Before the 10th century, these early settlers were subjugated by more powerful, horse-riding Songhai speakers, who established control over the area. All these groups gradually began to speak the same language, and they and their country eventually became known as the Songhai.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Conrad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gao_and_Mali">Gao and Mali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gao and Mali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Za_dynasty" title="Za dynasty">Za dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao Empire</a></div> <p>The earliest dynasty of kings is obscure, and most information about it comes from an ancient cemetery near a village called <a href="/wiki/Gao-Saney" title="Gao-Saney">Saney</a>, close to Gao. Inscriptions on a few of the tombstones in the cemetery indicate that this dynasty ruled in the late 11th and early 12th centuries and that its rulers were given the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a></i> (Arabic for "King"). Other tombstones mention a second dynasty whose rulers bore the title <i>zuwa</i>. Only myth and legend describe the origins of the <i>zuwa</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Sudan" title="Tarikh al-Sudan">Tarikh al-Sudan</a></i> (<i>History of Sudan</i>), written in Arabic around 1655, provides an early history of the Songhai as handed down through oral tradition. It reports that the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Za_dynasty" title="Za dynasty">Za dynasty</a> was called Za Alayaman (also spelt Dialliaman), who originally came from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> and settled in the town of <a href="/wiki/Kukiya,_Mali" title="Kukiya, Mali">Kukiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Conrad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 35">: 35 </span></sup> What happened to the Zuwa rulers is yet to be recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36">: 36 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sanhaja" title="Sanhaja">Sanhaja</a> tribes were among the early people of the Niger Bend region. These tribes rode out of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a> and established trading settlements near the Niger. As time passed, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> traders crossed the Sahara and joined the Tuaregs in their settlements. Both groups conducted business with the people living near the river. As trade in the region increased, the Songhai chiefs took control of the profitable trade around what would later become Gao. Trade goods included gold, salt, slaves, <a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">kola nuts</a>, leather, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>. </p><p> By the 10th century, the Songhai chiefs had established Gao as a small kingdom, taking control of the people living along the trade routes. Around 1300, Gao had become prosperous enough to attract the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>'s attention. Mali conquered the city, profited from Gao's trade, and collected taxes from its kings until about the 1430s. Conflict in the Malian homeland made it impossible to maintain control of Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Conrad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50–51">: 50–51 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited Gao in 1353 when the town was still a part of the Mali Empire. He arrived by boat from <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> on his return journey from visiting the capital of the empire, writing:</p><blockquote><p>Then I travelled to the town of Kawkaw, which is a great town on the Nīl [Niger], one of the finest, biggest, and most fertile cities of the Sūdān. There is much rice there, milk, chickens, fish, and the cucumber, which has no like. Its people conduct their buying and selling with cowries, like the people of Mālī.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000300_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000300-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Sulayman" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansa Sulayman">Mansa Sulayman</a> in 1360, disputes over who should succeed him weakened the Mali Empire. The reign of <a href="/wiki/Mari_Djata_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Djata II">Mari Djata II</a> left the empire in poor financial condition, but the kingdom itself passed intact to <a href="/wiki/Musa_II_of_Mali" title="Musa II of Mali">Musa II</a>. Mari Djata, Musa's <i>kankoro-sigui</i>, put down a Tuareg rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Takedda" title="Takedda">Takedda</a> and attempted to quell the Songhai rebellion in Gao. While he succeeded in Takedda, he did not re-subjugate Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another round of dynastic instability in the 1380s and 90s likely allowed the Songhai to formalize their independence under <a href="/wiki/Sonni_dynasty" title="Sonni dynasty">Sunni</a> Muhammad Dao.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1460s, Sonni Sulayman Dama attacked <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ma" title="Méma">Méma</a>, the Mali province west of Timbuktu.<sup id="cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_C._Conrad-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sonni_Ali">Sonni Ali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sonni Ali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a></div> <p>After the death of Sulayman Dama, <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> reigned from 1464 to 1492. Unlike the previous Songhai kings, Ali sought to honour the traditional religion of his people, taught to him by his mother of the <a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi people</a>. This earned him the reputation of a tyrant by Islamic Scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1460s, he conquered many of the Songhai Empire's neighbouring states, including what remained of the Mali Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During his campaigns for expansion, Ali conquered several territories, repelling attacks from the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi</a> to the south and conquering the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a> to the north. He annexed Timbuktu in 1468 after the leaders of the town asked him to help overthrow the Tuaregs, who had taken the city following the decline of Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he attempted to conquer the trading town of <a href="/wiki/Djenn%C3%A9" title="Djenné">Djenné</a>, the townspeople resisted his efforts. After a seven-year siege, he was able to starve them into surrender, incorporating the town into his empire in 1473. </p><p>The invasion of Sonni Ali and his forces negatively impacted Timbuktu. Many Muslim accounts described him as a tyrant, including the <a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-fattash" title="Tarikh al-fattash">Tarikh al-fattash</a>, which Mahmud Kati wrote. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Africa" title="The Cambridge History of Africa">The Cambridge History of Africa</a></i>, the Islamic historian Al-Sa'di expresses this sentiment in describing his incursion on Timbuktu: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sunni Ali entered Timbuktu, committed gross iniquity, burned and destroyed the town, and brutally tortured many people there. When Akilu heard of the coming of Sonni Ali, he brought a thousand camels to carry the <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">fuqaha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sankore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore">Sankore</a> and went with them to <a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Walata</a>..... The Godless tyrant slaughtered those who remained in Timbuktu and humiliated them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/250px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/375px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg/500px-Timbuktu-manuscripts-astronomy-mathematics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_Manuscripts" title="Timbuktu Manuscripts">Timbuktu Manuscripts</a>, with Arabic writings about mathematics and astronomy</figcaption></figure> <p>Sonni Ali created a policy against the scholars of Timbuktu, especially those of the Sankore region who were associated with the Tuareg. With his control of critical trade routes and cities such as Timbuktu, Sonni Ali increased the wealth of the Songhai Empire, which at its height would surpass the wealth of Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Askia_the_Great">Askia the Great</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Askia the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Askia_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia the Great">Askia the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Askia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/220px-Askia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/330px-Askia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Askia.jpg/440px-Askia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Askia" title="Tomb of Askia">Tomb of Askia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gao" title="Gao">Gao</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sonni Ali was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Askia_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia the Great">Askia the Great</a>. He organized the territories his predecessor conquered and extended his power to the south and the east. Under his rule, the Songhai military possessed a full-time corps of warriors. Askia is said to have cynical attitudes towards kingdoms lacking professional fighting forces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Sa'di, the chronicler who wrote the <i>Tarikh al-Sudan</i>, compared Askiya's army to that of his predecessor: </p> <blockquote><p>"he distinguished between the civilian and the army unlike Sunni Ali [1464–92] when everyone was a soldier."</p></blockquote> <p>He opened religious schools, constructed <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, and opened his court to scholars and poets from throughout the Muslim world. His children went to an Islamic school, and he enforced Islamic practices but did not force religion on his people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Askia completed one of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a> by taking a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">hajj</a> to Mecca, bringing a large amount of gold. He donated some of it to charity and spent the rest on gifts for the people of Mecca to display his empire's wealth. Historians from Cairo said his pilgrimage consisted of "an escort of 500 cavalry and 1000 infantry, and with him he carried 300,000 pieces of gold".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam was so important to him that, upon his return, he established more learning centres throughout his empire and recruited Muslim scholars from Egypt and Morocco to teach at the <a href="/wiki/Sankore_mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankore mosque">Sankore Mosque</a> in Timbuktu. </p><p>He was interested in astronomy, which led to increased astronomers and observatories in the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Askia initiated multiple military campaigns, including declaring <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against the neighbouring Mossi. He did not force them to convert to Islam after subduing them. His army consisted of war canoes, a cavalry, protective armour, iron-tipped weapons, and an organized militia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He centralized the administration of the empire and established a bureaucracy responsible for tax collection and the administration of justice. He demanded the building of canals to enhance agriculture, eventually increasing trade. He introduced a system of <a href="/wiki/Weights_and_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Weights and measures">weights and measures</a> and appointed an inspector for each of Songhai's major trading centres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During his reign, Islam became more entrenched, <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">trans-Saharan trade</a> flourished, and the salt mines of <a href="/wiki/Taghaza" title="Taghaza">Taghaza</a> were brought within the empire's boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_Saadian_Invasion">Decline and Saadian Invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and Saadian Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Saadian_invasion_of_the_Songhai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire">Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire</a></div> <p>In 1528, Askia's children revolted against him, declaring his son <a href="/wiki/Askia_Musa" title="Askia Musa">Askia Musa</a> king. Following Musa's overthrow in 1531, the Songhai Empire went into decline. Following the death of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Askia_Daoud" title="Askia Daoud">Askia Daoud</a> in 1583, a <a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">war of succession</a> weakened the Songhai Empire and split it into two feuding factions.<sup id="cite_ref-Loimeier_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loimeier-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Moroccan armies annihilated a Portuguese invasion at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">Battle of Alcácer Quibir</a>, but were left on the verge of economic depletion and bankruptcy, as they needed to pay for the defences used to hold off the siege. This led <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Sultan Ahmad I al-Mansur</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a> in 1591 to dispatch an invasion force south under the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Judar_Pasha" title="Judar Pasha">Judar Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan invasion of Songhai was mainly to seize and revive the trans-Saharan trade in salt, gold and slaves for their developing sugar industry.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 300">: 300 </span></sup> During Askia's reign, the Songhai military consisted of full-time soldiers, but the king never modernized his army. On the other hand, the invading Moroccan army included thousands of <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">arquebusiers</a> and eight English cannons. </p><p>Judar Pasha was a Spaniard by birth but had been captured as an infant and educated at the Saadi court. After a march across the Sahara desert, Judar's forces captured, plundered, and razed the salt mines at Taghaza and moved on to Gao. When Emperor <a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_II" title="Askia Ishaq II">Askia Ishaq II</a> (r. 1588–1591) met Judar at the 1591 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a>, Songhai forces, despite vastly superior numbers, were routed by a cattle stampede triggered by the Saadi's gunpowder weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judar proceeded to sack Gao, Timbuktu and Djenné, destroying the Songhai as a regional power. Governing so vast an empire proved too much for the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a>. They soon relinquished control of the region, letting it splinter into dozens of smaller kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-GHA5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHA5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WestAfrica1625.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/WestAfrica1625.png/260px-WestAfrica1625.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/WestAfrica1625.png/390px-WestAfrica1625.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/WestAfrica1625.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>West Africa after the Moroccan invasion</figcaption></figure> <p>After the empire's defeat, the nobles moved south to an area known today as <a href="/wiki/Songhai,_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai, Niger">Songhai</a> in current <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, where the Sonni dynasty had already settled. They formed smaller kingdoms such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanzarbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanzarbe (page does not exist)">Wanzarbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayerou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayerou">Ayerou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goth%C3%A8ye" title="Gothèye">Gothèye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dargol" title="Dargol">Dargol</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9ra" title="Téra">Téra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siki%C3%A9" title="Sikié">Sikié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokorou" title="Kokorou">Kokorou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorouol" title="Gorouol">Gorouol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma,_Niger" title="Karma, Niger">Karma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namaro" title="Namaro">Namaro</a> and further south, the <a href="/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi Kingdom">Dendi</a> which rose to prominence shortly after. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Songhai Empire only included the area from the region of Timbuktu to the east of Gao. Provinces were created after a military expansion under Sonni Ali and Askiya, whose territory was divided into three military zones: </p> <ul><li>The <i>kurma</i>, where the <i>Balama</i>, the minister of defence of the empire and general-in-chief of the armies in charge of military surveillance of the western provinces, including <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a>, was based. The western garrisons were stationed there, and the Balama resided with part of the naval fleet in the port of <a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Mali" title="Kabara, Mali">Kabara</a>. The other important personality was the <b>Kurma Fari</b>, who acted as governor and lived in Timbuktu, the provincial capital.</li></ul> <ul><li>The capital city of Gao, where the emperor resided with the central garrisons and part of the fleet commanded by the <i>Hikoy</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">admiral</a> of the empire stationed at the port of Gao with more than a thousand ships at its height. It was wheremost large-scale military campaigns started. The emperor was assisted in his military province in the south by the <i>Tondi farma</i>, governor of the province of <a href="/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a>, and in the north by the <i>Surgukoy</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Amenokal" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenokal">Amenokal</a> of Tademekat and chief of the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, in charge of the Saharan provinces and possessing a <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">Camel cavalry</a> army.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <i>Dendifari</i> led the eastern province of Dendi. This provincial governor has stationed a garrison in charge of the surveillance of the eastern provinces, including the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausa kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a>. The fleet was stationed at the port of <a href="/wiki/Ayorou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayorou">Ayorou</a>.</li></ul> <p>The Songhai Empire at its zenith extended over the current territories of Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Mauritania, Senegal, most other Guinean Coast countries and Algeria. Its influence stretched as far as Cameroon over a vast contiguous <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic</a>, cultural, and political space of <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>, Dogon, Berbers, <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani people">Fula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a>. </p><p>An elite of Songhai horsemen led this population from <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> riders of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> coming from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> to mix with the Sorko fishing population and local <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> agriculturalists of the Niger River.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its peak, Timbuktu became a thriving cultural and commercial centre. Arab, Italian, and Jewish merchants all gathered for trade. A revival of Islamic scholarship took place at the university in Timbuktu.<sup id="cite_ref-LS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg/310px-Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg/465px-Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg/620px-Trans-Saharan_routes_early.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Trade routes of the Western Sahara c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by light brown shading: <a href="/wiki/Bambuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambuk">Bambuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siguiri" title="Siguiri">Bure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaoua" title="Gaoua">Lobi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bono_state" title="Bono state">Akan</a> Goldfields.</figcaption></figure> <p>Overland trade in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and river trade along the Niger were the primary sources of Songhai wealth. Trade along the West African coast was only possible in the late 1400s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several dikes were constructed during the reign of Sonni Ali, which enhanced the irrigation and agricultural yield of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overland trade was influenced by four factors: camels, Berber tribe members, Islam, and the structure of the empire. Gold was readily available in West Africa, but salt was not, so the gold-salt trade was the backbone of overland trade routes in the Sahel. Ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves were sent north in exchange for salt, horses, camels, cloth, and art. While many trade routes were used, the Songhai heavily used the way through the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> via <a href="/wiki/Bilma" title="Bilma">Bilma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agades</a>, and Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Niger River was essential to trade for the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goods were offloaded from camels onto either donkeys or boats at Timbuktu.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, they were moved along a 500-mile corridor upstream to Djenné or downstream to Gao.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Julla</i> (merchants) would form partnerships, and the state would protect the merchants and port cities along Niger. <a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I" title="Askia Muhammad I">Askia Muhammad I</a> implemented a universal system of weights and measures throughout the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Songhai economy was based on a clan system. The clan a person belonged to ultimately decided one's occupation. The most common occupations were metalworkers, fishermen, and carpenters. The lower <a href="/wiki/Castes" class="mw-redirect" title="Castes">castes</a> mainly consisted of immigrants, who, at times, were provided special privileges and held high positions in society. At the top were noblemen and descendants of the original Songhai people, followed by freemen and traders. At the bottom were <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and enslaved people who mainly worked in agriculture. The Songhai used slaves more consistently than their predecessors, the Ghana and Mali empires. James Olson described the Songhai labour system as resembling <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, with the kingdom possessing <a href="/wiki/Craft_guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Craft guilds">craft guilds</a> that consisted of various mechanics and artisans.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_justice">Criminal justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criminal justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criminal justice in Songhai was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadis</a></i> were, in addition to this, responsible for maintaining order by following <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> law under Islamic domination, according to the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. An additional <i>qadi</i> was noted as a necessity to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants. Kings usually did not judge a defendant; however, under exceptional circumstances, such as acts of treason, they felt obligated to do so and thus exerted their authority. Results of a trial were announced by the "town crier", and punishment for most trivial crimes usually consisted of confiscation of merchandise or even imprisonment since various prisons existed throughout the Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Qadis</i> worked locally in important trading towns like Timbuktu and Djenné. The king appointed the Qadi and dealt with common-law misdemeanours according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge. The <i>Assara-munitions</i>, or "enforcers", worked like a police commissioner whose sole duty was to execute sentencing. Jurists were mainly composed of representatives of the academic community; professors were often noted as taking administrative positions within the Empire, and many aspired to be <i>qadis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upper classes in society converted to Islam, while the lower classes often continued to follow traditional religions. Sermons emphasized obedience to the king. Timbuktu was the educational capital. Sonni Ali established a system of government under the royal court, later to be expanded by Askia Muhammad, which appointed governors and mayors to preside over local tributary states around the Niger Valley. These local chiefs were still granted authority over their respective domains if they did not undermine Songhai policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe200772_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe200772-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Departmental positions existed in the central government. The <i>hi koy</i> was the fleet commander who performed roles likened to a <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Home Affairs">home affairs minister</a>. <i>Fari Mondzo</i> was the minister of agriculture who administered the state's agricultural estates. The <i>Kalisa farm</i> has been described by historians such as Ki-Zerbo to be the finance minister who supervised the empire's treasury. <i>Korey Farma</i> was also the "minister in charge of White foreigners."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tax was imposed on peripheral chiefdoms and provinces to ensure Songhai's dominance; in return, these provinces were given almost complete autonomy. Songhai rulers only intervened in the affairs of these neighbouring states when a situation became volatile, usually an isolated incident. Each town was represented by government officials, holding positions and responsibilities similar to today's central bureaucrats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under Askia Muhammad, the Empire saw increased centralization. He encouraged learning in Timbuktu by rewarding its professors with larger pensions as an incentive. He also established an order of precedence and protocol and was noted as a nobleman who gave back generously to people experiencing poverty. Under his policies, Muhammad brought much stability to Songhai, and great attestations of this registered organization are still preserved in the works of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a>, among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sonni dynasty practised Islam while maintaining many aspects of the original Songhai traditions, unlike their successors, the <a href="/wiki/Askiya_dynasty" title="Askiya dynasty">Askiya dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Askia Mohammed I oversaw a complete Islamic revival and made a pilgrimage to Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Songhai armed forces included a navy led by a <i>hikoy</i> (admiral), a cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archers" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archers">mounted archers</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Camel_cavalry" title="Camel cavalry">camel cavalry</a>. They trained herds of long-horned bulls in the imperial stables to charge at the enemy in battle. Vultures were also used to harass opposing camps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The emperor was the strategist and commander-in-chief of the military, and the <i>balama</i> acted as minister of defence and army general. The <i>janky</i> was the army corps general, and the <i>wonky</i> were lieutenants in charge of a garrison. The head of the mounted archers was called the <i>tongue farma</i>. The <i>hike</i> was second in the chain of command of the empire and served as its <a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">interior minister</a>. He was assisted by two vice-admirals at the ports of <a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Mali" title="Kabara, Mali">Kabara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayourou" title="Ayourou">Ayourou</a> and commanded over a thousand captains, ensuring the rapid movement of troops along the Niger River.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The infantry was led by a general called the <i>nyay hurry</i> (war elephant), and the camel cavalry, called <i>gu</i>, was led by the <i>guy</i>, or cavalry chief. The cavalry mainly consisted of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> recruited from the northern provinces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Songhai included three military provinces, and an army was stationed in each. It was divided into several garrisons, the <i>kurmina</i>, led by the <i>balama</i>, the central province by the emperor himself and the <i>dendi</i> by the <i>dendi fari</i>. The army of the closest military province was mobilized with that of the emperor. Those remaining on the spot ensured order in the three provinces; the emperor was obliged to be in front of the armed during a war of conquest. The Jinakoy ruled secondary provinces and their lieutenants in the regions of the provinces. According to Potholm, the Songhai army was dominated by heavy cavalry of "mounted knights outfitted in <a href="/wiki/Chain_mail" title="Chain mail">chain mail</a> and helmets", similar to medieval European armies.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infantry included a force made up primarily of freemen and captives. Swords, arrows and copper or leather shields made up the arsenal of the Songhai infantry. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tondibi" title="Battle of Tondibi">Battle of Tondibi</a>, the Songhai army consisted of 30,000 infantry and 10,000 cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Names and dates taken from John Stewart's <i>African States and Rulers</i> (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songhai_Dias_(Kings)"><span id="Songhai_Dias_.28Kings.29"></span>Songhai Dias (Kings)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Songhai Dias (Kings)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200pt">Name </th> <th width="100pt">Reign Start </th> <th width="100pt">Reign End </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alayaman </td> <td>c. 837 </td> <td>c. 849 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Za Koi </td> <td>c. 849 </td> <td>861 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takoi </td> <td>861 </td> <td>873 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akoi </td> <td>873 </td> <td>885 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ku </td> <td>885 </td> <td>897 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ali Fai </td> <td>897 </td> <td>909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biyai Komai </td> <td>909 </td> <td>921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biyai Bei </td> <td>921 </td> <td>933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karai </td> <td>933 </td> <td>945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yama Karaonia </td> <td>945 </td> <td>957 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yama Dombo </td> <td>957 </td> <td>969 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yama Danka Kibao </td> <td>969 </td> <td>981 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kukorai </td> <td>981 </td> <td>993 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenken </td> <td>993 </td> <td>1005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Za Kosoi </td> <td>1005 </td> <td>1025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosai Dariya </td> <td>1025 </td> <td>1044 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hen Kon Wanko Dam </td> <td>1044 </td> <td>1063 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biyai Koi Kimi </td> <td>1063 </td> <td>1082 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nintasani </td> <td>1082 </td> <td>1101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biyai Kaina Kimba </td> <td>1101 </td> <td>1120 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaina Shinyunbo </td> <td>1120 </td> <td>1139 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tib </td> <td>1139 </td> <td>1158 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yama Dao </td> <td>1158 </td> <td>1177 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fadazu </td> <td>1177 </td> <td>1196 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ali Koro </td> <td>1196 </td> <td>1215 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bir Foloko </td> <td>1215 </td> <td>1235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yosiboi </td> <td>1235 </td> <td>1255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Duro </td> <td>1255 </td> <td>1275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zenko Baro </td> <td>1275 </td> <td>1295 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bisi Baro </td> <td>1295 </td> <td>1325 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bada </td> <td>1325 </td> <td>1332 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songhai_Sunnis_(Sheikhs)"><span id="Songhai_Sunnis_.28Sheikhs.29"></span>Songhai Sunnis (Sheikhs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Songhai Sunnis (Sheikhs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200pt">Name </th> <th width="100pt">Reign Start </th> <th width="100pt">Reign End </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ali Konon </td> <td>1332 </td> <td>1340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salman Nari </td> <td>1340 </td> <td>1347 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ibrahim Kabay </td> <td>1347 </td> <td>1354 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uthman Kanafa </td> <td>1354 </td> <td>1362 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bar Kaina Ankabi </td> <td>1362 </td> <td>1370 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Musa </td> <td>1370 </td> <td>1378 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bukar Zonko </td> <td>1378 </td> <td>1386 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bukar Dalla Boyonbo </td> <td>1386 </td> <td>1394 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mar Kirai </td> <td>1394 </td> <td>1402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Dao </td> <td>1402 </td> <td>1410 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Konkiya </td> <td>1410 </td> <td>1418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Fari </td> <td>1418 </td> <td>1426 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karbifo </td> <td>1426 </td> <td>1434 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mar Fai Kolli-Djimbo </td> <td>1434 </td> <td>1442 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mar Arkena </td> <td>1442 </td> <td>1449 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mar Arandan </td> <td>1449 </td> <td>1456 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suleiman Daman </td> <td>1456 </td> <td>1464 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songhai_Emperors">Songhai Emperors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Songhai Emperors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200pt">Name </th> <th width="100pt">Reign Start </th> <th width="100pt">Reign End </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> </td> <td>1464 </td> <td>6 November 1492 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonni_Baru" title="Sonni Baru">Sonni Baru</a> </td> <td>6 November 1492 </td> <td>1493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_I" title="Askia Muhammad I">Askia Muhammad I</a> <small>(First Reign)</small> </td> <td>3 March 1493 </td> <td>26 August 1528 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Musa" title="Askia Musa">Askia Musa</a> </td> <td>26 August 1528 </td> <td>12 April 1531 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Mohammad_Benkan" title="Askia Mohammad Benkan">Askia Mohammad Benkan</a> </td> <td>12 April 1531 </td> <td>22 April 1537 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Askia Ismail">Askia Ismail</a> </td> <td>22 April 1537 </td> <td>2 March 1539 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_I" title="Askia Ishaq I">Askia Ishaq I</a> </td> <td>1539 </td> <td>25 March 1549 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Daoud" title="Askia Daoud">Askia Daoud</a> </td> <td>25 March 1549 </td> <td>August 1582 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Askia Muhammad II (al-Hajj) </td> <td>August 1582 </td> <td>15 December 1586 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muhammad Bani </td> <td>15 December 1586 </td> <td>9 April 1588 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Ishaq_II" title="Askia Ishaq II">Askia Ishaq II</a> </td> <td>9 April 1588 </td> <td>14 April 1591 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songhai_Emperors_(ruled_in_exile_from_Dendi)"><span id="Songhai_Emperors_.28ruled_in_exile_from_Dendi.29"></span>Songhai Emperors (ruled in exile from Dendi)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Songhai Emperors (ruled in exile from Dendi)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="200pt">Name </th> <th width="100pt">Reign Start </th> <th width="100pt">Reign End </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Askia_Muhammad_Gao" title="Askia Muhammad Gao">Muhammad Gao</a> </td> <td>14 April 1591 </td> <td>1591 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nuh </td> <td>1591 </td> <td>1599 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Harun </td> <td>1599 </td> <td>1612 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al-Amin </td> <td>1612 </td> <td>1618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dawud II </td> <td>1618 </td> <td>1635 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ismail </td> <td>1635 </td> <td>1640 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samsou-Béri </td> <td>1761 </td> <td>1779 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hargani </td> <td>1779 </td> <td>1793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samsou Keïna </td> <td>1793 </td> <td>1798 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fodi Maÿroumfa </td> <td>1798 </td> <td>1805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tomo </td> <td>1805 </td> <td>1823 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bassarou Missi Izé </td> <td>1823 </td> <td>1842 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boumi (Askia Kodama Komi) </td> <td>1842 </td> <td>1845 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Za_dynasty" title="Za dynasty">Za dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonni_dynasty" title="Sonni dynasty">Sonni dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askiya_dynasty" title="Askiya dynasty">Askiya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi Kingdom">Dendi Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai languages">Songhai languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai country">Songhai country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhaiborai" title="Songhaiborai">Songhaiborai</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bethwell A. Ogot, <i>Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century</i>, (UNESCO Publishing, 2000), 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979497-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaagepera1979497_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaagepera1979">Taagepera 1979</a>, pp. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz1972" class="citation journal cs1">Meyerowitz, Eva (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458020">"The Origins of the "Sudanic" Civilization"</a>. <i>Anthropos</i>. <b>67</b> (1/2): 161–175. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458020">40458020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+%22Sudanic%22+Civilization&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=161-175&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40458020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40458020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_C._Conrad-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_C._Conrad_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Conrad2009" class="citation book cs1">David C. Conrad (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EmpiresOfMedievalWestAfrica"><i>Empires of Medieval West Africa</i></a>. Chelsea House Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1604131640" title="Special:BookSources/1604131640"><bdi>1604131640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Medieval+West+Africa&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Pub&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.isbn=1604131640&rft.au=David+C.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEmpiresOfMedievalWestAfrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunwick" title="John Hunwick">Hunwick, John O.</a> (25 March 2003). <i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents</i>. Brill Academic Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004128220" title="Special:BookSources/9004128220"><bdi>9004128220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sadi%27s+Tarikh+al-Sudan+down+to+1613+and+other+contemporary+documents&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=2003-03-25&rft.isbn=9004128220&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000300-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevtzionHopkins2000300_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000">Levtzion & Hopkins 2000</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrideIfeka1971" class="citation book cs1">Stride, George T.; Ifeka, Caroline (1 January 1971). <i>Peoples and Empires of West Africa; West Africa in History, 1000–1800</i>. Holmes & Meier Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0841900698" title="Special:BookSources/0841900698"><bdi>0841900698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+and+Empires+of+West+Africa%3B+West+Africa+in+History%2C+1000%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier+Pub&rft.date=1971-01-01&rft.isbn=0841900698&rft.aulast=Stride&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rft.au=Ifeka%2C+Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerson1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Person" title="Yves Person">Person, Yves</a> (1981). "Nyaani Mansa Mamudu et la fin de l 'empire du Mali". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/sfhom_1768-7144_1981_mel_5_2_965"><i>Le sol, la parole et l'écrit: Mélanges en hommage à Raymond Mauny, Tome II</i></a>. Paris: Société française d'histoire d'outre-mer. p. 616<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nyaani+Mansa+Mamudu+et+la+fin+de+l+%E2%80%99empire+du+Mali&rft.btitle=Le+sol%2C+la+parole+et+l%27%C3%A9crit%3A+M%C3%A9langes+en+hommage+%C3%A0+Raymond+Mauny%2C+Tome+II&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=616&rft.pub=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27histoire+d%27outre-mer&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Person&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fsfhom_1768-7144_1981_mel_5_2_965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sonni-Ali">"Sonni Ali"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Sonni+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSonni-Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sonni ʿAlī.(2007). Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge History of Africa, Vol 5: University Press, 1977, pp 421</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielNorman1971" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, McCall; Norman, Bennett (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.bu.edu/handle/2144/23133"><i>Aspects of West African Islam</i></a>. Boston University, African Studies Center. pp. 42–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+West+African+Islam&rft.pages=42-45&rft.pub=Boston+University%2C+African+Studies+Center&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=McCall&rft.au=Norman%2C+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.bu.edu%2Fhandle%2F2144%2F23133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thornton, John K.. Warfare in Atlantic Africa, 1500-1800 (Warfare and History) (Kindle Locations 871-872). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillard1993" class="citation journal cs1">Willard, Alice (1993-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol28/iss28/6">"Gold, Islam and Camels: The Transformative Effects of Trade and Ideology"</a>. <i>Comparative Civilizations Review</i>. <b>28</b> (28): 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0733-4540">0733-4540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Civilizations+Review&rft.atitle=Gold%2C+Islam+and+Camels%3A+The+Transformative+Effects+of+Trade+and+Ideology&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=88-89&rft.date=1993-04-01&rft.issn=0733-4540&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarsarchive.byu.edu%2Fccr%2Fvol28%2Fiss28%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1">Meri, Josef W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaV-IGZ8VKIC&q=Songhay+astronomy&pg=PA764"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415966924" title="Special:BookSources/9780415966924"><bdi>9780415966924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+L-Z%2C+index&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780415966924&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaV-IGZ8VKIC%26q%3DSonghay%2Bastronomy%26pg%3DPA764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loimeier-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loimeier_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoimeier2013" class="citation book cs1">Loimeier, Roman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dR5yCmUejWEC&pg=PA69"><i>Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology</i></a>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253007971" title="Special:BookSources/9780253007971"><bdi>9780253007971</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Societies+in+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Anthropology&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780253007971&rft.aulast=Loimeier&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdR5yCmUejWEC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyfiles.co.uk-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyfiles.co.uk_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsAfrica/AfricaNiger.htm">"Kingdoms of Africa - Niger"</a>. <i>www.historyfiles.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfiles.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+Africa+-+Niger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsAfrica%2FAfricaNiger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHA5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GHA5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GHA5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbitbol1992" class="citation book cs1">Abitbol, M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/j.f.adeajayigeneralhistoryofafricavolum/Africa%20V/page/n287/mode/2up">"The end of the Songhay empire"</a>. In Ogot, B. A. (ed.). <i>General History of Africa vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century</i>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+end+of+the+Songhay+empire&rft.btitle=General+History+of+Africa+vol.+V%3A+Africa+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Abitbol&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fj.f.adeajayigeneralhistoryofafricavolum%2FAfrica%2520V%2Fpage%2Fn287%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoller1992" class="citation cs2">Stoller, Paul (15 June 1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42jeF8V6uzQC&dq=Bangu+Dendi+Province&pg=PA56"><i>The Cinematic Griot: The Ethnography of Jean Rouch</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, p. 56, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226775463" title="Special:BookSources/9780226775463"><bdi>9780226775463</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cinematic+Griot%3A+The+Ethnography+of+Jean+Rouch&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992-06-15&rft.isbn=9780226775463&rft.aulast=Stoller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42jeF8V6uzQC%26dq%3DBangu%2BDendi%2BProvince%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LS_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Jarus2013" class="citation web cs1">Owen Jarus (21 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/26451-timbuktu.html">"Timbuktu: History of Fabled Center of Learning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timbuktu%3A+History+of+Fabled+Center+of+Learning&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2013-01-21&rft.au=Owen+Jarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F26451-timbuktu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Songhai_Empire/">"Songhai Empire"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Songhai+Empire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FSonghai_Empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnesco._International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1998">Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)</a>, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Shillington" title="Kevin Shillington">Shillington, Kevin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&dq=askia+muhammad+weights+and+measures&pg=PA1589"><i>Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 1589. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135456702" title="Special:BookSources/9781135456702"><bdi>9781135456702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+History+3-Volume+Set&rft.pages=1589&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135456702&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumyHqvAErOAC%26dq%3Daskia%2Bmuhammad%2Bweights%2Band%2Bmeasures%26pg%3DPA1589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick1976" class="citation book cs1">Hunwick, John (1976). <i>"Songhay, Borno, and Hausaland in the sixteenth century," in The History of West Africa</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 264–301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Songhay%2C+Borno%2C+and+Hausaland+in+the+sixteenth+century%2C%22+in+The+History+of+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=264-301&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFestus1990" class="citation book cs1">Festus, Ugboaja Ohaegbulam (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1fNzyNO5AC&dq=askia+muhammad+weights+and+measures&pg=PA79"><i>Towards an Understanding of the African Experience from Historical and Contemporary Perspective</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819179418" title="Special:BookSources/9780819179418"><bdi>9780819179418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+an+Understanding+of+the+African+Experience+from+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780819179418&rft.aulast=Festus&rft.aufirst=Ugboaja+Ohaegbulam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGX1fNzyNO5AC%26dq%3Daskia%2Bmuhammad%2Bweights%2Band%2Bmeasures%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, James Stuart. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc., 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLady_Lugard1997">Lady Lugard 1997</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalgleish2005">Dalgleish 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIliffe200772-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIliffe200772_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIliffe2007">Iliffe 2007</a>, pp. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnesco._International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1998">Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)</a>, p. 81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotholm2010" class="citation book cs1">Potholm, Christian P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAQWcKrqFG0C&dq=songhai+chain+mail&pg=PA107"><i>Winning at War: Seven Keys to Military Victory Throughout History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442201309" title="Special:BookSources/9781442201309"><bdi>9781442201309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+at+War%3A+Seven+Keys+to+Military+Victory+Throughout+History&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781442201309&rft.aulast=Potholm&rft.aufirst=Christian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAQWcKrqFG0C%26dq%3Dsonghai%2Bchain%2Bmail%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnesco._International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1998">Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2005" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, John (2005). <i>African States and Rulers</i>. London: McFarland. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2562-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2562-8"><bdi>0-7864-2562-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+States+and+Rulers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7864-2562-8&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalgleish2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dalgleish, David (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umes.edu/cms300uploadedFiles/AJCJS/acjavol1no1dagleish.pdf">"Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Criminology+and+Justice+Studies&rft.atitle=Pre-Colonial+Criminal+Justice+In+West+Africa%3A+Eurocentric+Thought+Versus+Africentric+Evidence.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Dalgleish&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umes.edu%2Fcms300uploadedFiles%2FAJCJS%2Facjavol1no1dagleish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskinsBensonCooper1998" class="citation book cs1">Haskins, James; Benson, Kathleen; Cooper, Floyd (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanbeginning0000hask/page/48"><i>African Beginnings</i></a>. New York City: HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanbeginning0000hask/page/48">48 Pages</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-10256-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-10256-5"><bdi>0-688-10256-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Beginnings&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=48+Pages&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-688-10256-5&rft.aulast=Haskins&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Benson%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Floyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanbeginning0000hask%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe2007" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanshistoryo00ilif"><i>Africans: The History of a Continent</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68297-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68297-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68297-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africans%3A+The+History+of+a+Continent&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68297-8&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanshistoryo00ilif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunwick1988" class="citation book cs1">Hunwick, John (1988). <i>Timbuktu & the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'dis Ta'rikh al-sudan down to 1613 and other Contemporary Documents</i>. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 480 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0"><bdi>90-04-12822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+%26+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sa%27dis+Ta%27rikh+al-sudan+down+to+1613+and+other+Contemporary+Documents&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=480+pages&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=90-04-12822-0&rft.aulast=Hunwick&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLady_Lugard1997" class="citation book cs1">Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX5UGiFsmbEC&pg=PA199">"Songhay Under Askia the Great"</a>. <i>A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria / [Flora S. Lugard]</i>. Black Classic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X"><bdi>0-933121-92-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Songhay+Under+Askia+the+Great&rft.btitle=A+tropical+dependency%3A+an+outline+of+the+ancient+history+of+western+Sudan+with+an+account+of+the+modern+settlement+of+northern+Nigeria+%2F+%5BFlora+S.+Lugard%5D&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-933121-92-X&rft.aulast=Lady+Lugard&rft.aufirst=Flora+Louisa+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX5UGiFsmbEC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalio1990" class="citation book cs1">Malio, Thomas A. Hale. by The epic of Askia Mohammed / recounted by Nouhou (1990). <i>Scribe, griot, and novelist: narrative interpreters of the Songhay Empire</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-0981-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-0981-2"><bdi>0-8130-0981-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribe%2C+griot%2C+and+novelist%3A+narrative+interpreters+of+the+Songhay+Empire&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8130-0981-2&rft.aulast=Malio&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.+Hale.+by+The+epic+of+Askia+Mohammed+%2F+recounted+by+Nouhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaagepera1979" class="citation book cs1">Taagepera, Rein (1979). <i>Social Science History, Vol. 3, No. 3/4 "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D."</i>. Durham: Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Science+History%2C+Vol.+3%2C+No.+3%2F4+%22Size+and+Duration+of+Empires%3A+Growth-Decline+Curves%2C+600+B.C.+to+600+A.D.%22&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Taagepera&rft.aufirst=Rein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzionHopkins2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nehemia_Levtzion" title="Nehemia Levtzion">Levtzion, Nehemia</a>; Hopkins, John F.P., eds. (2000). <i>Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West Africa</i>. New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-241-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-241-8"><bdi>1-55876-241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+of+Early+Arabic+Sources+for+West+Africa&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Marcus+Weiner+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55876-241-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnesco._International_Scientific_Committee_for_the_Drafting_of_a_General_History_of_Africa1998" class="citation book cs1">Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwV2a-lPB70C&q=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520066991" title="Special:BookSources/9780520066991"><bdi>9780520066991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+General+History+of+Africa%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Abridged+Edition%3A+Africa+from+the+Twelfth+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520066991&rft.au=Unesco.+International+Scientific+Committee+for+the+Drafting+of+a+General+History+of+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHwV2a-lPB70C%26q%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonghai+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Isichei, Elizabeth. <i>A History of African Societies to 1870</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print.</li> <li>Shillington, Kevin. <i>History of Africa</i> . 2nd . NY: Macmillan, 2005. Print.</li> <li>Cissoko, S. M., <i>Timbouctou et l'empire songhay</i>, Paris 1975.</li> <li>Lange, D., <i>Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa</i>, Dettelbach 2004 (the book has a chapter titled "The Mande factor in Gao history", pp. 409–544).</li> <li>Gomez, Michael A., <i><a href="/wiki/African_Dominion:_A_New_History_of_Empire_in_Early_and_Medieval_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa">African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa</a></i>. Princeton University Press, 2018.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songhai_Empire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter4.shtml">The Story of Africa: Songhay</a> — BBC World Service</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667142/">Askiyah's Questions and al-Maghili's Answers</a> An essay about the rule of the Songhai Empire from the 15th century. <span class="languageicon">(in English and Arabic)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="Education in Niger">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerien_films" title="List of Nigerien films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Niger" title="Flag of Niger">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Niger" title="Health in Niger">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Niger" title="Human trafficking in Niger">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niger" title="Languages of Niger">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Niger">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigeriens" title="List of Nigeriens">List of Nigeriens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Niger">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niger" title="Music of Niger">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Niger" title="Polygamy in Niger">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Niger" title="Prostitution in Niger">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Niger" title="Public holidays in Niger">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_migration_in_Niger" title="Seasonal migration in Niger">Seasonal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Niger" title="Slavery in Niger">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Niger">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Niger" title="Outline of Niger">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Niger" title="Category:Niger">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mali_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mali_topics" title="Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mali_topics" title="Template talk:Mali topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mali_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mali topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mali_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mali" title="History of Mali">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mali_Empire" title="History of the Mali Empire">History of the Mali Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Songhai Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9n%C3%A9dougou_Kingdom" title="Kénédougou Kingdom">Kénédougou Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_War" title="Mali War">Mali War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease_in_Mali" title="Ebola virus disease in Mali">Ebola disease event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_protests" title="2020 Malian protests">2020 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2020 Malian coup d'état">2020 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Malian coup d'état">2021 coup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mali" title="Geography of Mali">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Mali" title="Template:Borders of Mali">Borders</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mali" title="List of cities in Mali">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mali" title="Environmental issues in Mali">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Mali" title="Category:Mountains of Mali">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_Mali" title="Category:National parks of Mali">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Mali" title="Regions of Mali">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mali" title="List of rivers of Mali">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mali" title="Wildlife of Mali">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mali" title="Politics of Mali">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Mali">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mali" title="Elections in Mali">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mali" title="Foreign relations of Mali">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mali" title="Human rights in Mali">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mali">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mali" title="Law enforcement in Mali">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Mali">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)" title="National Assembly (Mali)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mali" title="List of political parties in Mali">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mali" title="List of heads of state of Mali">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Mali">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mali" title="Vice President of Mali">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Mali" title="Foreign aid to Mali">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mali" title="Tourism in Mali">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Mali" title="Transport in Mali">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mali" title="Category:Society of Mali">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Mali" title="Child marriage in Mali">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali" title="Demographics of Mali">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Mali">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mali" title="Education in Mali">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Mali" title="Health in Mali">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Mali" title="Human trafficking in Mali">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mali" title="Languages of Mali">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Mali" title="Prostitution in Mali">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Mali" title="Slavery in Mali">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mali" title="Culture of Mali">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Malian_films" title="List of Malian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_literature" title="Malian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mali">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mali" title="Music of Mali">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali" title="Polygamy in Mali">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mali" title="Public holidays in Mali">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mali" title="Outline of Mali">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mali-related_articles" title="Index of Mali-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mali" title="Category:Mali">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mali" title="Portal:Mali">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Template talk:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahelian kingdoms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahelian_kingdoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alodia" title="Alodia">Alodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baol" title="Baol">Baol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayor" title="Cayor">Cayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daju_kingdom" title="Daju kingdom">Daju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur" title="Sultanate of Darfur">Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_(province)" title="Dendi (province)">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Diarra" title="Kingdom of Diarra">Diarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B4" title="Dô">Dô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Jallon" title="Imamate of Futa Jallon">Futa Jallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_of_Futa_Toro" title="Imamate of Futa Toro">Futa Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajaaga" title="Gajaaga">Gajaaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Empire" title="Gao Empire">Gao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobir" title="Gobir">Gobir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Great_Fulo" title="Empire of Great Fulo">Great Fulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolof_Empire" title="Jolof Empire">Jolof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarta" title="Kaarta">Kaarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaabu" title="Kaabu">Kaabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem–Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kong_Empire" title="Kong Empire">Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massina_Empire" title="Massina Empire">Massina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Niani" title="Kingdom of Niani">Niani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niumi">Niumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saloum" title="Saloum">Saloum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funj_Sultanate" title="Funj Sultanate">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sine" title="Kingdom of Sine">Sine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrur" title="Takrur">Takrur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Toucouleur Empire">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunjur_kingdom" title="Tunjur kingdom">Tunjur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waalo" title="Waalo">Waalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wuli" title="Kingdom of Wuli">Wuli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202687#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135042118">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxcDy9JHvRbHT8bfHQv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97031423">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542635905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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