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</button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years:_1948–1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years:_1948–1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early years: 1948–1960 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years:_1948–1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dormancy:_1960–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dormancy:_1960–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Dormancy: 1960–1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dormancy:_1960–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival:_1990–2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival:_1990–2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Revival: 1990–2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival:_1990–2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shope_presidency:_1991–1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shope_presidency:_1991–1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Shope presidency: 1991–1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shope_presidency:_1991–1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madikizela-Mandela_presidency:_1993–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madikizela-Mandela_presidency:_1993–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Madikizela-Mandela presidency: 1993–2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madikizela-Mandela_presidency:_1993–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mapisa-Nqakula_presidency:_2003–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mapisa-Nqakula_presidency:_2003–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Mapisa-Nqakula presidency: 2003–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mapisa-Nqakula_presidency:_2003–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motshekga_presidency:_2008–2015" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #006600; border-bottom:2px solid #006600; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">African National Congress Women's League</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg/150px-ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg/225px-ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg/300px-ANC_Womens_League_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="250" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">ANCWL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sisi_Tolashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisi Tolashe">Sisi Tolashe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Secretary-General</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nokuthula_Nqaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nokuthula Nqaba (page does not exist)">Nokuthula Nqaba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1948 (1948)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a> 54 Sauer Street <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womensleague.anc.org.za/">womensleague.anc.org.za</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) is an auxiliary women's political organization of the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress (ANC)</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_464–478-1">[1]</a> This organization has its precedent in the Bantu Women's League, and it oscillated from being the Women's Section to the Women's League from its founding, through the exile years, and in a post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> After women were allowed to become members of the ANC in 1943, the ANCWL was created as the means by which Black South African women could contribute to the national liberation struggle by channeling Black women's political activity into the ANC by way of the ANCWL.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> From its founding until the present the organization's structure, internal debates, and activity have been influenced by critical events in the national liberation struggle and by the ultimate authority of the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> Although the ANCWL was established as a way to incorporate women and their issues into the ANC, there are conflicting accounts over the extent to which women and their issues were represented by this organization, the degree to which organizational autonomy was desired, and the organization's relationship with <a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">feminist politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown_464–478-1">[1]</a> After the ANC was allowed to return to South Africa in 1990, the ANCWL returned to being a formal organization within the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> The most recent president of the ANCWL was <a href="/wiki/Bathabile_Dlamini" title="Bathabile Dlamini">Bathabile Dlamini</a>, who held the office from 2015 until April 2022, when the entire national executive of the league was disbanded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a> of the mainstream ANC.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bantu_Women's_League">Bantu Women's League</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bantu Women's League">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THAMI_Mnyele-anc_violet_hashe_84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/THAMI_Mnyele-anc_violet_hashe_84.jpg/220px-THAMI_Mnyele-anc_violet_hashe_84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/THAMI_Mnyele-anc_violet_hashe_84.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Viola Hashe, blind trade union leader, speaking at a 1952 rally during the "<a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a>". Photo taken in Fordsburg, Johannesburg; poster designed for African National Congress South Africa in Lusaka, to commemorate 1984 as "Year of the Women"</figcaption></figure> The Bantu Women's League (BWL) was founded in 1913 by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Maxeke" title="Charlotte Maxeke">Charlotte Manye Maxeke</a> as a part of the ANC but without full membership rights.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> It was founded to give organization to women's issues and to channel women's politics into the ANC's nationalist struggle.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The organization operated on the ANC's <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> nationalist conception of women's political interests as solely issues that inhibited women in their roles as wives and mothers.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A central issue that led to its formation were the attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State_(province)" title="Orange Free State (province)">Orange Free State province</a> to require Black women to carry passes.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Passes were documents that were used as a means by which local state authorities and white <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a> could regulate the movement of Black South Africans, most of whom were migrant workers.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The pass was seen as a symbol of racist oppression and the Bantu Women's League was built to channel women's militancy in order to protest the passes.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Black men had already been required to carry passes. Whites did not have to carry passes.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1912, the BWL obtained 5000 Black and Colored women's signatures.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The petition was sent to Prime Minister Louis Bothaasking, requesting the repeal of the pass laws. The women received no response. In response and led by Maxeke, the members burned their passes in front of municipal offices while chanting, protest and even fighting with police. Many members were arrested in Jagersfontein, Winburg and Bloemfontein. This militant action by the women resulted in the exclusion of women from the pass laws until 1956 when the South African government attempted to subject women to pass laws again.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> The mass mobilization of the women caught the ANC by surprise; this high level of political activity continued throughout the interwar period, prompting the ANC to reconsider the role of women in the nationalist struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> The women made up a powerful political constituency, and the ANC was building a mass base to achieve its goal of national liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years:_1948–1960">Early years: 1948–1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years: 1948–1960">edit</a>]</div> The interwar period was marked by an increase in Black women's mobilization against apartheid. The increase in secondary industry and the reduction of the reserve economy prompted the mass urbanization of women into townships, creating the conditions for a massive wave of resistance in the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> In 1943, the ANC decided to allow women to join the organization as full members. In 1948, the ANC created the Women's League, the organization that was to be the home for women members of the ANC and the mechanism through which their politics and participation would be directed.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madie_Hall_Xuma" title="Madie Hall Xuma">Madie Hall-Xuma</a> became the first president of the auxiliary organization, and the organization was allowed to govern itself within the boundaries set by the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> Almost immediately following the creation of the ANCWL there began debates within the organization about whether the ANCWL should be a more autonomous or decentralized organization for advancing women's politics and position within the nationalist movement and in the future post-apartheid state.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> In 1945, the Executive Committee of the ANCWL passed a resolution to allow itself to establish branches wherever the ANC already had a presence, indicating a step towards building up a political organization for women in the ANC.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> This was rejected by the ANC on the grounds that it would be promoting a parallel feminist organization that could foster divisions within the nationalist movement.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> The tension between feminism and the nationalist movement was a constant struggle that ultimately resulted in a cyclical pattern of "double militancy" for women in the ANC; women had to struggle against the patriarchal notions of women's roles in the ANC's nationalism, struggle for a political space for women, and struggle against critiques or attacks from their mostly male comrades when they tried to seek autonomy for the ANCWL.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Despite this, women's own political strength would push against assumed gender roles within the ANC. The ANC had asked it to help in organizing the 1955 Congress of the people, where the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a> was adopted. Then secretary-general of the ANC, Oliver Tambo, remarked that the "Women's League is not just an auxiliary to the ANC and we know that we cannot win liberation or build a strong movement without the participation of women."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This remark was made coming off of the heels of the ANCWL's large involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a>, which saw women members taking important roles and leading massive actions.<a href="#cite_note-sahistory.org.za-13">[13]</a> Women saw the leverage this gave them and took the opportunity to demand that their demands be incorporated into the charter. On <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Day" title="National Women's Day">August 9, 1956</a>, league members representing the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Women" title="Federation of South African Women">Federation of South African Women</a>, confronted Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/J._G._Strijdom" title="J. G. Strijdom">J. G. Strydom</a> with a petition against pass laws.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The experience of the Defiance Campaign also led to the ANCWL's role in creating the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Women" title="Federation of South African Women">Federation of South African Women</a> (FEDSAW), a parallel organization that the ANC could bring into the national liberation struggle through the ANCWL's key membership and leadership in the federation.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dormancy:_1960–1990">Dormancy: 1960–1990</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dormancy: 1960–1990">edit</a>]</div> On March 22, 1960, in the township of <a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville</a>, South African police forces opened fire on a demonstration of Black South Africans against the pass laws. 69 people were killed by the police, and riots spread across South Africa in response to the massacre at Sharpeville. The <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> government declared a state of emergency and moved to ban the ANC and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan African Congress</a>, among others. While the organization was banned, some members created organizations such as the Federation of Transvaal Women (FEDTRAW), Natal Organisation of Women (NOW) and United Women's Congress (UWCO) in the Western Cape.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The ANC itself operated primarily in exile from headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka, Zambia</a>; the Women's League became dormant, although much of its work was continued by the "Women's Section" of the mainstream ANC, which had multiple branches across different exile states.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Leaders of the section included <a href="/wiki/Florence_Mophosho" title="Florence Mophosho">Florence Mophosho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Shope" title="Gertrude Shope">Gertrude Shope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> The formal roles of the women in the Women's Section was to act as "social workers" for the members in exile. However, women in exile also took on roles of diplomats, like in the case of Mophosho, or they were able to rethink their politics and incorporate a feminist politics into their nationalist struggle through encounters with feminists in other countries, like the feminists of the <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This was an important period for ANC women in exile because when they were allowed to return in 1990, they would bring the lessons from these political exchanges into advocating for advancing the status of women in a post-apartheid South Africa and its new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival:_1990–2022">Revival: 1990–2022</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revival: 1990–2022">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shope_presidency:_1991–1993">Shope presidency: 1991–1993</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shope presidency: 1991–1993">edit</a>]</div> Several months after the ANC was unbanned by the apartheid government, the ANCWL was relaunched in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> on 9 August 1990, <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Day" title="National Women's Day">the anniversary</a> of the famous <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">1956 Women's March</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> In April 1991 the league held its first national conference in several decades in <a href="/wiki/Kimberley,_Northern_Cape" title="Kimberley, Northern Cape">Kimberley</a> and elected <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Shope" title="Gertrude Shope">Gertrude Shope</a> as ANCWL president.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a> also stood for the presidency but was elected in a vote, receiving only 196 votes to Shope's 633; <a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a> had declined a nomination to stand for the presidency and had reportedly supported Shope's campaign, and she was elected ANCWL deputy president.<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baleka_Mbete" title="Baleka Mbete">Baleka Mbete</a> (then known as Baleka Kgositsile) was elected <a href="/wiki/Secretary-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-general">secretary-general</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th National Conference</a> of the mainstream ANC in July 1991, in a highly charged <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary</a> session, the ANCWL failed to garner the requisite support for <a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress#Proposed_gender_quota" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">its proposal</a> to insert <a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">gender quotas</a> into the ANC constitution.<a href="#cite_note-:82-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madikizela-Mandela_presidency:_1993–2003">Madikizela-Mandela presidency: 1993–2003</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Madikizela-Mandela presidency: 1993–2003">edit</a>]</div> Shope was replaced as president by Madikizela-Mandela in December 1993, at the ANCWL's second national conference; the conference also elected <a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a> as deputy president and <a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula</a> as secretary-general.<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Tambo" title="Adelaide Tambo">Adelaide Tambo</a> was elected treasurer-general.<a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a> On 11 February 1995, eleven members of the ANCWL national executive resigned from their positions in protest of Madikizela-Mandela's leadership, vaguely citing undemocratic practices and a lack of accountability.<a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a> said that treasurer-general Tambo led the walk-out,<a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a> and the group also included secretary-general Mapisa-Nqakula and former secretary-general Mbete, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mompati" title="Ruth Mompati">Ruth Mompati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomvula_Mokonyane" title="Nomvula Mokonyane">Nomvula Mokonyane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mavivi_Myakayaka-Manzini" title="Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini">Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nkosazana_Dlamini-Zuma" title="Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma">Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lindiwe_Zulu" title="Lindiwe Zulu">Lindiwe Zulu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-29">[29]</a> The ANC sent in its own national leadership to attempt to mediate the dispute: the women met with Deputy President <a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> and then, reportedly for four hours, with President <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Upon Madikizela-Mandela's death in 2018, it was still not clear exactly what precipitated the protest; most of the women later rejoined the ANCWL.<a href="#cite_note-:19-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At the ANC's <a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th National Conference</a> in December 1997, the ANCWL nominated its president, Madikizela-Mandela, for the deputy presidency of the mainstream ANC, but the nomination was invalidated on a technicality.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> An attempt by the ANCWL to nominate her again, this time from the floor of the conference, also failed.<a href="#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Although Madikizela-Mandela was elected to a second term as ANCWL president at the league's 1997 conference,<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> she was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and theft in April 2003 and resigned from the office.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> Modise stepped in as acting president.<a href="#cite_note-:9-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mapisa-Nqakula_presidency:_2003–2008">Mapisa-Nqakula presidency: 2003–2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mapisa-Nqakula presidency: 2003–2008">edit</a>]</div> In subsequent months, Modise and Mapisa-Nqakula were engaged in a heated contest to succeed Madikizela-Mandela.<a href="#cite_note-:8-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manto_Tshabalala-Msimang" title="Manto Tshabalala-Msimang">Manto Tshabalala-Msimang</a> was also nominated for the presidency but declined to stand in the election.<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a> At the national conference in August 2003, the ANCWL's fourth since 1990, Mapisa-Nqakula prevailed and was elected ANCWL president, beating Modise by 528 votes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The conference also elected Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini as deputy president and <a href="/wiki/Bathabile_Dlamini" title="Bathabile Dlamini">Bathabile Dlamini</a> as secretary-general.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a> This leadership complement was viewed as aligned to the incumbent ANC president and <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">national president</a>, Thabo Mbeki.<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a> In the fierce campaigning that preceded the mainstream ANC's <a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd National Conference</a> in December 2007, the ANCWL reportedly supported Mbeki's unsuccessful bid for re-election as ANC president, although secretary general Dlamini supported his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[46]</a> The Mail & Guardian reported that Mbeki had secured the league's support by selecting Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma (a provincial leader of the ANCWL in <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> at that time)<a href="#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a> as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-:13-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motshekga_presidency:_2008–2015">Motshekga presidency: 2008–2015</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Motshekga presidency: 2008–2015">edit</a>]</div> At the ANCWL national conference in 2008, outgoing secretary-general Dlamini contested with <a href="/wiki/Angie_Motshekga" title="Angie Motshekga">Angie Motshekga</a> for election to the presidency; Motshekga won the vote. Also elected at the conference were Nosiphiwo Mwambi as deputy president, <a href="/wiki/Nokuzola_Tolashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nokuzola Tolashe">Sisisi Tolashe</a> as secretary-general, Mpai Mogori as deputy secretary-general, and <a href="/wiki/Hlengiwe_Mkhize" title="Hlengiwe Mkhize">Hlengiwe Mkhize</a> as treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a> Motshekga remained in the presidency until 2013 – although the league's constitution required it to hold national conferences every five years, the conference was delayed by two years.<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dlamini_presidency:_2015–2022">Dlamini presidency: 2015–2022</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dlamini presidency: 2015–2022">edit</a>]</div> When the next conference was held in <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> in August 2015, it hosted a repeat of the 2008 leadership battle;<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> on this occasion, Dlamini won, earning 1,537 votes to Motshekga's 1,081.<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sisi_Ntombela" title="Sisi Ntombela">Sisi Ntombela</a> was elected unopposed as ANCWL deputy president, and <a href="/wiki/Maite_Nkoana-Mashabane" title="Maite Nkoana-Mashabane">Maite Nkoana-Mashabane</a> was elected treasurer, winning in a vote against <a href="/wiki/Edna_Molewa" title="Edna Molewa">Edna Molewa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mookgo_Matuba" title="Mookgo Matuba">Mookgo Matuba</a> beat Tolashe in a vote to take her post as secretary-general, and <a href="/wiki/Weziwe_Tikana" class="mw-redirect" title="Weziwe Tikana">Weziwe Tikana</a> was elected Matuba's deputy.<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a> On 1 April, incumbent ANCWL president Dlamini was convicted on <a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">perjury</a> charges;<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> there was some controversy within the ANC about whether the mainstream organisation's so-called <a href="/wiki/Step-aside_rule" title="Step-aside rule">step-aside rule</a> required Dlamini to step down as ANCWL president following her conviction.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Ultimately, later in April, the ANC <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a> announced that, while Dlamini would not be required to "step aside", the entire national executive of the ANCWL would be disbanded because it had exceeded its five-year term.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The disbandment ended Dlamini and other national leaders' terms and leadership of the ANCWL was entrusted to an interim task team, pending fresh leadership elections.<a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> South African artist Ayanda Mabulu once created a painting called The Pornography Power, portraying then-president <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> receiving oral sex by an African American women in a circus tent. "Of  late, the organisation has failed time and time again to check misogyny within the ANC and has made shallow attempts at best to check misogyny outside of it." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_North_West_fraud">Alleged North West fraud</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alleged North West fraud">edit</a>]</div> The ANCWL in the North West suspended three of its members. The League's Provincial Executive Committee (PEC) placed three of its executive members on leave on January 21, 2022 due to fraud accusations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The accusation was that the three individuals were plotting to illegally take money from the party.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The issue allegedly lay with provincial secretary Briget Tlhomelang, who at the time was not the secretary but still accessed the ANC's bank accounts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> The suspended chairperson, Fetsang Molosiwa, claimed only the party's executive committee could suspend the three and not the PEC.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> An investigation was underway in early 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_leaders">List of leaders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of leaders">edit</a>]</div> The top national leadership of the ANCWL are elected at regular national conferences; the 12th was held in August 2015.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: President">edit</a>]</div> Since the ANCWL was relaunched in 1990, its presidents have been: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Shope" title="Gertrude Shope">Gertrude Shope</a> (1991–1993)<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a> (1993–2003)<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a> (acting, 2003)<a href="#cite_note-:9-42">[42]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Ngakula</a> (2003–2008)<a href="#cite_note-:11-43">[43]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angie_Motshekga" title="Angie Motshekga">Angie Motshekga</a> (2008–2015)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathabile_Dlamini" title="Bathabile Dlamini">Bathabile Dlamini</a> (2015–2022)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisisi_Tolashe" title="Sisisi Tolashe">Sisisi Tolashe</a> (2023–present)<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deputy_president">Deputy president</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deputy president">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a> (1991–1993)<a href="#cite_note-:6-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thandi_Modise" title="Thandi Modise">Thandi Modise</a> (1993–2003)<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavivi_Myakayaka-Manzini" title="Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini">Mavivi Myakayaka-Manzini</a> (2003–2008)<a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a></li> <li>Nosiphiwo Mwambi (2008–2015)<a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisi_Ntombela" title="Sisi Ntombela">Sisi Ntombela</a> (2015–2022)<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungi_Mnganga-Gcabashe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungi Mnganga-Gcabashe">Lungi Mnganga-Gcabashe</a> (2023–present)<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary-general">Secretary-general</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secretary-general">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baleka_Mbete" title="Baleka Mbete">Baleka Mbete</a> (1991–1993)<a href="#cite_note-:7-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosiviwe_Mapisa-Nqakula" title="Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula">Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula</a> (1993–1995)<a href="#cite_note-:5-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-27">[27]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathabile_Dlamini" title="Bathabile Dlamini">Bathabile Dlamini</a> (1998–2008)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-45">[45]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisisi_Tolashe" title="Sisisi Tolashe">Sisisi Tolashe</a> (2008–2015)<a href="#cite_note-:14-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mookgo_Matuba" title="Mookgo Matuba">Mookgo Matuba</a> (2015–2022)<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nokuthula_Nqaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nokuthula Nqaba (page does not exist)">Nokuthula Nqaba</a> (2023–present)<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_persons">Notable persons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notable persons">edit</a>]</div> In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Ngoyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilian Ngoyi">Lilian Ngoyi</a> became the first elected female member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_(African_National_Congress)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Executive Committee (African National Congress)">ANC National Executive Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">[3]</a> Among the activists and politicians who were allied with the ANC during the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> decades are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Ngoyi" title="Lillian Ngoyi">Lillian Ngoyi</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Joseph" title="Helen Joseph">Helen Joseph</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Simons" class="mw-redirect" title="Rachel Simons">Ray Alexander</a> and Rayn Alexander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Baard" title="Frances Baard">Frances Baard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahima_Moosa" title="Rahima Moosa">Rahima Moosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Mophosho" title="Florence Mophosho">Florence Mophosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Madikizela-Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Mntwana" title="Ida Mntwana">Ida Mntwana</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mompati" title="Ruth Mompati">Ruth Mompati</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Mophosho" title="Florence Mophosho">Florence Mophosho</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madi_Gray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madi Gray (page does not exist)">Madi Gray</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frene_Ginwala" title="Frene Ginwala">Frene Ginwala</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yolisa_Modise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yolisa Modise (page does not exist)">Yolisa Modise</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertina_Sisulu" title="Albertina Sisulu">Albertina Sisulu</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Nyembe" title="Dorothy Nyembe">Dorothy Nyembe</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li></ul> Many of these women were members of the ANCWL or worked with them in organizations like FEDSAW to advance the national liberation struggle. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=African_National_Congress_Women%27s_League&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brown_464–478-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_464–478_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_464–478_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Julian (2 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/02582473.2016.1224269">"Diversity without Unity: Fragments of the History of the ANC"</a>. South African Historical Journal. 68 (3): 464–478. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2016.1224269">10.1080/02582473.2016.1224269</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0258-2473">0258-2473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151917818">151917818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Diversity+without+Unity%3A+Fragments+of+the+History+of+the+ANC&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=464-478&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151917818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0258-2473&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2016.1224269&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2016.1224269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress+Women%27s+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinwala1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ginwala, Frene (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065639">"Women and the African National Congress 1912-1943"</a>. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (8): 77–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4065639">10.2307/4065639</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1013-0950">1013-0950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065639">4065639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agenda%3A+Empowering+Women+for+Gender+Equity&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+African+National+Congress+1912-1943&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=77-93&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=1013-0950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065639%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4065639&rft.aulast=Ginwala&rft.aufirst=Frene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4065639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAfrican+National+Congress+Women%27s+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassim_2006-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassim_2006_3-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassim2006" class="citation book cs1">Hassim, Shireen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229432968">Women's organizations and democracy in South Africa : contesting authority</a>. 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href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Leaders" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langalibalele_Dube" title="John Langalibalele Dube">John Langalibalele Dube</a> (1912–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefako_Makgatho" title="Sefako Makgatho">Sefako Makgatho</a> (1917–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1924–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Tshangana_Gumede" title="Josiah Tshangana Gumede">Josiah Tshangana Gumede</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixley_ka_Isaka_Seme" title="Pixley ka Isaka Seme">Pixley ka Isaka Seme</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Richard_Mahabane" title="Zacharias Richard Mahabane">Zacharias Richard Mahabane</a> (1937–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bitini_Xuma" title="Alfred Bitini Xuma">Alfred Bitini Xuma</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moroka" title="James Moroka">James Moroka</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a> (1952–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Deputy President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rubusana" title="Walter Rubusana">Walter Rubusana</a> (1912–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1952–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1958–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1991–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thabo_Mbeki" title="Thabo Mbeki">Thabo Mbeki</a> (1994–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Jacob Zuma</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (2007–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (2012–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mabuza" title="David Mabuza">David Mabuza</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mashatile" title="Paul Mashatile">Paul Mashatile</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#008000;color:white;">Secretary-General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Plaatje" title="Sol Plaatje">Sol Plaatje</a> (1912–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selope_Thema" title="Selope Thema">Selope Thema</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Msane" title="Saul Msane">Saul Msane</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li>Horatio L. Bud-M'belle (1919–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Mweli_Skota" title="TD Mweli Skota">TD Mweli Skota</a> (1923–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._J._Khaile" title="E. J. Khaile">E. J. Khaile</a> (1927–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Mdolomba" title="Elijah Mdolomba">Elijah Mdolomba</a> (1930–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Calata" title="James Calata">James Calata</a> (1936–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a> (1949–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Tambo" title="Oliver Tambo">Oliver Tambo</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duma_Nokwe" title="Duma Nokwe">Duma Nokwe</a> (1958–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baphethuxolo_Nzo" title="Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo">Alfred Baphethuxolo Nzo</a> (1969–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (1991–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kgalema_Motlanthe" title="Kgalema Motlanthe">Kgalema Motlanthe</a> (1997–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwede_Mantashe" title="Gwede Mantashe">Gwede Mantashe</a> (2007–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Magashule" title="Ace Magashule">Ace Magashule</a> (2017–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikile_Mbalula" title="Fikile Mbalula">Fikile Mbalula</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Conference of the African National Congress">National Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morogoro_Conference" title="Morogoro Conference">Morogoro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/48th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="48th National Conference of the African National Congress">48th</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="49th National Conference of the African National Congress">49th</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="50th National Conference of the African National Congress">50th</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="51st National Conference of the African National Congress">51st</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/52nd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="52nd National Conference of the African National Congress">52nd</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/53rd_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="53rd National Conference of the African National Congress">53rd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="54th National Conference of the African National Congress">54th</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/55th_National_Conference_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="55th National Conference of the African National Congress">55th</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%">Structure and wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Working_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Working Committee of the African National Congress">National Working Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="National Executive Committee of the African National Congress">National Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Executive_Committees_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="Provincial Executive Committees of the African National Congress">Provincial Executive Committees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ANC Women's League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Youth_League" title="African National Congress Youth League">ANC Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress_Veterans%27_League" title="African National Congress Veterans' League">ANC Veterans' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthuli_House" title="Luthuli House">Luthuli House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rivonia_Trial" title="Little Rivonia Trial">Little Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="UMkhonto we Sizwe">uMkhonto we Sizwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mahlangu_Freedom_College" title="Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College">Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Alliance" title="Tripartite Alliance">Allied organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Congress of South African Trade Unions">Congress of South African Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000;color:white;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_National_Congress" title="Category:African National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template talk:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_South_Africa_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of South Africa navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Politics of South Africa">Politics of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Eastern_Cape" title="Politics of the Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_(province)#Law_and_government" title="Free State (province)">Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauteng#Law_and_government" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal#Law_and_government" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Limpopo" title="Politics of Limpopo">Limpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mpumalanga" title="Politics of Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_(South_African_province)#Law_and_government" title="North West (South African province)">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Northern_Cape" title="Politics of the Northern Cape">Northern Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Western_Cape" title="Politics of the Western Cape">Western Cape</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Africa"><img alt="Flag of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/50px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/75px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/100px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of South Africa</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Political movements in South Africa">Political movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_resistance_to_war" title="South African resistance to war">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_South_Africa" title="Environmental movement in South Africa">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_South_Africa" title="Federalism in South Africa">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-racialism" title="Non-racialism">Non-racialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism_in_South_Africa" title="Trotskyism in South Africa">Trotskyism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Africa" title="List of political parties in South Africa">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Africa_political_parties" title="Template:South Africa political parties">South Africa political parties</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AfriForum" title="AfriForum">AfriForum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikanerbond" title="Afrikanerbond">Afrikanerbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a> (AWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Traditional_Leaders_of_South_Africa" title="Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa">Congress of Traditional Leaders of South Africa</a> (CONTRALESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_South_African_Students" title="Congress of South African Students">Congress of South African Students</a> (COSAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlife_Africa" title="Earthlife Africa">Earthlife Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Left_(South_Africa)" title="Keep Left (South Africa)">Keep Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanya_College" title="Khanya College">Khanya College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberg_Alert" title="Koeberg Alert">Koeberg Alert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_and_Gay_Equality_Project" title="Lesbian and Gay Equality Project">Lesbian and Gay Equality Project</a> (LGEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a> (PAGAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Liberal_Students%27_Association" title="South African Liberal Students' Association">South African Liberal Students' Association</a> (SALSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students_Congress" title="South African Students Congress">South African Students Congress</a> (SASCO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_South_African_Wine_Initiative" title="The South African Wine Initiative">South African Wine Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabalaza_Anarchist_Communist_Front" title="Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front">Zabalaza Anarchist Communist Front</a> (ZACF)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Africa" title="Trade unions in South Africa">Trade unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_social_movements_in_South_Africa" title="List of social movements in South Africa">Social movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:Trade_unions_in_South_Africa_navbox" title="Template:Trade unions in South Africa navbox">South Africa trade unions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Education" title="Equal Education">Equal Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandela_Park_Backyarders" title="Mandela Park Backyarders">Mandela Park Backyarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Suffering,_Oppression_and_Poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty">People Against Suffering, Oppression and Poverty</a> (PASSOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Alliance" title="Poor People's Alliance">Poor People's Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landless_Peoples_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Landless Peoples Movement">Landless Peoples Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_Anti-Eviction_Campaign" title="Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign">Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_The_City" title="Reclaim The City">Reclaim the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_Coalition_(South_Africa)" title="Social Justice Coalition (South Africa)">Social Justice Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Unemployed_Peoples%27_Movement" title="South African Unemployed Peoples' Movement">Unemployed Peoples' Movement</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_South_Africa" title="Law of South Africa">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <a href="/wiki/Template:SA_law" title="Template:SA law">South African law</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media_in_South_Africa" title="Alternative media in South Africa">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania#South_Africa" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_South_Africa" title="Corruption in South Africa">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(Don%27t)_touch_me_on_my_studio" title="(Don't) touch me on my studio">(Don't) touch me on my studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proudly_South_African" title="Proudly South African">Proudly South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_nation" title="Rainbow nation">Rainbow nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaming in South Africa">Renaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderpreneur" title="Tenderpreneur">Tenderpreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyi-toyi" title="Toyi-toyi">Toyi-toyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnFreedom_Day" title="UnFreedom Day">UnFreedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_monopoly_capital" title="White monopoly capital">White monopoly capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungovernability" class="mw-redirect" title="Ungovernability">Ungovernability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Indian sentiment in South Africa">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li></ul></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Amandla_(power)" title="Amandla (power)">Amandla Ngawethu!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!" title="No Land! No House! No Vote!">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubul%27_ibhunu" title="Dubul' ibhunu">"Dubul' ibhunu" (Shoot the Boer)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/One_Settler,_One_Bullet" title="One Settler, One Bullet">One Settler, One Bullet</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each_one_teach_one" title="Each one teach one">"Each One, Teach One"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Communist" title="African Communist">African Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amandla_(magazine)" title="Amandla (magazine)">Amandla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANC_Today" title="ANC Today">ANC Today</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biko_(book)" title="Biko (book)">Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Write_What_I_Like" title="I Write What I Like">I Write What I Like</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Long Walk to Freedom">Long Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov_Cocktail_(magazine)" title="Molotov Cocktail (magazine)">Molotov Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Land!_No_House!_No_Vote!_(book)" title="No Land! No House! No Vote! (book)">No Land! No House! No Vote!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_South_Africa" title="Crime in South Africa">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Africa" title="Elections in South Africa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-toll_(South_Africa)" title="E-toll (South Africa)">e-tolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_farm_attacks" title="South African farm attacks">Farm attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_family" title="Gupta family">Gupta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_brokering" title="Labour brokering">Labour brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_land_occupations_in_South_Africa" title="List of land occupations in South Africa">Land occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inequality_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Inequality in post-apartheid South Africa">Legacies of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindela_Repatriation_Centre" title="Lindela Repatriation Centre">Lindela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">Phala Phala robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_assassinations_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political assassinations in post-apartheid South Africa">Political assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_post-apartheid_South_Africa" title="Political repression in post-apartheid South Africa">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protest in South Africa">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shack_fires_in_South_Africa" title="Shack fires in South Africa">Shack fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_South_Africa" title="Terrorism in South Africa">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)#Post_1994_use" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Politics of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political history of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_history_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Political history of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe" title="Kingdom of Mapungubwe">Kingdom of Mapungubwe</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1075–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1220)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Cape_Colony" title="Dutch Cape Colony">Dutch Cape Colony</a> (1652–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mthethwa_Paramountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mthethwa Paramountcy">Mthethwa Paramountcy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndwandwe" title="Ndwandwe">Ndwandwe Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1780–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> (1795–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a> (1816–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Republic" title="Natalia Republic">Natalia Republic</a> (1839–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal Colony</a> (1843–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> (1856–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_East" title="Griqualand East">Griqualand East</a> (1861–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqualand_West" title="Griqualand West">Griqualand West</a> (1870–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Goshen" title="State of Goshen">Goshen</a> (1882–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellaland" title="Stellaland">Stellaland</a> (1882–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuwe_Republiek" title="Nieuwe Republiek">Nieuwe Republiek</a> (1884–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upingtonia" title="Upingtonia">Upingtonia</a> (1885–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Vrystaat" title="Klein Vrystaat">Klein Vrystaat</a> (1886–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a> (1902–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> (1910–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei" title="Transkei">Transkei</a> (1976–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophuthatswana" title="Bophuthatswana">Bophuthatswana</a> (1977–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venda" title="Venda">Venda</a> (1979–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei" title="Ciskei">Ciskei</a> (1981–1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_South_Africa" title="Early history of South Africa">Pre-colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_expansion" title="Bantu expansion">Bantu migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salt_River" title="Battle of Salt River">Battle of Salt River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1652%E2%80%931815)" title="History of South Africa (1652–1815)">1652–1815</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cape_Colony_before_1806#First_settlement" title="History of the Cape Colony before 1806">Dutch settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots_in_South_Africa" title="Huguenots in South Africa">French Huguenot settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wars" title="Xhosa Wars">Xhosa Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muizenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Muizenberg">Battle of Muizenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Battle of Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Dutch_Treaty_of_1814" title="Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814">Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1815%E2%80%931910)" title="History of South Africa (1815–1910)">1815–1910</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_Settlers" title="1820 Settlers">1820 Settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trek" title="Great Trek">Great Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boer_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer Republics">Boer Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Civil_War" title="Transvaal Civil War">Transvaal Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_Revolution" title="Mineral Revolution">Mineral Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Wars_(1879%E2%80%931915)" title="South African Wars (1879–1915)">South African Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_Act_1909" title="South Africa Act 1909">South Africa Act 1909</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Convention_(South_Africa)" title="National Convention (South Africa)">National Convention</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1910%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa (1910–48)">1910–1948</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Rebellion" title="Rand Rebellion">Rand Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_South_Africa" title="Great Depression in South Africa">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_African_Mine_Workers%27_Union_strike" title="1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike">1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_South_African_general_election" title="1948 South African general election">1948 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid_legislation" title="Apartheid legislation">Apartheid legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">Pass laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">Internal resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloured-vote_constitutional_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured-vote constitutional crisis">Coloured-vote constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_Campaign" title="Defiance Campaign">Defiance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_People_(1955)" title="Congress of the People (1955)">Congress of the People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Charter" title="Freedom Charter">Freedom Charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Alexandra_bus_boycott" title="1957 Alexandra bus boycott">1957 Alexandra bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpeville_massacre" title="Sharpeville massacre">Sharpeville massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_South_African_republic_referendum" title="1960 South African republic referendum">1960 republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Africa_during_apartheid" title="Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid">International isolation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_1761" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761">UN Resolution 1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_591" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 591">UNSC Resolution 591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_boycott_of_South_Africa" title="Academic boycott of South Africa">Academic boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment_from_South_Africa" title="Disinvestment from South Africa">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_engagement" title="Constructive engagement">Constructive engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_boycott_of_South_Africa_during_the_apartheid_era" title="Sporting boycott of South Africa during the apartheid era">Sporting boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid-era_South_Africa_and_the_Olympics" title="Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_and_apartheid" title="Rugby union and apartheid">Rugby union</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivonia_Trial" title="Rivonia Trial">Rivonia Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban_Moment" title="Durban Moment">Durban Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations#Strategic_relations" title="Israel–South Africa relations">Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93South_Africa_Agreement" title="Israel–South Africa Agreement">Israel–South Africa Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Africa and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Coast" title="Project Coast">Project Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Street bombing">Church Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_South_African_constitutional_referendum" title="1983 South African constitutional referendum">1983 constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langa_massacre" title="Langa massacre">Langa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_speech" title="Rubicon speech">Rubicon speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vula" title="Operation Vula">Operation Vula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar_Conference" title="Dakar Conference">Dakar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Transkei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Transkei coup d'état">Transkei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Ciskei_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Ciskei coup d'état">Ciskei coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Venda_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1990 Venda coup d'état">Venda coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(South_Africa)" title="Third Force (South Africa)">Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_to_end_apartheid_in_South_Africa" title="Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa">CODESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Kempton_Park_World_Trade_Centre" title="Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre">Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisho_massacre" title="Bisho massacre">Bisho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_South_African_apartheid_referendum" title="1992 South African apartheid referendum">1992 apartheid referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_Church_massacre" title="Saint James Church massacre">Saint James Church massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bophuthatswana_crisis" title="1994 Bophuthatswana crisis">Bophuthatswana crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_House_massacre" title="Shell House massacre">Shell House massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_(1994%E2%80%93present)" title="History of South Africa (1994–present)">Post- apartheid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election" title="1994 South African general election">1994 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nelson_Mandela" title="Cabinet of Nelson Mandela">Government of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">Reconstruction and Development Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Arms_Deal" title="South African Arms Deal">Arms Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_crossing_(South_Africa)" title="Floor crossing (South Africa)">Floor crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Soweto_bombings" title="2002 Soweto bombings">Soweto bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance" title="African Renaissance">African Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelgate_(South_Africa)" title="Travelgate (South Africa)">Travelgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_South_Africa" title="Xenophobia in South Africa">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Kennedy_Road" title="Attack on Kennedy Road">Attack on Kennedy Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blikkiesdorp" title="Blikkiesdorp">Blikkiesdorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marikana_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marikana killings">Marikana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Cape_2012_Farm_Workers%27_strike" title="Western Cape 2012 Farm Workers' strike">2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkandla_(homestead)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkandla (homestead)">Nkandlagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_South_Africa" title="Racism in South Africa">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_South_African_platinum_strike" title="2014 South African platinum strike">2014 platinum strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Must_Fall" title="Rhodes Must Fall">#RhodesMustFall protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeesMustFall" title="FeesMustFall">#FeesMustFall student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshwane_riots,_2016" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshwane riots, 2016">Tshwane riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_service_delivery_protests" title="2019 service delivery protests">2019 service delivery protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Johannesburg_riots" title="2019 Johannesburg riots">2019 Johannesburg riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Africa" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Phala_Phala_Robbery" title="2020 Phala Phala Robbery">2020 Phala Phala Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_South_African_unrest" title="2021 South African unrest">2021 unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_R_incident" title="Lady R incident">Lady R incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaner Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_South_Africa" title="Anarchism in South Africa">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azania" title="Azania">Azania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasskap" title="Baasskap">Baasskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Independence">Cape Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Vow" title="Day of the Vow">Day of the Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">Greater South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_whites" title="Honorary whites">Honorary whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooi_gevaar" title="Rooi gevaar">Rooi gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_South_Africa" title="Slavery in South Africa">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swart_gevaar" title="Swart gevaar">Swart gevaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uitlander" title="Uitlander">Uitlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkstaat" title="Volkstaat">Volkstaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic and political organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Bond" title="Afrikaner Bond">Afrikaner Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Broederbond" title="Afrikaner Broederbond">Afrikaner Broederbond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Party" title="Afrikaner Party">Afrikaner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_Income_Tax_and_Usury_Party" title="Abolition of Income Tax and Usury Party">AITUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Political_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="African Political Organization">APO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Volksfront" title="Afrikaner Volksfront">AVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_People%27s_Convention" title="Black People's Convention">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sash" title="Black Sash">Black Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boerestaat_Party" title="Boerestaat Party">Boerestaat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Christian Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">CDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciskei_National_Independence_Party" title="Ciskei National Independence Party">CNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Ecology_Group" title="Cape Town Ecology Group">CTEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Democrats" title="South African Congress of Democrats">COD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Alliance" title="Congress Alliance">Congress Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_Objector_Support_Group" title="Conscientious Objector Support Group">COSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of South Africa">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_Front" title="Democratic Left Front">DLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Dominion Party (South Africa)">Dominion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa,_1973)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa, 1973)">DP (1973–1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Democratic Party (South Africa)">DP (1989–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party_(Transkei)" title="Democratic Progressive Party (Transkei)">DPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Movement_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Socialist Movement (South Africa)">DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_Conscription_Campaign" title="End Conscription Campaign">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="Federal Alliance (South Africa)">FA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Democrats_(South_Africa)" title="Federation of Democrats (South Africa)">FD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genootskap_van_Regte_Afrikaners" title="Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners">Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purified_National_Party" title="Purified National Party">GNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Volk_(political_party)" title="Het Volk (political party)">Het Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herenigde_Nasionale_Party" title="Herenigde Nasionale Party">HNP (Herenigde)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herstigte_Nasionale_Party" title="Herstigte Nasionale Party">HNP (Herstigte)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Democratic_Alternatives_in_South_Africa" title="Institute for Democratic Alternatives in South Africa">IDASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrats" title="Independent Democrats">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Independent Party (South Africa)">IP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_League_(South_Africa)" title="International Socialist League (South Africa)">ISL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeugkrag" title="Jeugkrag">Jeugkrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Reform_Committee" title="Johannesburg Reform Committee">Johannesburg Reform Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Labour Party (South Africa)">Labour Party (1910–1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(South_Africa,_1969)" title="Labour Party (South Africa, 1969)">Labour Party (1969–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party (1953–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(South_Africa)" title="National Action (South Africa)">NA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Conservative Party (South Africa)">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Labour_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Labour Party (South Africa)">NLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New National Party (South Africa)">NNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">NP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Party_(South_Africa,_1981)" title="National People's Party (South Africa, 1981)">NPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(South_Africa)" title="New Republic Party (South Africa)">NRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_South_African_Students" title="National Union of South African Students">NUSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_South_Africa" title="Occupy South Africa">Occupy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangia_Unie" title="Orangia Unie">Orangia Unie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vereniging_van_Oranjewerkers" title="Vereniging van Oranjewerkers">Oranjewerkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_Boerevolk" title="Orde Boerevolk">Orde Boerevolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_ANC_Voters_Network" title="Progressive ANC Voters Network">PAVN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Federal_Party" title="Progressive Federal Party">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="Progressive Party (Cape Colony)">Progressive Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Party (South Africa)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Progressive Reform Party (South Africa)">PRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Freedom" title="Radio Freedom">Radio Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Reform Party (South Africa)">Reform Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Business_Party" title="South African Business Party">SABP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Democratic_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Democratic Convention">SADECO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Indian_Congress" title="South African Indian Congress">SAIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">SASO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Congress" title="South African Youth Congress">SAYCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Youth_Revolutionary_Council" title="South African Youth Revolutionary Council">SAYRCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Cape_Colony)" title="South African Party (Cape Colony)">South African Party (Cape Colony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party" title="South African Party">South African Party (1911–1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Party_(Republic_of_South_Africa)" title="South African Party (Republic of South Africa)">South African Party (1977–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transkei_National_Independence_Party" title="Transkei National Independence Party">TNIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch_Commando" title="Torch Commando">Torch Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Federal_Party" title="Union Federal Party">UFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Party_(South_Africa)" title="United Party (South Africa)">United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(South_Africa)" title="Unionist Party (South Africa)">Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Venda" title="National Party of Venda">National Party of Venda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksparty" title="Volksparty">Volksparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Workers Party of South Africa">Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Organisation_for_Socialist_Action" title="Workers Organisation for Socialist Action">WOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade unions and social movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Privatisation_Forum" title="Anti-Privatisation Forum">APF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">BCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Trade_Union_of_Transnet_Workers" title="Black Trade Union of Transnet Workers">BLATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Council of Non-European Trade Unions">CNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Stevedoring_Workers_Union" title="Cape Town Stevedoring Workers Union">CTSWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Canning_Workers%27_Union" title="Food and Canning Workers' Union">FCWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Non-European_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of Non-European Trade Unions">FNETU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Trade_Unions" title="Federation of South African Trade Unions">FOSATU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Workers%27_Union" title="Industrial and Commercial Workers' Union">ICU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World_(South_Africa)" title="Industrial Workers of the World (South Africa)">IWW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_Union_of_South_Africa" title="Musicians Union of South Africa">MUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">NEUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railway_and_Harbour_Servants" title="National Union of Railway and Harbour Servants">NURHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Workers%27_Equity" title="Performing Arts Workers' Equity">PAWE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Agricultural_Plantation_and_Allied_Workers_Union" title="South African Agricultural Plantation and Allied Workers Union">SAAPAWU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="South African Congress of Trade Unions">SACTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Industrial_Federation" title="South African Industrial Federation">SAIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Railways_and_Harbours_Union" title="South African Railways and Harbours Union">SARHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Trades_Union_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Trades Union Council">SATUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Spoorbund" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Spoorbund">Die Spoorbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Front_(South_Africa)" title="United Democratic Front (South Africa)">UDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkosi_Wezintaba" title="Umkosi Wezintaba">Umkosi Wezintaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paramilitary and terrorist organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azanian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Azanian People's Liberation Army">APLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Resistance_Movement" title="African Resistance Movement">ARM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">AWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanke_Bevrydingsbeweging" title="Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging">BBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeremag" title="Boeremag">Boeremag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umkhonto_we_Sizwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Umkhonto we Sizwe">MK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orde_van_die_Dood" title="Orde van die Dood">Orde van die Dood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">PAGAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Front" title="South African National Front">SANF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories of political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_National_Congress" title="History of the African National Congress">African National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Alliance_(South_Africa)" title="History of the Democratic Alliance (South Africa)">Democratic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pan_Africanist_Congress_of_Azania" title="History of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania">Pan Africanist Congress of Azania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_South_Africa" title="Category:Political history of South Africa">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384164#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384164#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" 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