CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Unit testing - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fe5a94b2-ea52-47dc-8ce6-0b1d98b0ca7d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Unit_testing","wgTitle":"Unit testing","wgCurRevisionId":1272545574,"wgRevisionId":1272545574,"wgArticleId":222828,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: date and year","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025","Articles needing additional references from September 2019","All articles needing additional references","Articles with excerpts","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from February 2019","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008","Articles with example Java code","Unit testing","Extreme programming","Types of tools used in software development"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Unit_testing","wgRelevantArticleId":222828,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q907375","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Unit testing - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Unit_testing rootpage-Unit_testing skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Unit+testing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Unit+testing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Unit+testing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Unit+testing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Execution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Testing criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Test case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_double" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_double"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Test double</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_double-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parameterized_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parameterized_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parameterized test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parameterized_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Agile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test-driven_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test-driven_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Test-driven development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test-driven_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Value</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Value-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Value subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_detection_of_problems_in_the_development_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_detection_of_problems_in_the_development_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Early detection of problems in the development cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_detection_of_problems_in_the_development_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduced_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduced_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Reduced cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduced_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-More_frequent_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#More_frequent_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>More frequent releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-More_frequent_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allows_for_code_refactoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allows_for_code_refactoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Allows for code refactoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allows_for_code_refactoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detects_changes_which_may_break_a_design_contract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detects_changes_which_may_break_a_design_contract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Detects changes which may break a design contract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detects_changes_which_may_break_a_design_contract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reduce_uncertainty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reduce_uncertainty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Reduce uncertainty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reduce_uncertainty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation_of_system_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation_of_system_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Documentation of system behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation_of_system_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Limitations and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations and disadvantages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Difficulty_in_setting_up_realistic_and_useful_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty_in_setting_up_realistic_and_useful_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Difficulty in setting up realistic and useful tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty_in_setting_up_realistic_and_useful_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requires_discipline_throughout_the_development_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requires_discipline_throughout_the_development_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Requires discipline throughout the development process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requires_discipline_throughout_the_development_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requires_version_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requires_version_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Requires version control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requires_version_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Requires_regular_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requires_regular_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Requires regular reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requires_regular_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_for_embedded_system_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_for_embedded_system_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Limitations for embedded system software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_for_embedded_system_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations_for_testing_integration_with_external_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations_for_testing_integration_with_external_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Limitations for testing integration with external systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations_for_testing_integration_with_external_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-JUnit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JUnit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>JUnit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JUnit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_executable_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_executable_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>As executable specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_executable_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extreme_programming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extreme_programming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Extreme programming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extreme_programming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_testing_frameworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_testing_frameworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Automated testing frameworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_testing_frameworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language-level_unit_testing_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language-level_unit_testing_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Language-level unit testing support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-level_unit_testing_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unit testing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="اختبار الوحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختبار الوحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Компонентно тестване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компонентно тестване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proves_unit%C3%A0ries" title="Proves unitàries – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Proves unitàries" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unit testing" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_test" title="Unit test – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Unit test" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modultest" title="Modultest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modultest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Chiktestimine" title="Ühiktestimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühiktestimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prueba_unitaria" title="Prueba unitaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prueba unitaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="آزمون واحد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزمون واحد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_unitaire" title="Test unitaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Test unitaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8B%9B_%ED%85%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="유닛 테스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유닛 테스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengujian_unit" title="Pengujian unit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengujian unit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proba_unitari" title="Proba unitari – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Proba unitari" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unit testing" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94" title="בדיקות יחידה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בדיקות יחידה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egys%C3%A9gtesztel%C3%A9s" title="Egységtesztelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egységtesztelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unittesten" title="Unittesten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Unittesten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%93%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="単体テスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="単体テスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhetstesting" title="Enhetstesting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enhetstesting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_jednostkowy" title="Test jednostkowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Test jednostkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teste_de_unidade" title="Teste de unidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teste de unidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Модульное тестирование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Модульное тестирование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Модуларно тестирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Модуларно тестирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yksikk%C3%B6testaaminen" title="Yksikkötestaaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yksikkötestaaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="ஓரலகுச் சோதனை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓரலகுச் சோதனை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birim_testi" title="Birim testi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birim testi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Модульне тестування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Модульне тестування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Unit testing" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="单元测试 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="单元测试" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q907375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Unit_testing" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Unit_testing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Unit_testing" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Unit_testing" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&oldid=1272545574" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Unit_testing&id=1272545574&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnit_testing"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnit_testing"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Unit_testing&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Software_Engineering/Testing/Unit_Tests" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q907375" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Validating the behavior of isolated source code</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unit testing</b>, a.k.a. <b>component</b> or <b>module</b> testing, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> by which isolated <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> is tested to validate expected behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-kolawa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unit testing describes tests that are run at the unit-level to contrast testing at the <a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">integration</a> or <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system</a> level. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing, as a principle for testing separately smaller parts of large software systems dates back to the early days of software engineering. In June 1956, H.D. Benington presented at US Navy's Symposium on Advanced Programming Methods for Digital Computers the <a href="/wiki/Semi-Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi-Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE</a> project and its specification based approach where the coding phase was followed by "parameter testing" to validate component subprograms against their specification, followed then by an "assembly testing" for parts put together.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, a similar approach is described for the software of the <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury project</a>, where individual units developed by different programmes underwent "unit tests" before being integrated together.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, testing methodologies appear more structured, with unit tests, component tests and integration tests with the purpose of validating individual parts written separately and their progressive assembly into larger blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some public standards adopted end of the 60's, such as MIL-STD-483<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MIL-STD-490 contributed further to a wide acceptance of unit testing in large projects. </p><p>Unit testing was in those times interactive<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or automated,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using either coded tests or capture and replay testing tools. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Beck" title="Kent Beck">Kent Beck</a> described a testing framework for <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> (later called <a href="/wiki/SUnit" title="SUnit">SUnit</a>) in "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073817/http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm">Simple Smalltalk Testing: With Patterns</a>". In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Kent_Beck" title="Kent Beck">Kent Beck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Gamma" title="Erich Gamma">Erich Gamma</a> developed and released <a href="/wiki/JUnit" title="JUnit">JUnit</a>, a unit test framework that became popular with <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> developers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> embraced automated testing around 2005–2006.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unit">Unit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit is defined as a single behaviour exhibited by the system under test (SUT), usually corresponding to a requirement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (January 2025)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. While it may imply that it is a function or a module (in <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural programming</a>) or a method or a class (in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>) it does not mean functions/methods, modules or classes always correspond to units. From the system-requirements perspective only the perimeter of the system is relevant, thus only entry points to externally-visible system behaviours define units.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Execution">Execution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Execution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit tests can be performed manually or via <a href="/wiki/Automated_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated test">automated test</a> execution. Automated tests include benefits such as: running tests often, running tests without staffing cost, and consistent and repeatable testing. </p><p>Testing is often performed by the programmer who writes and modifies the code under test. Unit testing may be viewed as part of the process of writing code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_criteria">Testing criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Testing criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Unit_testing" title="Special:EditPage/Unit testing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During development, a programmer may code criteria, or results that are known to be good, into the test to verify the unit's correctness. </p><p>During test execution, frameworks <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_logging" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer data logging">log</a> tests that fail any criterion and report them in a summary. </p><p>For this, the most commonly used approach is test - function - expected value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_case">Test case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Test case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Test_case" title="Test case">Test case</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_case&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> In <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Test_case" title="Test case">test case</a> is a specification of the inputs, execution conditions, testing procedure, and expected results that define a single test to be executed to achieve a particular <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> objective, such as to exercise a particular program path or to verify compliance with a specific requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Test cases underlie testing that is methodical rather than haphazard. A <a href="/wiki/Test_suite" title="Test suite">battery of test cases</a> can be built to produce the desired coverage of the software being tested. Formally defined test cases allow the same tests to be run repeatedly against successive versions of the software, allowing for effective and consistent <a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">regression testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_double">Test double</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Test double"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Test_double" title="Test double">Test double</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_double&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Test_double" title="Test double">test double</a> is <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software</a> <a href="/wiki/Test_automation" title="Test automation">test automation</a> that satisfies a <a href="/wiki/Dependency_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dependency (computer science)">dependency</a> so that the test need not depend on production code. A test double provides functionality via an <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> that the software under test cannot distinguish from production code.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parameterized_test">Parameterized test</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parameterized test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Parameterized_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameterized test">parameterized test</a> is a test that accepts a set of values that can be used to enable the test to run with multiple, different input values. A testing framework that supports parametrized tests supports a way to encode parameter sets and to run the test with each set. </p><p>Use of parametrized tests can reduce test code duplication. </p><p>Parameterized tests are supported by <a href="/wiki/TestNG" title="TestNG">TestNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/JUnit" title="JUnit">JUnit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulatiSharma2017133–137Chapter_§7_JUnit_5_Extension_Model_-_Parameterized_Test_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulatiSharma2017133–137Chapter_§7_JUnit_5_Extension_Model_-_Parameterized_Test-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/XUnit" title="XUnit">XUnit</a> and <a href="/wiki/NUnit" title="NUnit">NUnit</a>, as well as in various JavaScript test frameworks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Parameters for the unit tests may be coded manually or in some cases are automatically generated by the test framework. In recent years support was added for writing more powerful (unit) tests, leveraging the concept of theories, test cases that execute the same steps, but using test data generated at runtime, unlike regular parameterized tests that use the same execution steps with input sets that are pre-defined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agile">Agile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile software development</a></div> <p>Sometimes, in the agile software development, unit testing is done per <a href="/wiki/User_story" title="User story">user story</a> and comes in the later half of the sprint after requirements gathering and development are complete. Typically, the developers or other members from the development team, such as <a href="/wiki/Information_technology_consulting" title="Information technology consulting">consultants</a>, will write step-by-step 'test scripts' for the developers to execute in the tool. Test scripts are generally written to prove the effective and technical operation of specific developed features in the tool, as opposed to full fledged business processes that would be interfaced by the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a>, which is typically done during <a href="/wiki/User_acceptance_test" class="mw-redirect" title="User acceptance test">user acceptance testing</a>. If the test-script can be fully executed from start to finish without incident, the unit test is considered to have "passed", otherwise errors are noted and the user story is moved back to development in an 'in-progress' state. User stories that successfully pass unit tests are moved on to the final steps of the sprint - Code review, peer review, and then lastly a 'show-back' session demonstrating the developed tool to stakeholders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test-driven_development">Test-driven development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Test-driven development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">Test-driven development</a></div> <p>In test-driven development (TDD), unit tests are written while the production code is written. Starting with working code, the developer adds test code for a required behavior, then adds <i>just enough</i> code to make the test pass, then refactors the code (including test code) as makes sense and then repeats by adding another test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing is intended to ensure that the units meet their <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">design</a> and behave as intended.<sup id="cite_ref-hamill_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By writing tests first for the smallest testable units, then the compound behaviors between those, one can build up comprehensive tests for complex applications.<sup id="cite_ref-hamill_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamill-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One goal of unit testing is to isolate each part of the program and show that the individual parts are correct.<sup id="cite_ref-kolawa_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kolawa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A unit test provides a strict, written <a href="/wiki/Design_by_Contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Design by Contract">contract</a> that the piece of code must satisfy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_detection_of_problems_in_the_development_cycle">Early detection of problems in the development cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early detection of problems in the development cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing finds problems early in the <a href="/wiki/Development_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Development cycle">development cycle</a>. This includes both bugs in the programmer's implementation and flaws or missing parts of the specification for the unit. The process of writing a thorough set of tests forces the author to think through inputs, outputs, and error conditions, and thus more crisply define the unit's desired behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduced_cost">Reduced cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reduced cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cost of finding a bug before coding begins or when the code is first written is considerably lower than the cost of detecting, identifying, and correcting the bug later. Bugs in released code may also cause costly problems for the end-users of the software.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Code can be impossible or difficult to unit test if poorly written, thus unit testing can force developers to structure functions and objects in better ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_frequent_releases">More frequent releases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: More frequent releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing enables more frequent releases in software development. By testing individual components in isolation, developers can quickly identify and address issues, leading to faster iteration and release cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allows_for_code_refactoring">Allows for code refactoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Allows for code refactoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing allows the programmer to <a href="/wiki/Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">refactor</a> code or upgrade system libraries at a later date, and make sure the module still works correctly (e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">regression testing</a>). The procedure is to write test cases for all <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">functions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">methods</a> so that whenever a change causes a fault, it can be identified quickly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detects_changes_which_may_break_a_design_contract">Detects changes which may break a design contract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Detects changes which may break a design contract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit tests detect changes which may break a <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design contract</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduce_uncertainty">Reduce uncertainty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reduce uncertainty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing may reduce uncertainty in the units themselves and can be used in a <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">bottom-up</a> testing style approach. By testing the parts of a program first and then testing the sum of its parts, <a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">integration testing</a> becomes much easier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation_of_system_behavior">Documentation of system behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Documentation of system behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programmers contend that unit tests provide a form of documentation of the code. Developers wanting to learn what functionality is provided by a unit, and how to use it, can review the unit tests to gain an understanding of it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Test cases can embody characteristics that are critical to the success of the unit. These characteristics can indicate appropriate/inappropriate use of a unit as well as negative behaviors that are to be trapped by the unit. A test case documents these critical characteristics, although many software development environments do not rely solely upon code to document the product in development.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In some processes, the act of writing tests and the code under test, plus associated refactoring, may take the place of formal design. Each unit test can be seen as a design element specifying classes, methods, and observable behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations_and_disadvantages">Limitations and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Limitations and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Testing will not catch every error in the program, because it cannot evaluate every execution path in any but the most trivial programs. This <a href="/wiki/Decision_problem" title="Decision problem">problem</a> is a superset of the <a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">halting problem</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Undecidable_problem" title="Undecidable problem">undecidable</a>. The same is true for unit testing. Additionally, unit testing by definition only tests the functionality of the units themselves. Therefore, it will not catch integration errors or broader system-level errors (such as functions performed across multiple units, or non-functional test areas such as <a href="/wiki/Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">performance</a>). Unit testing should be done in conjunction with other <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">software testing</a> activities, as they can only show the presence or absence of particular errors; they cannot prove a complete absence of errors. To guarantee correct behavior for every execution path and every possible input, and ensure the absence of errors, other techniques are required, namely the application of <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">formal methods</a> to prove that a software component has no unexpected behavior.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An elaborate hierarchy of unit tests does not equal integration testing. Integration with peripheral units should be included in integration tests, but not in unit tests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Integration testing typically still relies heavily on humans <a href="/wiki/Manual_testing" title="Manual testing">testing manually</a>; high-level or global-scope testing can be difficult to automate, such that manual testing often appears faster and cheaper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Software testing is a combinatorial problem. For example, every Boolean decision statement requires at least two tests: one with an outcome of "true" and one with an outcome of "false". As a result, for every line of code written, programmers often need 3 to 5 lines of test code.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This obviously takes time and its investment may not be worth the effort. There are problems that cannot easily be tested at all – for example those that are <a href="/wiki/Nondeterministic_algorithm" title="Nondeterministic algorithm">nondeterministic</a> or involve multiple <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threads</a>. In addition, code for a unit test is as likely to be buggy as the code it is testing. <a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month" title="The Mythical Man-Month">The Mythical Man-Month</a></i> quotes: "Never go to sea with two chronometers; take one or three."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meaning, if two <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometers</a> contradict, how do you know which one is correct? </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difficulty_in_setting_up_realistic_and_useful_tests">Difficulty in setting up realistic and useful tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Difficulty in setting up realistic and useful tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another challenge related to writing the unit tests is the difficulty of setting up realistic and useful tests. It is necessary to create relevant initial conditions so the part of the application being tested behaves like part of the complete system. If these initial conditions are not set correctly, the test will not be exercising the code in a realistic context, which diminishes the value and accuracy of unit test results.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requires_discipline_throughout_the_development_process">Requires discipline throughout the development process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Requires discipline throughout the development process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To obtain the intended benefits from unit testing, rigorous discipline is needed throughout the software development process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requires_version_control">Requires version control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Requires version control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is essential to keep careful records not only of the tests that have been performed, but also of all changes that have been made to the source code of this or any other unit in the software. Use of a <a href="/wiki/Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a> system is essential. If a later version of the unit fails a particular test that it had previously passed, the version-control software can provide a list of the source code changes (if any) that have been applied to the unit since that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requires_regular_reviews">Requires regular reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Requires regular reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also essential to implement a sustainable process for ensuring that test case failures are reviewed regularly and addressed immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such a process is not implemented and ingrained into the team's workflow, the application will evolve out of sync with the unit test suite, increasing false positives and reducing the effectiveness of the test suite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_for_embedded_system_software">Limitations for embedded system software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Limitations for embedded system software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing embedded system software presents a unique challenge: Because the software is being developed on a different platform than the one it will eventually run on, you cannot readily run a test program in the actual deployment environment, as is possible with desktop programs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations_for_testing_integration_with_external_systems">Limitations for testing integration with external systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Limitations for testing integration with external systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit tests tend to be easiest when a method has input parameters and some output. It is not as easy to create unit tests when a major function of the method is to interact with something external to the application. For example, a method that will work with a database might require a mock up of database interactions to be created, which probably won't be as comprehensive as the real database interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JUnit">JUnit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: JUnit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is an example of a JUnit test suite. It focuses on the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">Adder</code> class. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">Adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <p>The test suite uses <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (computing)">assert</a> statements to verify the expected result of various input values to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">sum</code> method. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.junit.Assert.assertEquals</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">org.junit.Test</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">AdderUnitTest</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">@Test</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sumReturnsZeroForZeroInput</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">@Test</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sumReturnsSumOfTwoPositiveNumbers</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">@Test</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sumReturnsSumOfTwoNegativeNumbers</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nd">@Test</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">sumReturnsSumOfLargeNumbers</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">new</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Adder</span><span class="p">();</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">assertEquals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2222</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adder</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1234</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">988</span><span class="p">));</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_executable_specifications">As executable specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: As executable specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Unit_testing" title="Special:EditPage/Unit testing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using unit-tests as a design specification has one significant advantage over other design methods: The design document (the unit-tests themselves) can itself be used to verify the implementation. The tests will never pass unless the developer implements a solution according to the design. </p><p>Unit testing lacks some of the accessibility of a diagrammatic specification such as a <a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a> diagram, but they may be generated from the unit test using automated tools. Most modern languages have free tools (usually available as extensions to <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDEs</a>). Free tools, like those based on the <a href="/wiki/XUnit" title="XUnit">xUnit</a> framework, outsource to another system the graphical rendering of a view for human consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extreme_programming">Extreme programming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Extreme programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unit testing is the cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">extreme programming</a>, which relies on an automated <a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks" title="List of unit testing frameworks">unit testing framework</a>. This automated unit testing framework can be either third party, e.g., <a href="/wiki/XUnit" title="XUnit">xUnit</a>, or created within the development group. </p><p>Extreme programming uses the creation of unit tests for <a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">test-driven development</a>. The developer writes a unit test that exposes either a software requirement or a defect. This test will fail because either the requirement isn't implemented yet, or because it intentionally exposes a defect in the existing code. Then, the developer writes the simplest code to make the test, along with other tests, pass. </p><p>Most code in a system is unit tested, but not necessarily all paths through the code. Extreme programming mandates a "test everything that can possibly break" strategy, over the traditional "test every execution path" method. This leads developers to develop fewer tests than classical methods, but this isn't really a problem, more a restatement of fact, as classical methods have rarely ever been followed methodically enough for all execution paths to have been thoroughly tested.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Extreme programming simply recognizes that testing is rarely exhaustive (because it is often too expensive and time-consuming to be economically viable) and provides guidance on how to effectively focus limited resources. </p><p>Crucially, the test code is considered a first class project artifact in that it is maintained at the same quality as the implementation code, with all duplication removed. Developers release unit testing code to the code repository in conjunction with the code it tests. Extreme programming's thorough unit testing allows the benefits mentioned above, such as simpler and more confident code development and <a href="/wiki/Refactoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Refactoring">refactoring</a>, simplified code integration, accurate documentation, and more modular designs. These unit tests are also constantly run as a form of <a href="/wiki/Regression_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression test">regression test</a>. </p><p>Unit testing is also critical to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Emergent_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent Design">Emergent Design</a>. As emergent design is heavily dependent upon refactoring, unit tests are an integral component.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_testing_frameworks">Automated testing frameworks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Automated testing frameworks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An automated testing framework provides features for automating test execution and can accelerate writing and running tests. Frameworks have been developed for <a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks" title="List of unit testing frameworks">a wide variety of programming languages</a>. </p><p>Generally, frameworks are <a href="/wiki/Third-party_software_component" title="Third-party software component">third-party</a>; not distributed with a compiler or <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> (IDE). </p><p>Tests can be written without using a framework to exercise the code under test using <a href="/wiki/Assertion_(software_development)" title="Assertion (software development)">assertions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a> mechanisms to verify behavior and report failure. Some note that testing without a framework is valuable since there is a <a href="/wiki/Barrier_to_entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier to entry">barrier to entry</a> for the adoption of a framework; that having some tests is better than none, but once a framework is in place, adding tests can be easier.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some frameworks advanced test features are missing and must be hand-coded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language-level_unit_testing_support">Language-level unit testing support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Language-level unit testing support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some programming languages directly support unit testing. Their grammar allows the direct declaration of unit tests without importing a library (whether third party or standard). Additionally, the Boolean conditions of the unit tests can be expressed in the same syntax as Boolean expressions used in non-unit test code, such as what is used for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">if</span></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">while</span></code> statements. </p><p>Languages with built-in unit testing support include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Languages with standard unit testing framework support include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apex (programming language)">Apex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_(programming_language)" title="Crystal (programming language)">Crystal</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(programming_language)" title="Racket (programming language)">Racket</a><sup id="cite_ref-Racket_Unit_Testing_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racket_Unit_Testing-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Some languages do not have built-in unit-testing support but have established unit testing libraries or frameworks. These languages include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABAP" title="ABAP">ABAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_(programming_language)" title="Elixir (programming language)">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows PowerShell">PowerShell</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> with testthat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">tcl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xojo" title="Xojo">Xojo</a> with XojoUnit</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_test" title="Characterization test">Characterization test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_usability_testing" title="Component-based usability testing">Component-based usability testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_predicates" title="Design predicates">Design predicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">Design by contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_testing" title="Functional testing">Functional testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unit_testing_frameworks" title="List of unit testing frameworks">List of unit testing frameworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_case" title="Test case">Test case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">Test-driven development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit" title="XUnit">xUnit</a> – a family of unit testing frameworks.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kolawa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kolawa_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kolawa_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKolawaHuizinga,_Dorota2007" class="citation book cs1">Kolawa, Adam; Huizinga, Dorota (2007). <i>Automated Defect Prevention: Best Practices in Software Management</i>. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-04212-0"><bdi>978-0-470-04212-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Automated+Defect+Prevention%3A+Best+Practices+in+Software+Management&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Computer+Society+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-04212-0&rft.aulast=Kolawa&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Huizinga%2C+Dorota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenington1956" class="citation journal cs1">Benington, Herbert D. (1956). "Production of large computer programs". <i>Proceedings of the Symposium on Advanced Programming Methods for Digital Computers, Washington, D.C., June 28-29, 1956</i>. Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Symposium+on+Advanced+Programming+Methods+for+Digital+Computers%2C+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+June+28-29%2C+1956&rft.atitle=Production+of+large+computer+programs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Benington&rft.aufirst=Herbert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenington1987" class="citation journal cs1">Benington, H. D. (1 March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/41765.41799">"Production of large computer programs (reprint of the 1956 paper with an updated foreword)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Engineering</i>. ICSE '87. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE Computer Society Press: <span class="nowrap">299–</span>310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-216-7"><bdi>978-0-89791-216-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+9th+International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Production+of+large+computer+programs+%28reprint+of+the+1956+paper+with+an+updated+foreword%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E299-%3C%2Fspan%3E310&rft.date=1987-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-216-7&rft.aulast=Benington&rft.aufirst=H.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F41765.41799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoneganPackardPashby1964" class="citation book cs1">Donegan, James J.; Packard, Calvin; Pashby, Paul (1 January 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800257.808889">"Experiences with the goddard computing system during manned spaceflight missions"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 1964 19th ACM national conference</i>. ACM '64. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">12.101 –</span> <span class="nowrap">12.108</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800257.808889">10.1145/800257.808889</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7918-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7918-2"><bdi>978-1-4503-7918-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Experiences+with+the+goddard+computing+system+during+manned+spaceflight+missions&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1964+19th+ACM+national+conference&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=ACM+%2764&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12.101+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12.108%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1964-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800257.808889&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-7918-2&rft.aulast=Donegan&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=Packard%2C+Calvin&rft.au=Pashby%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F800257.808889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1969" class="citation book cs1">Zimmerman, Norman A. (26 August 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/800195.805951">"System integration as a programming function"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference</i>. ACM '69. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">459–</span>467. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800195.805951">10.1145/800195.805951</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7493-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-7493-4"><bdi>978-1-4503-7493-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=System+integration+as+a+programming+function&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1969+24th+national+conference&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=ACM+%2769&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E467&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1969-08-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F800195.805951&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-7493-4&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F800195.805951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>MIL-STD-483 Military standard: configuration management practices for systems, equipment, munitions, and computer programs</i>. United states, Department of Defense. 31 December 1970. pp. Section 3.4.7.2. <q>The contractor shall then code and test software Units, and enter the source and object code, and associated listings of each successfully tested Unit into the Developmental Configuration</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MIL-STD-483+Military+standard%3A+configuration+management+practices+for+systems%2C+equipment%2C+munitions%2C+and+computer+programs&rft.pages=Section+3.4.7.2&rft.pub=United+states%2C+Department+of+Defense&rft.date=1970-12-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTighe1978" class="citation journal cs1">Tighe, Michael F. (1 January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1007775.811118">"The value of a proper software quality assurance methodology"</a>. <i>ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review</i>. <b>7</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1007775.811118">10.1145/1007775.811118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-5999">0163-5999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGMETRICS+Performance+Evaluation+Review&rft.atitle=The+value+of+a+proper+software+quality+assurance+methodology&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=1978-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1007775.811118&rft.issn=0163-5999&rft.aulast=Tighe&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1007775.811118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulati2017" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, Shekhar (2017). <i>Java Unit Testing with JUnit 5 : Test Driven Development with JUnit 5</i>. Rahul Sharma. Berkeley, CA: Apress. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4842-3015-2"><bdi>978-1-4842-3015-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1012347252">1012347252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Unit+Testing+with+JUnit+5+%3A+Test+Driven+Development+with+JUnit+5&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1012347252&rft.isbn=978-1-4842-3015-2&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=Shekhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinters2020" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Titus (2020). <i>Software engineering at Google : lessons learned from programming over time</i>. Tom Manshreck, Hyrum Wright (1st ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-8274-3"><bdi>978-1-4920-8274-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1144086840">1144086840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+engineering+at+Google+%3A+lessons+learned+from+programming+over+time&rft.place=Sebastopol%2C+CA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1144086840&rft.isbn=978-1-4920-8274-3&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Titus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kent_Beck" title="Kent Beck">Beck, Kent</a> (2002). <i>Test-Driven Development by Example</i>. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0321146533" title="Special:BookSources/978-0321146533"><bdi>978-0321146533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Test-Driven+Development+by+Example&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0321146533&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Kent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Systems and software engineering -- Vocabulary</i>. Iso/Iec/IEEE 24765:2010(E). 1 December 2010. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2010.5733835">10.1109/IEEESTD.2010.5733835</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-6205-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-6205-8"><bdi>978-0-7381-6205-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systems+and+software+engineering+--+Vocabulary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.pub=Iso%2FIec%2FIEEE+24765%3A2010%28E%29&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2010.5733835&rft.isbn=978-0-7381-6205-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaner2003" class="citation journal cs1">Kaner, Cem (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaner.com/pdfs/GoodTest.pdf">"What Is a Good Test Case?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>STAR East</i>: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=STAR+East&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Good+Test+Case%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Kaner&rft.aufirst=Cem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaner.com%2Fpdfs%2FGoodTest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGulatiSharma2017133–137Chapter_§7_JUnit_5_Extension_Model_-_Parameterized_Test-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGulatiSharma2017133–137Chapter_§7_JUnit_5_Extension_Model_-_Parameterized_Test_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGulatiSharma2017">Gulati & Sharma 2017</a>, pp. 133–137, Chapter §7 JUnit 5 Extension Model - Parameterized Test.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamill-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamill_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamill_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamill2004" class="citation book cs1">Hamill, Paul (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ksvdhhnWQsC"><i>Unit Test Frameworks: Tools for High-Quality Software Development</i></a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780596552817" title="Special:BookSources/9780596552817"><bdi>9780596552817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unit+Test+Frameworks%3A+Tools+for+High-Quality+Software+Development&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780596552817&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ksvdhhnWQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoehmPapaccio1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Boehm, Barry W.</a>; Papaccio, Philip N. (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084506/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/ghazy/Cost_MSc/R6.pdf">"Understanding and Controlling Software Costs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. <b>14</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1462–</span>1477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F32.6191">10.1109/32.6191</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/ghazy/Cost_MSc/R6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Understanding+and+Controlling+Software+Costs&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1462-%3C%2Fspan%3E1477&rft.date=1988-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F32.6191&rft.aulast=Boehm&rft.aufirst=Barry+W.&rft.au=Papaccio%2C+Philip+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ksu.edu.sa%2Fghazy%2FCost_MSc%2FR6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee330950%28v=vs.110%29.aspx">"Test Early and Often"</a>. Microsoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Test+Early+and+Often&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fee330950%2528v%3Dvs.110%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ni.com/white-paper/8082/en/">"Prove It Works: Using the Unit Test Framework for Software Testing and Validation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Instruments" title="National Instruments">National Instruments</a>. 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prove+It+Works%3A+Using+the+Unit+Test+Framework+for+Software+Testing+and+Validation&rft.pub=National+Instruments&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ni.com%2Fwhite-paper%2F8082%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik2023" class="citation web cs1">Erik (10 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackify.com/unit-testing-basics-best-practices/">"You Still Don't Know How to Do Unit Testing (and Your Secret is Safe with Me)"</a>. <i>Stackify</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stackify&rft.atitle=You+Still+Don%27t+Know+How+to+Do+Unit+Testing+%28and+Your+Secret+is+Safe+with+Me%29&rft.date=2023-03-10&rft.au=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackify.com%2Funit-testing-basics-best-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Brooks, Frederick J.</a> (1995) [1975]. <a href="/wiki/The_Mythical_Man-Month" title="The Mythical Man-Month"><i>The Mythical Man-Month</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythicalmonth00broo/page/64">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-83595-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-83595-3"><bdi>978-0-201-83595-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythical+Man-Month&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-201-83595-3&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdaVeiga2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nada_daVeiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nada daVeiga (page does not exist)">daVeiga, Nada</a> (6 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddj.com/development-tools/206105233">"Change Code Without Fear: Utilize a regression safety net"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Change+Code+Without+Fear%3A+Utilize+a+regression+safety+net&rft.date=2008-02-06&rft.aulast=daVeiga&rft.aufirst=Nada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddj.com%2Fdevelopment-tools%2F206105233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKucharski2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marek_Kucharski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marek Kucharski (page does not exist)">Kucharski, Marek</a> (23 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/embedded-revolution/article/21794376/making-unit-testing-practical-for-embedded-development">"Making Unit Testing Practical for Embedded Development"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Unit+Testing+Practical+for+Embedded+Development&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft.aulast=Kucharski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electronicdesign.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fembedded-revolution%2Farticle%2F21794376%2Fmaking-unit-testing-practical-for-embedded-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.c2.com/?UnitTestsAndDatabases">"Unit Tests And Databases"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unit+Tests+And+Databases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.c2.com%2F%3FUnitTestsAndDatabases&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullseye_Testing_Technology2006–2008" class="citation web cs1">Bullseye Testing Technology (2006–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bullseye.com/coverage.html">"Intermediate Coverage Goals"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Coverage+Goals&rft.date=2006%2F2008&rft.au=Bullseye+Testing+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bullseye.com%2Fcoverage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlang.org/spec/unittest.html">"Unit Tests - D Programming Language"</a>. <i>D Programming Language</i>. D Language Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D+Programming+Language&rft.atitle=Unit+Tests+-+D+Programming+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlang.org%2Fspec%2Funittest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Klabnik_and_Carol_Nichols,_with_contributions_from_the_Rust_Community2015–2023" class="citation web cs1">Steve Klabnik and Carol Nichols, with contributions from the Rust Community (2015–2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch11-01-writing-tests.html">"How to Write Tests"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Write+Tests&rft.date=2015%2F2023&rft.au=Steve+Klabnik+and+Carol+Nichols%2C+with+contributions+from+the+Rust+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rust-lang.org%2Fbook%2Fch11-01-writing-tests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crystal-lang.org/api/0.23.1/Spec.html">"Crystal Spec"</a>. crystal-lang.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crystal+Spec&rft.pub=crystal-lang.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrystal-lang.org%2Fapi%2F0.23.1%2FSpec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://golang.org/pkg/testing/">"testing - The Go Programming Language"</a>. golang.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=testing+-+The+Go+Programming+Language&rft.pub=golang.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgolang.org%2Fpkg%2Ftesting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.julialang.org/en/v1/stdlib/Test/">"Unit Testing · The Julia Language"</a>. docs.julialang.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unit+Testing+%C2%B7+The+Julia+Language&rft.pub=docs.julialang.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.julialang.org%2Fen%2Fv1%2Fstdlib%2FTest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPython_Documentation2016" class="citation web cs1">Python Documentation (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html">"unittest -- Unit testing framework"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=unittest+--+Unit+testing+framework&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Python+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Funittest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Racket_Unit_Testing-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Racket_Unit_Testing_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Racket_Unit_Testing" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, Noel; Culpepper, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.racket-lang.org/rackunit/index.html">"RackUnit: Unit Testing"</a>. PLT Design Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RackUnit%3A+Unit+Testing&rft.pub=PLT+Design+Inc.&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Culpepper%2C+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.racket-lang.org%2Frackunit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist" class="citation web cs1">Welsh, Noel; Culpepper, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pkgs.racket-lang.org/package/rackunit">"RackUnit Unit Testing package part of Racket main distribution"</a>. PLT Design Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RackUnit+Unit+Testing+package+part+of+Racket+main+distribution&rft.pub=PLT+Design+Inc.&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Culpepper%2C+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpkgs.racket-lang.org%2Fpackage%2Frackunit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruby-doc.org/stdlib-2.0.0/libdoc/minitest/rdoc/MiniTest.html">"Minitest (Ruby 2.0)"</a>. Ruby-Doc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minitest+%28Ruby+2.0%29&rft.pub=Ruby-Doc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruby-doc.org%2Fstdlib-2.0.0%2Flibdoc%2Fminitest%2Frdoc%2FMiniTest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework" class="citation web cs1">Sierra, Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clojure.github.io/clojure/clojure.test-api.html">"API for clojure.test - Clojure v1.6 (stable)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=API+for+clojure.test+-+Clojure+v1.6+%28stable%29&rft.aulast=Sierra&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclojure.github.io%2Fclojure%2Fclojure.test-api.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/pester/Pester">"Pester Framework"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Pester+Framework&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fpester%2FPester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeathers2005" class="citation book cs1">Feathers, Michael C. (2005). <i>Working Effectively with Legacy Code</i>. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Professional Technical Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131177055" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131177055"><bdi>978-0131177055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+Effectively+with+Legacy+Code&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall+Professional+Technical+Reference&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0131177055&rft.aulast=Feathers&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulatiSharma2017" class="citation book cs1">Gulati, Shekhar; Sharma, Rahul (2017). <i>Java Unit Testing with JUnit 5</i>. <a href="/wiki/Apress" class="mw-redirect" title="Apress">Apress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Unit+Testing+with+JUnit+5&rft.pub=Apress&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=Shekhar&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Rahul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnit+testing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TestDrivenDevelopment">Test Driven Development (Ward Cunningham's Wiki)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_testing132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_testing" title="Template:Software testing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_testing" title="Template talk:Software testing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_testing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software testing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_testing132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The "box" approach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-box_testing" title="Black-box testing">Black-box testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-pairs_testing" title="All-pairs testing">All-pairs testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_testing" title="Exploratory testing">Exploratory testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzz_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzz testing">Fuzz testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-based_testing" title="Model-based testing">Model-based testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_testing" title="Scenario testing">Scenario testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-box_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey-box testing">Grey-box testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-box_testing" title="White-box testing">White-box testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_testing" title="API testing">API testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation_testing" title="Mutation testing">Mutation testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Static testing">Static testing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing levels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">Integration testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">System testing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unit testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing types, techniques,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Software_testing_tactics" title="Software testing tactics">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A/B_testing" title="A/B testing">A/B testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">Benchmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_testing" title="Compatibility testing">Compatibility testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concolic_testing" title="Concolic testing">Concolic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_testing" title="Concurrent testing">Concurrent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_testing" title="Continuous testing">Continuous testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_testing" title="Development testing">Development testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_testing" title="Differential testing">Differential testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_program_analysis" title="Dynamic program analysis">Dynamic program analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_testing" title="Installation testing">Installation testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_testing" title="Negative testing">Negative testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_testing" title="Random testing">Random testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_testing" title="Regression testing">Regression testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_testing" title="Security testing">Security testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_testing_(software)" title="Smoke testing (software)">Smoke testing (software)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_performance_testing" title="Software performance testing">Software performance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_testing_(software)" title="Stress testing (software)">Stress testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_execution" title="Symbolic execution">Symbolic execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_automation" title="Test automation">Test automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_testing" title="Graphical user interface testing">Graphical user interface testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_testing" title="Manual testing">Manual testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_array_testing" title="Orthogonal array testing">Orthogonal array testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_testing" title="Pair testing">Pair testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soak_testing" title="Soak testing">Soak testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_reliability_testing" title="Software reliability testing">Software reliability testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">Stress testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_testing" title="Web testing">Web testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&oldid=1272545574">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&oldid=1272545574</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unit_testing" title="Category:Unit testing">Unit testing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extreme_programming" title="Category:Extreme programming">Extreme programming</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_tools_used_in_software_development" title="Category:Types of tools used in software development">Types of tools used in software development</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_January_2025" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from September 2019">Articles needing additional references from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_February_2019" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from February 2019">Articles lacking reliable references from February 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2008" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_example_Java_code" title="Category:Articles with example Java code">Articles with example Java code</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 05:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unit_testing&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Unit testing</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>29 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-dw5mg","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.774","walltime":"0.916","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6164,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":143988,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11753,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":150188,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 816.212 1 -total"," 26.11% 213.144 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.41% 117.627 17 Template:Fix"," 13.60% 111.026 12 Template:Cite_book"," 11.79% 96.193 2 Template:Excerpt"," 11.15% 91.001 1 Template:Software_development_process"," 10.78% 88.011 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.18% 74.888 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.36% 60.036 9 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.35% 60.018 18 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.504","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8451035,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeck2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenington1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenington1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoehmPapaccio1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullseye_Testing_Technology2006–2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoneganPackardPashby1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeathers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulati2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulatiSharma2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolawaHuizinga,_Dorota2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKucharski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPython_Documentation2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Klabnik_and_Carol_Nichols,_with_contributions_from_the_Rust_Community2015–2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTighe1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinters2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdaVeiga2008\"] = 1,\n [\"Clojure_Unit_Testing_Framework\"] = 1,\n [\"Racket_Unit_Testing\"] = 1,\n [\"Racket_Unit_Testing_Main_dist\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 6,\n [\"Code\"] = 4,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Colend\"] = 4,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Unit Testing\"] = 1,\n [\"Definition needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Software development process\"] = 1,\n [\"Software testing\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-lrl22","timestamp":"20250214040659","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Unit testing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Unit_testing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q907375","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q907375","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-07T08:03:30Z","dateModified":"2025-01-29T05:08:27Z","headline":"software testing method by which individual units of source code are validated"}</script> </body> </html>