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href="#Suitability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Suitability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suitability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Workload</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Workload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Workload subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Workload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requirements_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Requirements analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Program analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Software_engineering_degree_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_engineering_degree_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Software engineering degree programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_engineering_degree_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Profession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Profession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Profession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Profession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Profession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Profession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Impact of globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Prizes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Study_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Study and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Professional aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Software engineering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagteware-ingenieurswese" title="Sagteware-ingenieurswese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sagteware-ingenieurswese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B6%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%AD_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AD" title="የሶፍትዌር አሠራር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሶፍትዌር አሠራር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="هندسة البرمجيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هندسة البرمجيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxenier%C3%ADa_del_software" title="Inxeniería del software – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inxeniería del software" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proqram_t%C9%99minat%C4%B1_m%C3%BCh%C9%99ndisliyi" title="Proqram təminatı mühəndisliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Proqram təminatı mühəndisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2" title="সফটওয়্যার প্রকৌশল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সফটওয়্যার প্রকৌশল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Софтуерно инженерство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Софтуерно инженерство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softversko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Softversko inženjerstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Softversko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enginyeria_de_programari" title="Enginyeria de programari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enginyeria de programari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarov%C3%A9_in%C5%BEen%C3%BDrstv%C3%AD" title="Softwarové inženýrství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Softwarové inženýrství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peirianneg_meddalwedd" title="Peirianneg meddalwedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Peirianneg meddalwedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwareudvikling" title="Softwareudvikling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Softwareudvikling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwaretechnik" title="Softwaretechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Softwaretechnik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Μηχανική λογισμικού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηχανική λογισμικού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenier%C3%ADa_de_software" title="Ingeniería de software – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ingeniería de software" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programara_in%C4%9Denierarto" title="Programara inĝenierarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Programara inĝenierarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_ingeniaritza" title="Software ingeniaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Software ingeniaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مهندسی نرم‌افزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهندسی نرم‌افزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nie_logiciel" title="Génie logiciel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génie logiciel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innealt%C3%B3ireacht_bogearra%C3%AD" title="Innealtóireacht bogearraí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Innealtóireacht bogearraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeshaghteyrys_cooid_vog" title="Jeshaghteyrys cooid vog – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jeshaghteyrys cooid vog" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enxe%C3%B1ar%C3%ADa_de_software" title="Enxeñaría de software – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Enxeñaría de software" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%9A_%D9%85%DB%8A%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="نرمأفزار ٚ مۊهندسي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نرمأفزار ٚ مۊهندسي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="소프트웨어 공학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소프트웨어 공학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injiniyan_software" title="Injiniyan software – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Injiniyan software" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="सॉफ्टवेयर अभियान्त्रिकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉफ्टवेयर अभियान्त्रिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programsko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Programsko inženjerstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Programsko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injeniorarto_di_programaro" title="Injeniorarto di programaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Injeniorarto di programaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekayasa_perangkat_lunak" title="Rekayasa perangkat lunak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rekayasa perangkat lunak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugb%C3%BAna%C3%B0arverkfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hugbúnaðarverkfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugbúnaðarverkfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegneria_del_software" title="Ingegneria del software – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ingegneria del software" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הנדסת תוכנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנדסת תוכנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uundaji_bidhaa_pepe_za_tarakilishi" title="Uundaji bidhaa pepe za tarakilishi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uundaji bidhaa pepe za tarakilishi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endezyariya_nermalav%C3%AA" title="Endezyariya nermalavê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Endezyariya nermalavê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B3%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ວິສະວະກຳໂລຊີຊີແອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິສະວະກຳໂລຊີຊີແອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeniaria_corporum_programmatum" title="Ingeniaria corporum programmatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ingeniaria corporum programmatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmin%C5%BEenierija" title="Programminženierija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Programminženierija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program%C5%B3_in%C5%BEinerija" title="Programų inžinerija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Programų inžinerija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Изработка на програмска опрема – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Изработка на програмска опрема" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ എഞ്ചിനീയറിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ എഞ്ചിനീയറിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejuruteraan_perisian" title="Kejuruteraan perisian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kejuruteraan perisian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angenharie_de_software" title="Angenharie de software – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Angenharie de software" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Програм хангамжийн инженерчлэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Програм хангамжийн инженерчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Software engineering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%A6" title="ソフトウェア工学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソフトウェア工学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvareutvikling" title="Programvareutvikling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Programvareutvikling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvareutvikling" title="Programvareutvikling – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programvareutvikling" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82" title="ସଫ୍ଟୱେର ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଫ୍ଟୱେର ଇଞ୍ଜିନିୟରିଂ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasturiy_ta%CA%BCminot_muhandisligi" title="Dasturiy taʼminot muhandisligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dasturiy taʼminot muhandisligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="د سافټوير انجنیري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سافټوير انجنیري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%95%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B" title="វិស្វកម្មផ្នែកទន់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិស្វកម្មផ្នែកទន់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%C5%BCynieria_oprogramowania" title="Inżynieria oprogramowania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inżynieria oprogramowania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenharia_de_software" title="Engenharia de software – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Engenharia de software" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmal%C4%B1q_injiniring" title="Programmalıq injiniring – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Programmalıq injiniring" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inginerie_software" title="Inginerie software – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inginerie software" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamp%27ukaq_k%27illikachay" title="Llamp'ukaq k'illikachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llamp'ukaq k'illikachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Программная инженерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Программная инженерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saftware_ingineerin" title="Saftware ingineerin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saftware ingineerin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inxhinieria_e_softuerit" title="Inxhinieria e softuerit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Inxhinieria e softuerit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%98%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="මෘදුකාංග ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෘදුකාංග ඉංජිනේරු ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Software engineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%BD_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سافٽ ويئر انجنيئرنگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سافٽ ويئر انجنيئرنگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softv%C3%A9rov%C3%A9_in%C5%BEinierstvo" title="Softvérové inžinierstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Softvérové inžinierstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="ئەندازیاریی نەرمامێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندازیاریی نەرمامێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Инжењеринг софтвера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Инжењеринг софтвера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softversko_in%C5%BEenjerstvo" title="Softversko inženjerstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Softversko inženjerstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9kayasa_software" title="Rékayasa software – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rékayasa software" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohjelmistotuotanto" title="Ohjelmistotuotanto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohjelmistotuotanto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvaruutveckling" title="Programvaruutveckling – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programvaruutveckling" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhenyeriyang_pang-software" title="Inhenyeriyang pang-software – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Inhenyeriyang pang-software" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மென்பொருட் பொறியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மென்பொருட் பொறியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="วิศวกรรมซอฟต์แวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิศวกรรมซอฟต์แวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%93" title="ሶፍትዌር ምህንድስና – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሶፍትዌር ምህንድስና" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaz%C4%B1l%C4%B1m_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Yazılım mühendisliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yazılım mühendisliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Програмна інженерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програмна інженерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="سافٹ ویئر انجینئرنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سافٹ ویئر انجینئرنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_ph%E1%BA%A7n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Công nghệ phần mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghệ phần mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhenyeriya_hin_software" title="Inhenyeriya hin software – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inhenyeriya hin software" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="软件工程" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ווייכווארג אינזשעניריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווייכווארג אינזשעניריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="軟件工程 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟件工程" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="软件工程 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软件工程" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80993#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Engineering approach to software development</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Core activities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">Debugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Maintenance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Paradigms and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_software_engineering" title="Cleanroom software engineering">Cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Software_development_methodology" class="mw-redirect" title="Software development methodology">Methodologies</a> and frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_software_development" title="Adaptive software development">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplined_agile_delivery" title="Disciplined agile delivery">DAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_systems_development_method" title="Dynamic systems development method">DSDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature-driven_development" title="Feature-driven development">FDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">IID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanban_(development)" title="Kanban (development)">Kanban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_software_development" title="Lean software development">Lean SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)#Large-scale_Scrum" title="Scrum (software development)">LeSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Model-driven development">MDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solutions_Framework" title="Microsoft Solutions Framework">MSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_software_process" title="Personal software process">PSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_unified_process" title="Rational unified process">RUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaled_agile_framework" title="Scaled agile framework">SAFe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMAT" title="SEMAT">SEMAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_software_process" title="Team software process">TSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supporting disciplines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deployment_management#Computer_science" title="Deployment management">Deployment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_documentation" title="Software documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_project_management" title="Software project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_test-driven_development" title="Acceptance test-driven development">ATDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior-driven_development" title="Behavior-driven development">BDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming_practices#Collective_code_ownership" title="Extreme programming practices">CCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_delivery" title="Continuous delivery">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_integration" title="Continuous integration">CI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-driven_design" title="Domain-driven design">DDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_programming" title="Pair programming">PP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_by_example" title="Specification by example">SBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_meeting" title="Stand-up meeting">Stand-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test-driven_development" title="Test-driven development">TDD</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Tools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Build_automation" title="Build automation">Build automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface_builder" title="Graphical user interface builder">GUI builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_as_code" title="Infrastructure as code">Infrastructure as code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiling_(computer_programming)" title="Profiling (computer programming)">Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application-release_automation" title="Application-release automation">Release automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">UML Modeling</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards and bodies of knowledge</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association" title="IEEE Standards Association">IEEE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Requirements_Engineering_Board" title="International Requirements Engineering Board">IREB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9001" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9001">ISO 9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITIL" title="ITIL">ITIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">OMG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Management_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Project Management Body of Knowledge">PMBOK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">SWEBOK</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Outlines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_development" title="Outline of software development">Outline of software development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_development_process" title="Template:Software development process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_development_process" title="Template talk:Software development process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_development_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software development process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Software engineering</b> is a branch of both <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining of <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software applications</a>. It involves applying <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design_process" title="Engineering design process">engineering principles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> expertise to develop software systems that meet user needs.<sup id="cite_ref-BoDu04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACM_2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM_2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laplante_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laplante_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a></i> and <i>coder</i> overlap <i>software engineer</i>, but they imply only the construction aspect of typical software engineer workload.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A software engineer applies a <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BoDu04_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which involves defining, <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implementing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">managing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">maintaining</a> software systems, as well as developing the software development process itself. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_software_engineering" title="History of software engineering">History of software engineering</a></div> <p>Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>. </p><p>The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met the needs of consumers or was never even completed. </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> held the first software engineering conference where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of software were established.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of the term <i>software engineering</i> have been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in the June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue of <i>Communications of the ACM</i> (Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also associated with the title of a NATO conference in 1968 by Professor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a> described the discipline of "software engineering" during the Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time there was perceived to be a "<a href="/wiki/Software_crisis" title="Software crisis">software crisis</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with the Plenary Sessions' keynotes of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Brooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Brooks">Frederick Brooks</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Margaret Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a> (SEI) was established as a federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, United States.<sup id="cite_ref-DoDFunding_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoDFunding-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Watts_Humphrey" title="Watts Humphrey">Watts Humphrey</a> founded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing the software engineering process.<sup id="cite_ref-DoDFunding_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DoDFunding-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Process Maturity Levels introduced became the <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">Capability Maturity Model Integration</a> for Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how the US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team. </p><p>Modern, generally accepted best-practices for software engineering have been collected by the <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_7" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7">ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7</a> subcommittee and published as the <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Body_of_Knowledge" title="Software Engineering Body of Knowledge">Software Engineering Body of Knowledge</a> (SWEBOK).<sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software engineering is considered one of the major <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-se2014_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-se2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable definitions of software engineering include: </p> <ul><li>"The systematic application of scientific and technological knowledge, methods, and experience to the design, implementation, testing, and documentation of software."—The Bureau of Labor Statistics—<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <i>Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary</i><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE24765_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE24765-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software."—<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> <i>Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology</i><sup id="cite_ref-IEEE610a_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE610a-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"An engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production."—<a href="/wiki/Ian_Sommerville_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Sommerville (academic)">Ian Sommerville</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sommerville1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sommerville1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to economically obtain software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines."—<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A branch of computer science that deals with the design, implementation, and maintenance of complex <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>."—<a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Software engineering' encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. [...] Software engineering can be thought of as 'programming integrated over time.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"—Software Engineering at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The term has also been used less formally: </p> <ul><li>as the informal contemporary term for the broad range of activities that were formerly called <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">systems analysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as the broad term for all aspects of the <i>practice</i> of computer programming, as opposed to the <i>theory</i> of computer programming, which is formally studied as a sub-discipline of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a><sup id="cite_ref-p._26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>as the term embodying the <i>advocacy</i> of a specific approach to computer programming, one that urges that it be treated as an <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> discipline rather than an art or a craft, and advocates the <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codification</a> of recommended practices<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Hamilton (scientist)">Margaret Hamilton</a> promoted the term "software engineering" during her work on the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>. The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of the term:</p><blockquote><p>When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suitability">Suitability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Suitability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define <i>software engineering</i> or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. <a href="/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">David Parnas</a> has said that software engineering is, in fact, a form of engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a> has said that it is not, but that it should be.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> has said that programming is an art and a science.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> claimed that the terms <i>software engineering</i> and <i>software engineer</i> have been misused in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Workload">Workload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_software_engineering" title="Outline of software engineering">Outline of software engineering</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements_analysis">Requirements analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Requirements analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">Software requirements</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a> is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of <a href="/wiki/Requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Requirements">requirements</a> for <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>. Software requirements can be <a href="/wiki/Functional_requirement" title="Functional requirement">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-functional_requirement" title="Non-functional requirement">non-functional</a> or domain. </p><p>Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into the following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of a certain category or domain of projects.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a> is the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Interface design">Interface design</a> plans the interaction between a system and its environment as well as the inner workings of the system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architectural design</a> plans the major components of a system, including their responsibilities, properties, and interfaces between them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detailed_design_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Detailed design document">Detailed design</a> plans internal elements, including their properties, relationships, <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_structure" title="Data structure">data structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></div> <p>Software construction typically involves <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programming</a> (a.k.a. coding), <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integration_testing" title="Integration testing">integration testing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> so as to implement the design.<sup id="cite_ref-BoDu04_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“Software testing is related to, but different from, ... debugging”.<sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing during this phase is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testing">Testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a> is an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test.<sup id="cite_ref-BoDu04_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed by <a href="/wiki/Test_engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Test engineers">test engineers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> instead of the programmers who wrote it. It is performed at the <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system level</a> and is considered an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">software quality</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_analysis">Program analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Program analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Program_analysis" title="Program analysis">Program analysis</a></div> <p>Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_performance" title="Computer performance">performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustness_(computer_science)" title="Robustness (computer science)">robustness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Security_testing" title="Security testing">security</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a> refers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to: <a href="/wiki/Patch_(computing)" title="Patch (computing)">error correction</a>, optimization, deletion of <a href="/wiki/Software_bloat" title="Software bloat">unused</a> and discarded features, and enhancement of existing features.<sup id="cite_ref-BoDu04_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Software_engineering" title="Talk:Software engineering">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/SWEBOK" class="mw-redirect" title="SWEBOK">SWEBOK</a>, which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at a vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>, and updated in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-se2014_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-se2014-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 244 Campus <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Software_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Software Engineering">Bachelor of Software Engineering</a> programs, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in the United States. </p><p>In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained through <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> in software engineering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_engineering_degree_programs">Software engineering degree programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Software engineering degree programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Half of all practitioners today have <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Information systems">information systems</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Computing,_Imperial_College_London" title="Department of Computing, Imperial College London">Department of Computing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> introduced the first three-year software engineering <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in the world; in the following year, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> established a similar program.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Rochester_Institute_of_Technology" title="Rochester Institute of Technology">Rochester Institute of Technology</a> established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain <a href="/wiki/ABET" title="ABET">ABET</a> accreditation until 2003, the same year as <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_University" title="Clarkson University">Clarkson University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_School_of_Engineering" title="Milwaukee School of Engineering">Milwaukee School of Engineering</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ABETACCRED1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABETACCRED1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, <a href="/wiki/SE2004" class="mw-redirect" title="SE2004">SE2004</a>, was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>. As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Seattle_University" title="Seattle University">Seattle University</a> in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada, the Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Council_of_Professional_Engineers" title="Canadian Council of Professional Engineers">Canadian Council of Professional Engineers</a> has recognized several software engineering programs. </p><p>In 1998, the US <a href="/wiki/Naval_Postgraduate_School" title="Naval Postgraduate School">Naval Postgraduate School</a> (NPS) established the first <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> program in Software Engineering in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through the Computer Science and Engineering Department at <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton" title="California State University, Fullerton">California State University, Fullerton</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">Steve McConnell</a> opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_technologie_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École de technologie supérieure">ETS</a> (École de technologie supérieure) University and <a href="/wiki/UQAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UQAM">UQAM</a> (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (<a href="/wiki/SWEBOK" class="mw-redirect" title="SWEBOK">SWEBOK</a>), which has become an ISO standard describing the body of knowledge covered by a software engineer.<sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Profession">Profession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Profession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering_professionalism" title="Software engineering professionalism">Software engineering professionalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Regulation and licensure in engineering</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Legal" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal">Legal</a> requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or the Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain the <a href="/wiki/European_Engineer" title="European Engineer">European Engineer</a> (EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as a <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer_(UK)" title="Chartered Engineer (UK)">Chartered Engineer</a> through the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a>. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/NCEES" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEES">NCEES</a> began offering a <a href="/wiki/Professional_Engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Engineer">Professional Engineer</a> exam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NCEES ended the exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-BarbaraSimons_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarbaraSimons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KnightLeveson_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnightLeveson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>, the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE's <i>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version</i>, or <a href="/wiki/SWEBOK" class="mw-redirect" title="SWEBOK">SWEBOK</a>, defines the field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current version is SWEBOK v4.<sup id="cite_ref-swebokVol3_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swebokVol3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this United States <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit">improve this United States</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Software_engineering" title="Talk:Software engineering">talk page</a>, or create a new United States, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Software_engineering_demographics" title="Software engineering demographics">Software engineering demographics</a></div> <p>There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-2022-numbers_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022-numbers-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SO2016_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SO2016-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a>. Some organizations have specialists to perform each of the tasks in the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">software development process</a>. Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hire <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">interns</a>, often university or college students during a summer break, or <a href="/wiki/Externship" title="Externship">externships</a>. Specializations include <a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">analysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">developers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">testers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_support" title="Technical support">technical support</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleware_analyst" title="Middleware analyst">middleware analysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">project managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_product_management" title="Software product management">software product managers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">educators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researchers</a>. </p><p>Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours a week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg2020_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periods <a href="/wiki/Sitting#Health_risks" title="Sitting">sitting</a> in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis_prevention" title="Thrombosis prevention">Thrombosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a>, and hand and wrist problems such as <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%.<sup id="cite_ref-softdev_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-softdev_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softdev-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C.S.E._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C.S.E.-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-CSE2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg2020_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg2020-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics">U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts a decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over the years as compared to other engineering fields.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> might impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession or <a href="/wiki/Age_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Age wave">age out</a> of the market in the next few decades.<sup id="cite_ref-bls.gov_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bls.gov-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Certification">Certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a> offers certifications on specific topics like <a href="/wiki/IT_security" class="mw-redirect" title="IT security">security</a>, process improvement and <a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">software architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Architect_Certification" title="Information Technology Architect Certification">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Certified_Professional" title="Microsoft Certified Professional">Microsoft</a> and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> <a href="/wiki/Professional_certification_(computer_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional certification (computer technology)">certification</a> programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by the vendors of these technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies. </p><p>Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> had certified over 575 software professionals as a <a href="/wiki/Certified_Software_Development_Professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified Software Development Professional">Certified Software Development Professional</a> (CSDP).<sup id="cite_ref-ieee2006_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee2006-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as the Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> had a professional certification program in the early 1980s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> together examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s, but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-BarbaraSimons_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarbaraSimons-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John C. Knight and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_G._Leveson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nancy G. Leveson">Nancy G. Leveson</a> presented a more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-KnightLeveson_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KnightLeveson-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.K. the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> has developed a legally recognized professional certification called <i>Chartered IT Professional (CITP)</i>, available to fully qualified members (<i>MBCS</i>). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of the <a href="/wiki/British_Computer_Society" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a> or <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">Institution of Engineering and Technology</a> and so qualify to be considered for <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Engineer_(UK)" title="Chartered Engineer (UK)">Chartered Engineer</a> status through either of those institutions. In Canada the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Information_Processing_Society" title="Canadian Information Processing Society">Canadian Information Processing Society</a> has developed a legally recognized professional certification called <i>Information Systems Professional (ISP)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a <i>Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB)</i> accredited program, successfully complete PEO's (<i>Professional Engineers Ontario</i>) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through the <i>Professional Engineers Ontario</i> and can become Professional Engineers P.Eng.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for the profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_globalization">Impact of globalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impact of globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly the distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a> avoid education related to software engineering because of the fear of <a href="/wiki/Offshore_outsourcing" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore outsourcing">offshore outsourcing</a> (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Worker_Visa" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Worker Visa">foreign visa workers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although statistics do not currently show a threat to software engineering itself; a related career, <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> does appear to have been affected.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via the <a href="/wiki/Follow-the-sun" title="Follow-the-sun">follow-the-sun</a> workflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides a continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns. </p><p>While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes the use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prizes">Prizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various prizes in the field of software engineering: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACM-AAAI_Allen_Newell_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award">ACM-AAAI Allen Newell Award</a>- USA. Awarded to career contributions that have breadth within computer science, or that bridge computer science and other disciplines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCS_Lovelace_Medal" title="BCS Lovelace Medal">BCS Lovelace Medal</a>. Awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding or advancement of computing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">ACM SIGSOFT</a> Outstanding Research Award, selected for individual(s) who have made “<a href="/wiki/Importance" title="Importance">significant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">lasting</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">practice</a> of software engineering.”<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>More <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">ACM SIGSOFT</a> Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Software_and_Information_Industry_Association#CODiE_Awards" title="Software and Information Industry Association">Codie award</a>, a yearly award issued by the Software and Information Industry Association for excellence in software development within the software industry.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Mills#Harlan_D._Mills_Award" title="Harlan Mills">Harlan Mills Award</a> for "contributions to the theory and practice of the information sciences, focused on software engineering".</li></ul> <ul><li>ICSE Most Influential Paper Award.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jolt_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Jolt Award">Jolt Award</a>, also for the software industry.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Award" title="Stevens Award">Stevens Award</a> given in memory of Wayne Stevens.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters.<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some claim that a core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment."<sup id="cite_ref-Boehm_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boehm-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Edsger Dijkstra</a>, a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called the "radical novelty" of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that software engineering has accepted as its charter "How to program if you cannot."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineers">Software engineers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_and_practice">Study and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Study and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_craftsmanship" title="Software craftsmanship">Software craftsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_engineering" title="Release engineering">Release engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Programmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analyst" title="Systems analyst">Systems analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_architect" title="Systems architect">Systems architect</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_aspects">Professional aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Professional aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Information_Technology" title="Bachelor of Science in Information Technology">Bachelor of Science in Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Software_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Software Engineering">Bachelor of Software Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_software_engineering_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="List of software engineering conferences">List of software engineering conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_science_journals" title="List of computer science journals">List of computer science journals</a> (including software engineering journals)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_Engineering_Institute" title="Software Engineering Institute">Software Engineering Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BoDu04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoDu04_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoDu04_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoDu04_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoDu04_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoDu04_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbranMooreBourqueDupuis2004">Abran et al. 2004</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAbranMooreBourqueDupuis2004 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACM_2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACM_2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFACM2007" class="citation web cs1">ACM (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617053818/http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12">"Computing Degrees & Careers"</a>. ACM. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computingcareers.acm.org/?page_id=12">the original</a> on 2011-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computing+Degrees+%26+Careers&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2007&rft.au=ACM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputingcareers.acm.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laplante_2007-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laplante_2007_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplante2007" class="citation book cs1">Laplante, Phillip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFHYk0KWAEgC&q=What%20Every%20Engineer%20Should%20Know%20about%20Software%20Engineering.&pg=PA1"><i>What Every Engineer Should Know about Software Engineering</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2025</span>. <q>We must recognize ourselves -- not necessarily all of us, and not necessarily any one of us all the time -- as members of an engineering profession, be it hardware engineering or software engineering, a profession without artificial and irrelevant boundaries like that between "scientific" and "business" applications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President%27s+Letter+to+the+ACM+Membership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbertrandmeyer.com%2Fwp-content%2FupLoads%2FACM-1966-Presidental-letter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOettinger1966" class="citation journal cs1">Oettinger, A. 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Association for Computing Machinery: <span class="nowrap">545–</span>546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F365758.3291288">10.1145/365758.3291288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782">0001-0782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53432801">53432801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commun.+ACM&rft.atitle=President%27s+Letter+to+the+ACM+Membership&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E545-%3C%2Fspan%3E546&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53432801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-0782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F365758.3291288&rft.aulast=Oettinger&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1145%252F365758.3291288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bertrandmeyer.com/2013/04/04/the-origin-of-software-engineering/">"The origin of "software engineering"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 4 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+%22software+engineering%22&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbertrandmeyer.com%2F2013%2F04%2F04%2Fthe-origin-of-software-engineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall" class="citation web cs1">Randall, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/NATOReports/">"The 1968/69 NATO Software Engineering Reports"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1968%2F69+NATO+Software+Engineering+Reports&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fbrian.randell%2FNATO%2FNATOReports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLori_Cameron2008" class="citation web cs1">Lori Cameron (October 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/events/what-to-know-about-the-scientist-who-invented-the-term-software-engineering">"Margaret Hamilton: First Software Engineer"</a>. <i>Tech News</i>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+News&rft.atitle=Margaret+Hamilton%3A+First+Software+Engineer&rft.date=2008-10-05&rft.au=Lori+Cameron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fpublications%2Ftech-news%2Fevents%2Fwhat-to-know-about-the-scientist-who-invented-the-term-software-engineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Sommerville2015" class="citation book cs1">Ian Sommerville (March 24, 2015). <i>Software Engineering</i> (10th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0"><bdi>978-0-13-394303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-13-394303-0&rft.au=Ian+Sommerville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterRandell1968" class="citation conference cs1">Peter, Naur; <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a> (7–11 October 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/nato1968.PDF"><i>Software Engineering: Report of a conference sponsored by the NATO Science Committee</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Garmisch, Germany: Scientific Affairs Division, NATO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering%3A+Report+of+a+conference+sponsored+by+the+NATO+Science+Committee&rft.place=Garmisch%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Scientific+Affairs+Division%2C+NATO&rft.date=1968-10-07%2F1968-10-11&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Naur&rft.au=Randell%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fbrian.randell%2FNATO%2Fnato1968.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandell2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, Brian</a> (10 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/brian.randell/NATO/NATOReports/index.html">"The 1968/69 NATO Software Engineering Reports"</a>. <i>Brian Randell's University Homepage</i>. The School of the Computer Sciences, Newcastle University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-11</span></span>. <q>The idea for the first NATO Software Engineering Conference, and in particular that of adopting the then practically unknown term "software engineering" as its (deliberately provocative) title, I believe came originally from Professor <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brian+Randell%27s+University+Homepage&rft.atitle=The+1968%2F69+NATO+Software+Engineering+Reports&rft.date=2001-08-10&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fbrian.randell%2FNATO%2FNATOReports%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF2018_International_Conference_on_Software_Engineering_celebrating_its_40th_anniversary,_and_50_years_of_Software_engineering2018" class="citation web cs1">2018 International Conference on Software Engineering celebrating its 40th anniversary, and 50 years of Software engineering (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StN49re9Nq8&t=67s">"ICSE 2018 – Plenary Sessions – Fred Brooks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=ICSE+2018+%E2%80%93+Plenary+Sessions+%E2%80%93+Fred+Brooks&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.au=2018+International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering+celebrating+its+40th+anniversary%2C+and+50+years+of+Software+engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DStN49re9Nq8%26t%3D67s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF2018_International_Conference_on_Software_Engineering_celebrating_its_40th_anniversary,_and_50_years_of_Software_engineering2018" class="citation web cs1">2018 International Conference on Software Engineering celebrating its 40th anniversary, and 50 years of Software engineering (31 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbVOF0Uk5lU">"ICSE 2018 – Plenary Sessions – Margaret Hamilton"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=ICSE+2018+%E2%80%93+Plenary+Sessions+%E2%80%93+Margaret+Hamilton&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft.au=2018+International+Conference+on+Software+Engineering+celebrating+its+40th+anniversary%2C+and+50+years+of+Software+engineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZbVOF0Uk5lU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoDFunding-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoDFunding_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoDFunding_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Hutz_Pesante2003" class="citation journal cs1">Linda Hutz Pesante (January 1, 2003). Anthony Ralston; Edwin D. Reilly (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1074100.1074803">"Software engineering institute (SEI)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Computer Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>, West Sussex, UK: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">John Wiley and Sons Ltd.</a>: <span class="nowrap">1611–</span>1613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-86412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-86412-8"><bdi>978-0-470-86412-8</bdi></a>. <q>(1) The institute was competitively awarded to <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnegie Mellon">Carnegie Mellon</a> in December 1984 by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Defense">US Department of Defense</a> (DoD) to improve the state of the practice of software engineering. ... (2) the SEI moves mature solutions of proven value into widespread use; examples include the <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">Capability Maturity Model</a> (CMM) ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Software+engineering+institute+%28SEI%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1611-%3C%2Fspan%3E1613&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-470-86412-8&rft.au=Linda+Hutz+Pesante&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.5555%2F1074100.1074803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-se2014-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-se2014_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-se2014_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Task_Force_on_Computing_Curricula,_IEEE_Computer_Society,_Association_for_Computing_Machinery2015" class="citation book cs1">Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (23 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/education/se2014.pdf"><i>Software Engineering 2014: Curriculum Guidelines for Undergraduate Degree Programs in Software Engineering</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. A Volume of the Computing Curricula Series. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+2014%3A+Curriculum+Guidelines+for+Undergraduate+Degree+Programs+in+Software+Engineering&rft.series=A+Volume+of+the+Computing+Curricula+Series&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society+and+Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft.au=Joint+Task+Force+on+Computing+Curricula%2C+IEEE+Computer+Society%2C+Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fbinaries%2Fcontent%2Fassets%2Feducation%2Fse2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE24765-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE24765_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Systems and software engineering – Vocabulary</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>/<a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> std 24765:2010(E), 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEEE610a-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IEEE610a_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology</i>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> std 610.12-1990, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sommerville1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sommerville1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Sommerville_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Sommerville (academic)">Sommerville, Ian</a> (2007) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/HigherEducation/Booksby/Sommerville/">"1.1.2 What is software engineering?"</a>. <i>Software Engineering</i> (8th ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31379-9"><bdi>978-0-321-31379-9</bdi></a>. <q>Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production from the early stages of system specification to maintaining the system after it has gone into use. In this definition, there are two key phrases:<br /> 1. <i>Engineering discipline</i> Engineers make things work. They apply theories, methods and tools where these are appropriate [. . .] Engineers also recognize that they must work to organizational and financial constraints. [. . .]<br /> 2. <i>All aspects of software production</i> Software engineering is not just concerned with the technical processes of software development but also with activities such as software project management and with the development of tools, methods and theories to support software production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.1.2+What+is+software+engineering%3F&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-321-31379-9&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pearsoned.co.uk%2FHigherEducation%2FBooksby%2FSommerville%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Software Engineering". <i>Information Processing</i>. <b>71</b>: <span class="nowrap">530–</span>538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Processing&rft.atitle=Software+Engineering&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/software+engineering">"Definition of SOFTWARE ENGINEERING"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SOFTWARE+ENGINEERING&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsoftware%2Bengineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWintersManshrecWright2020" class="citation book cs1">Winters, Titus; Manshrec, Tom; Wright, Hyrum (2020). "Preface, Programming Over Time". <i>Software Engineering at Google</i>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">xix–</span>xx, <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-492-08279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-492-08279-8"><bdi>978-1-492-08279-8</bdi></a>. <q>We propose that "software engineering" encompasses not just the act of writing code, but all of the tools and processes an organization uses to build and maintain that code over time. What practices can a software organization introduce that will best keep its code valuable over the long term? How can engineers make a codebase more sustainable and the software engineering discipline itself more rigorous?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface%2C+Programming+Over+Time&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+at+Google&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exx%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-492-08279-8&rft.aulast=Winters&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft.au=Manshrec%2C+Tom&rft.au=Wright%2C+Hyrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkram_I._Salah2002" class="citation web cs1">Akram I. Salah (2002-04-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micsymposium.org/mics_2002/SALAH.PDF">"Engineering an Academic Program in Software Engineering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 35th Annual Midwest Instruction and Computing Symposium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engineering+an+Academic+Program+in+Software+Engineering&rft.pub=35th+Annual+Midwest+Instruction+and+Computing+Symposium&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft.au=Akram+I.+Salah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micsymposium.org%2Fmics_2002%2FSALAH.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>: "For some, software engineering is just a glorified name for programming. If you are a programmer, you might put 'software engineer' on your business card—never 'programmer' though."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p._26-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-p._26_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Harlan D., J. R. Newman, and C. B. Engle, Jr., "An Undergraduate Curriculum in Software Engineering," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeimel1990" class="citation book cs1">Deimel, Lionel E. (1990). <i>Software Engineering Education: SEI Conference 1990, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA, April 2–3,..</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-97274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-97274-9"><bdi>978-0-387-97274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering+Education%3A+SEI+Conference+1990%2C+Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+USA%2C+April+2%E2%80%933%2C...&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-387-97274-9&rft.aulast=Deimel&rft.aufirst=Lionel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuWbyy2blMEC&pg=PA26">p. 26</a>: "As a practical matter, we regard software engineering as the necessary preparation for the practicing, software development and maintenance professional. The Computer Scientist is preparing for further theoretical studies..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_KitchevnhamDavid_BudgenPearl_BreretonStephen_Linkman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barbara Kitchevnham; David Budgen; Pearl Brereton; Stephen Linkman (2005). "Realising evidence-based software engineering". <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT_Software_Engineering_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes">ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes</a></i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1082983.1083175">10.1145/1082983.1083175</a>. <q>We believe that software engineering can only advance as an engineering discipline by moving away from its current dependence upon advocacy and analysis, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGSOFT+Software+Engineering+Notes&rft.atitle=Realising+evidence-based+software+engineering&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1082983.1083175&rft.au=Barbara+Kitchevnham&rft.au=David+Budgen&rft.au=Pearl+Brereton&rft.au=Stephen+Linkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2017" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Snyder (2017). <i>Fluency with information technology : skills, concepts, & capabilities</i> ([Seventh edition] ed.). NY, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0134448725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0134448725"><bdi>978-0134448725</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960641978">960641978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fluency+with+information+technology+%3A+skills%2C+concepts%2C+%26+capabilities&rft.place=NY%2C+NY&rft.edition=%5BSeventh+edition%5D&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960641978&rft.isbn=978-0134448725&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Snyder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnas1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Parnas" title="David Parnas">Parnas, David L.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/parnas98software.html">"Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes"</a>. <i>Annals of Software Engineering</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292">10.1023/A:1018949113292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35786237">35786237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Software+Engineering+Programmes+are+not+Computer+Science+Programmes&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35786237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parnas&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseer.ist.psu.edu%2Fparnas98software.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 19: "Rather than treat software engineering as a subfield of computer science, I treat it as an element of the set, {Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering,....}."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnas1998" class="citation journal cs1">Parnas, David L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/parnas98software.html">"Software Engineering Programmes are not Computer Science Programmes"</a>. <i>Annals of Software Engineering</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292">10.1023/A:1018949113292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35786237">35786237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Software+Engineering&rft.atitle=Software+Engineering+Programmes+are+not+Computer+Science+Programmes&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018949113292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35786237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Parnas&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseer.ist.psu.edu%2Fparnas98software.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 20: "This paper argues that the introduction of accredited professional programs in software engineering, programmes that are modelled on programmes in traditional engineering disciplines will help to increase both the quality and quantity of graduates who are well prepared, by their education, to develop trustworthy software products."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_McConnell" title="Steve McConnell">McConnell, Steve</a> (August 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/professionalsoft00mcco_0"><i>Professional Software Development: Shorter Schedules, Better Projects, Superior Products, Enhanced Careers</i></a></span>. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-19367-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-19367-9"><bdi>0-321-19367-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Software+Development%3A+Shorter+Schedules%2C+Better+Projects%2C+Superior+Products%2C+Enhanced+Careers&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2003-08&rft.isbn=0-321-19367-9&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprofessionalsoft00mcco_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 39: "In my opinion, the answer to that question is clear: Professional software development should be engineering. Is it? No. But should it be? Unquestionably, yes. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Knuth, Donald</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://disciplinas.lia.ufc.br/matdis061/arquivos/knuth-turingaward.pdf">"Computer Programming as an Art"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>17</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">667–</span>673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F361604.361612">10.1145/361604.361612</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207685720">207685720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Computer+Programming+as+an+Art&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E673&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F361604.361612&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207685720%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdisciplinas.lia.ufc.br%2Fmatdis061%2Farquivos%2Fknuth-turingaward.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span>Transcript of the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> lecture.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstratranscribed_by_Mario_Béland2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Dijkstra, Edsger W</a>; transcribed by Mario Béland (November 23, 2004) [First published December 3, 1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD11xx/EWD1165.html">"There is still a war going on (manuscript Austin, 3 December 1993)"</a>. <i>E. W. Dijkstra Archive</i>. The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Computer Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2007</span>. <q>When the term was coined in 1968 by F.L. Bauer of the Technological University of Munich, I welcomed it. [. . .] I interpreted the introduction of the term "software engineering" as an apt reflection of the fact that the design of software systems was an activity par excellence for the mathematical engineer. [. . .]. As soon the term arrived in the USA, it was relieved of all its technical content. It had to be so for in its original meaning it was totally unacceptable [. . .] In the meantime, software engineering has become an almost empty term, as was nicely demonstrated by Data General who overnight promoted all its programmers to the exalted rank of "software engineer"!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E.+W.+Dijkstra+Archive&rft.atitle=There+is+still+a+war+going+on+%28manuscript+Austin%2C+3+December+1993%29&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=Edsger+W&rft.au=transcribed+by+Mario+B%C3%A9land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2FEWD%2Ftranscriptions%2FEWD11xx%2FEWD1165.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-classification-of-software-requirements/">"Software Engineering | Classification of Software Requirements"</a>. <i>GeeksforGeeks</i>. 2018-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeeksforGeeks&rft.atitle=Software+Engineering+%7C+Classification+of+Software+Requirements&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geeksforgeeks.org%2Fsoftware-engineering-classification-of-software-requirements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-engineering-software-design-process/">"Software Engineering | Software Design Process"</a>. <i>GeeksforGeeks</i>. 2019-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeeksforGeeks&rft.atitle=Software+Engineering+%7C+Software+Design+Process&rft.date=2019-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geeksforgeeks.org%2Fsoftware-engineering-software-design-process%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/software-maintenance">"What is Software Maintenance? Definition of Software Maintenance, Software Maintenance Meaning"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gartner+Magic+Quadrant&rft.pub=Cognizant.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cognizant.com%2Fhtml%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2FGartnerMQ_Cognizant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2010" class="citation journal cs1">Casey, Valentine (2010-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.dkit.ie/116/1/VCaseyRevisedVersion.doc">"Virtual software team project management"</a>. <i>Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">83–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13173-010-0013-3">10.1007/s13173-010-0013-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14383734">14383734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Brazilian+Computer+Society&rft.atitle=Virtual+software+team+project+management&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2010-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13173-010-0013-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14383734%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.dkit.ie%2F116%2F1%2FVCaseyRevisedVersion.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.sigsoft.org/awards/outstandingresearch">"Outstanding Research Award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">SIGSOFT</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIGSOFT&rft.atitle=Outstanding+Research+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.sigsoft.org%2Fawards%2Foutstandingresearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Lo_(SIGSOFT_Awards_Chair)Thomas_Zimmermann_(SIGSOFT_Chair)2024" class="citation web cs1">David Lo (<a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">SIGSOFT</a> Awards Chair); Thomas Zimmermann (<a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">SIGSOFT</a> Chair) (17 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sigsoft.medium.com/sigsoft-awards-2024-ce34b9ee23a6">"SIGSOFT Awards 2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">ACM SIGSOFT</a> Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACM+SIGSOFT+Blog&rft.atitle=SIGSOFT+Awards+2024&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft.au=David+Lo+%28SIGSOFT+Awards+Chair%29&rft.au=Thomas+Zimmermann+%28SIGSOFT+Chair%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsigsoft.medium.com%2Fsigsoft-awards-2024-ce34b9ee23a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigsoft.org/awards/icseMIPAward.html">"ICSE Most Influential Paper Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGSOFT" class="mw-redirect" title="ACM SIGSOFT">ACM SIGSOFT</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICSE+Most+Influential+Paper+Award&rft.pub=ACM+SIGSOFT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigsoft.org%2Fawards%2FicseMIPAward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J._Bagert1999" class="citation journal cs1">Donald J. 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"Viewpoint: taking the lead in licensing software engineers". <i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F299157.299163">10.1145/299157.299163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=Viewpoint%3A+taking+the+lead+in+licensing+software+engineers&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F299157.299163&rft.au=Donald+J.+Bagert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boehm-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boehm_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Boehm2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Boehm" title="Barry Boehm">Barry Boehm</a> (September–October 2002). "Software engineering is a value-based contact sport". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Software" title="IEEE Software">IEEE Software</a></i>. <b>19</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMS.2002.1032863">10.1109/MS.2002.1032863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Software&rft.atitle=Software+engineering+is+a+value-based+contact+sport&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2002-09%2F2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMS.2002.1032863&rft.au=Barry+Boehm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDijkstra1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra" class="mw-redirect" title="Edsger Dijkstra">Dijkstra, E. W.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~EWD/transcriptions/EWD10xx/EWD1036.html">"On the cruelty of really teaching computing science"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+cruelty+of+really+teaching+computing+science&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Dijkstra&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2F~EWD%2Ftranscriptions%2FEWD10xx%2FEWD1036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_BourqueRichard_E._(Dick)_Fairley2014" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourque; Richard E. (Dick) Fairley, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3"><i>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Software+Engineering+Body+of+Knowledge+Version+3.0+%28SWEBOK%29&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fswebok%2Fv3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_AbranJames_W._MoorePierre_BourqueRobert_Dupuis2004" class="citation book cs1">Alain Abran; James W. Moore; Pierre Bourque; Robert Dupuis; Leonard L. Tripp, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509154355/https://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok"><i>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/portal/web/swebok">the original</a> on 2016-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Software+Engineering+Body+of+Knowledge&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fportal%2Fweb%2Fswebok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Sommerville2015" class="citation book cs1">Ian Sommerville (March 24, 2015). <i>Software Engineering</i> (10th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0"><bdi>978-0-13-394303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-13-394303-0&rft.au=Ian+Sommerville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierre_BourqueRichard_E._(Dick)_Fairley2014" class="citation book cs1">Pierre Bourque; Richard E. (Dick) Fairley, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3"><i>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Software+Engineering+Body+of+Knowledge+Version+3.0+%28SWEBOK%29&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fweb%2Fswebok%2Fv3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_S._PressmanBruce_Maxim2014" class="citation book cs1">Roger S. Pressman; Bruce Maxim (January 23, 2014). <i>Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach</i> (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-802212-8"><bdi>978-0-07-802212-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering%3A+A+Practitioner%27s+Approach&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft.isbn=978-0-07-802212-8&rft.au=Roger+S.+Pressman&rft.au=Bruce+Maxim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Sommerville2015" class="citation book cs1">Ian Sommerville (March 24, 2015). <i>Software Engineering</i> (10th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-394303-0"><bdi>978-0-13-394303-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+Engineering&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-13-394303-0&rft.au=Ian+Sommerville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalote2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Jalote" title="Pankaj Jalote">Jalote, Pankaj</a> (2005) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780387208817"><i>An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering</i></a> (3rd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-20881-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-20881-7"><bdi>978-0-387-20881-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Integrated+Approach+to+Software+Engineering&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-387-20881-7&rft.aulast=Jalote&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9780387208817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrueggeDutoit2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Bruegge" title="Bernd Bruegge">Bruegge, Bernd</a>; Dutoit, Allen (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/objectorientedso0000brue"><i>Object-oriented software engineering : using UML, patterns, and Java</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-606125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-606125-0"><bdi>978-0-13-606125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Object-oriented+software+engineering+%3A+using+UML%2C+patterns%2C+and+Java&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-13-606125-0&rft.aulast=Bruegge&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=Dutoit%2C+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fobjectorientedso0000brue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOshana2019" class="citation book cs1">Oshana, Robert (2019-06-21). <i>Software engineering for embedded systems : methods, practical techniques, and applications</i> (Second ed.). Kidlington, Oxford, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809433-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809433-4"><bdi>978-0-12-809433-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Software+engineering+for+embedded+systems+%3A+methods%2C+practical+techniques%2C+and+applications&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Kidlington%2C+Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809433-4&rft.aulast=Oshana&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoftware+engineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Software_engineering&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rekayasa_Perangkat_Lunak" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak">Rekayasa Perangkat Lunak</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Software engineering">Software engineering</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Pierre Bourque; Richard E. Fairley, eds. (2004). <i>Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge Version 3.0 (SWEBOK)</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3">https://www.computer.org/web/swebok/v3</a>. <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opensdlc.org/">The Open Systems Engineering and Software Development Life Cycle Framework</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718114646/http://opensdlc.org/">Archived</a> 2010-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> OpenSDLC.org the integrated Creative Commons SDLC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sei.cmu.edu/">Software Engineering Institute</a> Carnegie Mellon</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Systems_engineering118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Systems_engineering" title="Template talk:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Systems_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Systems engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Systems_engineering118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_systems_engineering" title="Biological systems engineering">Biological systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_systems_engineering" title="Cognitive systems engineering">Cognitive systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering_and_management" title="Earth systems engineering and management">Earth systems engineering and management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_systems_engineering" title="Enterprise systems engineering">Enterprise systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_systems_engineering" title="Health systems engineering">Health systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_engineering" title="Performance engineering">Performance engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">Reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_torus" title="Stanford torus">Sociocultural Systems Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_integration" title="System integration">System integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_review" title="Design review">Design review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_of_systems_engineering" title="System of systems engineering">System of systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_process" title="Business process">Business process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System" title="System">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_lifecycle" class="mw-redirect" title="System lifecycle">System lifecycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model" title="V-model">V-Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">Systems development life cycle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">Quality function deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_part" title="Spare part">Spare part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_dynamics" title="System dynamics">System dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Modeling_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Modeling Language">Systems Modeling Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_breakdown_structure" title="Work breakdown structure">Work breakdown structure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Albus" title="James S. Albus">James S. Albus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzena_Bajcsy" title="Ruzena Bajcsy">Ruzena Bajcsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_S._Blanchard" title="Benjamin S. Blanchard">Benjamin S. Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Carley" title="Kathleen Carley">Kathleen Carley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Chestnut" title="Harold Chestnut">Harold Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolt_Fabrycky" title="Wolt Fabrycky">Wolt Fabrycky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Grosz" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Grosz">Barbara Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_David_Hall_III" title="Arthur David Hall III">Arthur David Hall III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hitchins" title="Derek Hitchins">Derek Hitchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Machol" title="Robert E. Machol">Robert E. Machol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhika_Nagpal" title="Radhika Nagpal">Radhika Nagpal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Shea" title="Joseph Francis Shea">Joseph Francis Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katia_Sycara" title="Katia Sycara">Katia Sycara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuela_M._Veloso" title="Manuela M. Veloso">Manuela M. Veloso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Warfield" title="John N. Warfield">John N. Warfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_engineering" title="Category:Systems engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Engineering683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Engineering_fields" title="Template talk:Engineering fields"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Engineering_fields" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Engineering fields"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Engineering683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_engineering" title="History of engineering">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_engineering" title="Outline of engineering">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">List of engineering branches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_engineering" title="Geological engineering">Geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_or_urban_engineering" title="Municipal or urban engineering">Municipal/urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore engineering">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_engineering" title="Transportation engineering">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomechanical_engineering" title="Biomechanical engineering">Biomechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_engineering" title="Energy engineering">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_engineering" title="Manufacturing engineering">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_engineering" title="Marine engineering">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_engineering" title="Railway engineering">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_engineering" title="Outline of computer engineering">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">Electromechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_engineering" title="Microwave engineering">Microwaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_engineering" title="Power engineering">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_engineering" title="Radio-frequency engineering">Radio-frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">Signal processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical/bioprocess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioresource_engineering" title="Bioresource engineering">Bioresource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Chemical reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_engineering" title="Electrochemical engineering">Electrochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_engineering" title="Process engineering">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_engineering" title="Chemical reaction engineering">Reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomaterial" title="Biomaterial">Biomaterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion_engineering" title="Corrosion engineering">Corrosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_engineering" title="Molecular engineering">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_engineering" title="Surface engineering">Surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Systems engineering (disambiguation)">Computer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_engineering" title="Artificial intelligence engineering">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity_engineering" title="Cybersecurity engineering">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_engineering" title="Data engineering">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network_engineering" title="Computer network engineering">Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_engineering" title="Robotics engineering">Robotics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/75px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png/100px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineering_education" title="Engineering education">Engineering education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Engineering" title="Bachelor of Engineering">Bachelor of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">Graduate certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_licensure_in_engineering" title="Regulation and licensure in engineering">Licensed engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">Engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automation_engineering" title="Automation engineering">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_engineering" title="Clinical engineering">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Health technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_engineering" title="Pharmaceutical engineering">Pharmaceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_engineering" title="Rehabilitation engineering">Rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">MEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilities_engineering" title="Facilities engineering">Facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_engineering" title="Forensic engineering">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Geomatics engineering">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumentation engineering">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation_and_control_engineering" title="Instrumentation and control engineering">Instrumentation and control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_engineering" title="Logistics engineering">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_mathematics" title="Engineering mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_engineering" title="Privacy engineering">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_engineering" title="Security engineering">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey engineering">Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile engineering">Textile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering" title="Category:Engineering">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Engineering" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Engineering">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Engineering" title="Portal:Engineering">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science1028" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science1028" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_reality" title="Extended reality">Extended reality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" 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[\"CITEREFDavid_Lo_(SIGSOFT_Awards_Chair)Thomas_Zimmermann_(SIGSOFT_Chair)2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeimel1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijkstra1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDijkstratranscribed_by_Mario_Béland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_J._Bagert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowler\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEEE\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIEEE_Computer_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Sommerville2015\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFIto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalote2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_C._KnightNancy_G._Leveson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Task_Force_on_Computing_Curricula,_IEEE_Computer_Society,_Association_for_Computing_Machinery2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnuth1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLabs2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaplante2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_Hutz_Pesante2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLori_Cameron2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOettinger1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOshana2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnas1998\"] = 2,\n 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