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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independent_Kingdom_of_Iraq-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Independent Kingdom of Iraq subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Independent_Kingdom_of_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simele_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simele_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Simele massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simele_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Republic of Iraq</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pre-invasion Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-invasion_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-invasion_Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-invasion_Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-invasion Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-invasion_Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span><i>Jyllands-Posten</i> Muhammad cartoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Islam_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_Benedict_XVI_Islam_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_Benedict_XVI_Islam_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres_and_harassment_since_2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres_and_harassment_since_2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Massacres and harassment since 2003</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres_and_harassment_since_2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_on_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_on_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Threats on population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_on_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_official_targets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_official_targets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Religious official targets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_official_targets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="آشوری‌های عراق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشوری‌های عراق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Asiria_di_Irak" title="Orang Asiria di Irak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Asiria di Irak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryaniy%C3%AAn_%C3%8Eraq%C3%AA" title="Suryaniyên Îraqê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Suryaniyên Îraqê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyri%C3%ABrs_in_Irak" title="Assyriërs in Irak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assyriërs in Irak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B9%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئاشوورییەکانی عێراق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاشوورییەکانی عێراق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%B2_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Ассирійці в Іраку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ассирійці в Іраку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2376604#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Iraqi Assyrians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people"><img alt="Assyrian people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_(Akitu)_year_6769_(April_1st_2019)_in_Nohadra_(Duhok)_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/220px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/330px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg/440px-Assyrians_celebrating_Assyrian_New_Year_%28Akitu%29_year_6769_%28April_1st_2019%29_in_Nohadra_%28Duhok%29_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_New_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian New Year">Assyrian New Year</a> (Akitu) celebration in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Nohadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>150,000 <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - 500,000 (2021 Iraqi Demographic estimate) <p>300,000 - 400,000 (pre <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">2014 Isis invasion</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> 800,000 - 1.5 million (pre-<a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-UNPO:Assyria_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPO:Assyria-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dohuk_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk Governorate">Dohuk Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Habbaniyah" title="Habbaniyah">Habbaniya</a> (pre-1990s),</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret</a>)</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mainly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br /><small>(majority: <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>; minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Arabs">Iraqi Arabs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iraqi Assyrians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܣܘܪ̈ܝܐ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">آشوريو العراق</span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> and linguistic <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a>. They are defined as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> residing in the country of Iraq, or members of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> who are of Iraqi-Assyrian heritage. They share a common history and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian identity">ethnic identity</a>, rooted in shared <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">linguistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">cultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">religious traditions</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_diaspora" title="Assyrian diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a> elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooglund2008100–101_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooglund2008100–101-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant number have emigrated to the United States, notably to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Detroit">Detroit</a><sup id="cite_ref-ACMEp2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACMEp2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chicago; a sizeable community is also found in Sydney, Australia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div> <p>The Assyrians are typically Syriac-speaking <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> who <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">claim descent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a>, one of the oldest civilizations in the world, dating back to 2500 BC in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">ancient Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have said that Kurds also fought against the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> because they feared that <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> or their European allies could take control of the area. Both <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> thought of the Assyrians as foreigners and as allies of colonial Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persecution of Assyrians has a long and bitter history. In 1895 in <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a> Kurdish and Turkish militia began attacking Christians, plundering Assyrian villages. In 1915 Kurds and Turks plundered villages, about 7000 Assyrians were killed. In 1915 Turkish troops "with Kurdish detachments" committed mass slaughters of Assyrians in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. In the Assyrian village of <a href="/wiki/Haftvan,_West_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftvan, West Azerbaijan">Haftvan</a> almost 1000 people were beheaded and 5000 Assyrian women were taken to Kurdish harems.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, the French diplomat <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cambon" title="Paul Cambon">Paul Cambon</a> described the creation of <a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="Hamidiye (cavalry)">Kurdish Hamidies</a> regiments as "the official organization for pillage at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a>". In these places "the system of persecutions and extorsions became intolerable to populations who had become accustomed to their slavery". According to Cambon, the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> refused reforms and persisted in "maintaining a veritable regime of terror, arrests, assassinations and rape.".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1924 the Muslim Kurds around <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheik Said</a> "rose in revolt against the "atheist government of Ankara" and demanded autonomy, the restoration of religious laws and of the sultanate".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1932 Iraqi forces commanded by Kurdish general Bakr Sidki killed 600 Assyrians at Simel, near Mosul. Kurds committed the slaughter "in which 65 Nestorian villages in northern Iraq were plundered and burned down, priests were tortured and Christians were forced to renounce their religion while others in Dohuk were deported and about a 100 were shot".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1843 Nestorians in the Tauris region refused to pay Kurds the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, and "by way of reprisal 4350 Nestroians were slaughtered, about 400 women and children were reduced to slavery and all their houses and churches destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Historians have noted that in "Kurdistan Jews, Nestorians and Armenians were subject to tallage and corvees at whim of authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historians have noted that <a href="/wiki/Bedir_Khan_Beg" title="Bedir Khan Beg">Bedir Khan Beg</a> (also known as Bedirhan) called the Kurdish Muslims to fight a sacred war against Christian Syriac, Nestorian, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean</a> and Armenian people and ordered to massacre and annihilate them". Kurdish writers have recounted that "the Kurdish troops attacked the Assyrians and started slaughters. Consequently, a few Assyrians were killed, their villages were destroyed and set into fire... For the second time, in 1846, the Assyrians residing at the Thuma region have been massacred...." British writer William Eagleton said that "in 1843 and 1846, Bedirhan started a massacre and booting campaign against the Christian Assyrians (Nestorians) he was anxious about whose getting stronger and independent through becoming able to rule themselves. It was intolerable for Bedirhan to see the Assyrians living on his own territories getting stronger. Thus he killed ten thousand Assyrians. Even though Bedirhan was a feudal tribal leader, he was expressing the aspirations of Kurdish nationalism." Kurdish and Arab attacks on Assyrians continued, culminating in the August 1933 Simele massacres. About 3000 Assyrians were killed in that single month alone.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in August 1933 Iraqi soldiers and Kurdish militia killed thousands of Assyrias in Simele (Iraq). The massacre had a big influence on Raphael Lemkin, the jurist who coined the word "genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Simmele Massacre is also commemorated yearly with the official Assyrian Martyrs Day on 7 August. The massacre was carried out by the Iraqi Army, led by Kurdish General <a href="/wiki/Bakr_Sidqi" title="Bakr Sidqi">Bakir Sidqi</a>, and Kurdish and Arab irregulars. There were about 3,000 victims of the massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurdish-Christian Armenian relations were bitter at the turn of the 19th century and land conflicts were a major problem. Many Christians and Europeans regarded the Kurds as barbarians and a major threat, the French consul at <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> describing them as a blood-thirsty savage population which is used to plundering and a nomadic life. Kurds also played a major part in the Ottoman army, also through the Hamidiye.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdish chieftain Bedr Khan during his rise to power massacred about 10,000 Assyrians in 1842. Nestorian tribes were massacred by Kurds in 1843. In 1915 Kurds massacred more than 27,000 Assyrians in Urmia region alone and destroyed more than 100 villages Assyrian villages in March 1915 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916 Kurds and Turks massacred Assyrians in Bohtan region.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Kurdish and Turkish nationalists deny the fact that Assyrians were the original inhabitants of south-eastern Turkey and northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyrian population was so small in the aftermath of the genocide that the region called Assyria in ancient times came to be known as "Kurdistan".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurds and Turks cynically resisted Assyrian and Armenian efforts to attain statehood after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Kurdish population doubled from two million in 1970 to four million in 2002, the Christian population decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Mandate">British Mandate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British Mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_Kingdom_of_Iraq">Independent Kingdom of Iraq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent Kingdom of Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simele_massacre">Simele massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Simele massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></div> <p>During July 1933, about 800 armed Assyrians headed for the Syrian border, where they were turned back by the French. While <a href="/wiki/Faisal_I_of_Iraq" title="Faisal I of Iraq">King Faisal</a> had briefly left the country for medical reasons, the Minister of Interior, <a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Sulayman" title="Hikmat Sulayman">Hikmat Sulayman</a>, adopted a policy aimed at a <i>final solution</i> of the "Assyrian problem". This policy was implemented by an Iraqi-Kurd, General <a href="/wiki/Bakr_Sidqi" title="Bakr Sidqi">Bakr Sidqi</a>. After engaging in several unsuccessful clashes with armed Assyrian tribesmen, on 11 August 1933, Sidqi permitted his men to attack and kill about 3,000 unarmed Assyrian civilian villagers, including women, children and the elderly, at the Assyrian villages of <a href="/wiki/Sumail" title="Sumail">Sumail</a> (Simele) district, and later at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suryia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suryia (page does not exist)">Suryia</a>. Having scapegoated the Assyrians as dangerous national traitors, this massacre of unarmed civilians became a symbol of national pride, and enhanced Sidqi's prestige. The British, though represented by a powerful military presence as provided by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty_of_1930" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930</a>, failed to intervene or allow the well-disciplined <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Levies" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Levies">Assyrian Levies</a> under their command to do so, and indeed helped whitewash the event at the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. </p><p>The Assyrian repression marked the entrance of the military into Iraqi politics, a pattern that has periodically re-emerged since 1958, and offered an excuse for enlarging conscription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_Iraq">Republic of Iraq</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Republic of Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_the_Syriac_language_by_the_Ba'thist_regime"><span id="Recognition_of_the_Syriac_language_by_the_Ba.27thist_regime"></span>Recognition of the Syriac language by the Ba'thist regime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition of the Syriac language by the Ba'thist regime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1970s, the secularist <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath</a> regime initially tried to change the suppression of Assyrians in Iraq through different laws that were passed. On 20 February 1972, the government passed the law to recognize the cultural rights of Assyrians by allowing <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> be taught schools in which the majority of pupils spoke that language in addition to <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. Aramaic was also to be taught at intermediate and secondary schools in which the majority of students spoke that language in addition to Arabic, but it never happened. Special Assyrian programs were to be broadcast on public radio and television and three Syriac-language magazines were planned to be published in the capital. An Association of Syriac-Speaking Authors and Writers had also been established.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bill turned out to be a failure. The radio stations created as the result of this decree were closed after a few months. While the two magazines were allowed to be published, only 10 percent of their material was in Aramaic. No school was allowed to teach in Aramaic either.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-invasion_Iraq">Pre-invasion Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pre-invasion Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reports from various sources "indicate a better human rights situation overall in the Kurdish-controlled areas of Northern Iraq than exists elsewhere in the country" (AI 2000, 135; U.K. Immigration & Nationality Directorate Sept. 1999; USDOS 25 Feb. 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-Refugees_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refugees-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, according to the reports, "while freedom of speech, religion, movement, and press are strongly restricted throughout Iraq, these freedoms do exist to a certain extent in parts of the Kurd-controlled area "(USDOS 25 Feb. 2000). However, reports regarding isolated human rights abuses continued in 1999. The US State government reported that in 1999 Assyrian Christian Helena Aloun Sawa was murdered, and according to AINA, "the murder resembles a well-established pattern of complicity by Kurdish authorities in attacks against Assyrian Christians in the north". The murder was investigated by a commission appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> but no results of the investigation were reported by year's end.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Refugees_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Refugees-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also incidents of mob violence by Muslims against Christians in northern Iraq. Christian Assyrians were also targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">KRG</a> for the lack of investigation. According to the AINA, the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again. </p><p>According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate "despite Tariq Aziz's lofty position in the Baghdad regime, Christians have little political influence in the Ba'ath government" (Sept. 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Education in any language other than Arabic and Kurdish was prohibited by the government in Baghdad. Therefore, Assyrians were not permitted to attend classes in Syriac. In the Kurdish-controlled northern areas, classes in Syriac have been permitted since 1991. However, according to some Assyrian sources "regional Kurdish authorities refused to allow the classes to begin." However, details of this practice were not available, and Kurdish authorities denied the accusations. In 1999, the Kurdistan Observer claimed that "the Central Government had warned the administration in the Kurdish region against allowing <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkoman</a>, Assyrian, or <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidi</a> minority schools."<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the UK Immigration & Nationality Directorate, "the Central Government has engaged various abuses against the Assyrian Christians, and has often suspected them of 'collaborating' with Kurds" (Sept. 1999). According to a report by The World Directory of Minorities "Assyrians were unable to avoid the Kurdish conflict. As with the Kurds, some supported the government, others allied themselves with the Kurdish nationalist movement" (Minority Rights Group International 1997, 346).<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-invasion_Iraq">Post-invasion Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post-invasion Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 Invasion of Iraq</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">allies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Provisional_Authority" title="Coalition Provisional Authority">Coalition Provisional Authority</a> disbanded the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> military, security, and intelligence infrastructure of former President <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and began a process of "<a href="/wiki/De-Baathification" class="mw-redirect" title="De-Baathification">de-Baathification</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process became an object of controversy, cited by some critics as the biggest American mistake made in the immediate aftermath of the Invasion of Iraq, and as one of the main causes in the deteriorating security situation throughout Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_Mullen_Mistakes2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_Mullen_Mistakes2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSI_What_Went_Wrong_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSI_What_Went_Wrong-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social unrest and chaos resulted in the unprovoked persecution of Assyrians in Iraq mostly by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremists</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalists</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/2011_Dohuk_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Dohuk riots">Dohuk Riots of 2011</a> aimed at Assyrians & <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>). </p><p>Iraqi Christians have been victims of executions, forced displacement campaigns, torture, violence and the target of Islamist groups like al-Qaeda and ISIS. Since the 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi Christians have fled from the country and their population has collapsed under the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Iraq">Government of Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 August 2004 a series of car bomb <a href="/wiki/2004_Iraq_churches_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Iraq churches attacks">attacks</a> took place during the Sunday evening Mass in churches in Baghdad and Mosul, killing and wounding a large number of Christians. The Jordanian jihadist and 1st emir of Al-Qaeda in Iraq <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musab_al-Zarqawi" title="Abu Musab al-Zarqawi">Abu Musab al-Zarqawi</a> was blamed for the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, an Orthodox priest, Boulos Iskander, was snatched off the streets of Mosul by a Sunni Arab group that demanded a ransom. His body was later found, with his arms and legs having been cut off. </p><p>In 2007, there were reports of a push to drive Christians out of the historically Christian suburb of <a href="/wiki/Dora,_Baghdad" title="Dora, Baghdad">Dora</a> in southern Baghdad, with some Sunni extremists accusing the Christians of being allies of the Americans. A total number of 239 similar cases were registered by police between 2007 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, a priest called Ragheed Ganni, was shot dead in his church along with three of his companions. In the same year, there were reports that Christian students were being harassed. </p><p>In 2008, the charity Barnabas conducted research into 250 Iraqi Christian IDPs who had fled to the north of the country (Iraqi Kurdistan) to seek refugee status and found nearly half had witnessed attacks on churches or Christians, or been personally targeted by violence. </p><p>In 2009, the Kurdistan Regional Government reported that more than 40,000 Christians had moved from Baghdad, Basra and Mosul to the Iraqi Kurdistan cities. The reports also stated that the number of Christian families moving to Iraqi Kurdistan is growing and they were providing support and financial assistance for 11,000 of those families, and some are employed by the KRG.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Sunni Islamist groups <a href="/wiki/2010_Baghdad_church_massacre" title="2010 Baghdad church massacre">attacked</a> a Syrian Catholic church in Baghdad during Sunday evening Mass on 31 October, killing more than 60 and wounding 78 Iraqi Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, Islamist extremists assassinated Christians randomly using sniper rifles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Two months before the incident, two Christians had been shot for unknown reasons in Baghdad and two other Christians had been shot by Jihadis in Mosul. Human rights organizations have recorded 66 assault cases on churches and monasteries until 2012, as well as about 200 kidnappings. On 30 May 2011, a Christian man was beheaded by a Salafi extremist in Mosul.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 August 2011 a Catholic church was bombed by Sunni extremists in the Turkmen area of Kirkuk, wounding more than 23 Christians. </p><p>On 15 August 2011 a church was bombed by al-Qaeda in the center of Kirkuk.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(August_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)">2014 Northern Iraq offensive</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq</a> (ISIS) ordered all Christians in the area of its control, where the Iraqi Army had collapsed, to pay a special tax of approximately $470 per family, convert to Islam, or be killed. Many of them took refuge in nearby Kurdish-controlled regions of Iraq. </p><p>After Saddam Hussein's fall in 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a> was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Its officials say that while armed members of the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a> also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. The ethnic make-up of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Interim_Governing_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Interim Governing Council">Iraq Interim Governing Council</a> briefly (September 2003 – June 2004) guiding Iraq after the invasion included a single Assyrian Christian, <a href="/wiki/Younadem_Kana" class="mw-redirect" title="Younadem Kana">Younadem Kana</a>, a leader of the Assyrian Democratic Movement and an opponent of Saddam Hussein since 1979. </p><p>Assyrians in post-Saddam Iraq have faced a high rate of persecution by <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamists</a> since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>. By early August 2004 this persecution included church bombings, and fundamentalist groups' enforcement of Muslim codes of behavior upon Christians, e.g., banning alcohol, forcing women to wear <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence against the community has led to the exodus of perhaps as much as half of the community. While <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> made up only just over 5% of the total <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> population before the war, according to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, Assyrians are over-represented among the Iraqi refugees (as much as 13%) who are stranded in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of Assyrians have found refuge in ancient Assyrian Christian villages in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led some Assyrians and Iraqi and foreign politicians to call for an Assyrian Christian autonomous region in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 the Assyrians formed their own militia, the <a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh_Protection_Committee" title="Qaraqosh Protection Committee">Qaraqosh Protection Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to protect Assyrian towns, villages and regions in the north. In 2008 the Assyrian Archbishop Paulos Faraj Rahho of the Chaldean Catholic Church in Mosul was assassinated by some Kurds while some have claimed assassins were hired by local Arab tribes. Rahho was a defender of Assyrian self-administration. Some observers have claimed that Kurdish KDP forces often used to practice their shooting on important Assyrian cultural heritage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kurdish KDP security forces have been criticized for human rights abuses, abuses "ranged from threats and intimidation to detention in undisclosed locations without due process." In 2015, the local <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">KDP</a> security forces arrested and detained political activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamal_Said_Kadir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamal Said Kadir (page does not exist)">Kamal Said Kadir</a>, for having written articles on the Internet critical of the KDP. He was sentenced to 30 years in prison. Some activists have claimed that membership in Kurdish parties is necessary to obtain "employment and educational opportunities" in Iraqi Kurdistan. The US State department report said that "Kurdish authorities abused and discriminated against minorities in the North, including Turcomen, Arabs, Christians, and Shabak", and that Kurdish authorities "denied services to some villages, arrested minorities without due process and took them to undisclosed locations for detention, and pressured minority schools to teach in the Kurdish language". Christian minorities in Kirkuk also "charged that Kurdish security forces targeted Arabs and Turcomen".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assyrians have criticized the kurdification of the school curricula, and have complained about the confiscation and occupation of Assyrian lands, and "that the Kurds invent new and impossible laws when the legitimate owners ask for their lands".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> have criticized that while Kurds are very well funded, the Assyrian Christians receive almost no funding for their schools. Assyrians have also said that Kurds have modified and falsified school textbooks (kurdification) and changed traditional Christian names to Kurdish names. In textbooks it was even claimed that some biblical figures were Kurdish.<sup id="cite_ref-welt.de_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welt.de-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the man accused of killing the Christian politician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Shabo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Shabo (page does not exist)">Francis Yousif Shabo</a> in 1993 is "allowed to walk around freely" in Kurdistan. The impunity for those who attacked or killed Assyrians in the Kurdistan region was criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assyrian Christian David Jindo was one of many murdered Christian politicians. Other prominent Assyrian leaders who were killed by Kurdish nationalists include <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Shimun_XIX_Benyamin" title="Shimun XIX Benyamin">Mar Shimun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franso_Hariri" title="Franso Hariri">Franso Hariri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_George_Shello" title="Margaret George Shello">Margaret George</a> (one of the first female Peshmerga) and Francis Shabo. Many of these figures were killed "in spite of their attempts to engage with, or work under, Kurds".<sup id="cite_ref-joshualandis.com_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joshualandis.com-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US State government also reported that in Kurdish controlled areas Assyrian schools and classes Syriac were not permitted or prevented in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also incidents of mob violence by Kurdistan Workers party (KWP) against Christians in northern Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Assyrians were also targeted in a series of bombings in Erbil in 1998 to 1999, and Assyrian groups have criticized the KRG for the lack of investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the US Department of State the KDP blockaded Assyrian villages in 1999 and "later entered the villages and beat villagers". However, after invervention by the International Committee of the Red Cross the KDP left the villages again.<sup id="cite_ref-refworld.org_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refworld.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of Kurdification is the attack on the Assyrian town <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabatki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabatki (page does not exist)">Rabatki</a> in 2013 by General Aref al-Zebari and his brother Habib al-Hares Zabari, reportedly by Kurdish peshmerga soldiers. It has been reported that many Assyrian girls are forced into prostitution by Kurdish criminal organizations, and the families of these girls have also been threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a>, bishop Jules Boutros, of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a>, said most young Syriacs were trying to get out of Iraq. "Most of our young people are trying to get out of Iraq and Syria. They find it difficult to stay in Iraq, because they have lost confidence in their government, they have faced so much persecution. More than 60,000 Syriacs were forced to leave the Nineveh Plain in one night. In total, more than 120,000 Christians were obliged to flee to Kurdistan, and from there they have been going to the west. A good number returned home, and that is a good sign, because we have a mission in this part of the Middle East. But many families are still trying to get out."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons"><i>Jyllands-Posten</i> Muhammad cartoons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The publication of <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">satirical cartoons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Islam">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Jyllands-Posten" title="Jyllands-Posten">Jyllands-Posten</a></i> on 30 September 2005 led to an increase in violence against the Assyrian community. At first, the cartoons did not get much attention, but when the Egyptian media picked up on the publication in late December 2005, violence and protests erupted around the world. </p><p>On 29 January, six churches in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> were targeted by car bombs, killing 13-year-old worshipper Fadi Raad Elias. No militants claimed to be retaliating for the pictures, nor was this the first time Iraqi churches have been bombed; but the bishop of the church stated "The church blasts were a reaction to the cartoons published in European papers. But Christians are not responsible for what is published in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-iraq_christians_on_edge_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraq_christians_on_edge-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> in Iraq now feel like "Westerners should not give wild statements [as] everyone can attack us [in response]" and "Today I'm afraid to walk the streets, because I'm Christian."<sup id="cite_ref-iraq_christians_on_edge_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iraq_christians_on_edge-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also on 29 January, a Muslim Cleric in the Iraqi city of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> stating, "Expel the (Assyrian) Crusaders and infidels from the streets, schools, and institutions because they have offended the person of the prophet."<sup id="cite_ref-Elaph_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elaph-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been reported that Muslim students beat up a Christian student at Mosul University in response to the fatwa on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-Elaph_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elaph-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 February, leaflets were distributed in <a href="/wiki/Ramadi" title="Ramadi">Ramadi</a>, Iraq, by the militant group "The Military Wing for the Army of Justice" demanding that Christians "halt their religious rituals in churches and other worship places because they insulted Islam and Muslims."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pope_Benedict_XVI_Islam_controversy">Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pope Benedict XVI Islam controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> Islam controversy arose from a lecture delivered on 12 September 2006 by Pope Benedict XVI at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regensburg" title="University of Regensburg">University of Regensburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic politicians and religious leaders</a> registered protest against what they said was an insulting mischaracterization of Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contained in the quotation by the Pope of the following passage:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the Pope's comments were known throughout the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, several churches were bombed by insurgent groups. A previously unknown <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>-based group, Kataab Ashbal Al-Islam Al-Salafi (<a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Salafist" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafist">Salafist</a> Boy Scout Battalions)<sup id="cite_ref-ashbal_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashbal-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> threatened to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize to Muhammad within three days.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian leaders in Iraq asked their parishioners not to leave their homes, after two Assyrians were stabbed and killed in Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been reports of writing on Assyrian church doors stating "If the Pope does not apologise, we will bomb all churches, kill more Christians and steal their property and money."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iraqi militia Jaish al-Mujahedin (Holy Warriors' Army) announced its intention to "destroy their cross in the heart of Rome… and to hit the Vatican."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Pope's comments dying down in the media, attacks on Assyrian Christians continued and on 9 October Islamic extremist group kidnapped priest <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulos_Iskander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulos Iskander (page does not exist)">Paulos Iskander</a> in Mosul. Iskander's church as well as several other churches placed 30 large posters around the city to distance themselves from the Pope's words.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relatives of the Christian priest who was beheaded three days later in Mosul, have said that his Muslim captors had demanded his church condemn the pope's recent comments about Islam and pay a $350,000 ransom.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massacres_and_harassment_since_2003">Massacres and harassment since 2003</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Massacres and harassment since 2003"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Massacres, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, and harassment has increased since 2003, according to a 73-page report by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_International_News_Agency" title="Assyrian International News Agency">Assyrian International News Agency</a>, released in summer 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 January 2008 (<a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">the Feast of Epiphany</a>) five Assyrian churches, one Armenian church, and a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> in Mosul and Baghdad were coordinately attacked with multiple car bombs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iraqi vice-president <a href="/wiki/Tariq_al-Hashimi" title="Tariq al-Hashimi">Tariq al-Hashimi</a> expressed his "closeness to Christians", whom he called "brothers" in the face of this "attack that changed their joy to sadness and anxiety".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on 8 January, two more churches were bombed in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a>; the Chaldean Cathedral of Kirkuk and the <a href="/wiki/ACOE" class="mw-redirect" title="ACOE">ACOE</a> Maar Afram Church, wounding three bystanders.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, there have been at least 46 churches and monasteries bombed.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threats_on_population">Threats on population</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Threats on population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_exodus_from_Iraq" title="Assyrian exodus from Iraq">Assyrian exodus from Iraq</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg/220px-Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg/330px-Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg/440px-Church_of_Saint_Thomas_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Thomas,_Mosul" title="Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul">Church of Saint Thomas, Mosul</a>: The church was used as a prison by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a> insurgents until the city's <a href="/wiki/Mosul_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul liberation">liberation</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Arraf_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arraf-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Leaders of Iraq's Christian community estimate that over two-thirds of the country's Christian population may have fled the country or been internally displaced since the US-led invasion in 2003. While exact numbers are unknown, reports suggest that whole neighborhoods of Christians have left the cities of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Basrah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Basrah">Al-Basrah</a>, and that both Sunni and Shiite insurgent groups and militias have threatened Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_official_targets">Religious official targets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious official targets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youssef_Adel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youssef Adel (page does not exist)">Youssef Adel</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> priest with Saint Peter's Church in Baghdad's Karada neighbourhood, was killed by gunmen while travelling in a car on 5 April 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 April, President Bush was interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Kincaid" title="Cliff Kincaid">Cliff Kincaid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> Global Catholic Network; after being informed about the deteriorating situation of the Assyrians; President Bush was quoted as saying "This is a Muslim government that has failed to protect the Christians. In fact, it discriminates against them....It's time to order U.S. troops to protect Christian churches and believers."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1950 <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> numbers report on Iraq estimated 98,000 Chaldeans, 30,000 Nestorians, 25,000 Syriac Catholics and 12,000 Jacobites.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-1950_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-1950-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a report by the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Policy_Institute" title="Assyrian Policy Institute">Assyrian Policy Institute</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war in Iraq</a>, the number of Christians in Iraq was estimated at over 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-UNPO:Assyria_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNPO:Assyria-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to statistics gathered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> when doing censuses of Chaldean Catholic diocese in Iraq in 2012 and 2013, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Christians">Chaldo-Assyrians</a> in Iraq numbered 230,071 people.<sup id="cite_ref-catholic-hierarchy.org_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-hierarchy.org-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A population project run by the <a href="/wiki/Shlama_Foundation" title="Shlama Foundation">Shlama Foundation</a> has determined the Assyrian population of Iraq to be at a total of 142,105 in October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_elections_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian elections in Iraq">Assyrian elections in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_Assyrian_autonomy_in_Iraq" title="Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq">Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">List of Assyrian settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iraqi_Assyrians" title="List of Iraqi Assyrians">List of Iraqi Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Assyrians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State">Persecution of Assyrians by the Islamic State</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ashbal-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashbal_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashbāl has been mistranslated in the media as Boy Scout. The <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Modern_Written_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic">Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</a> defines <i>shibl</i> (plural <i>ashbāl</i> اشبال) as meaning "lion cub; a capable young man, brave youth, young athlete." Compare with <a href="/wiki/Ashbal_Saddam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashbal Saddam">Ashbal Saddam</a> (Saddam's Lion Cubs).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shlama.org/population">"The Shlama Population Project"</a>. Shlama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shlama+Population+Project&rft.pub=Shlama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shlama.org%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/dec/24/iraq-minorities-assyrians">"The desperate plight of Iraq's Assyrians and other minorities | Mardean Isaac"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a></i>. 24 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=The+desperate+plight+of+Iraq%27s+Assyrians+and+other+minorities+%26%23124%3B+Mardean+Isaac&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fdec%2F24%2Firaq-minorities-assyrians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Russell_Mead2015" class="citation web cs1">Walter Russell Mead (15 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-plight-of-the-middle-easts-christians-1431700075">"The Plight of the Middle East's Christians"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Plight+of+the+Middle+East%27s+Christians&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.au=Walter+Russell+Mead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-plight-of-the-middle-easts-christians-1431700075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNPO:Assyria-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO:Assyria_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNPO:Assyria_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/21519">"Assyria: Growing Number of Diaspora Reconnecting with Homeland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></i>. 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.atitle=Assyria%3A+Growing+Number+of+Diaspora+Reconnecting+with+Homeland&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F21519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Jonathan Eric (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="http://www.cus.wayne.edu/content/publications/Arab_Factsheet1.pdf">Arab, Chaldean, and Middle Eastern Children and Families in the Tri-County Area</a>." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geneva+Center+for+Human+Rights+Advancement+and+Global+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Religious+minorities+in+the+Arab+world+between+terrorism+and+crises+of+fragile+States%3A+Observation+and+Analysis&rft.au=Hani+Nesira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gchragd.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNesira-religious-minority.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Tawfeeq" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed Tawfeeq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/08/02/iraq.church.attack/">"Iraq church bombing wounds at least 20"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Christian+Security+Forces+Growing+Stronger+In+Iraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D95343489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT ON ASSYRIANS IN IRAQ 2013, by Assyria Council of Europe and the Assyria Foundation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61689.htm">Iraq report</a>, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 2005. March 8, 2006. "The Kurdish parties also control "the pursuit of formal education and the granting of academic positions". In 2015 Kurdish security forces in Bartalah reportedly broke up a peaceful demonstration by Shabak people, thereby assaulting several demonstrators. The US State department reported on allegations that the KRG discriminated against Christian minorities. Christians living in areas north of <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a> said that the KRG seized their property without compensation and that the KRG began building Kurdish settlements on their land. Assyrian Christians also said that the "KDP-dominated judiciary routinely discriminated against non-Muslims and legal judgments in their favor were not enforced". The Kurdish political parties "encouraged and supported resettlement of Kurds in Kirkuk outside the framework of the IPCC". However Arabs remained "in antagonistic and extremely poor conditions, facing pressure from Kurdish authorities to leave the province". In 2015 elections, many of the mostly Christian residents in the Nineveh Plain were unable to vote, "polling places did not open, ballot boxes were not delivered, and incidents of voter fraud and intimidation occurred". Kurdish militia refused to "allow ballot boxes to pass to predominantly Christian villages". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001252339.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Intelligence+Survey%3A+Iraq%3A+Section+43&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0001252339.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic-hierarchy.org-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholic-hierarchy.org_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/rite/dch2.html">"Current Chaldean Dioceses [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>www.catholic-hierarchy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Current+Chaldean+Dioceses+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Frite%2Fdch2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shlama.org/population">"Population Project"</a>. <i>Shlama Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shlama+Foundation&rft.atitle=Population+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shlama.org%2Fpopulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAboona2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hirmis_Aboona" title="Hirmis Aboona">Aboona, Hirmis</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdZfWpd4YrYC"><i>Assyrians, Kurds, and Ottomans: Intercommunal Relations on the Periphery of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Amherst: Cambria Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-583-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-583-3"><bdi>978-1-60497-583-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrians%2C+Kurds%2C+and+Ottomans%3A+Intercommunal+Relations+on+the+Periphery+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-583-3&rft.aulast=Aboona&rft.aufirst=Hirmis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdZfWpd4YrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaarda2020" class="citation book cs1">Baarda, Tijmen C. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004423220_007">"Arabic and the Syriac Christians in Iraq: Three Levels of Loyalty to the Arabist Project (1920-1950)"</a>. <i>Arabic and its Alternatives: Religious Minorities and their Languages in the Emerging Nation States of the Middle East (1920-1950)</i>. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 143–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004423220_007">10.1163/9789004423220_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38269-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38269-5"><bdi>978-90-04-38269-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216310663">216310663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+the+Syriac+Christians+in+Iraq%3A+Three+Levels+of+Loyalty+to+the+Arabist+Project+%281920-1950%29&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+its+Alternatives%3A+Religious+Minorities+and+their+Languages+in+the+Emerging+Nation+States+of+the+Middle+East+%281920-1950%29&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.pages=143-170&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216310663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004423220_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38269-5&rft.aulast=Baarda&rft.aufirst=Tijmen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004423220_007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarAbraham2018" class="citation book cs1">BarAbraham, Abdulmesih (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d4VVDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">"Safeguarding the Cross: Emergence of Christian Militias in Iraq and Syria"</a>. <i>Middle Eastern Christians and Europe: Historical Legacies and Present Challenges</i>. Wien: LIT Verlag. pp. 217–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91023-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-91023-3"><bdi>978-3-643-91023-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safeguarding+the+Cross%3A+Emergence+of+Christian+Militias+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.btitle=Middle+Eastern+Christians+and+Europe%3A+Historical+Legacies+and+Present+Challenges&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=217-238&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-643-91023-3&rft.aulast=BarAbraham&rft.aufirst=Abdulmesih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd4VVDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2016" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Matthew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vkZjgEACAAJ">"They that Remain: Syrian and Iraqi Christian Communities amid the Syria Conflict and the Rise of the Islamic State"</a>. <i>Christianity and Freedom</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 453–488. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-56188-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-56188-5"><bdi>978-1-107-56188-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=They+that+Remain%3A+Syrian+and+Iraqi+Christian+Communities+amid+the+Syria+Conflict+and+the+Rise+of+the+Islamic+State&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Freedom&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=453-488&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-56188-5&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vkZjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2019" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Beth K. (2019) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-mUDwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Iraq</i></a> (3rd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2005-7"><bdi>978-1-5381-2005-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Iraq&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2005-7&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Beth+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-mUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonabed2015" class="citation book cs1">Donabed, Sargon G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bwLdCQAAQBAJ"><i>Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8605-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8605-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-8605-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reforging+a+Forgotten+History%3A+Iraq+and+the+Assyrians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8605-6&rft.aulast=Donabed&rft.aufirst=Sargon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbwLdCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabbi1998" class="citation book cs1">Habbi, Joseph (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMfYAAAAMAAJ">"Christians in Iraq"</a>. <i>Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 294–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829388-0"><bdi>978-0-19-829388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Iraq&rft.btitle=Christian+Communities+in+the+Arab+Middle+East%3A+The+Challenge+of+the+Future&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=294-304&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829388-0&rft.aulast=Habbi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2019" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Erica C. D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ">"Changing Demography: Christians in Iraq since 1991"</a>. <i>The Syriac World</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 783–796. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-89901-8"><bdi>978-1-138-89901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changing+Demography%3A+Christians+in+Iraq+since+1991&rft.btitle=The+Syriac+World&rft.place=London&rft.pages=783-796&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-89901-8&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Erica+C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE48JswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalik2018" class="citation book cs1">Lalik, Krzysztof (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fPZ0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213">"Ethnic and Religious Factors of Chaldo-Assyrian Identity in an Interface with the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan"</a>. <i>Rediscovering Kurdistan's Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket</i>. Cham: Springer. pp. 213–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93088-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-93088-6"><bdi>978-3-319-93088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnic+and+Religious+Factors+of+Chaldo-Assyrian+Identity+in+an+Interface+with+the+Kurds+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Kurdistan%27s+Cultures+and+Identities%3A+The+Call+of+the+Cricket&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=213-257&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-93088-6&rft.aulast=Lalik&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfPZ0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony1974" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Morony" title="Michael G. Morony">Morony, Michael G.</a> (1974). "Religious Communities in Late Sasanian and Early Muslim Iraq". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 113–135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3596328">10.2307/3596328</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3596328">3596328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Religious+Communities+in+Late+Sasanian+and+Early+Muslim+Iraq&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-135&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3596328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3596328%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorony1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Morony" title="Michael G. Morony">Morony, Michael G.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBlhQgAACAAJ"><i>Iraq After the Muslim Conquest</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05395-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iraq+After+the+Muslim+Conquest&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05395-0&rft.aulast=Morony&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBlhQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2018" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Hannelore (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64jttwEACAAJ">"Assyrian Christians in Iraq, the League of Nations and Transnational Christian Advocacy (1920s–1940s)"</a>. <i>Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 253–304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0730-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-0730-4"><bdi>978-1-4632-0730-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyrian+Christians+in+Iraq%2C+the+League+of+Nations+and+Transnational+Christian+Advocacy+%281920s%E2%80%931940s%29&rft.btitle=Sayfo+1915%3A+An+Anthology+of+Essays+on+the+Genocide+of+Assyrians%2FArameans+during+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=253-304&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-0730-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Hannelore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64jttwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurre_van_den_Berg2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heleen_Murre-van_den_Berg" title="Heleen Murre-van den Berg">Murre van den Berg, Heleen</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2cPgAACAAJ">"Chaldeans and Assyrians: The Church of the East in the Ottoman Period"</a>. <i>The Christian Heritage of Iraq</i>. Piscataway: Gorgias Press. pp. 146–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9"><bdi>978-1-60724-111-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chaldeans+and+Assyrians%3A+The+Church+of+the+East+in+the+Ottoman+Period&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Iraq&rft.place=Piscataway&rft.pages=146-164&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-111-9&rft.aulast=Murre+van+den+Berg&rft.aufirst=Heleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU2cPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2cPgAACAAJ">"Christianity in Iraq: Modern History, Theology, Dialogue and Politics (until 2003)"</a>. <i>The Christian Heritage of Iraq</i>. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 237–284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60724-111-9"><bdi>978-1-60724-111-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Modern+History%2C+Theology%2C+Dialogue+and+Politics+%28until+2003%29&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Heritage+of+Iraq&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pages=237-284&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-111-9&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnU2cPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRassam2005" class="citation book cs1">Rassam, Suha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC"><i>Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day</i></a>. Leominster: Gracewing Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-633-1"><bdi>978-0-85244-633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Iraq%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Leominster&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85244-633-1&rft.aulast=Rassam&rft.aufirst=Suha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGYC93sfHXAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalloum2019" class="citation book cs1">Salloum, Saad (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIeXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11">"Minorities in Iraq: National Legal Framework, Political Participation, and the Future of Citizenship Given the Current Changes"</a>. <i>Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq</i>. London: Transnational Press. pp. 11–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2"><bdi>978-1-912997-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minorities+in+Iraq%3A+National+Legal+Framework%2C+Political+Participation%2C+and+the+Future+of+Citizenship+Given+the+Current+Changes&rft.btitle=Beyond+ISIS%3A+History+and+Future+of+Religious+Minorities+in+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11-32&rft.pub=Transnational+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-912997-15-2&rft.aulast=Salloum&rft.aufirst=Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIeXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidinger2019" class="citation book cs1">Schmidinger, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIeXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">"Christians in Iraq"</a>. <i>Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq</i>. London: Transnational Press. pp. 113–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2"><bdi>978-1-912997-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Iraq&rft.btitle=Beyond+ISIS%3A+History+and+Future+of+Religious+Minorities+in+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=113-124&rft.pub=Transnational+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-912997-15-2&rft.aulast=Schmidinger&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIeXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeule2009" class="citation book cs1">Teule, Herman G. B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNGbSCRAghQC&pg=PA45">"The Christian Minorities in Iraq: The Question of Religious and Ethnic Identity"</a>. <i>In-Between Spaces: Christian and Muslim Minorities in Transition in Europe and the Middle East</i>. Brussel: Peter Lang. pp. 45–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-565-1"><bdi>978-90-5201-565-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Minorities+in+Iraq%3A+The+Question+of+Religious+and+Ethnic+Identity&rft.btitle=In-Between+Spaces%3A+Christian+and+Muslim+Minorities+in+Transition+in+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Brussel&rft.pages=45-57&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-565-1&rft.aulast=Teule&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhNGbSCRAghQC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeule2012" class="citation journal cs1">Teule, Herman G. B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/101464/101464.pdf">"Christians in Iraq: An Analysis of Some Recent Political Developments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Der Islam</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 179–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fislam-2011-0010">10.1515/islam-2011-0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F101464">2066/101464</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156389791">156389791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Islam&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Iraq%3A+An+Analysis+of+Some+Recent+Political+Developments&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=179-198&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F101464&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156389791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fislam-2011-0010&rft.aulast=Teule&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ubn.ru.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2066%2F101464%2F101464.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeule2018" class="citation journal cs1">Teule, Herman G. B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/ijac/1/1/article-p11_11.xml">"Christians in Iraq: The Transition from Religious to Secular Identity"</a>. <i>International Journal of Asian Christianity</i>. <b>1</b>: 11–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F25424246-00101002">10.1163/25424246-00101002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158309301">158309301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Asian+Christianity&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Iraq%3A+The+Transition+from+Religious+to+Secular+Identity&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=11-24&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F25424246-00101002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158309301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Teule&rft.aufirst=Herman+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdownloadpdf%2Fjournals%2Fijac%2F1%2F1%2Farticle-p11_11.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoukhana2019" class="citation book cs1">Youkhana, Emanuel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIeXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125">"Fleeing ISIS: Aramaic-speaking Christians in the Niniveh Plains after ISIS"</a>. <i>Beyond ISIS: History and Future of Religious Minorities in Iraq</i>. London: Transnational Press. pp. 125–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912997-15-2"><bdi>978-1-912997-15-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fleeing+ISIS%3A+Aramaic-speaking+Christians+in+the+Niniveh+Plains+after+ISIS&rft.btitle=Beyond+ISIS%3A+History+and+Future+of+Religious+Minorities+in+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125-150&rft.pub=Transnational+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-912997-15-2&rft.aulast=Youkhana&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIeXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooglund2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hooglund" title="Eric Hooglund">Hooglund, Eric</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81">"The Society and Its Environment"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Curtis, Glenn E.; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hooglund" title="Eric Hooglund">Hooglund, Eric</a> (eds.). <i>Iran: A Country Study</i>. Area Handbook Series. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/81">81–142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-1187-3"><bdi>978-0-8444-1187-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Society+and+Its+Environment&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Area+Handbook+Series&rft.pages=81-142&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3&rft.aulast=Hooglund&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firancountrystudy00curt_2%2Fpage%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssyrians+in+Iraq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Iraq&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Template:Demographics of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Demographics of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Sunni Islam in Iraq">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Iraq" title="Shia Islam in Iraq">Shia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Iraq" title="Evangelical Church in Iraq">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Iraq" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Iraq">Oriental Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Iraqis" title="Afro-Iraqis">Afro-Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Iraq">Armenians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feylis" class="mw-redirect" title="Feylis">Feylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Iraq" title="Doms in Iraq">Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Iraq" title="Palestinians in Iraq">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Iraqis" title="Sudanese Iraqis">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrian_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Template talk:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian_people_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Assyrian people footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrian_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_continuity" title="Assyrian continuity">Assyrian continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Assyrian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Assyrians_(gold_and_blue_Assur).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Assyrian flag"><img alt="The Assyrian flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Assyrians_%28gold_and_blue_Assur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_flag" title="Assyrian flag">Assyrian flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Syriac-Aramean flag"><img alt="The Syriac-Aramean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean-Syriac flag</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Chaldean flag"><img alt="The Chaldean flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/100px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/150px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chaldean_flag.svg/200px-Chaldean_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_flag" title="Chaldean flag">Chaldean flag</a><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> (518–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> (1662–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Evangelical_Church" title="Assyrian Evangelical Church">Assyrian Evangelical Church</a> (1870–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Pentecostal_Church" title="Assyrian Pentecostal Church">Assyrian Pentecostal Church</a> (1940–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (1552–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> (1692–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a> (1968–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a><br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Chaldean Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Bohtan" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan">Bohtan Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Hertevin" title="Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin">Hertevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Senaya" title="Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya">Senaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mla%E1%B8%A5s%C3%B4_language" title="Mlaḥsô language">Mlaḥsô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_culture" title="Assyrian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian folk/pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_sacral_music" title="Syriac sacral music">Syriac sacral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian clothing">Clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">History</a><br /><small>(including<br />related<br />contexts)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Assyria" title="Timeline of ancient Assyria">Ancient Assyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Assyrian_period" title="Early Assyrian period">Early Assyrian period</a> (2600–2025 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian period</a> (2025–1364 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-imperial_Assyria" title="Post-imperial Assyria">Post-imperial Assyria</a> (609 BCE–240 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_tribes" title="List of Assyrian tribes">Assyrian tribes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical<br />antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> (312–63 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> (247 BCE–224 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> (132 BCE–244 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a> (66 BCE–217 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> (64 BCE–637 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> (15–116)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Roman Assyria</a> (116–118)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Christianization</a> (1st to 3rd c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorian_schism" title="Nestorian schism">Nestorian schism</a> (5th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">410</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Asoristan</a> (226–651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars" title="Byzantine–Sasanian Wars">Byzantine–Sasanian Wars</a> (502–628)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of Syria</a> (630s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (750–1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Mosul" title="List of rulers of Mosul">Emirs of Mosul</a> (905–1383)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid amirate</a> (945–1055)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a> (1098–1268)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> (1258–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a> (1335–1432)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a> (1375–1468)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> (1453–1501)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Safavid Empire</a> (1508–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Assyrian_people#Islamic_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Assyrian people">Ottoman Empire</a> (1555–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">Schism of 1552</a> (16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1843_and_1846_massacres_in_Hakkari" title="1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari">Massacres of Badr Khan</a> (1840s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Diyarbekir_(1895)" title="Massacres of Diyarbekir (1895)">Massacres of Diyarbekir</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Rise of nationalism</a> (19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–20)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Independence movement</a> (1919–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a> (1933)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-Saddam_Iraq">Post-Saddam Iraq</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_population_by_country" title="Assyrian population by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Homeland</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_settlements" title="List of Assyrian settlements">Settlements</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaraqosh" title="Qaraqosh">Qaraqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alqosh" title="Alqosh">Alqosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Keppe" title="Tel Keppe">Tel Keppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartella" title="Bartella">Bartella</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankawa" title="Ankawa">Ankawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqlawa" title="Shaqlawa">Shaqlawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakho" title="Zakho">Zakho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah_Governorate" title="Al-Hasakah Governorate">Al-Hasakah Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hasakah" title="Al-Hasakah">Al-Hasakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tamer" title="Tell Tamer">Tell Tamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakkari_(historical_region)" title="Hakkari (historical region)">Hakkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin Province</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maz%C4%B1da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Mazıdağı">Mazıdağı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian%E2%80%93Chaldean%E2%80%93Syriac_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Australians" title="Assyrian Australians">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Belgium" title="Assyrians in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Canadians" title="Assyrian Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_France" title="Assyrians in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Assyrians" title="German Assyrians">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Greece" title="Assyrians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Assyrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_New_Zealand" title="Assyrians in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians/Syriacs_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians/Syriacs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Assyrians" title="British Assyrians">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_Eastern_people_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of the Middle Eastern people in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Movement" title="Assyrian Democratic Movement">Assyrian Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Democratic_Organization" title="Assyrian Democratic Organization">Assyrian Democratic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Universal_Alliance" title="Assyrian Universal Alliance">Assyrian Universal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawronoye" title="Dawronoye">Dawronoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Syria)" title="Syriac Union Party (Syria)">Syriac Union Party (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Union_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)">Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Military_Council" title="Syriac Military Council">Syriac Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutoro" title="Sutoro">Sutoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Assyrians_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Assyrians_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Assyrians in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in China (page does not exist)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in India (page does not exist)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Japan (page does not exist)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Jordan" title="Assyrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Lebanon" title="Assyrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Russia" title="Assyrians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Turkey" title="Assyrians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Assyrians in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assyrians_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assyrians in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" 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