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<span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Tikar_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Tikar_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Founding of Tikar kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Tikar_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Impact of the Atlantic slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternate_oral_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternate_oral_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alternate oral tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternate_oral_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bamum_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bamum_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bamum connection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bamum_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Artistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cultural beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_of_direct_Tikar_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_of_direct_Tikar_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people of direct Tikar descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_of_direct_Tikar_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_of_Tikar_descent_in_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_of_Tikar_descent_in_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable people of Tikar descent in the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_of_Tikar_descent_in_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tikaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikar_(peuple)" title="Tikar (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tikar (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тикар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тикар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شعب تيكار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب تيكار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticares" title="Ticares – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ticares" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тикар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тикар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikar" title="Tikar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tikar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyikat" title="A̱tyikat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyikat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%BA%BA" title="蒂卡尔人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒂卡尔人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Tikar people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FluteNordOuest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FluteNordOuest.jpg/220px-FluteNordOuest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FluteNordOuest.jpg/330px-FluteNordOuest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FluteNordOuest.jpg/440px-FluteNordOuest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Tikar man (wearing Toghu cloth) plays the <a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_of_Cameroon#Trumpets_and_horns" title="List of musical instruments of Cameroon">end-blown horn</a>, an traditional instrument from the Northwest Region of Cameroon</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3,065,644 (9.9%)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-2024-Cameroon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2024-Cameroon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest Region</a> of Cameroon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassfields language">Grassfields Languages</a></li><li>English</li><li>Pidgin</li><li>French</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>65% Christianity</li><li>25% <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional central African religions</a></li><li>10% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tikar</b> (formally known as <b>Tikari</b>, <b>Tigar</b>, <b>Tigari</b>, and <b>Tigre</b> throughout their history)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. They are known to be great <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">storytellers</a>. Once a nomadic people, some <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> trace the origin of the Tikar people to the Nile River Valley in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bamenda City Council the Tikari groups migrated from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Nigeria">Northern Nigeria</a> to settle in the highlands of western Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Nkwen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Nkwen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ethnic groups were referred to in the 1969 official statistics as "Semi-Bantus" and "Sudanese Negroes."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid language</a> called <a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a>. One of the few African ethnic groups to practice a monotheistic traditional religion, the Tikar refer to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God the Creator</a> by the name Nyuy. They also have an extensive spiritual system of <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestral reverence</a>. </p><p>The Tikar or <b>Grassfields</b> peoples make up approximately 9.9% of Cameroon's population.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-2024-Cameroon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-2024-Cameroon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This could be due to the high number of Tikar people who were kidnapped and sold into slavery in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a> people and other ethnic groups have also asserted their link to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Kingdom of Bamum</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Cameroon)" title="Kom people (Cameroon)">Kom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nso_people" title="Nso people">Nso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a>, Ndop-Bamunka, and <a href="/wiki/Bafut_people" title="Bafut people">Bafut</a> peoples are the only ethnic groups that anthropologists and historians believe have a legitimate claim to Tikar lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: Bankim (Kimi), Ngambé-Tikar, Kong (Nkong/Boikouong), Nditam (Bandam), Ngoumé, and Gâ (Ntchi). The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> colonizers arrived in Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Njoya" title="Ibrahim Njoya">Sultan Njoya</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Kingdom of Bamum</a>, French missionary and translator Henri Martin documented that the Bamum people translated the word Tikar as "those who wander."<sup id="cite_ref-:23_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there is ongoing debate about whether the Tikar should be considered a distinct ethnic group, like the Hausa people, or if the term serves as a general label for multiple groups. Some smaller communities assert that they descend from the Tikar people. Although these claims are heavily contested, one ethnic group in modern Cameroon identifies as Tikar and is recognized as directly descending from the original Tikar people.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:63_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debates persist regarding the broader use of the term Tikar/Tikari to designate many villages and towns in northwestern Cameroon. Additionally, some ethnic groups in the region claim Tikar descent through royal bloodlines. However, oral traditions and DNA testing conducted by companies such as African Ancestry, Inc. have demonstrated that these groups are genetically distinct. While some individuals receive Tikar of Cameroon results, others are identified as Bamileke of Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a> and other groups have also asserted connections to the Tikar people through Tikar rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Kingdom of Bamum</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kente Asante</a>, the "Bamum and the Tikar are renowned as great artists who create monumental sculptures of bronze and beads. Cultural exchanges between the Tikar and the Bamum have enriched both groups. For instance, the Bamum adopted numerous words from the Tikar language, as well as from other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Fanji_language" title="Fanji language">Bafanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamali_language" title="Bamali language">Bamali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bambalang_language" title="Bambalang language">Bambalang</a>." Anthropologists have also noted cultural similarities between the Tikar and the Bamum. E. M. Chilver and <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Kaberry" title="Phyllis Kaberry">Phyllis Mary Kaberry</a> suggested that claims of Tikar ancestry by smaller Grassfields groups may often be political in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small communities of <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> in Cameroon also identify as Tikar.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups claiming descent from Tikar fondoms include the Bambili, Oku, Kom, Bum, Bafut, Nso, Mbiame, Wiya, Tang, War, Mbot, Mbem, Fungom, Weh, Mmen, Bamunka, Babungo, Bamessi, Bamessing, Bambalang, Bamali, Bafanji, Baba (Papiakum), Bangola, Big Babanki, Babanki Tungo, Nkwen, and Bambui.<sup id="cite_ref-:63_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:63-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, anthropologists and historians generally agree that only the Kom, Nso, Bamum, Ndop-Bamunka, and Bafut peoples have credible claims to Tikar ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral tradition asserts that the Tikar people originally inhabited the Nile River valley in present-day Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources further claim that the Tikar ancestors migrated from the Kingdom of Kush.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For reasons that remain unclear—possibly war or famine—the Tikar settled on the Bamenda Plateau in Cameroon, where they established a kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genes_tell_a_tale_as_big_as_Africa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genes_tell_a_tale_as_big_as_Africa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon their arrival, they were perceived as "Sudanese conquerors," transforming northern-central Cameroon and earning recognition for their ironmaking expertise.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor and social anthropologist <a href="/wiki/David_Zeitlyn" title="David Zeitlyn">David Zeitlyn</a> analyzed Tikar origin theories proposed by various historians, including Eldridge Mohammadou, who researched the history of Central Cameroon and Tikar-speaking groups. Zeitlyn noted that "the main question at issue is the origin of the founders of the dynasties and the palace institutions of the different Tikar-speaking groups. How much credit is to be given to claims of Mbum origin? To answer this, a variety of evidence must be considered, including oral tradition and historical linguistics." While some researchers argue there is no evidence that the Tikar ever lived along the Nile, others contend that there is also no evidence to disprove it. These opposing views, supported by oral traditions and the overall uncertainty of Tikar origins, underscore the need for further exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eldridge Mohammadou hypothesized that Tikar kingdoms were established by invaders from the Bare-Chamba group, who overthrew local Mbum rulers in the 18th century. According to him, the term Tikar originally referred to the political and military elite of these invaders. Mohammadou also suggested that the Mbum were the region’s original inhabitants and spread their culture and language through peaceful interactions and trade. However, Zeitlyn identified several issues with Mohammadou’s arguments, including the lack of concrete evidence for Bare-Chamba invasions, confusion between groups with similar names, and insufficient consideration of oral traditions and linguistic evidence. </p><p>Zeitlyn also questioned Mohammadou’s claim that the Bamum history diverges significantly from that of Claude Tardits, who argued that the Bamum resulted from a gradual process of cultural and political integration rather than a sudden conquest. Zeitlyn compared Mohammadou’s conclusions with those of Jean Hurault, who attributed regional change primarily to the influence of the Fulbe, rather than the Bare-Chamba.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg/215px-Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg/323px-Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg/430px-Tikar_Royal_Throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Tikar Throne, Tikar Bamum artist, wooden, 42' high; 27" deep, 38" wide. Photo by Bruno Kemayou. Released by David W. Reed, PhD.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Mbum oral tradition, after migrating and settling in the <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Far North Region (Cameroon)">Far North Region</a> of Cameroon, the Mbum ancestors of the Tikar people were ruled by Nya Sana. Little is known about his reign, but oral accounts state that a royal lineage emerged from Nya Sana, eventually producing Took Gokor. Another Mbum <i>Fon</i> (king) and <i>Yesum</i> or <i>Yelaa</i> (queen consort)<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are credited with founding the Kingdom of Nganha. Their daughter, Princess Wou-Ten (also called Betaka or Belaka), is said to have left her parents’ kingdom, traveling to the Adamawa Region, where she established the Kingdom of Tinkala. This is recognized as the first official Tikar <i>fondom</i> (dynasty), and she is believed to have ruled the Tikar people as <i>Fon</i> from 1201 to 1246.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_Tikar_kingdoms">Founding of Tikar kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of Tikar kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 14th century, two Tikar brothers, Tinki and Guié, founded two autonomous Tikar kingdoms: the <a href="/wiki/Bankim" title="Bankim">Kingdom of Bankim</a> (also called Kimi) at Rifum, and the <a href="/wiki/Ngamb%C3%A8-Tikar" title="Ngambè-Tikar">Kingdom of Ngambé-Tikar</a>. These lineages gave rise to Tikar princes and princesses who embarked on significant migrations, creating new dynasties. </p><p>In the first wave of migrations, Prince Ncharé (also called Njáré) founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bamum" title="Kingdom of Bamum">Kingdom of Bamum</a>, Prince Doundje established the Kingdom of Nditam (also called Bandam) and ruled alongside Queen Mother Nduingnyi, Prince Kpo departed Nditam to found the Kingdom of Ngoumé, Prince G’Batteu created the Kingdom of Gâ, and Princess N’Gouen (also called Nguonso) established the <a href="/wiki/Nso_people" title="Nso people">Kingdom of Nso</a> (also called Banso).<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second wave of migration, Prince Mbli left Bankim to establish the Kingdom of Kong, while Prince Indie and Prince Ouhin migrated south, founding the villages of We and Ina, respectively. However, these settlements never developed into full-fledged kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade">Impact of the Atlantic slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact of the Atlantic slave trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Tikar people suffered devastating losses due to the Atlantic slave trade. <a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> slave traffickers, drawn by the Tikar’s prosperous iron-working and mask-making industries, targeted the Tikar population.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many enslaved Cameroonians and Nigerians were shipped from the Bight of Biafra, significant numbers of Tikar and <a href="/wiki/Duala_people" title="Duala people">Duala</a> were sold upriver to <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and downriver to <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. From there, they were transported to the Americas. Records indicate that Tikar captives constituted a significant proportion of enslaved Cameroonians brought to the Americas, contributing to the steep decline of the Tikar population in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the remaining Tikar preserved their heritage through oral tradition and sustained their cultural practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternate_oral_tradition">Alternate oral tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternate oral tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg/254px-Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg/381px-Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg/508px-Madou-Yenou_Beaded_and_Wooden_Thrones_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Madou-Yenou thrones commissioned by the Tikar chieftaincy of Rifum, crafted by Njikam Isidore, grandson of Nji Gbetom Salifou. Two thrones were made simultaneously as a customary precaution.</figcaption></figure> <p>An alternate account suggests that Chief Tinki eventually became <i>Fon</i> and ruled until his death in 1387, which triggered a series of violent battles for the throne at Rifum.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, his son Mveing ascended to the throne, ruling until 1413. However, many believed that Tinki’s other son, Nchare Yen, was the rightful heir.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this version, Nchare Yen, along with his siblings Mbe (also called Morunta) and Ngonnso (or Nguonso), fled Rifum fearing for their lives. The siblings parted ways at Mbam: Mbe traveled east to found the Kingdom of Nditam at Bandam, while Ngonnso went west to establish the Nso Kingdom at Kumbo.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genes_tell_a_tale_as_big_as_Africa_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genes_tell_a_tale_as_big_as_Africa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bamum_connection">Bamum connection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bamum connection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fon Nchare Yen established the Kingdom of Bamum at Foumban in the late 14th or early 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to King Idrissou (Ibrahim) Mborou Njoya, a later Bamum ruler named Manju bestowed the Bamum people with their name.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the kingdom expanded, Foumban became its capital, and the Bamum Kingdom emerged as one of the largest in Cameroon’s grasslands. Both the kingdom and its capital are believed to be named after Nchare Yen’s mother, Mfoumban.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the historical ties between the Bamum and Tikar peoples, they are considered distinct ethnic groups today.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are currently six adjoining Tikar kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Bankim" title="Bankim">Bankim</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kimi,+Cameroon/@6.0841857,11.142497,10z/data=!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x10f4304ef286108b:0xd230c9591f86dd24!2sKimi,+Cameroon!3b1!8m2!3d6.0849674!4d11.4878714!16s%2Fm%2F03h3_dl!3m5!1s0x10f4304ef286108b:0xd230c9591f86dd24!8m2!3d6.0849674!4d11.4878714!16s%2Fm%2F03h3_dl?entry=ttu">Kimi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ngamb%C3%A8-Tikar" title="Ngambè-Tikar">Ngambé-Tikar</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Kong,+Cameroon/@5.6117286,12.0222013,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x10613753703e0f21:0x2b03c44599829b53!2sCameroon!3b1!8m2!3d7.369722!4d12.354722!16zL20vMDFubG4!3m5!1s0x10f47ffb2608c4d5:0x8130e779b211509!8m2!3d5.61173!4d12.06117!16s%2Fg%2F1tkrc1dn?entry=ttu">Kong</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nditam,+Cameroon/@5.3362917,11.2921013,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x10613753703e0f21:0x2b03c44599829b53!2sCameroon!3b1!8m2!3d7.369722!4d12.354722!16zL20vMDFubG4!3m5!1s0x10f51e31faab4467:0xe94e57c644adf1d8!8m2!3d5.336293!4d11.33107!16s%2Fg%2F1v9nk420?entry=ttu">Nditam</a> (Bandam), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ngoum%C3%A9,+Cameroon/@5.5953104,10.2092242,9z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x105fc06bbd728fc7:0xff4e6ad3d6ea7a95!8m2!3d5.2918153!4d10.2339435!16s%2Fg%2F11c6lw9mnf?entry=ttu">Ngoumé</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/G%C3%A2,+Cameroon/@5.7833316,11.2943643,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m15!1m8!3m7!1s0x10613753703e0f21:0x2b03c44599829b53!2sCameroon!3b1!8m2!3d7.369722!4d12.354722!16zL20vMDFubG4!3m5!1s0x10f5ad57c05389a1:0xdeca9a3e4acd5b76!8m2!3d5.783333!4d11.333333!16s%2Fg%2F1v6_djlx?entry=ttu">Gâ</a>. The boundaries of these kingdoms have remained since <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> colonizers arrived in Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Tikar people inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa Region</a> and certain regions of <a href="/wiki/Bamenda" title="Bamenda">Bamenda Province</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Northwest Region (Cameroon)">Northwest</a> is composed of the Fungum, Bum, and <a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Cameroon)" title="Kom people (Cameroon)">Kom</a>. The Northeast is composed of Mbem, Mbaw, Wiya, War and Tang. The Southeast is composed of <a href="/wiki/Nso_people" title="Nso people">Banso</a> (Nsaw), <a href="/wiki/Ndop,_Cameroon" title="Ndop, Cameroon">Ndop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bafut_people" title="Bafut people">Bafut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tikar people, speak a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-Bantu" title="Semi-Bantu">semi-Bantu</a> language called <a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a>, which is hypothesized to be a divergent language in the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo language family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tikar language (also called Tigé, Tigré or Tikari) has four regional dialects, including <i>Túmú</i>, which spoken in <a href="/wiki/Bankim" title="Bankim">Bankim</a> and Nditam.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguist Roger Blench stated that the Tikar language and other Bantuoid languages belong to a branch of the Niger-Congo family related to but distinct from Bantu, and do not have a classical Bantu <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun-class system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_(Tikar_Bamum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg/324px-The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg/486px-The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg/648px-The_Slave_Scene_by_Nji_Gbetkom_Salifou_%28Tikar_Bamum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Bronze figurines of four enslaved Tikar being marched by a Moorish colonial guard and a Mboum royal guard toward the coast to be exported to the Americas, by Nji Gbetkom Salifou, a Bamoun sculptor from Cameroon’s Grasslands, 1946-1950. Photo by Bruno Kemayou. Released by Chief Mongbet Vessah Ibrahim and David W. Reed, PhD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Genetic testing found that many Tikar belong to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">Haplogroup L3e</a>, which is prevalent in Central and East Africa, and the Canary Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L2_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L2 (mtDNA)">Haplogroup L2a1*</a> was also found amongst <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central African</a> people, including the Tikar people of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Bioko Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2023 study of twelve indigenous African populations across Central, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">Eastern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> uncovered genomic variants that researchers used to reconstruct admixture events and phylogenetic relationships. The results revealed that the Tikar people have "23% ancestry related to an archaic population that diverged prior to the <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">divergence of all modern human populations</a> (possibly reflecting introgression from an archaic population into modern populations) and 77% ancestry from a population related to the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mursi_people" title="Mursi people">Mursi</a>" people of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. The study also found that "The Fulani derived 50% of their ancestry from a population related to the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> and 50% from a population related to the Tikari (consistent with TreeMix results with three migration events)."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study showed that the Tikar are a genetic outlier to peoples of Nigeria's <a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igboland" title="Igboland">Igboland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, showing significant differences.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a 2023 study found that self-identified Tikar who live in the <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa region</a> and speak the Tikar language belong to a different genetic cluster than the self-identified Tikar who live amongst other Grassfields ethnic groups and do not speak the Tikar language. It concluded that persons from Cameroon and Sudan "showed the greatest reduction in genetic similarity with distance, which remained even after only comparing people belonging to the same ethnic group."<sup id="cite_ref-:19_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same study found Tikar-related genetic variations amongst the <a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Bakongo</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, Bantu ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, and the Eland Cave Bay remains in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are believed to be more than 3,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through DNA testing with African Ancestry, Inc., founded by geneticist <a href="/wiki/Rick_Kittles" title="Rick Kittles">Dr. Rick Kittles</a> and entrepreneur Dr. Gina Paige, people of African descent across the <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> have been able to trace their lineages to the Tikar people of Cameroon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic testing showed that the descendants of these stolen people of the Tikar-<a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Pygmy</a> cluster translocated the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mtdna</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">Haplogroup L3</a> to the Americas when they were forcibly taken. As a result, L3 is fairly common in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg/220px-Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg/330px-Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg/440px-Tiger_Teeth_Necklace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Lion teeth necklace created by the Tikar people</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tikar are an artistically and culturally significant people. The design of Toghu and Ndop cloth print became a cultural marker of the Tikar and Grassfields peoples, creating a unique style that made them easily distinguishable from other peoples outside of the region. These intricate designs is still used today for clothing, architecture, art and to demarcate royal ritual spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistry">Artistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Artistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tikar are renowned for their highly detailed masks. Their artistry put the Tikar people at the center of trade and politics in Cameroon and made them a force to reckoned with in the eyes of neighboring ethnic groups, especially considering they are thought to be the only people in the region who were skilled in <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">iron-working</a>. Their masks are often characterized by their strongly-defined noses and large eyes. They are also known for their beautifully decorated brass pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Bamileke people, the Tikar are also known for their intricate elephant masks, which became renowned in the town <a href="/wiki/Bali,_Cameroon" title="Bali, Cameroon">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tikar horns and trumpets play a significant role in spiritual and cultural ceremonies with each design being purposefully sculpted for a specific event.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same can be said for elaborate grassland palaces, which feature hand-carved pillars supporting the roof overhangs, an ensemble of door posts, lintels and sills framing the entrance, as well as the interior doorways facing the open courtyards.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_beliefs">Cultural beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Surrounded by great <a href="/wiki/Western_High_Plateau" title="Western High Plateau">grasslands</a>, the Tikar people developed a unique understanding of nature and performed planting rituals to bless seeds and work implements. Other ethnic groups in the region were known to offer animal sacrifices when it was time to plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tikar also had their own cultural beliefs regarding birthing. It was once believed that during pregnancy, the blood that the woman would normally release during <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> forms parts of the fetus. This blood was said to form the skin, blood, flesh and most of the organs. The bones, brain, heart and teeth were believed to be formed from the father's <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of a son, the masculinity also came from this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg/220px-Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg/330px-Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Tikar_Chief_of_Ngambe_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption>This is a picture of the late fon (king) of Ngambe, one of the Tikar villages. Around his neck is an ivory collar made of elephant tusks. He carries it only once per year, during the time of the festival called "Sweety". It is a traditional Tikar festival during which one calls upon the spirits of the ancestors and asks them to bless the community.</figcaption></figure><p> The Tikar people predominantly practice Christianity today. However, there are a small number who practice traditional religions and Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the differences between the spiritual practices, the Tikar are known to refer to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God the Creator</a> as <i>Nyuy,</i> and the Bamileke people refer to Nyuy as <i>Si</i>. Both groups, along with the other peoples of the Grasslands, believe God requires them to reverence their lineage ancestors. This is pivotal to their spirituality; as they traditionally believed their ancestral spirits were embodied in the skulls of the deceased ancestors and still present.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>"The skulls are in the possession of the eldest living male in each lineage, and all members of an extended family recognize the same skulls as belonging to their group. When a family decides to relocate, a dwelling, which must be first purified by a diviner, is built to house the skulls in the new location. Although not all of the ancestral skulls are in the possession of a family, they are not forgotten. These spirits have nowhere to reside, though, and may as a result cause trouble for the family. To compensate when a man's skull is not preserved, a family member must undergo a ceremony involving pouring libations into the ground. Earth gathered from the site of that offering then comes to represent the skull of the deceased. Respect is also paid to female skulls, although detail about such practices is largely unrecorded." -Molefi Kete Asante<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Much of Tikar oral tradition speaks of their journey to flee the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After they settled in Cameroon, the Tikar people soon found themselves fleeing <a href="/wiki/Far_North_Region_(Cameroon)" title="Far North Region (Cameroon)">northern Cameroon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa</a> to avoid forced-conversion to by <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Africa" title="Islam in Africa">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fulani</a> invaders, who moved southward into Cameroon to take advantage of the lucrative, <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">west-central</a> trade route.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tikar then migrated southward to what would become known as the city of <a href="/wiki/Foumban" title="Foumban">Foumban</a> in Northwest Cameroon. Once the Fulani followed to the south, holy war began, forcing some ethnic groups to flee yet again. Others, like the Bamun, remained, hoping to resist Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fulani conquest was brief and did not result in Islamization, although this faith was accepted by a later <a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a> ruler, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Njoya" title="Ibrahim Njoya">Sultan Ibrahim Mbouombouo Njoya</a>, in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This created the division between the Bamum and <a href="/wiki/Bafia_people" title="Bafia people">Bafia people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_of_direct_Tikar_descent">Notable people of direct Tikar descent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people of direct Tikar descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fonlon" title="Bernard Fonlon">Bernard Fonlon</a>, Cameroonian politician and educationist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_F_Ndi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill F Ndi (page does not exist)">Bill F Ndi</a>, Cameroonian writer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobe_Yerima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobe Yerima (page does not exist)">Bobe Yerima</a>, Cameroonian singer from Kom ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chili_Wawayee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chili Wawayee (page does not exist)">Chili Wawayee</a>, Cameroonian singer from Nso ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collins_Fai" title="Collins Fai">Collins Fai</a>, Cameroonian footballer of Nso ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fru_Ndi" title="John Fru Ndi">John Fru Ndi</a>, Cameroonian politican from Bamendankwen ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Minang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Minang (page does not exist)">John Minang</a>, Cameroonian folkloric singer from Bamenda<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ngu_Foncha" title="John Ngu Foncha">John Ngu Foncha</a>, Cameroonian politican from Bamendankwen ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Che" title="Justin Che">Justin Che</a>, Cameroonian-American footballer from Bafut ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libianca" title="Libianca">Libianca</a>, Cameroonian-American singer from Bamendankwen ethinicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magasco" title="Magasco">Magasco</a>, Cameroonian singer from Kom ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Achu" title="Naomi Achu">Naomi Achu</a>, Cameroonian singer from Bamendankwen ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shey_Lontum_Yov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shey Lontum Yov (page does not exist)">Shey Lontum Yov</a>, Cameroonian singer from Nso ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Achidi_Achu" title="Simon Achidi Achu">Simon Achidi Achu</a>, Cameroonian politician from Bafut ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_of_Tikar_descent_in_the_Americas">Notable people of Tikar descent in the Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable people of Tikar descent in the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Anderson" title="Anthony Anderson">Anthony Anderson</a>, American actor, comedian, writer, and game show host<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Underwood" title="Blair Underwood">Blair Underwood</a>, American actor<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, American diplomat, political scientist, civil servant, and professor who served as the 66th United States Secretary of State<sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Cheadle" title="Don Cheadle">Don Cheadle</a>, American actor, author, director, producer and writer<sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebro_Darden" title="Ebro Darden">Ebro Darden</a>, American media executive and radio personality<sup id="cite_ref-:15_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Lotus" title="Flying Lotus">Flying Lotus</a>, American hip hop producer<sup id="cite_ref-:15_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano_Newbill" title="Ivano Newbill">Ivano Newbill</a>, American NBA and European basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmyne_Cannick" title="Jasmyne Cannick">Jasmyne Cannick</a>, American journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndamukong_Suh" title="Ndamukong Suh">Ndamukong Suh</a>, American NFL player of Jamaican and Cameroonian descent from the Bamendanken ethnicity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papoose_(rapper)" title="Papoose (rapper)">Papoose</a>, American rapper<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a>, American music producer<sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph" title="Sheryl Lee Ralph">Sheryl Lee Ralph</a>, American actress, singer, author, and activist<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_(comedian)" title="Sinbad (comedian)">Sinbad</a>, American stand-up comedian and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a>, American film director, producer, screenwriter, actor, and professor<sup id="cite_ref-:14_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasha_Smith" title="Tasha Smith">Tasha Smith</a>, American actress, director and producer<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Estelle_Williams" title="Vanessa Estelle Williams">Vanessa A Williams</a>, American actress and producer<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C3%ADcius_J%C3%BAnior" title="Vinícius Júnior">Vinícius Júnior</a>, Brazilian footballer<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_Sykes" title="Wanda Sykes">Wanda Sykes</a>, American stand-up comedian, actress, and writer<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-2024-Cameroon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2024-Cameroon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-2024-Cameroon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/#people-and-society">"Africa: Cameroon – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Africa%3A+Cameroon+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcameroon%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitlyn1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zeitlyn, David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/993224">"Eldridge Mohammadou on Tikar Origins"</a>. <i>Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 100–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Anthropological+Society+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Eldridge+Mohammadou+on+Tikar+Origins&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100-102&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Zeitlyn&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F993224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelneufEssomFroment1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delneuf, Michèle; Essom, Joseph-Marie; Froment, Alain (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkCBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Paléo-anthropologie en Afrique centrale: un bilan de l'archéologie au Cameroun</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: L'Harmattan. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-7405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-7405-6"><bdi>978-2-7384-7405-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pal%C3%A9o-anthropologie+en+Afrique+centrale%3A+un+bilan+de+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie+au+Cameroun&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-7405-6&rft.aulast=Delneuf&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft.au=Essom%2C+Joseph-Marie&rft.au=Froment%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkCBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Nkwen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Nkwen_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bamenda3council.org/history">"Bamenda III Council: The Council of the future"</a>. 8 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bamenda+III+Council%3A+The+Council+of+the+future&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bamenda3council.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonlon1969" class="citation journal cs1">Fonlon, Bernard (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3098088">"The Language Problem in Cameroon (An Historical Perspective)"</a>. <i>Abbia: Cameroon Cultural Review</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 25–49. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3098088">3098088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Abbia%3A+Cameroon+Cultural+Review&rft.atitle=The+Language+Problem+in+Cameroon+%28An+Historical+Perspective%29&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-49&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3098088%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fonlon&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3098088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullochLittlewood2017" class="citation book cs1">McCulloch, Merran; Littlewood, Margaret (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=04IZDgAAQBAJ"><i>Peoples of the Central Cameroons (Tikar. Bamum and Bamileke. Banen, Bafia and Balom): Western Africa Part IX (Ethnographic Survey of Africa)</i></a> (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 11–13, 36–40, 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138239524" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138239524"><bdi>978-1138239524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+the+Central+Cameroons+%28Tikar.+Bamum+and+Bamileke.+Banen%2C+Bafia+and+Balom%29%3A+Western+Africa+Part+IX+%28Ethnographic+Survey+of+Africa%29&rft.pages=11-13%2C+36-40%2C+53&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1138239524&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Merran&rft.au=Littlewood%2C+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D04IZDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1979" class="citation journal cs1">Price, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076439">"Who Are the Tikar Now?"</a>. <i>Paideuma</i>. <b>25</b>: 89–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0078-7809">0078-7809</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076439">23076439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paideuma&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Tikar+Now%3F&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=89-98&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0078-7809&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLanceyNeh_MbuhDeLancey2010" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Mark Dike; Neh Mbuh, Rebecca; DeLancey, Mark W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cameroon+Travel+and+Leisure+Magazine&rft.atitle=Tasha+Smith&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=July+13&rft.aufirst=fomenky+aloysius+ambodem+%2F%2F&rft.au=Reply%2C+2017+at+7%3A52+am+%2F%2F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcameroontraveler.com%2Ftasha-smith-ctm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanancestry.com/blogs/news/vanessa-williams-connect-the-dots-of-her-cameroon-roots-with-african-ancestry">"Throwback Thursday: Vanessa A. Williams traces lineage to Cameroon with African Ancestry test"</a>. <i>African Ancestry</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Ancestry&rft.atitle=Throwback+Thursday%3A+Vanessa+A.+Williams+traces+lineage+to+Cameroon+with+African+Ancestry+test&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fafricanancestry.com%2Fblogs%2Fnews%2Fvanessa-williams-connect-the-dots-of-her-cameroon-roots-with-african-ancestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ge.globo.com/futebol/selecao-brasileira/noticia/2024/11/19/cbf-lanca-campanha-para-buscar-raizes-de-jogadores-e-revela-que-ancestrais-de-vini-jr-vem-de-camaroes.ghtml">"CBF lança campanha para buscar raízes de jogadores e revela que ancestrais de Vini Jr. vêm de Camarões"</a>. <i>ge</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2024-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ge&rft.atitle=CBF+lan%C3%A7a+campanha+para+buscar+ra%C3%ADzes+de+jogadores+e+revela+que+ancestrais+de+Vini+Jr.+v%C3%AAm+de+Camar%C3%B5es&rft.date=2024-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fge.globo.com%2Ffutebol%2Fselecao-brasileira%2Fnoticia%2F2024%2F11%2F19%2Fcbf-lanca-campanha-para-buscar-raizes-de-jogadores-e-revela-que-ancestrais-de-vini-jr-vem-de-camaroes.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/2012/05/finding-your-roots-with-henry-louis_14.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr." - DNA in the Ninth Episode"</a>. <i>www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com&rft.atitle=%22Finding+Your+Roots+with+Henry+Louis+Gates%2C+Jr.%22+-+DNA+in+the+Ninth+Episode&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourgeneticgenealogist.com%2F2012%2F05%2Ffinding-your-roots-with-henry-louis_14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATikar+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tik">Tikar entry</a> at Ethnologue site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925051738/http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/dz/xroads/intro_3.html">Article about Bamenda and Tikar</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Cameroon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Cameroon">Ethnic groups in Cameroon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akunakuna" title="Akunakuna">Akunakuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Cameroonian" title="Anglophone Cameroonian">Anglo-Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aro_people" title="Aro people">Aro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafia_people" title="Bafia people">Bafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakoko_people" title="Bakoko people">Bakoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakossi_people" title="Bakossi people">Bakossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligham" title="Baligham">Baligham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_people" title="Bamum people">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_people_(Cameroon)" title="Bassa people (Cameroon)">Bassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beti-Pahuin_peoples" title="Beti-Pahuin peoples">Beti-Pahuin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beti_people" title="Beti people">Beti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fang_people" title="Fang people">Fang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubi_people" title="Bubi people">Bubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duala_people" title="Duala people">Duala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwe%27e_people" title="Dwe'e people">Dwe'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_people" title="Gbaya people">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerwa_Kanuri_people" title="Yerwa Kanuri people">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fali_people" title="Fali people">Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapsiki_people" title="Kapsiki people">Kapsiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa_people" title="Masa people">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgum_people" title="Musgum people">Musgum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupuri_people" title="Tupuri people">Tupuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kole_people" title="Kole people">Kole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_people_(Cameroon)" title="Kom people (Cameroon)">Kom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombe_people" title="Kombe people">Kombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwe_people" title="Kwe people">Kwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwele_people" title="Kwele people">Kwele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_people_(Cameroon)" title="Limba people (Cameroon)">Limba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaa_people" title="Makaa people">Makaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankon" title="Mankon">Mankon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Cameroon)" title="Mbo people (Cameroon)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mboko_people" title="Mboko people">Mboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofu" title="Mofu">Mofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mungo_people" title="Mungo people">Mungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njem_people" title="Njem people">Njem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nso_people" title="Nso people">Nso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzime_people" title="Nzime people">Nzime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pori_people" title="Pori people">Pori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggara_Arabs" title="Baggara Arabs">Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subu_people" title="Subu people">Subu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengo_people" title="Vengo people">Vengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widikum_people" title="Widikum people">Widikum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wodaabe" title="Wodaabe">Wodaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wovea_people" title="Wovea people">Wovea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241843#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241843#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4106337-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135337">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/05061553X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&oldid=1258821955">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikar_people&oldid=1258821955</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tikar_people" title="Category:Tikar people">Tikar people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Cameroon" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Cameroon">Ethnic groups in Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semi-Bantu" title="Category:Semi-Bantu">Semi-Bantu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short 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