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<li id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_feminists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_feminists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Renaissance and Early Modern feminists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_feminists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_Fascist_Italy_(1922-1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_Fascist_Italy_(1922-1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Women in Fascist Italy (1922-1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_Fascist_Italy_(1922-1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_Italian_feminism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_Italian_feminism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Post-war Italian feminism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_Italian_feminism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ইতালিতে নারীবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইতালিতে নারীবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminismo_en_Italia" title="Feminismo en Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feminismo en Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فمینیسم در ایتالیا – 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Feminist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Feminist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Feminism in Italy</b> originated during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> period, beginning in the late 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-ross-2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Moderata_Fonte" title="Moderata Fonte">Moderata Fonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Marinella" title="Lucrezia Marinella">Lucrezia Marinella</a>, and others developed the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">theoretical</a> ideas behind <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist movements">feminist movements</a> in <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> advocates in Italy emphasized <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's education">women's education</a> and improvement in social conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-xantippa-helsinki_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xantippa-helsinki-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian feminism suffered a setback under the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in the first half of the twentieth century, with <a href="/wiki/Fascist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist ideology">fascist ideology</a> dictating procreation as a woman's duty.<sup id="cite_ref-malagreca-bridgew_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malagreca-bridgew-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the post-war period, feminist movements surged, with public activism over issues such as <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> during the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-womenmakenews_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-womenmakenews-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian feminism has become more prominent recently, particularly during the administration of former <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, with a focus on opposing objectification of women in national television shows and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-pucacco-berlusconi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pucacco-berlusconi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance_and_Early_Modern_feminists">Renaissance and Early Modern feminists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Renaissance and Early Modern feminists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance thinkers</a> regularly challenged conventional thought from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a> and earlier. <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> became the new way of looking at politics, science, the arts, education, and other fields. Humanism pushed aside the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Christian">Medieval Christian</a> concept of a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a> that placed regular citizens in a subservient position relative to members of the clergy. The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance man">Renaissance man</a> was the ideal to emulate. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanists">Renaissance humanists</a> were for the most part "<a href="/wiki/Antifeminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifeminist">antifeminist</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there were a small number of educated women who had the motivation to challenge assumptions that women should remain submissive to men. <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Ladies">The City of Ladies</a></i> in 1404, and in it she describes women's gender as having no innate inferiority to men's: "[N]either the loftiness nor the lowliness of a person lies in the body according to sex, but in the perfection of conduct and virtues".<sup id="cite_ref-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she tempered her assertions by writing that men were created to rule, and women to follow. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a> saw the development of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Italy" title="Higher education in Italy">higher education</a>, including the establishment of several <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Italy#Universities" title="Higher education in Italy">universities</a>, to which women were not admitted. Some fortunate women who could afford it were able to gain an education on their own, or had a father who allowed them to have some education through tutoring. The rare Renaissance man who supported <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy#Female_education" title="Women in Italy">education for women</a> saw it as a way of improving her <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>, and to make her more <a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">obedient</a> to her husband. Education intended to create leaders was seen as wasted <a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">on women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although some women made a mark during the Renaissance as remarkable individuals within their local sphere, when taken collectively, the "rise of the educated woman during the Renaissance" can be traced.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2010_2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2010_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of a convent setting, where they had been confined during the Middle Ages, educated women were stepping out into the secular intellectual arena. From the Renaissance and continuing into the Early Modern era, they hosted <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a>, where men and women of intellect mingled and discussed literature, politics, and other influential topics. By the late 16th and early 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Women_writers" title="Women writers">women writers</a> "presented themselves and were embraced by contemporary culture as learned wives, mothers, and equal partners in their household salons".<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_2010_2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross_2010_2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late Renaissance, educated <a href="/wiki/Italian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian women">Italian women</a> were writing "in every conceivable genre, from domestic correspondence to poetry, dialogues and even theology".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LauraCereta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laura Cereta"><img alt="Laura Cereta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LauraCereta.jpg/86px-LauraCereta.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LauraCereta.jpg/129px-LauraCereta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/LauraCereta.jpg/172px-LauraCereta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Cereta" title="Laura Cereta">Laura Cereta</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Virgin Reading (1505–10), by Vittore Carpaccio. Literacy spread among upper-class women in Italy during the Renaissance."><img alt="The Virgin Reading (1505–10), by Vittore Carpaccio. Literacy spread among upper-class women in Italy during the Renaissance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg/77px-Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg/116px-Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg/155px-Vittore_Carpaccio_085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Virgin Reading</i> (1505–10), by <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a>. Literacy spread among upper-class women in Italy during the Renaissance.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christine de Pizan and Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France."><img alt="Christine de Pizan and Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/100px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/150px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg/201px-Christine_de_Pisan_and_Queen_Isabeau_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabeau_of_Bavaria" title="Isabeau of Bavaria">Isabeau of Bavaria</a>, Queen of France.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catherine de' Medici, Italian-born 16th century Queen consort of France, mother of kings, and a major figure in European politics."><img alt="Catherine de' Medici, Italian-born 16th century Queen consort of France, mother of kings, and a major figure in European politics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg/94px-Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg/142px-Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg/189px-Catherine_de_Medicis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici" title="Catherine de' Medici">Catherine de' Medici</a>, Italian-born 16th century Queen consort of France, mother of kings, and a major figure in European politics.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_(La_Pittura)_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self-portrait as the Allegory of Painting (1638-9) by Artemisia Gentileschi."><img alt="Self-portrait as the Allegory of Painting (1638-9) by Artemisia Gentileschi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/90px-Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/135px-Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg/180px-Self-portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_%28La_Pittura%29_-_Artemisia_Gentileschi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Self-Portrait_as_the_Allegory_of_Painting_(Artemisia_Gentileschi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting (Artemisia Gentileschi)">Self-portrait as the Allegory of Painting</a></i> (1638-9) by <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giuseppa Barbapiccola"><img alt="Giuseppa Barbapiccola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg/92px-Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg/138px-Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg/184px-Giuseppa_Eleonora_Barbapiccola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppa_Barbapiccola" title="Giuseppa Barbapiccola">Giuseppa Barbapiccola</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg/220px-Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg/330px-Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg/440px-Working_Italian_women_c_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Working Italian women, c. 1900.</figcaption></figure> <p>At a time when most women belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>, most were illiterate. Educated women who could read and write about feminism's various aspects were in an isolated position. In order to gain supporters for feminist causes, an appeal to women at all levels of society was needed. Beginning in the mid-19th century, enterprising women began to reach out to <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> women through new <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">print</a> media: mass-market <a href="/wiki/Feminism#Literature" title="Feminism">books and periodicals</a>. </p><p>Italy's <a href="/wiki/Gabrio_Casati" title="Gabrio Casati">Casati</a> Law of 1859 set the groundwork for a system to train young women as teachers in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>. Women were to become the backbone of <a href="/wiki/Italy%27s_education_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy's education system">Italy's education system</a>, and they belonged to teachers' <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">associations</a>, giving them experience in organizing to protect their interests, such as <a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_Italy" title="Labor policy in Italy">wages and working conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1996_369_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1996_369-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Maria_Mozzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Anna Maria Mozzoni</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni" title="Anna Maria Mozzoni">Anna Maria Mozzoni</a> triggered a widespread <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's movement">women's movement</a> in Italy through the publication of <i>Woman and her social relationships on the occasion of the revision of the Italian Civil Code</i> (<i>La donna e i suoi rapporti sociali in occasione della revisione del codice italiano</i>) in 1864. Women who had participated in the unification struggles were dissatisfied with the inequalities contained in the Kingdom of Italy's new Civil Code.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1996_369_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1996_369-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mozzoni's book raised awareness of injustices in Italy's family law that discriminated against women. Mozzoni campaigned against state regulation of prostitution. She also translated <i>On the Subjugation of Women</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> into Italian. In 1881, to promote women's suffrage, she founded the League for the Promotion of the Interests of Women (<i><a href="/wiki/Lega_promotrice_degli_interessi_femminili" title="Lega promotrice degli interessi femminili">Lega promotrice degli interessi femminili</a></i>) in Milan. </p><p>1865 saw legal majority for unmarried women in Italy, as well as equal inheritance for women, and married women being allowed to become the legal guardian of their children and their property if abandoned by their husbands.<sup id="cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaide_Gualberta_Beccari" title="Alaide Gualberta Beccari">Alaide Gualberta Beccari</a>, beginning in 1868 at the age of 26, began publishing the journal <i>Women</i> in Venice. Beccari spent much of the 1870s and 1880s immersed in spreading information about feminism. The journal covered international feminist news, such as the political and social gains being made by women in France, the United States, and Great Britain. Male legislators and teachers were among her growing readership, and in 1877, a series of articles on pro-reform topics inspired 3000 women to sign a petition for women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women were admitted to Italian universities in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-google11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877 women in Italy became able to serve as witnesses to legal acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy's first national Feminist Congress was organized by Per la Donna in 1911; in it speakers called for divorce rights for women, and more non-religious schools. </p><p>In 1919 married women in Italy were granted separate economy, and public offices on lower levels were opened to women.<sup id="cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_in_Fascist_Italy_(1922-1945)"><span id="Women_in_Fascist_Italy_.281922-1945.29"></span>Women in Fascist Italy (1922-1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Women in Fascist Italy (1922-1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heatfactory2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Heatfactory2.jpg/220px-Heatfactory2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Heatfactory2.jpg/330px-Heatfactory2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Heatfactory2.jpg/440px-Heatfactory2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Women working in a hat factory, c. 1920.</figcaption></figure> <p>The feminist movement was dealt a huge blow in 1922 when <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> came to power, and the country's <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> era was underway. This period was generally anti-feminist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. For example, fascist ideology dictated procreation as a woman's duty.<sup id="cite_ref-malagreca-bridgew_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malagreca-bridgew-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1925 women in Italy gained the right to vote, though it was limited to local elections. Initially, Fascism had an ambivalent view on women's position, and Mussolini promised the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Femminili" title="Fasci Femminili">Fasci Femminili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisa_Majer_Rizzioli" title="Elisa Majer Rizzioli">Elisa Majer Rizzioli</a>, to introduce women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazia,_V._1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he only introduced municipal suffrage in 1925 and then abolished free elections altogether, making also the municipal suffrage meaningless.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazia,_V._1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an unsuccessful attempt of the Fascist women to become autonomous in 1924, they were efficiently deprived of all real political influence within the party: after 1930, the Fascist women organizations did not even have a leader, the leadership post of the Fasci Femminili being first left vacant, and from 1937 divided between several people.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazia,_V._1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of women in Fascist ideology was foremost to demonstrate her patriotism and supporting her country by giving birth to children which she would raise to become soldiers or mothers who in turn would support expansionism. While girls were not banned from studying, the cost for women students were raised to discourage it; and while women were not banned from working, certain restrictions were introduced to prevent women from being placed in authority over men in the professional life, such as banning women from certain leadership positions in the educational system which could have given them authority over male colleagues. </p><p>In 1945 women in Italy gained full suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_Italian_feminism">Post-war Italian feminism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-war Italian feminism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Franca_Viola" title="Franca Viola">Franca Viola</a> is considered one of the first Italian women who had been raped to publicly refuse to marry her rapist. Instead, she and her family successfully pursued prosecution of the rapist. The trial (which happened in 1966<sup id="cite_ref-Foot2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) had a wide resonance in Italy, as Viola's behavior clashed with traditional social conventions in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, whereby a woman would lose her <a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a> if she did not marry the man to whom she had lost her <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>. Franca Viola became a symbol of the cultural progress and emancipation of women in <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">post-war</a> Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-atene_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atene-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See below events in 1981.) </p><p>As in other countries, feminist groups started in Italy in the 1970s as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second wave</a>. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Rivolta_Femminile" title="Rivolta Femminile">Rivolta Femminile</a> ("Women's Revolt") was formed in Rome and Milan by <a href="/wiki/Carla_Lonzi" title="Carla Lonzi">Carla Lonzi</a> and published a manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-BondanellaBondanella2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BondanellaBondanella2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Wages_for_housework" title="Wages for housework">Wages for Housework</a> Campaign began in Italy. A number of groups calling themselves Salario al Lavoro Domestico (Wages for Housework) formed in various Italian cities. To celebrate, one of the founding members, <a href="/wiki/Mariarosa_Dalla_Costa" title="Mariarosa Dalla Costa">Mariarosa Dalla Costa</a>, gave a speech entitled "A General Strike" in <a href="/wiki/Mestre" title="Mestre">Mestre</a>, Italy. In this speech she talks about how no strike before has ever been a general strike before, but instead, only a strike for male workers. In <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy, a group called <i>Lotta Feminista</i>, formed by <a href="/wiki/Mariarosa_Dalla_Costa" title="Mariarosa Dalla Costa">Mariarosa Dalla Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Silvia Federici</a>, adopted Wages for Housework as their organizing strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-1nplusonemag.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1nplusonemag.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-F&S_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F&S-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Campaign was formed to raise awareness of how <a href="/wiki/Homemaking" title="Homemaking">housework</a> and <a href="/wiki/Childcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Childcare">childcare</a> are the base of all industrial work and to stake the claim that these unavoidable tasks should be compensated as paid wage labor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nplusonemag.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nplusonemag.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wages for Housework Campaign called for economic compensation for domestic work but also used this demand to call attention to the labors of women, the reliance of capitalist economies on exploitative labor practices against women, and <a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a> inequality.<sup id="cite_ref-1nplusonemag.com_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1nplusonemag.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, the family law in Italy was reformed to remove adultery as a crime, as well as making it so that male and female partners in a marriage are considered equal by the law. Specifically, <i>Law no 151/1975</i> provides for gender equality within marriage, abolishing the legal dominance of the husband.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1975 Italian legal reforms also removed discrimination against children who were not born in wedlock.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginsborg2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginsborg2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976 in <i>Sentenza n. 12857 del 1976</i>, the Supreme Court of Italy ruled that "the spouse who compels the other spouse to carnal knowledge by violence or threats commits the crime of carnal violence" [meaning rape] ("<i>commette il delitto di violenza carnale il coniuge che costringa con violenza o minaccia l'altro coniuge a congiunzione carnale</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the other major achievements of feminism in Italy in this decade were the introduction of a law for divorce (1970) and of a law regulating abortion (1978). </p><p>Italy signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</a> in 1980, and ratified it in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1981 saw repeal of the Italian law which provided for mitigated punishment in case of <a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">honor killings</a>; prior to 1981, the law read: <i>Art. 587: He who causes the death of a spouse, daughter, or sister upon discovering her in illegitimate carnal relations and in the heat of passion caused by the offence to his honour or that of his family will be sentenced to three to seven years. The same sentence shall apply to whom, in the above circumstances, causes the death of the person involved in illegitimate carnal relations with his spouse, daughter, or sister</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1981, Italy repealed Article 544.<sup id="cite_ref-Cleave_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cleave-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This article stated that if a man who raped a woman married his victim, even if she was a minor, any sexual offence would lapse. Neither the law nor society made a distinction between such premarital rape on the one hand, and consensual <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a> (in Sicily commonly called <i>fuitina</i>) on the other. Socially, a woman raped by a man was put under heavy pressure to agree to marrying her rapist; the alternative was being shunned for the rest of her life as <i>una donna svergognata</i>: a "woman without honor" (literally: a shameless woman). She was held responsible for the humiliation of losing her virginity out of wedlock, bringing shame upon herself and her family. If she agreed to marry her attacker, it was considered a "reparational marriage" (<i>matrimonio riparatore</i>), that restored her family's honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Pirro_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pirro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1992, a 45-year-old driving instructor was accused of rape. When he picked up an 18-year-old girl for her first driving lesson, he allegedly raped her for an hour, then told her that if she was to tell anyone he would kill her. Later that night she told her parents and her parents agreed to help her press charges. While the alleged rapist was convicted and sentenced, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" title="Supreme Court of Cassation (Italy)">Supreme Court of Cassation</a> overturned the conviction in 1998 because the victim wore tight jeans. It was argued that she must have necessarily have had to help her attacker remove her jeans, thus making the act <a href="/wiki/Consensual" class="mw-redirect" title="Consensual">consensual</a> ("because the victim wore very, very tight jeans, she had to help him remove them...and by removing the jeans...it was no longer rape but consensual sex"). The court stated in its decision "it is a fact of common experience that it is nearly impossible to slip off tight jeans even partly without the active collaboration of the person who is wearing them."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling sparked widespread feminist protest. The day after the decision, women in the Italian Parliament protested by wearing jeans and holding placards that read "Jeans: An Alibi for Rape." As a sign of support, the California Senate and Assembly followed suit. Soon <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Giggans" title="Patricia Giggans">Patricia Giggans</a>, executive director of the Los Angeles Commission on Assaults Against Women, (now Peace Over Violence) made <a href="/wiki/Denim_Day" title="Denim Day">Denim Day</a> an annual event. As of 2011 at least 20 U.S. states officially recognize Denim Day in April. Wearing jeans on this day has become an international symbol of protest against erroneous and destructive attitudes about sexual assault. In 2008 the Supreme Court of Cassation overturned the ruling, so there is no longer a "denim" defense to the charge of rape.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Italy amended its rape laws, toughening the punishment for sexual assault and reclassifying it from a moral offense to a criminal felony.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a few cases of infibulation practiced by complaisant medical practitioners within the African immigrant community came to public knowledge through media coverage, the Law n°7/2006 was passed in Italy on 1/9/2006, becoming effective on 1/28/2006, concerning "Measures of prevention and prohibition of any <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> practice"; the Act is also known as the <i>Legge Consolo</i> ("Consolo Act") named after its primary promoter, Senator Giuseppe Consolo. Article 6 of the law integrates the Italian Penal Code with Articles 583-<i>Bis</i> and 583-<i>Ter</i>, punishing any practice of female genital mutilation "not justifiable under therapeutical or medical needs" with imprisonment ranging from 4 to 12 years (3 to 7 years for any mutilation other than, or less severe than, clitoridectomy, excision or infibulation). Penalty can be reduced up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> if the harm caused is of modest entity (i.e. if partially or completely unsuccessful), but may also be elevated up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> if the victim is a minor or if the offense has been committed for profit. An Italian citizen or a foreign citizen legally resident in Italy can be punished under this law even if the offense is committed abroad; the law will as well afflict any individual of any citizenship in Italy, even illegally or provisionally. The law also mandates any medical practitioner found guilty under those provisions to have his/her medical license revoked for a minimum of six up to a maximum of ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Italy" title="Constitutional Court of Italy">Constitutional Court of Italy</a> ruled against automatically giving Italian children only their father's last name.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court stated that unless the parents agree the child should have one of their surnames, the child should have both, in the order the parents agree on.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lucia Chiavola Birnbaum: <i>liberazione della donna. Feminism in Italy</i>, Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press 1986</li> <li>Maud Anne Bracke: <i>Women and the Reinvention of the Political: Feminism in Italy 1968-1983</i>, London and New York: Routledge 2019</li> <li>Sandra Kemp, Paola Bono (ed.): <i>Italian Feminist Thought: A Reader</i>, Oxford etc.: Blackwell 1991</li> <li>Francesco Ventrella (ed.): <i>Feminism and Art in Postwar Italy: The Legacy of <a href="/wiki/Carla_Lonzi" title="Carla Lonzi">Carla Lonzi</a></i>, London etc. : Bloomsbury Visual Arts 2022</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ross-2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ross-2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Sarah Gwyneth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8giPf4fOQ5oC&q=italian"><i>The Birth of Feminism: Woman As Intellect in Renaissance Italy and England</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034549" title="Special:BookSources/9780674034549"><bdi>9780674034549</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511130748/https://books.google.com/books?id=8giPf4fOQ5oC&q=italian#v=snippet&q=italian&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Feminism%3A+Woman+As+Intellect+in+Renaissance+Italy+and+England&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674034549&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Gwyneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8giPf4fOQ5oC%26q%3Ditalian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xantippa-helsinki-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xantippa-helsinki_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallarín" class="citation web cs1">Ballarín, Pilar; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/science/xantippa/wee/weetext/wee214.html">"Women's Politics: The Feminist Movement"</a>. <i>Women in the History of Europe</i>. Xantippa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105005642/http://www.helsinki.fi/science/xantippa/wee/weetext/wee214.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women+in+the+History+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Politics%3A+The+Feminist+Movement&rft.aulast=Ballar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Pilar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fscience%2Fxantippa%2Fwee%2Fweetext%2Fwee214.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malagreca-bridgew-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malagreca-bridgew_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malagreca-bridgew_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalagreca2006" class="citation journal cs1">Malagreca, Miguel (May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225061018/http://www.bridgew.edu/SoAS/jiws/May06/ItalianfeminismMiguel.pdf">"Lottiamo Ancora 1: Reviewing One Hundred and Fifty Years of Italian Feminism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of International Women's Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridgew.edu/soas/jiws/May06/ItalianfeminismMiguel.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Lottiamo+Ancora+1%3A+Reviewing+One+Hundred+and+Fifty+Years+of+Italian+Feminism&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Malagreca&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bridgew.edu%2Fsoas%2Fjiws%2FMay06%2FItalianfeminismMiguel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-womenmakenews-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-womenmakenews_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Madelaine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820131333/http://womenmakenews.com/content/story/italy-where-did-all-feminism-go">"Italy: Where did All the Feminism Go?"</a>. Women Make News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenmakenews.com/content/story/italy-where-did-all-feminism-go">the original</a> on 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+Where+did+All+the+Feminism+Go%3F&rft.pub=Women+Make+News&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Madelaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenmakenews.com%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2Fitaly-where-did-all-feminism-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pucacco-berlusconi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pucacco-berlusconi_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPucacco2010" class="citation news cs1">Pucacco, Eloisa Morra (November 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516203225/http://thewip.net/contributors/2010/11/combating_berlusconis_vision_o.html">"Combating Berlusconi's Vision of Women: Italian Feminism 2.0"</a>. <i>The WIP</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewip.net/contributors/2010/11/combating_berlusconis_vision_o.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+WIP&rft.atitle=Combating+Berlusconi%27s+Vision+of+Women%3A+Italian+Feminism+2.0&rft.date=2010-11-16&rft.aulast=Pucacco&rft.aufirst=Eloisa+Morra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewip.net%2Fcontributors%2F2010%2F11%2Fcombating_berlusconis_vision_o.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue_2012_303_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue2012" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Myrna, and James R. Jacob, Margaret C. Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (2012). <i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111831684" title="Special:BookSources/9781111831684"><bdi>9781111831684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781111831684&rft.au=Chase%2C+Myrna%2C+and+James+R.+Jacob%2C+Margaret+C.+Jacob%2C+Theodore+H.+Von+Laue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase,_Myrna,_and_James_R._Jacob,_Margaret_C._Jacob,_Theodore_H._Von_Laue2012" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Myrna, and James R. Jacob, Margaret C. Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (2012). <i>Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society</i>. Cengage Learning. pp. 303, 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111831684" title="Special:BookSources/9781111831684"><bdi>9781111831684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Ideas%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=303%2C+305&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781111831684&rft.au=Chase%2C+Myrna%2C+and+James+R.+Jacob%2C+Margaret+C.+Jacob%2C+Theodore+H.+Von+Laue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross_2010_2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2010_2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_2010_2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Sarah Gwyneth (2010). <i>The Birth of Feminism: woman as intellect in Renaissance Italy and England</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674054530" title="Special:BookSources/9780674054530"><bdi>9780674054530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Feminism%3A+woman+as+intellect+in+Renaissance+Italy+and+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674054530&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Gwyneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Sarah Gwyneth (2010). <i>The Birth of Feminism: woman as intellect in Renaissance Italy and England</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674054530" title="Special:BookSources/9780674054530"><bdi>9780674054530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Feminism%3A+woman+as+intellect+in+Renaissance+Italy+and+England&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780674054530&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Gwyneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_1996_369-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1996_369_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1996_369_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1996" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Robin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sisterh_xxx_1996_00_7746/page/369"><i>Sisterhood is Global: The International Women's Movement Anthology</i></a>. Feminist Press at CUNY. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sisterh_xxx_1996_00_7746/page/369">369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558611603" title="Special:BookSources/9781558611603"><bdi>9781558611603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisterhood+is+Global%3A+The+International+Women%27s+Movement+Anthology&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=Feminist+Press+at+CUNY&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781558611603&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsisterh_xxx_1996_00_7746%2Fpage%2F369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judith_Jeffrey_Howard_1977_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Jeffrey Howard, "The Civil Code of 1865 and the Origins of the Feminist Movement in Italy", in The Italian Immigrant Woman in North America, eds. <a href="/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli" title="Betty Boyd Caroli">Betty Boyd Caroli</a>, Robert F. Harney and Lydio F. Thomasi (Toronto: The Multicultural History Society of Ontario, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport2001" class="citation book cs1">Rappaport, Helen (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers, Volume 1</i>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 60–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071014" title="Special:BookSources/9781576071014"><bdi>9781576071014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+Social+Reformers%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=60-1&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781576071014&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2010" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Helene (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zsvhjzFzeIC&q=switzerland+universities+women+1867&pg=PA113"><i>Higher Education of Women in Europe</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86741-434-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86741-434-0"><bdi>978-3-86741-434-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+of+Women+in+Europe&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-86741-434-0&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Helene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zsvhjzFzeIC%26q%3Dswitzerland%2Buniversities%2Bwomen%2B1867%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grazia,_V._1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grazia,_V._1992_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">de Grazia, V. (1992). How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922–1945. USA: University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526121949/http://www.lomb.cgil.it/8marzo/8marzo99/voto.htm">"CGIL Lombardia - il voto alle donne"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lomb.cgil.it/8marzo/8marzo99/voto.htm">the original</a> on 2008-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CGIL+Lombardia+-+il+voto+alle+donne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lomb.cgil.it%2F8marzo%2F8marzo99%2Fvoto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot2018-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot2018_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Foot2018" class="citation book cs1">John Foot (17 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXtADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT183"><i>The Archipelago: Italy Since 1945</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 183–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4351-2"><bdi>978-1-4088-4351-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archipelago%3A+Italy+Since+1945&rft.pages=183-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-05-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-4351-2&rft.au=John+Foot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXtADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atene-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atene_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ateneonline-aol.it/060117ric.php">Rifiuto il matrimonio dopo lo stupro</a>(in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722024537/http://www.ateneonline-aol.it/060117ric.php">Archived</a> 22 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marta Boneschi, <i>Di testa loro</i>. Essay on ten women that changed the Italian culture in the 20th century (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibs.it/code/9788804514305/boneschi-marta/testa-loro-dieci.html">[1]</a>, in Italian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029161214/http://www.ibs.it/code/9788804514305/boneschi-marta/testa-loro-dieci.html">Archived</a> 29 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraniz2005" class="citation book cs1">Craniz, Guido (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mobVN9vSUVsC&pg=PA252"><i>Storia del miracolo italiano: culture, identità, trasformazioni fra anni cinquanta e sessanta</i></a>. Donzelli Editore. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788879899451" title="Special:BookSources/9788879899451"><bdi>9788879899451</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+miracolo+italiano%3A+culture%2C+identit%C3%A0%2C+trasformazioni+fra+anni+cinquanta+e+sessanta&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Donzelli+Editore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788879899451&rft.aulast=Craniz&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmobVN9vSUVsC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BondanellaBondanella2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BondanellaBondanella2001_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondanellaJulia_Conway_BondanellaJody_Robin_Shiffman2001" class="citation book cs1">Bondanella, Peter; Julia Conway Bondanella; Jody Robin Shiffman (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_q9BAwI-11YC&pg=PA207"><i>Cassell Dictionary of Italian Literature</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70464-4"><bdi>978-0-304-70464-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107110525/https://books.google.com/books?id=_q9BAwI-11YC&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell+Dictionary+of+Italian+Literature&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70464-4&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Julia+Conway+Bondanella&rft.au=Jody+Robin+Shiffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_q9BAwI-11YC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1nplusonemag.com-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1nplusonemag.com_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1nplusonemag.com_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nplusonemag.com/more-smiles-more-money">"More Smiles, More Money"</a>, <i>N+1 Magazine</i>, August 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F&S-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-F&S_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTronti1962" class="citation web cs1">Tronti, Mario (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://operaismoinenglish.wordpress.com/2013/06/13/factory-and-society/">"Factory and Society"</a>. <i>Operaismo in English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Operaismo+in+English&rft.atitle=Factory+and+Society&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Tronti&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foperaismoinenglish.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F06%2F13%2Ffactory-and-society%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.generation-online.org" class="citation web cs1">www.generation-online.org, Mariarosa Dalla Costa + EE + AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdallacosta1.htm">"The door to the garden"</a>. <i>www.generation-online.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510080344/http://www.generation-online.org/p/fpdallacosta1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.generation-online.org&rft.atitle=The+door+to+the+garden&rft.aulast=www.generation-online.org&rft.aufirst=Mariarosa+Dalla+Costa+%2B+EE+%2B+AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generation-online.org%2Fp%2Ffpdallacosta1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nplusonemag.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nplusonemag.com_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nplusonemag.com/more-smiles-more-money">"More Smiles? More Money"</a>. 25 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407015044/http://nplusonemag.com/more-smiles-more-money">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Smiles%3F+More+Money&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnplusonemag.com%2Fmore-smiles-more-money&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2008" class="citation journal cs1">James, Selma (2008). "Is Transformation Possible? They Say We Can't. We Must". <i>Off Our Backs</i>. <b>38</b> (1). Off Our Backs. Inc: 42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20838923">20838923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Off+Our+Backs&rft.atitle=Is+Transformation+Possible%3F+They+Say+We+Can%27t.+We+Must.&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=42&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20838923%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Selma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/493052/IPOL-FEMM_NT%282014%29493052_EN.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004439/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2014/493052/IPOL-FEMM_NT%282014%29493052_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fetudes%2Fnote%2Fjoin%2F2014%2F493052%2FIPOL-FEMM_NT%25282014%2529493052_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A-HRC-20-16-Add2_en.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042843/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/RegularSession/Session20/A-HRC-20-16-Add2_en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FHRBodies%2FHRCouncil%2FRegularSession%2FSession20%2FA-HRC-20-16-Add2_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ginsborg2003-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ginsborg2003_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsborg2003" class="citation book cs1">Ginsborg, Paul (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uhgRA9j9FOwC&pg=PA370"><i>A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics, 1943-1988</i></a>. 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Treaties.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906035454/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surt.org%2Fgvei%2Fdocs%2Fnational_report_italy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diritto24.ilsole24ore.com/guidaAlDiritto/codici/codicePenale/articolo/716/art-587-omicidio-e-lesione-personale-a-causa-di-onore.html">"Omicidio e lesione personale a causa di onore"</a>. <i>Diritto24</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235337/http://www.diritto24.ilsole24ore.com/guidaAlDiritto/codici/codicePenale/articolo/716/art-587-omicidio-e-lesione-personale-a-causa-di-onore.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, vol. 13, 2007, pp. 273–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pirro-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pirro_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirro2009" class="citation book cs1">Pirro, Deirdre (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kK7y_GFLujkC&pg=PA94"><i>Italian Sketches: The Faces of Modern Italy</i></a>. Prato: The Florentine Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788890243448" title="Special:BookSources/9788890243448"><bdi>9788890243448</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Journal+of+European+Law&rft.atitle=Rape%2C+Blue+Jeans%2C+and+Judicial+Developments+in+Italy&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Faedi&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjel.net%2Fonline%2F16_1-faedi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/italian-court-reverses-tight-jeans-rape-ruling-26464014.html">"Italian court reverses 'tight jeans' rape ruling"</a>. <i>independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruling+on+Tight+Jeans+and+Rape+Sets+Off+Anger+in+Italy&rft.date=1999-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F02%2F16%2Fworld%2Fruling-on-tight-jeans-and-rape-sets-off-anger-in-italy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/06007l.htm">Italian Law n°7 1/9/2006, <i>Disposizioni concernenti la prevenzione e il divieto delle pratiche di mutilazione genitale femminile</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090516184201/http://www.parlamento.it/leggi/06007l.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 23 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://local12.com/news/around-the-web/italian-court-rules-babies-shouldnt-automatically-be-given-fathers-last-name-cincinnati-surnames-both-parents-mother-">"Italian court rules babies shouldn't automatically be given father's last name"</a>. <i>WKRC</i>. May 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WKRC&rft.atitle=Italian+court+rules+babies+shouldn%27t+automatically+be+given+father%27s+last+name&rft.date=2022-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flocal12.com%2Fnews%2Faround-the-web%2Fitalian-court-rules-babies-shouldnt-automatically-be-given-fathers-last-name-cincinnati-surnames-both-parents-mother-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/doubling-up-italian-children-should-get-both-parents-surnames-court-says-2022-04-27/">"Doubling up: Italian children should get both parents' surnames, court says"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. April 27, 2022 – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Doubling+up%3A+Italian+children+should+get+both+parents%27+surnames%2C+court+says&rft.date=2022-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdoubling-up-italian-children-should-get-both-parents-surnames-court-says-2022-04-27%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminism+in+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminism_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_in_Europe" title="Template:Feminism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Feminism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminism_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminism_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminism in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a 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