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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-简介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#简介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>简介</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-简介-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-单变量分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#单变量分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>单变量分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-单变量分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">误差</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。20种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_i_residus" title="Errors i residus – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Errors i residus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B6rgr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_und_Residuum" title="Störgröße und Residuum – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Störgröße und Residuum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals" title="Errors and residuals – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Errors and residuals" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="خطاها و باقیمانده‌ها – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خطاها و باقیمانده‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sidu_(statistiques)" title="Résidu (statistiques) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résidu (statistiques)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hib%C3%A1k_%C3%A9s_rezidu%C3%A1lisok" title="Hibák és reziduálisok – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hibák és reziduálisok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galat" title="Galat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="誤差 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="誤差" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%B0%A8%EC%99%80_%EC%9E%94%EC%B0%A8" title="오차와 잔차 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오차와 잔차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsitiktin%C4%97_paklaida" title="Atsitiktinė paklaida – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atsitiktinė paklaida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralat" title="Ralat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ralat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachunek_b%C5%82%C4%99d%C3%B3w" title="Rachunek błędów – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rachunek błędów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_dos_erros" title="Teoria dos erros – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teoria dos erros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" title="Errors and residuals in statistics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Errors and residuals in statistics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" title="Errors and residuals in statistics – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Errors and residuals in statistics" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumpfel" title="Slumpfel – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slumpfel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_terimi" title="Hata terimi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hata terimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Похибки та залишки – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Похибки та залишки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-chha" title="Cheng-chha – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-chha" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%98%E5%B7%AE%E5%90%8C%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="殘差同誤差 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="殘差同誤差" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1502698#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a>系列条目</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Linear_regression.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linear_regression.svg/220px-Linear_regression.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linear_regression.svg/330px-Linear_regression.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Linear_regression.svg/440px-Linear_regression.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="289" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 模型</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="線性回歸">線性回歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="簡單線性迴歸">简单线性回归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a>（OLS）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%A1%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="多项式回归">多项式回归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般线性模型">一般线性模型</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="廣義線性模型">廣義線性模式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="离散选择" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Discrete choice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="离散选择（页面不存在）">离散选择</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_choice" class="extiw" title="en:Discrete choice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Discrete choice</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">对数几率回归</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多项罗吉特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multinomial logit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%A1%B9%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多项罗吉特（页面不存在）">多项罗吉特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_logit" class="extiw" title="en:Multinomial logit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multinomial logit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">混合罗吉特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波比模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Probit model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%AF%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波比模型（页面不存在）">波比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probit_model" class="extiw" title="en:Probit model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Probit model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多项式波比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multinomial probit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%A1%B9%E5%BC%8F%E6%B3%A2%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多项式波比（页面不存在）">多项式波比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinomial_probit" class="extiw" title="en:Multinomial probit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multinomial probit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="排序性模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ordered logit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排序性模型（页面不存在）">排序性模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_logit" class="extiw" title="en:Ordered logit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ordered logit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有序波比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ordered probit"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%BA%8F%E6%B3%A2%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有序波比（页面不存在）">有序波比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_probit" class="extiw" title="en:Ordered probit"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ordered probit</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="泊松回归">泊松回归</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="等级线性模型">等级线性模型</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="固定效应模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fixed effects model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固定效应模型（页面不存在）">固定效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_effects_model" class="extiw" title="en:Fixed effects model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fixed effects model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="随机效应模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Random effects model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="随机效应模型（页面不存在）">随机效应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_effects_model" class="extiw" title="en:Random effects model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Random effects model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="混合模型 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mixed model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混合模型 (統計學)（页面不存在）">混合模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_model" class="extiw" title="en:Mixed model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mixed model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非线性回归">非线性回归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非参数回归">非参数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="半参数回归">半参数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="稳健回归">稳健</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="分位數迴歸">分位数迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%BA%8F%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="保序回归">保序回归</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="主成分回归">主成分</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%A7%92%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="最小角回归">最小角</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="局部回归" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%80%E9%83%A8%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="局部回归（页面不存在）">局部</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Local regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B5%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="分段回归">分段</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="含误差变量模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Errors-in-variables models"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%AB%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="含误差变量模型（页面不存在）">含误差变量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errors-in-variables_models" class="extiw" title="en:Errors-in-variables models"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Errors-in-variables models</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 估计</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="最小二乘法">最小二乘法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="最小二乘法">线性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="偏最小二乘回归">偏最小二乘回归</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="总体最小二乘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Total least squares"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="总体最小二乘（页面不存在）">总体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_least_squares" class="extiw" title="en:Total least squares"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Total least squares</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="广义最小二乘法">广义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="最小二乘法">加权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="非线性最小二乘法">非线性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非负最小二乘法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-negative least squares"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E8%B4%9F%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非负最小二乘法（页面不存在）">非负</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-negative_least_squares" class="extiw" title="en:Non-negative least squares"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-negative least squares</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重复再加权最小二乘法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iteratively reweighted least squares"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%86%8D%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%83%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重复再加权最小二乘法（页面不存在）">重复再加权</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteratively_reweighted_least_squares" class="extiw" title="en:Iteratively reweighted least squares"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iteratively reweighted least squares</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%B4%AA%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%AD%A3%E5%88%99%E5%8C%96" title="吉洪诺夫正则化">脊迴歸（嶺迴歸）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasso%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="Lasso算法">LASSO</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最小绝对值导数法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Least absolute deviations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%80%BC%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最小绝对值导数法（页面不存在）">最小绝对值导数法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_absolute_deviations" class="extiw" title="en:Least absolute deviations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Least absolute deviations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝叶斯线性回归" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayesian linear regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯线性回归（页面不存在）">贝叶斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian linear regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayesian linear regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="贝叶斯多元线性回归">贝叶斯多元</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 背景</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="回归模型驗證" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regression model validation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回归模型驗證（页面不存在）">回归模型驗證</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_model_validation" class="extiw" title="en:Regression model validation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regression model validation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平均响应和预测响应" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mean and predicted response"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%92%8C%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B%E5%93%8D%E5%BA%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平均响应和预测响应（页面不存在）">平均响应和预测响应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_and_predicted_response" class="extiw" title="en:Mean and predicted response"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mean and predicted response</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">误差和残差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BC%98%E5%BA%A6" title="拟合优度">拟合优度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学生化残差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Studentized residual"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%AE%8B%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学生化残差（页面不存在）">学生化残差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentized_residual" class="extiw" title="en:Studentized residual"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Studentized residual</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%96%AF-%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="高斯-马尔可夫定理">高斯-马尔可夫定理</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal-puzzle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Portal:概率与统计">概率与统计主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F" title="Template:回归侧栏"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:回归侧栏（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:回归侧栏"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="统计学">统计学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E5%8C%96" title="最优化">最优化</a>中，<b>误差</b>（error）和<b>残差</b>（residual）是两个相近但有区别的概念，二者均是统计样本中某一元素的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="观测值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="observed value"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%82%E6%B5%8B%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="观测值（页面不存在）">观测值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/observed_value" class="extiw" title="en:observed value"><span lang="en" dir="auto">observed value</span></a></span>）</span></span>与其“真值”（未必可直接观测得到）之间的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%B7%AE" title="离差">离差</a>的度量。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a>的<b>误差</b>是观测值与相关量（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a>平均值）的真值之间的差值。<b>残差</b>是观测值与统计量的估计值（例如<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="样本均值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sample mean"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%9D%87%E5%80%BC" title="样本均值">样本均值</a></span></span>）之间的差值。这种区别在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a>中至关重要，回归分析中，这些概念有时称为<b>回归误差</b>（regression errors）和<b>回归残差</b>（regression residuals），它们引出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学生化残差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="studentized residual"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%AE%8B%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学生化残差（页面不存在）">学生化残差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/studentized_residual" class="extiw" title="en:studentized residual"><span lang="en" dir="auto">studentized residual</span></a></span>）</span></span>的概念。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="计量经济学">计量经济学</a>中，误差也称为扰动（disturbances）。<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_2008_p._576_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy_2008_p._576-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wooldridge_2019_p._57_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wooldridge_2019_p._57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Das_2019_p._7_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das_2019_p._7-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="简介"><span id=".E7.AE.80.E4.BB.8B"></span>简介</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：简介"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>假设有一系列取自<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="单变量分布" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="univariate distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%8F%98%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单变量分布（页面不存在）">单变量分布</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/univariate_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:univariate distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">univariate distribution</span></a></span>）</span></span>的观察结果，我们想要估计该分布的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均值</a>。此时，误差是观测值与总体均值的偏差，而残差是观测值与样本均值的偏差。 </p><p><b>统计误差</b>（statistical error）是观察值与其<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC" title="期望值">期望值</a>的差异程度，而期望值基于随机选择统计单位的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a>。例如，如果21岁男性的平均身高为1.75米，而随机选出的一名男性身高为1.80米，则“误差”为0.05米；如果随机选出男性人身高1.70米，则“误差”为-0.05 米。期望值是整个总体的均值，通常是无法观测的，因此统计误差也无从知晓。 </p><p>而<b>残差</b>（residual）是对无法观测的统计误差的可观测估计。在上述的男性身高的例子中，假设我们随机抽取n个人作为样本。样本均值可以很好地估计总体均值。此时： </p> <ul><li>样本中每个人的身高与无法观测的总体均值之间的差值是统计误差，</li> <li>样本中每个人的身高与可观测的样本均值之间的差值是残差。</li></ul> <p>注意，由于样本均值的定义，随机样本内的残差之和必然为零，因此残差必然不是相互独立的。而统计误差是独立的，它们在随机样本中的总和几乎肯定不为零。 </p><p>统计误差（尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="正态分布">正态分布</a>的）的数值可以用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a>（或“z分数”）来标准化，而残差可以用<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="t统计量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="t-statistic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T统计量（页面不存在）">t统计量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/t-statistic" class="extiw" title="en:t-statistic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">t-statistic</span></a></span>）</span></span>，或更一般的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学生化残差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="studentized residuals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%AE%8B%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学生化残差（页面不存在）">学生化残差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/studentized_residuals" class="extiw" title="en:studentized residuals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">studentized residuals</span></a></span>）</span></span>来标准化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="单变量分布"><span id=".E5.8D.95.E5.8F.98.E9.87.8F.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>单变量分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：单变量分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>假定有一个均值为<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58896141">.mw-parser-output .serif{font-family:Times,serif}</style><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">μ</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a>为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">σ</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%80%81%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="正态分布">正态分布</a>总体，从中随机选择个体，得到样本： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}\sim N\left(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}\right)\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>∼</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}\sim N\left(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}\right)\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49ab55ea429cb225df2b7f1c0ac9834d007dfbe0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:24.186ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{1},\dots ,X_{n}\sim N\left(\mu ,\sigma ^{2}\right)\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术平均数">样本均值</a>为 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}={X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n} \over n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>⋯</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}={X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n} \over n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d8cb1f624d4284a67824c73ccce64933b9823110" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.591ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}={X_{1}+\cdots +X_{n} \over n}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>它是一个随机变量分布，服从： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}\sim N\left(\mu ,{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n}}\right).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>∼</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}\sim N\left(\mu ,{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n}}\right).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e18ab4cfa1ecc1e16b9d82a36ab2ce9d2b0ef311" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:17.792ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {X}}\sim N\left(\mu ,{\frac {\sigma ^{2}}{n}}\right).}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其统计误差为： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{i}=X_{i}-\mu ,\,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{i}=X_{i}-\mu ,\,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/21922fac588f8575935a22418ac103af9671e63d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.982ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{i}=X_{i}-\mu ,\,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC" title="期望值">期望值</a>为0，<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而残差为： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{i}=X_{i}-{\overline {X}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>X</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{i}=X_{i}-{\overline {X}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b07eafb01c7e0764f4815e15a2ecc8285336c22f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.289ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{i}=X_{i}-{\overline {X}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>统计误差的平方和除以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>σ</i><sup>2</sup></span></span>，得到<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a>为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">n</span></span>的卡方分布： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}e_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n}^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>∼</mo> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}e_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n}^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8022e0c14e2ec5f73afcdabe43b2edd0f4efc03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:15.907ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}e_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n}^{2}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p>然而，因为总体均值未知，这个数量是不可观测的。但是，残差的平方和是可观测的。该总和除以<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>σ</i><sup>2</sup></span></span>的商是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> - 1</span></span>自由度的卡方分布： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}r_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n-1}^{2}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>σ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <munderover> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </munderover> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>∼</mo> <msubsup> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}r_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n-1}^{2}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f156f97ae7cd6bbbb186c8e47782c31d04d5793d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:17.972ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sigma ^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}r_{i}^{2}\sim \chi _{n-1}^{2}.}"></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a>为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;margin-left:2px;margin-right:2px;">n</span></span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58896141"><span class="serif"><span class="texhtml"><i>n</i> - 1</span></span>之间的区别是对总体（均值、方差未知）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a>估计值的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝塞尔校正" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bessel's correction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝塞尔校正（页面不存在）">贝塞尔校正</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%27s_correction" class="extiw" title="en:Bessel's correction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bessel's correction</span></a></span>）</span></span>。若总体均值已知，则无需进行校正。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">数学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%B7%AE" title="离差">离差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%8B%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3" title="错误检测与纠正">错误检测与纠正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E8%8C%83%E5%9B%B4" title="误差范围">误差范围</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="平均绝对误差">平均绝对误差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="测量误差">测量误差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="误差传播">误差传播</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="概然误差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Probable error"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概然误差（页面不存在）">概然误差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probable_error" class="extiw" title="en:Probable error"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Probable error</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="回归稀释偏倚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regression dilution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8A%E5%81%8F%E5%80%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回归稀释偏倚（页面不存在）">回归稀释偏倚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_dilution" class="extiw" title="en:Regression dilution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regression dilution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E6%96%B9%E6%A0%B9%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="均方根误差">均方根误差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3%E8%AA%A4%E5%B7%AE" title="抽樣誤差">抽样误差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="标准误差">标准误差</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学生化残差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Studentized residual"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%AE%8B%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学生化残差（页面不存在）">学生化残差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studentized_residual" class="extiw" title="en:Studentized residual"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Studentized residual</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%80%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%88%87%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="型一錯誤與型二錯誤">型一錯誤與型二錯誤</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy_2008_p._576-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_2008_p._576_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kennedy, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712102225/https://books.google.com/books?id=69MDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA576">A Guide to Econometrics</a>. Wiley. 2008: 576 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-8257-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-8257-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4051-8257-7</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69MDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA576">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Econometrics&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8257-7&rft.pages=576&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69MDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA576&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wooldridge_2019_p._57-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wooldridge_2019_p._57_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wooldridge, J.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712102159/https://books.google.com/books?id=TONhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach</a>. Cengage Learning. 2019: 57 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-337-67133-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-337-67133-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-337-67133-0</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TONhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft.aulast=Wooldridge&rft.btitle=Introductory+Econometrics%3A+A+Modern+Approach&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-337-67133-0&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTONhEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das_2019_p._7-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das_2019_p._7_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Das, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712102159/https://books.google.com/books?id=rK6tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Econometrics in Theory and Practice: Analysis of Cross Section, Time Series and Panel Data with Stata 15.1</a>. Springer Singapore. 2019: 7 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-05-13</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-981-329-019-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-981-329-019-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-981-329-019-8</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK6tDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.aulast=Das&rft.btitle=Econometrics+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+Analysis+of+Cross+Section%2C+Time+Series+and+Panel+Data+with+Stata+15.1&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-981-329-019-8&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK6tDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wetherill, G. Barrie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intermediatestat0000weth">Intermediate statistical methods</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. London: Chapman and Hall. 1981. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-412-16440-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-412-16440-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-412-16440-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/7779780"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 7779780</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.au=Wetherill%2C+G.+Barrie.&rft.btitle=Intermediate+statistical+methods&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-412-16440-X&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintermediatestat0000weth&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7779780&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Cook, R. Dennis; Weisberg, Sanford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220406235448/http://www.stat.umn.edu/rir/">Residuals and Influence in Regression.</a> Repr. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_and_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman and Hall（页面不存在）">Chapman and Hall</a>. 1982 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/041224280X" title="Special:网络书源/041224280X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 041224280X</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.umn.edu/rir/">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.au=Weisberg%2C+Sanford&rft.aufirst=R.+Dennis&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.btitle=Residuals+and+Influence+in+Regression.&rft.date=1982&rft.edition=Repr.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=041224280X&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.umn.edu%2Frir%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_R._Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David R. Cox（页面不存在）">Cox, David R.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joyce_Snell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joyce Snell（页面不存在）">Snell, E. Joyce</a>. A general definition of residuals. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society,_Series_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B（页面不存在）">Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B</a>. 1968, <b>30</b> (2): 248–275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2984505"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2984505</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.atitle=A+general+definition+of+residuals&rft.au=Snell%2C+E.+Joyce&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Statistical+Society%2C+Series+B&rft.pages=248-275&rft.volume=30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2984505&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Weisberg, Sanford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712102226/https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrvAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:UMM1U2yvYVUC">Applied Linear Regression</a> 2nd. New York: Wiley. 1985 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2013]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780471879572" title="Special:网络书源/9780471879572"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780471879572</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRrvAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:UMM1U2yvYVUC">原始内容</a>存档于2022-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.btitle=Applied+Linear+Regression&rft.date=1985&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780471879572&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRrvAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Deditions%3AUMM1U2yvYVUC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHazewinkel2001" class="citation">Hazewinkel, Michiel (编), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=p/e036240">Errors, theory of</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="数学百科全书">数学百科全书</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-55608-010-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-55608-010-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-55608-010-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&rft.atitle=Errors%2C+theory+of&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft.aulast=Hazewinkel&rft.btitle=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-55608-010-4&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofmath.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3Dp%2Fe036240&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相關多媒體資源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Errors_and_residuals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Errors and residuals">误差</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">连续概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF" title="集中趋势">集中趋势</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平均数">平均数</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="平方平均数">平方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术平均数">算術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何平均数">幾何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="调和平均数">調和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF-%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="算术-几何平均数">算术-几何</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95-%E8%B0%83%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0" title="几何-调和平均数">几何-调和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B8" title="希羅平均數">希羅</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E6%95%B0%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="平均数不等式">平均数不等式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B8" title="中位數">中位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E6%95%B0_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="众数 (数学)">眾數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E6%95%A3%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="离散程度">离散程度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%B7%9D" title="全距">全距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="变异系数">变异系数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="百分位数">百分位數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E8%B7%9D" title="四分位距">四分位距</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="四分位数">四分位数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%B7%AE" title="標準差">標準差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE" title="方差">方差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E5%B7%AE" title="平均差">平均差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%88%86%E6%95%B8" title="標準分數">標準分數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%AA%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%8F" title="切比雪夫不等式">切比雪夫不等式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="基尼系数">基尼系数</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分布形态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shape of the distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分布形态（页面不存在）">分布形态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Shape of the distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shape of the distribution</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="中心极限定理">中心极限定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9_(%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8)" title="矩 (數學)">矩</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="偏度">偏態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="峰度">峰態</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="概率分布">离散概率</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="次數 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Count data"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E6%95%B8_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次數 (統計學)（页面不存在）">次數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_data" class="extiw" title="en:Count data"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Count data</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>· <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="列聯表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contingency table"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E8%81%94%E8%A1%A8" title="列联表">列聯表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contingency_table" class="extiw" title="en:Contingency table"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contingency table</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/120px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/180px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg/240px-Fisher_iris_versicolor_sepalwidth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a><br />和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假說檢定</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="推論統計學">推論統計學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%B3%B4%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93" title="信賴區間">置信区间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E8%91%97%E6%80%A7%E5%B7%AE%E5%BC%82" title="显著性差异">显著性差异</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">元分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1" title="试验设计">实验设计</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E4%BD%93" title="总体">总体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E6%A8%A3" title="抽樣">抽樣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%8A%BD%E6%A0%B7" title="重抽样">重抽样</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80%E5%88%87%E6%B3%95" title="刀切法">刀切法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A9%E6%B3%95" title="自助法">自助法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89" title="交叉驗證">交叉驗證</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重複 (統計學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Replication (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87_(%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複 (統計學)（页面不存在）">重复</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replication_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Replication (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Replication (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BB%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阻碍（页面不存在）">阻碍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%88%E6%95%8F%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%95%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="靈敏度和特異度">靈敏度和特異度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="區集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blocking (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%80%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="區集（页面不存在）">區集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blocking_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Blocking (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blocking (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="缺失数据">缺失数据</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="样本量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sample size"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="样本量（页面不存在）">样本量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_size" class="extiw" title="en:Sample size"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sample size</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AF%E5%B7%AE" title="标准误差">標準誤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="虛無假說">零假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AB%8B%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="對立假說">备择假设</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%80%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4%E8%88%87%E5%9E%8B%E4%BA%8C%E9%8C%AF%E8%AA%A4" title="型一錯誤與型二錯誤">第一类错误与第二类错误</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="檢定力">统计功效</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94%E5%80%BC" title="效应值">效应值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常规估计</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="贝叶斯推断">贝叶斯推断</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80%E9%96%93%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88" title="區間估計">區間估計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最小距離估計" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Minimum distance estimation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最小距離估計（页面不存在）">最小距離估計</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_distance_estimation" class="extiw" title="en:Minimum distance estimation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Minimum distance estimation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A9%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="矩估计">矩估计</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%97%B4%E8%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大间距（页面不存在）">最大间距</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">假设检验</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="F检验">F檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="卡方检验">卡方检验</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Wald檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wald test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wald%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wald檢定（页面不存在）">Wald檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald_test" class="extiw" title="en:Wald test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wald test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曼-惠特尼檢定" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mann–Whitney U test"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC-%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼-惠特尼檢定（页面不存在）">曼-惠特尼檢定</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Whitney_U_test" class="extiw" title="en:Mann–Whitney U test"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mann–Whitney U test</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="秩和检验（页面不存在）">秩和检验</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="生存分析">生存分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="生存函数">生存函数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%98%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E4%BC%B0%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乘積極限估計量（页面不存在）">乘積極限估計量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8%E7%A7%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對數秩和檢定（页面不存在）">對數秩和檢定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="失效率">失效率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E6%AF%94%E4%BE%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="危險比例模式（页面不存在）">危險比例模式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3_(%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E8%AE%BA)" title="相关 (概率论)">相關</a>及<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BE%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="干擾因素">干擾因素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E7%A7%AF%E7%9F%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="皮尔逊积矩相关系数">皮尔逊積矩相關係數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="等級相關" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rank correlation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等級相關（页面不存在）">等級相關</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_correlation" class="extiw" title="en:Rank correlation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rank correlation</span></a></span>）</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%E7%AD%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" title="斯皮尔曼等级相关系数">斯皮尔曼等级相关系数</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯德等級相關係數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯德等級相關係數（页面不存在）">肯德等級相關係數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_tau_rank_correlation_coefficient" class="extiw" title="en:Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%BA%A6_(%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由度 (统计学)">自由度</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">误差和残差</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E6%AD%B8" title="線性回歸">線性回歸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="線性模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linear model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="線性模型（页面不存在）">線性模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_model" class="extiw" title="en:Linear model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linear model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="一般线性模型">一般线性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="廣義線性模型">廣義線性模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="簡單線性迴歸">簡單線性迴歸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95" title="普通最小二乘法">普通最小二乘法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝叶斯回归" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayesian linear regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯回归（页面不存在）">贝叶斯回归</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_linear_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian linear regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayesian linear regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共變異數分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analysis of covariance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0%E6%95%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共變異數分析（页面不存在）">协方差分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_covariance" class="extiw" title="en:Analysis of covariance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analysis of covariance</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92" title="非线性回归">非线性回归</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nonparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非参数回归模型（页面不存在）">非参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Nonparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nonparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="半参数回归模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semiparametric regression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%8A%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="半参数回归模型（页面不存在）">半参数回归模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiparametric_regression" class="extiw" title="en:Semiparametric regression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semiparametric regression</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%A6%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8" title="邏輯斯諦迴歸">邏輯斯諦迴歸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%9B%BE%E5%BD%A2" title="统计图形">统计图形</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="饼图">饼图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9B%BE" title="条形图">条形图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A0%87%E5%9B%BE" title="双标图">双标图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%9C%96" title="箱形圖">箱形圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%96" title="管制圖">管制圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林圖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest plot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林圖（页面不存在）">森林圖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_plot" class="extiw" title="en:Forest plot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest plot</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%96%B9%E5%9B%BE" title="直方图">直方图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%8D%E5%9C%96" title="分位圖">分位圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="趋势图">趋势图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B8%83%E5%9C%96" title="散布圖">散点图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E8%91%89%E5%9C%96" title="幹葉圖">莖葉圖</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷达图" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radar chart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷达图（页面不存在）">雷达图</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_chart" class="extiw" title="en:Radar chart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radar chart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BA%E6%84%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="示意地圖">示意地圖</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="统计类型" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q47103999"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="统计类型（页面不存在）">统计类型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47103999" class="extiw" title="d:Q47103999"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q47103999</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%87%89%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E6%95%88%E5%BA%A6" title="回應過程效度">回應過程效度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%AA%A4%E7%94%A8" title="統計誤用">統計誤用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:统计学">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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