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<h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117408 apercu surlignable"><p>Discriminatory practices in competition law are understood as the imposition of different conditions to transactions of a similar nature, thereby creating a competitive disadvantage for trading partners. This also applies to situations where identical conditions are imposed on dissimilar transactions. Provisions against discriminatory practices are contained in Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (<i>TFEU</i>), s1 and 2 of the Sherman Act, 1890 along with the Robinson-Patman Act, 1936 (United States) and s4 of the Competition Act, 2002 (India). Discriminatory practices encompass a wide variety of actions including price and non-price practices. There is scope for firms to argue that the discrimination is objectively justified or enhances efficiency. The exact enforcement standard may vary based on the specific nature of the conduct and the jurisdiction involved.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117408 texte surlignable"><p><strong>European Union</strong></p> <p>Under Article 102(c) of the TFEU, an abuse of a dominant position includes “<i>applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage</i>”. This provision targets dominant undertakings that engage in discriminatory sales based on non-price conditions (<i><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=45939&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=516791" class="spip_out" rel="external">C-163/99 Portugal v Commission, C-163/99</a>, and <a href="https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/40461/40461_461_3.pdf" class="spip_out" rel="external">CASE AT.40461 – DE/DK Interconnector</a></i>) or pricing disparities (<i><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32001D0892" class="spip_out" rel="external">COMP/C-1/36.91 Deutsche Post AG — Interception of cross-border mail</a></i>) among comparable customers. It also applies to cases where vertically integrated dominant undertakings favour their own operations (<i><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=43719&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=510227" class="spip_out" rel="external">C-242/95 GT-Link A/S v. De Danke Statsbaner</a></i>). Other forms of discriminatory conditions have also been recognized. The French Competition Authority penalised EssilorLuxotica (<abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><i>Decision No. 21-30/395-199</abbr></i>), a dominant player in the wholesale corrective lenses market, for implementing discriminatory practices which hindered its online sales operation for 12 years, thereby maintaining high prices for the product in the market. Essilor had imposed discriminatory restrictions on electronic commerce operators in terms of deliveries, communication and warranties.</p> <p>The aim of the prohibition against discriminatory practices in the EU is to safeguard fair competition in the internal market, including among the dominant undertaking’s suppliers or customers (<i><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62004CJ0095" class="spip_out" rel="external">CASE C-95/04 P British Airways v Commission</a> and <a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=201264&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=517539" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-525/16 MEO — Serviços de Comunicações e Multimédia SA</a></i>). The prohibition is also applied to situations where equivalent conditions are applied to dissimilar transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage. (<i><a href="https://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/cases/dec_docs/36568/36568_44_4.pdf" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case COMP/A.36.568/D3 Scandlines Sverige v. Port of Helsingborg</a></i>). Discrimination, while critical, is not the sole factor to establish an exclusionary abuse under Article 102(c). The legal framework requires the following to establish such abuse:</p> <ul class="spip" role="list"><li><i> <strong> Discriminatory behaviour</strong>: </i> The determination of discriminatory behaviour requires an assessment of the differences in the treatment of various customers of the dominant undertaking and careful examination of these disparities. (<a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=75798&pageIndex=0&doclang=en&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=569221" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-52/07 Kanal 5 Ltd, TV 4 AB v. Föreningen Svenska</a>); and</li><li> <i> <strong>Distortion of competitive relationships</strong> </i>: Beyond identifying discriminatory behaviour, it is essential to demonstrate how the behaviour in question distorts competitive dynamics. In essence, this means proving that the conduct hampers the competitive position of some business partners in comparison to others from the perspective of the dominant undertaking. (<a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=201264&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=517539" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case C-525/16 MEO — Serviços de Comunicações e Multimédia SA</a>)</li></ul> <p>The onus is on the dominant entity concerned to raise any plea of objective justification for discriminatory behaviour and to support it with arguments and evidence. It then falls to the Commission, which proposes to make a finding of an abuse of a dominant position, to show that the arguments and evidence relied on by the undertaking cannot prevail and, accordingly, that the justification put forward cannot be accepted (<i><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/708/1081/330445/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Case T-301/04 Clearstream Banking AG v Commission [2009] ECR II-3155</i>)</a></p> <p><strong>United States</strong></p> <p>In the United States, discriminatory practices predominantly come under the realm of the Sherman Act. Under certain circumstances, a duty is imposed by §2 of the Sherman Act on monopolists to engage in non-discriminatory trading practices. One such circumstance includes when a monopolist controls an essential service or a bottleneck. (<i><a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/708/1081/330445/" class="spip_out" rel="external">MCI Communications Corp. v. AT&T Co., 708 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir. 1983)</a></i>.</p> <p>There are notable differences in the treatment of discriminatory conduct under the United States Antitrust Law, compared to the European Law. For instance, a firm in the United States with a legally obtained monopoly is free to set its prices and may even limit production to increase prices. The difference in approach is rooted in differing priorities and perspectives among competition authorities; significant differences in interpretation by courts; and divergent philosophies.</p> <p>Additionally, the Robinson-Patman Act, an amendment to the Clayton Act in the United States, was specifically designed to prohibit certain types of unjust price discrimination that harm competition. The Robinson-Patman Act specifically applies to price discrimination, whereas the Sherman Act is focused on monopolisation through exclusionary conduct. As such, the approach in looking at exclusionary price discrimination cases, particularly those involving primary-line injury, under the Robinson-Patman Act has become consistent with the framework that exists for all exclusionary conduct cases under the Sherman Act (<i><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/209/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209 (1993</a></i>).</p> <p>There are two legal defences to alleged Robinson-Patman Act violations: (1) the price difference is justified by different costs in manufacture, sale, or delivery (e.g., volume discounts), or (2) the price concession was given in good faith to meet a competitor’s price.</p> <p>With the rise in discriminatory practices in the digital sector, a bill similar to the Robinson Patman Act (<i><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/2992&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709226214869777&usg=AOvVaw1mHr2Da5DeHkbq2AAHBHx0" class="spip_out" rel="external">The American Innovation and Choice Online Act</a></i>) has been introduced in the United States to prevent large digital platforms from indulging in discriminatory practices like self-preferencing and limiting the availability of competing products on their platform. The goal of the bill is to give equal opportunity to smaller businesses in the digital space.</p> <p><strong>India</strong></p> <p>In India, discriminatory practices are regulated under Section 4(2)(a) of the Competition Act, 2002, from the perspective of both price [under Section 4(2)(a)(ii)] and non-price [under Section 4(2)(a)(i)] related practices. These provisions declare that the imposition of ‘unfair’ or ‘discriminatory’ prices or conditions by a dominant entity, in the purchase or sale of goods or services, whether directly, or indirectly, amounts to an abuse of dominance. Section 4(2)(a) further provides that discriminatory conditions or prices which may be adopted to meet competition are excluded from the above.</p> <p>The Competition Act, 2002, does not specifically define the term discriminatory practices, instead, the ambit and scope of the term are determined according to the facts and circumstances of each case. The legal defence available with the contravening enterprise is to demonstrate that the conduct was adopted with a view to meet the competition. (<i> <i><a href="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.cci.gov.in/antitrust/orders/details/701/0&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1709226262103604&usg=AOvVaw0W86JIFo73obkBCdromx4B" class="spip_out" rel="external">In Re: XYZ and Association of Man Made Fibre Industry of India and Ors. (Case No. 62 of 2016</a>) </i> <i>and Google LLC v Competition Commission of India, Competition Appeal (Appellate Tribunal) No. 1 of 2023</i>)</i></p> <p>In practice, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) has accepted certain objective justifications as defences. For instance, in the context of differential pricing for different customers, the CCI has found that giving better discounts to bulk purchases is an objective justification, with such conduct not being violative of the Competition Act. (<i><a href="http://164.100.58.95/sites/default/files/482011_0.pdf" class="spip_out" rel="external">M/s ESYS Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd. v. Intel Corporation & Ors., Case No. 48 of 2011</a></i>)</p> <p>In India, for a violation under Section 4(2)(a), the legal framework requires the following:</p> <ul class="spip" role="list"><li> <strong>There must be an imposition</strong>: The first element required under Section 4(2)(a) of the Competition Act is an imposition i.e., an element of compulsion where a party is bereft of choices. (<i>DLF Limited v. CCI, COMPAT Appeal No. 20 of 2011</i>).</li><li> There must be a discriminatory condition: The second element required under Section 4(2)(a) of the Competition Act is that there must exist a discriminatory condition. In order to establish a discriminatory condition, two factors must be demonstrated (<i>Schott Glass India Pvt Ltd v CCI, COMPAT Appeal No. 91-92 of 2012</i>): <ul class="spip" role="list"><li> It must be shown that similar transactions are being treated differently; and</li><li> Harm or likely harm to competitive dynamics.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Finally, conditions or prices adopted to meet competition are not treated as discriminatory. Section 4(2)(a) of the Competition Act is more or less similar to the prohibition under Article 102(a) of the TFEU with the CCI often following a similar approach to the one adopted in the EU.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117408 reference"><p>Case C-525/16 - <i> <strong>MEO – Serviços de Comunicações e Multimédia SA v Autoridade da Concorrência</strong> </i> - Order Dated: 19.04.2018</p> <p>Case C-95/04 P <strong> <i>British Airways plc v. Commission of the European Communities</i> </strong>- Order Dated: 15.03.2007</p> <p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/209/" class="spip_out" rel="external"><i> <strong>Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp</strong> </i>.</a>, 509 U.S. 209 (1993)</p> <p><strong>Schott Glass India Pvt Ltd v CCI</strong>, COMPAT Appeal No. 91-92 of 2012- Order Dated-02.04.2014</p> <p><strong>XYZ Vs. Alphabet Inc. and Others</strong>, Case No. 7 of 2020- Order dated 09.11.2020</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117408 jurisprudence"><p>Richard Whish and David Bailey, Competition Law (10th edn, Oxford University Press 2021), Chapter 17 and 18.</p> <p>Van Bael & Bellis (ed), Competition Law of the European Union (6th edn, Kluwer Law International 2021), Chapter 8.</p> <p>S M Dugar, Guide to Competition Law (Commentary on the Competition Act, 2002 MRTP Act,1969 & the Consumer Protection Act, 1986) (8th edn, LexisNexis 2020), Volume I.</p> <p>Spencer Weber Waller, ‘The Omega Man or the Isolation of U.S. Antitrust Law’ (2020) 52, Connecticut Law Review 123.</p> <p>Lena Hornkohl, ‘Article 102 TFEU, Equal Treatment and Discrimination after Google Shopping’ (2022) 13 Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 99.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/tilottama-raychaudhuri" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/tilottama-ray-chaudhuri-3-b932b.jpg?1711366812) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Tilottama Raychaudhuri </span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, Kolkata</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">India</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>2538</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Tilottama Raychaudhuri, </span> <span class="entry-title">Discriminatory practices</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86661</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2555</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86661 texte surlignable"><p>See <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en" class="spip_in">Price discrimination</a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XvQhWtu5E7B6owUh7zOTKlMo3u0651Gav5HumAYMAv/Zhlrb6JQy89a6UpunP96FwI61uS+XiQ/DAVmUoT0MutRTLwJDvoPUw6+aS4ZGDalLzG9i3InANHkPS0zm73spBnLEaFWcizS87WhqeFG6wQM9UgMeU2PSW63gSKou5cUczbEEDR+tGXbAOCWh/J8mGzz+LxnbhNXnEJvmErPkPLWksRU1unUoEM/dY0KMEzm2Qc6tdlh+fBfokKDGEaV1nXwaxQYcA2Ot964qNv9spoN04BrHBNZvVQyYb47cqpVLQdAoRy29Ec9v3AstAqeqlj8AcsBlpxDGK0z4LPsRbrdS4B8Vrl4E+mg18zNW/QKg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2000/the-eu-court-of-first-instance-affirms-a-decision-to-dismiss-claims-of-a-abuse" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of First Instance affirms a decision to dismiss claims of a abuse of dominance in the glass manufacturing market on the basis that there was no dominance in the relevant market <em>(Kish Glass / Pilkington)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T14:03:03Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121937 introduction entry-content"> <p>In March 2000, the Court of First Instance affirmed the Commission’s decision of February 1996 rejecting a complaint from Kish Glass & Co. Ltd. (“Kish Glass”) that Pilkington United Kingdom Ltd. (“Pilkington”) had abused a dominant position on the Irish market for 4mm float glass. (Case (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irish-competition-authority">Irish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-irish-competition-authority-joins-eu-consumer-authorities-in-calling-on-a" rel="bookmark">The Irish Competition Authority joins EU consumer authorities in calling on a Big Tech firm to stop geo-blocking on its services <em>(Apple)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121808 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCPC joins EU consumer authorities in calling on Apple to stop geo-blocking on its services* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission, alongside fellow European consumer authorities, is calling on Apple to stop geo-blocking on its services. <br class='autobr' /> The call comes following an (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-b-schwartz">David B. Schwartz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rebecca-a-d-nelson-221963">Rebecca A. D. Nelson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emilee-hargis">Emilee L. Hargis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephen-scannell">Stephen Scannell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-western-district-of-washington-highlights-risks" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Western District of Washington highlights risks and impacts from using pricing algorithms in a case brought by the FTC against a Big Tech company <em>(Amazon)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-29T22:00:00Z">30 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121081 introduction entry-content"> <p>Not Just Al Gore’s Rhythm: The FTC and State Case Against Amazon Highlights Risks and Impacts from Using Pricing Algorithms* <br class='autobr' /> Both the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division have focused their sights on big technology companies. Understanding the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-moves-its-supermarket-inquiry-into-the" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority moves its supermarket inquiry into the next phase after hearing consumer and supplier concerns</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120786 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC Supermarkets Inquiry moves into next phase after hearing consumer and supplier concerns* <br class='autobr' /> Many Australian consumers and grocery suppliers have told the ACCC they are concerned that some of Australia’s supermarket retailers have considerable market power and are engaging in practices which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/tv-rights-the-french-supreme-court-rejects-a-television-channel-s-appeal-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Broadcasting rights</strong>: The French Supreme Court rejects a television channel’s appeal to annul the initial call for bids and organize a new process in the disputed award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 matches <em>(Groupe Canal + / LFP1)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120804 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 25, 2024, the Commercial Chamber of the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) handed down another ruling (Appeal no. E 22-19.527) in the saga of the award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 soccer matches for the 2020 to 2024 seasons, marked, it will be remembered, by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/tv-rights-the-french-supreme-court-censures-the-decision-of-the-paris-court-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Broadcasting rights</strong> : The French Supreme Court censures the decision of the Paris Court of Appeal rejecting the broadcasters’ claims in the case of the disputed award of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 matches <em>(Amazon / Groupe Canal + / beIN Sports)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z">25 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120992 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 25, 2024, the Commercial Chamber of the French Supreme Court handed down a ruling in the saga of the awarding of television broadcasting rights for Ligue 1 soccer matches for the 2020 to 2024 seasons, marked, it will be remembered, by Mediapro’s default and the award of the lots (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-doj-files-a-lawsuit-against-a-payment-card-services-company-for" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ files a lawsuit against a payment card services company for illegally monopolizing debit markets <em>(Visa)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120739 introduction entry-content"> <p>Justice Department Sues Visa for Monopolizing Debit Markets* <br class='autobr' /> Visa’s Exclusionary and Anticompetitive Conduct Undermines Choice and Innovation in Payments and Imposes Enormous Costs on Consumers, Merchants, and the American Economy <br class='autobr' /> The Justice Department filed a civil antitrust lawsuit today (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/chilean-competition-authority-132330">Chilean Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-chilean-competition-court-fines-a-company-for-abuse-of-its-dominant" rel="bookmark">The Chilean Competition Court fines a company for abuse of its dominant position in the distribution of electrical energy <em>(Independencia / CGE)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-12T22:00:00Z">13 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120953 introduction entry-content"> <p>Judgment No. 195-2024: Court for the Defense of Free Competition partially accepts the lawsuit filed by Constructora Independencia SA and others against Compañía General de Electricidad SA* <br class='autobr' /> By judgment of September 12, 2024, in case Rol CN° 417-21, the Tribunal de Defensa de la Libre (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-eur2-4b-fine-imposed-on-a-big-tech-company" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the €2.4B fine imposed on a Big Tech company for abuse of its dominant position by favouring its own comparison shopping service in landmark judgment <em>(Google Shopping)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120578 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Court of Justice upholds the fine of €2.4 billion imposed on Google for abuse of its dominant position by favouring its own comparison shopping service* <br class='autobr' /> The appeal lodged by Google and Alphabet is dismissed <br class='autobr' /> In 2017, the Commission imposed a fine of approximately €2.4 billion on Google (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/self-preferencing-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-dismisses-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Self-preferencing</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union dismisses the appeal and upholds the fine of €2.4 billion imposed by the Commission, ruling that unequal treatment through self-referencing is an autonomous form of abuse and confirming that the practices implemented to the detriment of competing comparison platforms did not constitute competition on the merits <em>(Google Shopping)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120605 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 10, 2024, the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice handed down its judgment in the Google Shopping case.. <br class='autobr' /> It dismissed the appeal lodged by Google LLC and its parent company Alphabet Inc. against thejudgment delivered by the General Court on November 10, 2021 in case T-612/17 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-ahlborn-1759">Christian Ahlborn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marti-micolau">María Micolau Martí</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-a-eur2-4b-fine-against-a-search-engine-for-self" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds a €2.4B fine against a search engine for self-preferencing <em>(Google Shopping)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120783 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Court of Justice released its long-awaited judgment in the Google Shopping saga last week, finally putting to bed close to fifteen years’ of scrutiny into Google’s practices of favouring its own comparison shopping service (Google Shopping) over rival shopping services. <br class='autobr' /> In its (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niharika-parshurampuria">Niharika Parshurampuria</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-a-eur2-4b-fine-imposed-on-a-big-tech-company" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds a €2.4B fine imposed on a Big Tech company for self-preferencing by favouring its own comparison shopping service <em>(Google Shopping)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121055 introduction entry-content"> <p>Background <br class='autobr' /> In June 2017, the Commission fined Google € 2.42 billion for abusing its dominant position in national search markets. The Commission found that Google had (i) given an unlawful advantage to its own comparison-shopping service (“CSS”) by prominently displaying the Google CSS in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/us-federal-trade-commission-201488">US Federal Trade Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-ftc-and-the-state-of-arizona-attorney-general-file-a-complaint-against" rel="bookmark">The US FTC and the State of Arizona Attorney General file a complaint against an automotive retail company for deceptive pricing and discriminatory practices <em>(Coulter)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-14T22:00:00Z">15 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120305 introduction entry-content"> <p>FTC, State of Arizona Take Action Against Coulter Motor Company for Deceptive Pricing and Discriminatory Practices* <br class='autobr' /> FTC and Arizona AG charged dealership and key employee with using bogus online pricing to entice consumers, tacking on thousands in junk fees, and charging Latino consumers extra (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-o-barnett">Thomas O. Barnett</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cortlin-h-lannin">Cortlin H. Lannin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anne-y-lee">Anne Y. Lee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kate-patchen">Kate Patchen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-finds-a-big-tech-firm-guilty" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia finds a Big Tech firm guilty of engaging in exclusionary conduct in the market for online search text ads <em>(Google)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-04T22:00:00Z">5 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120292 introduction entry-content"> <p>On August 5, 2024, Judge Amit Mehta of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia concluded that Google has monopolized markets for online searches and search text advertising and unlawfully engaged in exclusionary conduct in those markets. Specifically, the court found that Google (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-milne">Robert Milne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/edward-thrasher">Edward Thrasher</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-rules-that-a-big-tech-firm" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia rules that a Big Tech firm unlawfully maintained its monopoly in the market for online search text ads through exclusive agreements that substantially foreclosed rivals from the market <em>(Google)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-04T22:00:00Z">5 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120297 introduction entry-content"> <p>On August 8, 2024, Judge Amit P. Mehta of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia issued his much anticipated and long-awaited opinion in the U.S. Department of Justice’s (DOJ) case challenging Google’s alleged dominance in online search markets. In his nearly 300-page (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yRjQxWtuyhvcafc+Gv3IdFmXgIteOJxTO8kGclA8LVsMe2I6+zLE50VBF8yLFTKM1uF/3sXXWkEg8q5/HW+1sjpJYvGKdO/2HzU+Y4jR/DUZw2Fn8fOqdNmhFibszfnxcg+DMdOjrlqp4eAvz6cUqIey7Om/5XFl7u7LwgZ9it2v8mhbRYK4ihCOW2eCRLG+Gj+JzKMhkzjVdJfMFuFY7PmSCKqPGyIgKtZsW7frbLO1+Snlch7rx++Z5QrIa1K0aCDc+nj3FphzIPGnR2NIxgbLmA7InqJHbatAOHctgIs/dw4DQkdUw6NfzEKldIqGmq1bmQDfU2qshCP01C/F8UNkCKUsAgiGxq0DQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luc-marie-augagneur">Luc-Marie Augagneur</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/helen-coulibaly-le-gac">Helen Coulibaly-Le Gac</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marie-doisy">Marie Doisy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-ferrier">Nicolas Ferrier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-christophe-grall">Jean-Christophe Grall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vincent-lorieul">Vincent Lorieul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-petrignet">Nathalie Pétrignet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/on-topic/descrozaille-or-egalim-3-law-commercial-relations-law-reformed-once-again" rel="bookmark">Descrozaille" or "EGalim 3" law: Commercial relations law reformed once again</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117308 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Law of 30 March 2023 “tendant à renforcer l’équilibre dans les relations commerciales entre fournisseurs et distributeurs", so-called "loi Desrozaille" ou "loi Egalim 3", modifies in depth, and again, the French law governing the relationship between suppliers and retailers. The article (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jeanine-miklos-thal">Jeanine Miklos-Thal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregory-shaffer">Gregory Shaffer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/droit-et-economie/the-economics-of-dual-pricing-in-vertical-agreements-106194-en" rel="bookmark">The economics of dual pricing in vertical agreements</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-106194 introduction entry-content"> <p>Dual pricing in vertical agreements is the practice of charging the same distributor a higher price for products intended to be resold online than for products intended to be resold offline. In this article, we review and discuss the economics behind dual pricing. We argue that dual pricing can (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gael-chantepie">Gaël Chantepie</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-christophe-grall">Jean-Christophe Grall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/audrey-illouz">Audrey Illouz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/helen-coulibaly-le-gac">Helen Coulibaly-Le Gac</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marie-doisy">Marie Doisy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/luc-marie-augagneur">Luc-Marie Augagneur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/dossier/a-law-known-as-egalim-2-dated-18-october-2021-aims-to-protect-the-remuneration-en" rel="bookmark">Retail distribution law reformed once again: EGalim 2</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105288 introduction entry-content"> <p>A law dated 18 October 2021 aiming at protecting the payment of farmers, known as "EGalim 2", reforms distribution law by targeting the food sector. Upstream, the "contractualization" regime between producers and their first buyers is reinforced. Downstream, suppliers and distributors must (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-kobel">Pierre Kobel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pranvera-kellezi">Pranvera Këllezi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruce-kilpatrick">Bruce Kilpatrick</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/competition-law-analysis-of-price-and-non-price-discrimination-abusive-ip-based" rel="bookmark">Competition Law Analysis of Price and Non-price Discrimination & Abusive IP Based Legal Proceedings, Pierre KOBEL, Pranvera KËLLEZI and Bruce KILPATRICK (eds.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114764 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/igor-nikolic">Igor Nikolic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/livres/licensing-standard-essential-patents-frand-and-the-internet-of-things-igor" rel="bookmark">Licensing Standard Essential Patents: FRAND and the Internet of Things, Igor NIKOLIC</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114820 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-laure-allain">Marie-Laure Allain</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/joel-tozzi">Joël Tozzi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2021/conferences/central-purchasing-agencies-and-competition-issues-nasse-seminar-jan-29th-2021" rel="bookmark">Central purchasing agencies and competition issues (Nasse Seminar - Jan 29th, 2021)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-99811 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the seminar organized on January 29, 2021, Marie-Laure Allain - Director of Research at the CNRS, Professor at the Ecole Polytechnique and member of CREST and Ombline Ancelin - Partner in charge of the Competition practice at Simmons & Simmons, discussed the articulation between trade (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pietro-crocioni">Pietro Crocioni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/international/uk-why-not-call-a-margin-squeeze-a-margin-squeeze-91603-en" rel="bookmark">UK: Why not call a margin squeeze a margin squeeze?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91603 introduction entry-content"> <p>At the end of October 2018, Ofcom issued its first abuse of dominance infringement decision and fine under the Competition Act 1998 against Royal Mail. Perhaps surprisingly, Ofcom did not examine the behaviour as either a margin squeeze or a refusal to supply, the types of cases one would expect (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koren-wong-ervin">Koren W Wong-Ervin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/droit-et-economie/an-economic-approach-to-antitrust-analysis-of-discriminatory-licensing-90983-en" rel="bookmark">An economic approach to antitrust analysis of discriminatory licensing, grantbacks and cross-licenses, no-challenge clauses, and patent thickets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90983 introduction entry-content"> <p>Antitrust enforcement involving intellectual property rights - particularly standard-essential patents - continues to receive significant global attention, including most recently by OECD member countries at the June 2019 OECD Competition Committee meetings. This Article provides an economic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-rey">Patrick Rey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/daniel-mainguy">Daniel Mainguy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2005/conferences/price-discrimination-nasse-seminar-paris-14th-april-2005" rel="bookmark">Price discrimination (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 14th april 2005)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2005-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2005</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89597 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Seminar organized the 14th of april of 2005, Patrick Rey and Daniel Mainguy talked about price discrimination. <br class='autobr' /> The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. <br class='autobr' /> Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting Department, the Philippe Nasse (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/claude-crampes">Claude Crampes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lucien-rapp">Lucien Rapp</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2007/conferences/the-opening-to-competition-of-the-energy-sector-nasse-seminar-paris-31st-may" rel="bookmark">The opening to competition of the energy sector (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 31st May 2007) </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2007-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2007</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89540 introduction entry-content"> <p>During the Seminar organized the 31st of May of 2007, Claude Crampes and Lucien Rapp talked about the opening to competition of the energy sector. <br class='autobr' /> The seminar was animed by Anne Perrot, vice-president of the Competition Authority. <br class='autobr' /> Created at the end of the 1980s within the Forecasting (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/elodie-camous-leonard">Elodie Camous-Léonard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/droit-et-economie/the-selective-distribution-after-the-coty-judgement-clarifications-and-grey-en" rel="bookmark">The selective distribution after the <em>Coty</em> judgement: Clarifications and grey areas</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88125 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article puts the Coty decision into perspective, by mobilizing both a legal and an economic analysis. First, we show that the Coty judgement clarifies the somewhat forgotten analytical grid for selective distribution systems compliance with antitrust law. It highlights the need to carry-out (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paul-belleflamme">Paul Belleflamme</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wouter-vergote">Wouter Vergote</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/droit-et-economie/the-intricate-tale-of-demand-and-supply-of-personal-data-en" rel="bookmark">The intricate tale of demand and supply of personal data</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87528 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this article, we develop some of the economics of the intricate relationship between the demand and the supply of personalized data. We first focus on one heavily debated use of personal data: differential pricing (price discrimination). This allows us to highlight the role played by privacy (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alessandra-laudante">Gabriella Muscolo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giovanni-pitruzzella-48650">Giovanni Pitruzzella</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/articles/unfair-prices-a-few-remarks-on-competition-policy-and-antitrust-analysis-86062-en" rel="bookmark">Unfair prices: A few remarks on competition policy and antitrust analysis</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86062 introduction entry-content"> <p>Recent antitrust intervention against unfair prices in the pharmaceutical industry by the Italian and UK competition authorities, as well as the answer of the European Court of Justice to preliminary questions from the Latvian Supreme Court, have breathed new life into the longstanding debate on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/livres/droit-des-pratiques-commerciales-joseph-vogel-and-louis-vogel" rel="bookmark">Droit des pratiques commerciales, Joseph VOGEL and Louis VOGEL</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86290 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ariel-ezrachi">Ariel Ezrachi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cedric-nouel-de-buzonniere">Cédric Nouël de Buzonnière</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maurice-stucke">Maurice Stucke</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-cousin">Michaël Cousin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-sautel">Olivier Sautel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2017/dossier/algorithmic-pricing-and-competition" rel="bookmark">Algorithmic pricing and competition</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84906 introduction entry-content"> <p>This On-Topic discusses the development of algorithmic pricing and the issues it raises for competition law enforcers. Algorithmic pricing may facilitate tacit or express collusion and even generate new forms of collusion against which traditional tools of competition law enforcement must be (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XjQhWtu1EbB6ozEgTbcUDpz3lOTNWiP8vQAOkhAvGkV6QKO0NP71iZMN+oKepPIvtzOQB4H9gssrwkTQ+Xo5K9jZ2F4nUQV6gpA8vD4bg7SNgTdrAZcdrTGjctWDMt0KJ5LZavMaeeP8ISc1eJwqpC8zUZiSEqtlkuDf6XgsFB/MxZNWPR+8nvbAOCUv+IfGAzz5oI8jhWIUFTNbkt13MJ9OJX6gz7Af5UzCMaOHeg/GTiFNdlh+fhfoGCD+EbV9nX0aAw2u3S2uWiHP+2m3fsTxOhtHBN4PVAy4a4lfqlNiqLDqvj6xChq4gPTNy4FTf/W6CJkZCmrhCP01D8gHyEbD9SA4itoUnnKJ8n7A==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-wilhelm">Pascal Wilhelm</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martine-behar-touchais">Martine Behar-Touchais</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/richard-panquiault">Richard Panquiault</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/agnes-parent">Agnès Parent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dimitri-dimitrov">Dimitri Dimitrov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benjamin-moutte-caruel">Benjamin Moutte-Caruel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laura">Laura Laborey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/geraldine-rousset">Géraldine Rousset</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mickael-rivollier">Mickaël Rivollier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luis-campos">Luis Campos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/pierre-rebeyrol">Pierre Rebeyrol</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/herve-delannoy-235">Hervé Delannoy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guy-gras-1629">Guy Gras</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-lacresse">Alexandre Lacresse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/erwann-kerguelen">Erwann Kerguelen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/distribution-competition-restrictive-practices" rel="bookmark">Distribution, Competition & Restrictive Practices</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-11-24T07:30:00Z">24 November 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109096 introduction entry-content"><p>The third edition of “Distribution, Concurrence & Pratiques Restrictives” conference organised by Concurrences in partnership with Deloitte, Frontier Economics, Gide Loyrette Nouel, White & Case and Wilhelm & Associés took place in Paris on November 24th.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-nihoul">Paul Nihoul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/benoit-coeure">Benoît Cœuré</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ian-forrester">Ian Forrester</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/benoit-durand">Benoît Durand</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-mundt">Andreas Mundt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-regibeau">Pierre Régibeau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-guthmann">Yann Guthmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jee-yeon-lehmann">Jee-Yeon Lehmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elvira-aliende-rodriguez">Elvira Aliende Rodriguez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stanislas-martin">Stanislas Martin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-de-angelis">Irene de Angelis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ioannis-lianos">Ioannis Lianos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/raphael-de-coninck">Raphaël De Coninck</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-antitrust" rel="bookmark">New Frontiers of Antitrust</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-21T06:00:00Z">21 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105317 introduction entry-content"><p>"13th New Frontiers of Antitrust" Conference organized by Concurrences in Paris, in partnership with Analysis Group, Arnold & Porter, Cleary Gottlieb, Compass Lexecon, Charles River Associates, Dechert, Elig Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Meta, RBB Economics and Shearman & Sterling.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier">Virginie Beaumeunier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-chambu-75146">Pierre Chambu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-lacresse">Alexandre Lacresse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/richard-panquiault">Richard Panquiault</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philippe-vanni">Philippe Vanni</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle">Daniel Fasquelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irene-luc">Irène Luc</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/distribution-competition-and-unfair-practices-2-trade-negotiations-significant" rel="bookmark">Distribution, competition and unfair practices #2 : Trade negotiations, Significant imbalance & Closing discussion</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-18T14:30:00Z">18 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97060 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « 1st Distribution, competition & restrictive practices Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Fidal. Panel with <a href="en/authors/pierre-chambu-75146" class="spip_in">Pierre Chambu</a> (<i>Chef de service de la protection des consommateurs et de la régulation des marchés</i>, DGCCRF), <a href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi" class="spip_in">Anne-Sophie Choné-Grimaldi</a> (Professor, Paris Nanterre University), <a href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert" class="spip_in">Nathalie Dostert</a> (Vice President, Paris Commercial Court), <a href="en/auteurs/richard-panquiault" class="spip_in">Richard Panquiault</a> (Director General, Institut de liaison des entreprises de consommation - ILEC) and <a href="en/authors/philippe-vanni" class="spip_in">Philippe Vanni</a> (Head of Distribution/Competition Practice - Partner, Fidal).</br><br class='autobr' /> Closing discussion with <a href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier" class="spip_in">Virginie Beaumeunier</a> (Director General, DGCCRF), <a href="en/authors/daniel-fasquelle" class="spip_in">Daniel Fasquelle</a> (Professor, University of Littoral-Côte-d’Opale | Senior Counsel, Squadra Avocats | Former member of the French Parliament), <a href="en/authors/irene-luc" class="spip_in">Irène Luc</a> (Vice President, Autorité de la concurrence) and <a href="en/authors/alexandre-lacresse" class="spip_in">Alexandre Lacresse</a> (Partner, Fidal).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rod-carlton">Rod Carlton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niamh-dunne">Niamh Dunne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/giulio-federico">Giulio Federico</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rameet-sangha">Rameet Sangha</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/4th-innovation-economics-conference-for-antitrust-lawyers-2-self-preference-the" rel="bookmark">Innovation Economics Conference for Antitrust Lawyers #2 Self-Preference: The Gatekeeper Role</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-24T13:30:00Z">24 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95033 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « 4th Innovation Economics Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Compass Lexecon, Elig Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law and Freshfields, with <a href="en/auteurs/rod-carlton" class="spip_in">Rod Carlton</a> (Partner, Freshfields), <a href="en/auteurs/niamh-dunne" class="spip_in">Niamh Dunne</a> (Assistant Professor, London School of Economics), <a href="en/authors/giulio-federico" class="spip_in">Giulio Federico</a> (Head of Unit - CET, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak" class="spip_in">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a> (Partner, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law), <a href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic" class="spip_in">William E. Kovacic</a> (Professor, King’s College London | Non-Executive Director, CMA| Professor, George Washington University) and <a href="en/auteurs/rameet-sangha" class="spip_in">Rameet Sangha</a> (Senior Vice President, Compass Lexecon).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gael-hichri">Gaël Hichri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexandre-carbonnel">Alexandre Carbonnel</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/price-discriminations-current-issues" rel="bookmark">Price discriminations: Current issues</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-25T11:30:00Z">25 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92195 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences with Étienne Pfister (Autorité de la concurrence) in partnership with Magenta and NERA Economic Consulting.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliette-thery-1437">Juliette Théry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florence-ninane">Florence Ninane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/xavier-boutin">Xavier Boutin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/resale-price-maintenance-what-is-the-standard" rel="bookmark">Resale price maintenance: What is the standard? </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-06-27T10:30:00Z">27 June 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90543 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review with Juliette Théry-Schultz (Autorité de la concurrence), in partnership with Allen & Overy and Positive Competition.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ariel-ezrachi">Ariel Ezrachi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hubert">Patrick Hubert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/does-artificial-intelligence-create-illegal-cartels-en" rel="bookmark">Does artificial intelligence create illegal cartels?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-03T17:00:00Z">3 April 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90003 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences Review with keynote speaker Ariel Ezrachi (Oxford University), in partnership with Me Patrick Hubert (Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-de-bure">Frédéric de Bure</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/exploitative-abuses-what-are-the-new-risks-for-companies" rel="bookmark">Exploitative abuses: What are the new risks for companies?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-03-06T11:30:00Z">6 March 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86368 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton and Analysis Group.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/e-commerce-inquiry-removing-the-last-public-and-private-barriers-83034-en" rel="bookmark">e-Commerce Inquiry: Removing the last Public and Private Barriers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-20T10:00:00Z">20 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83034 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Charles River Associates (CRA) and Shearman & Sterling.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/les-strategies-d-eviction-non-tarifaires-refus-et-discriminations-a-l-acces-83012-en" rel="bookmark">Les stratégies d’éviction non tarifaires : refus et discriminations à l’accès, exclusivité </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-02-09T11:00:00Z">9 February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83012 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop with Frédéric Jenny (OECD), in partnership with the Autorité de la concurrence, Magenta and Charles River Associate.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/juliette-thery-1437">Juliette Théry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/pricing-policy-limiting-the-risks-82964" rel="bookmark">Pricing policy: limiting the risks?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-25T10:00:00Z">25 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82964 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences in partnership with Simmons & Simmons, Microeconomix, AFJE & EFB.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-riis-madsen">Christian Riis-Madsen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-spector">David Spector</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicholas-banasevic-2223">Nicholas Banasevic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/proof-of-abuse-of-dominant-position-82958" rel="bookmark">Proof of abuse of dominant position</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-06-03T10:00:00Z">3 June 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82958 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with O’Melveny & Myers and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lkEnyIZGMueVcfR1MC627mMKC65Nz7xjBG3V5o5hT6grhCMpWlTG2Et9eunKo8BUrPCup3iyBRNxlSDJx9+m73yE+rbDn5f+N5rceLMLjIMYEmj137ks4LMRMKgf6xri8uwsGwy47ga1tMdUxfb2abQ1ynHbPPKqDzfqApy36bnwoPuA35DE6tyf7bThx35lfNcvW2xONmrHL9gQTZixDzIPRPkOVSWSW79djh+/hfoGKD+EbV9nXwaAw2u3Q0uWiHP9rtcJo8RppgnJN4PFQy4b47aqsZfsF4godUy4a9P1AndS4FT95MqPscZMCh0+9x1TPuXf7C60970+Y2ImJAg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-charbit">Nicolas Charbit</a></span>, <span 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Foer Liber Amicorum</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z">14 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96584 introduction entry-content"> <p>At a time of reckoning for the future of antitrust, this Liber Amicorum brings together a diverse collection of today’s leading thinkers to pay tribute to Albert Allen (Bert) Foer, founder of the American Antitrust Institute (AAI). In doing so, it illustrates the intellectual landscape of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1+XlQhWtu1IbB6ozUvij2FUaDoY43sOrX0NS5OZE8LcMMe2IC1RJqlscc6PvFs8qYL+uw9ccsEkgBiMTxa4OW/nsceqOXwp3DUhvRMUWlTlIO4aE9Mn393uLffVgJ1bmVjP1D8aP7ySj1gcklB6pxNRK2Q5wIASgAftHfDkzFZj2Vo7eY9wANeFTS+HoxBhsODwRL+IFiaVbFuqThPseBbpurGMPVGRYP06kOckQvj5bboVYCRprabdcXicebFTR9So4h6066WNx5VrbrY05Qnm2qiEA5enlnD44jlYVYeVtihkJ7QgBdYrxy3csmluqrdD1iu+OQo9IYb982L2Qi1HCbj4zo+Z4Uh5fzi8luJeh' data-origin="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fiona-m-scott-morton">Fiona M. Scott-Morton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131940" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Amazon’s Pricing Algorithms and the Enforcement Response in the US and Europe</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">169Why Competition? Amazon's Pricing Algorithms and the Enforcement Response in the US and Europe * Fiona M. S cott-Morton Yale University In the US there are several antitrust cases against Amazon currently in litigation, including those brought by the state of California and the Federal Trade (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pierre-larouche">Pierre Larouche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131982" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Artificial Intelligence Systems and Competition</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">469Why Competition? Artificial Intelligence Systems and CompetitionPierre Larouche * University of Montreal This short contribution explores how the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems to corral massive amounts of data on consumer preferences can impact competitive markets, in the light (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ganesh-sitaraman">Ganesh Sitaraman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tejas-n-narechania">Tejas N. Narechania</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129694" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small>Antimonopoly Tools for Regulating Artificial Intelligence</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">287Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy Antimonopoly Tools for Regulating Artificial Intelligence Tejas N. N arechania * and Ganesh Sitaraman ** University of California, Berkeley Vanderbilt University Law School, Nashville Abstract In this chapter, we make the case for an antimonopoly (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gregory-p-luib">Gregory P. Luib</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/pharmaceutical-antitrust-an-analysis-of-us-and-eu-law-1444#id=117182" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical Antitrust - An Analysis of US and EU Law <small>Chapter 5 - Unilateral Conduct</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">29 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Pharmaceutical Antitrust – An Analysis of US and EU Law257 CHAPTER V Unilateral Conduct Gregory Luib and Marion Provost * * The authors would like to thank Pénélope Agosta, Lucas Leroy, and Kaitlyn Marasi for the very valuable help and contribution to this chapter. Unilateral Conduct (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/zeynep-ayata-aydogan">Zeynep Ayata Aydoğan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/turkish-competition-law-884#id=73072" rel="bookmark">Turkish Competition Law <small>Chapter 8 - Abuse of Dominance – Exploitative and Discriminatory Practices</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">24 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Turkish Competition Law – Gönenç Gürkaynak255 Chapter 8 Abuse of Dominance – Exploitative and Discriminatory Practices Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq. and Zeynep Ayata Aydoğan * Both exclusionary and exploitative conducts are condemned as abuse of dominance under Turkish competition law. The main (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/frederic-jenny-liber-amicorum-volume-ii-standing-up-for-convergence-and-653#id=69339" rel="bookmark">Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum Volume II - Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust <small>The Application of Antitrust Principles to SEP FRAND Disputes: Anticompetitive Exploitative and Exclusionary Conduct And What About Anti Suit Injunctions</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-01T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">2 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">239Frédéric Jenny | Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust - Liber Amicorum – Volume II The Application of Antitrust Principles to SEP/FRAND Disputes: Anticompetitive Exploitative and Exclusionary Conduct. And What About Anti‑Suit Injunctions? Paul Lugard * Baker Botts Abstract (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/warren-grimes">Warren S. Grimes</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum#id=63004" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum <small>Invidious Price Discrimination in the Sale of Rapid-Acting Insulin: Is There an Antitrust Remedy?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">14 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">145Albert A. Foer | AfiConsumer Voice in the Antitrust Arena - Liber Amicorum Invidious Price Discrimination in the Sale of Rapid-Acting Insulin: Is There an Antitrust Remedy? Warren Grimes * Southwestern Law School Abstract Rapid-acting insulin is a key medication for millions of diabetes (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ali-kagan-uca">Ali Kağan Uça</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/zeynep-buharali">Zeynep Buharali</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/frederic-jenny-liber-amicorum-535#id=46792" rel="bookmark">Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum <small>Data-Related Abuses in Competition Law</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-12-31T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2019</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">293Frédéric Jenny | Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust - Liber Amicorum -Volume I Data-Related Abuses in Competition Law Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq. * Ali Kağan Uҫar ** Zeynep Buharali *** ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law Abstract This article examines data-related abuses in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Richard-Steuer">Richard Steuer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/douglas-h-ginsburg-liber-amicorum-an-antitrust-professor-on-the-bench#id=40579" rel="bookmark">Douglas H. Ginsburg Liber Amicorum : An Antitrust Professor on the Bench <small>Why Have Antitrust ?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-02-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2018</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">267Douglas H. Ginsburg | An Antitrust Professor on the Bench - Liber Amicorum - Volume I * Richard Steuer of Mayer Brown LLP has served as Chair of the American Bar Associatio n Section of Antitrust Law and as Chair of the Antitrust Committee of the New York City Bar Association. Why Have (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41232" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small>Chapter 7. Exploitative Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 301 EXPLOITATIVE BUYER POWER I. Introduction The exploitation of buyer power implies imposing purchasing conditions to the detriment of suppliers and the benefit of the buyer, which are typically but not exclusively in the form of very (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ignacio-herrera-anchustegui">Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/buyer-power-in-eu-competition-law-455#id=41231" rel="bookmark">Buyer Power in EU Competition Law <small><strong>Part IV. Exerting Buyer Power. Exclusion and Exploitation</strong><br/>Chapter 6. Exclusionary Buyer Power</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">31 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2017</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">PART IV EXERTING BUYER POWER. EXCLUSION AND EXPLOITATION I. Herrera Anchustegui — Buyer Power in EU Competition Law 207 EXCLUSIONARY BUYER POWER I. Introduction to Part IV and buyer power exclusion This Part IV constitutes the core of this study as it deals with the conducts and theories of harm (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-k-cheng-20736">Thomas K. Cheng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/antitrust-in-emerging-and-developing-countries-featuring-africa-brazil-china#id=41660" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging and Developing Countries: Featuring Africa, Brazil, China, India, Mexico - Conference Papers 2nd Edition <small>Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Sector in China</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-31T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ANTITRUST IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 2015 EDITION 59 Antitrust Issues in the Pharmaceutical Sector in China THOMAS K. CHENG * thomas.cheng@hku.hk Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Hong Kong Abstract Although China adopted the Anti-Monopoly Law in 2007, the Chinese (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/helmut-brokelmann">Helmut Brokelmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Santiago-Martinez-Lage">Santiago Martinez Lage</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-ii-29#id=43210" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Parallel trade after the GlaxoSmithKline judgments</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">233Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Parallel trade after the GlaxoSmithKline judgments SantiaGo martínez LaGe and HeLmut BrokeLmann I.The problem of parallel trade in the pharmaceutical sector Unlike most competition regimes outside the EU, European (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jo-weiss">Jo Weiss</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-i#id=43744" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>For the love of God: the value of advocati pauperum</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-09-22T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">23 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">271Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume I For the love of God: the value of advocati pauperum From poor tenants of the lands of Grenok to overturning ‘don't ask, don't tell' JO WEISS * I.Even this road leads to Scotland King James V of Scotland was not happy. ‘We (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/niamh-shuibhne">Niamh Shuibhne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-i#id=43736" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>In search of a status: where does the jobseeker fit in EU free movement law?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-09-22T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">23 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">139Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume I In search of a status: where does the jobseeker flt i n EU free movement law? NIAMH NIC SHUIBHNE I.Introduction Reflecting on the occasion of happy returns that this volume celebrates, two notable judgments of the Court of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices#related-events" 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href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: 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